Biological Treatment in Austria April 2015

Biological Treatment of
Wastes
Institute of Waste Management
Marion Huber-Humer
Gudrun Obersteiner
Maxim Akhmadiev
Peter Beigl
Erwin Binner
Marlies Hrad
Gnther Kraus
Peter Lechner
Sabine Lenz
Peter Mostbauer
Florian Part
Alexandra Pukhnyuk
Roland Ramusch
Stefan Salhofer
Silvia Scherhaufer
Elisabeth Schmied
Felicitas Schneider
Margarete Staudner
Benjamin Steuer
Gudrun Zecha
Nina Degischer
Thomas Ebner
Reinhold Ottner
Zorica Stamenkovic
Anna Happenhofer
Erwin Binner MSc. Christian Hochhauer
Aleksander Jandric
BOKU-
BOKU-University / Vienna Julia Zeilinger

Erwin Binner
Institute
of Waste Management
1 La Molina 2015

Outlook for the Course

16.4.15 17:00-18:30 Biological Treatment of Organic

Wastes in Austria
19:00-20:30 Fundamental Perspectives
17.4.15 17:00-18:20 Composting Systems
18:50-20:30 Design and Construction of
Composting Plants
18.4.15 09:00-11:00 Quality of Compost and Monitoring
(Process Control)
11:30-14:00 Visit of CEMTRAR

Erwin Binner
2 La Molina 2015

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner page 1

Biological Treatment in Austria April 2015

Biological Treatment of
Organic Wastes in Austria

Erwin Binner, MSc.

BOKU - University Vienna
Department for Water, Atmosphere and Environment
Institute of Waste Management

Outlook

Biogenous Wastes
Negative Effects on Environment
Organisation of Waste Management
Legal Situation in Austria
Biological Treatment of Wastes
Waste Management Concept in Austria
Waste Management Concept for Low
Income Countries

Erwin Binner
6 La Molina 2015

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Biological Treatment in Austria April 2015

Global Warming
Reactor Landfill (for Untreated Wastes)

~ 90 % of carbon
greenhousegas
CH4 = 21- 35 x CO2
3rd largest
Waste source

Leachate

-- -

~ 10% of carbon SO4 H S, HS

anaerob abbaubarer org. Stoff
2

-
NO N
many other pollutants 3 2

Fe
++
Fe
+++
(fllt aus)
(heavy metals, chemicals, HS SO4 - --

organic compounds, )

Rautenweg landfill
7 Erwin Binner
Vienna, 2002
La Molina 2015

Influence on Climate
Huaraz / Pastoruri-Glacier

Erwin Binner
8
photo: Erwin Binner
La Molina 2015

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Biological Treatment in Austria April 2015

Influence on Climate
Glaciar Yanamarey/Cordillera Blanca 4.786
m

1982 1992

13
years

9 Erwin Binner
1997 2005
La Molina 2015

Influence on Climate
Groglockner (3.797 m) / Pasterze-Glacier

2006

63
ye
ar
s

source: Gerhard Lieb

Erwin Binner
10 La Molina 2015
1943

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Biological Treatment in Austria April 2015

Influence on Climate
Groglockner (3.797 m) / Pasterze-Glacier

surface 1994

height above see level

60 m .
in 12 years .
surface 2006

source: Gerhard Lieb

Erwin Binner
11 La Molina 2015

Waste Management in Austria (and EU)

Legal Situation

1990 Waste Management Law

(BGBL. 325/1990, set into effect 1990, amendment 2012)

Priorities
(5R):
prevention
reuse
recycling biological
energetic recovery treatment

treatment + disposal

Erwin Binner
12 La Molina 2015

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Biological Treatment in Austria April 2015

Waste Management in Austria

Legal Situation

1992 Ordinance about Separate Collection

of Packaging Material
- producers, distributors and sellers of packaging
material are responsible for collection and
recycling after use
- they have to organise an appropriate system for
collection and recycling or have to pay for
municipal collection system
- minimum quota for recycling is 80 %
- consumers have to participate to the separate
collection of packaging materials
Erwin Binner
13 La Molina 2015

Waste Management in Austria

Legal Situation

1995 Bio Waste Ordinance (BGBl.68/1992)

separate source collection of organic wastes

from household and garden,
wastes of plant origin from food preparing
(kitchens, restaurants, hotels), food
industry and agriculture
paper which is in connection with food
exception: to high pollution
composting of separate collected organics

Erwin Binner
14 La Molina 2015

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Biological Treatment in Austria April 2015

Waste Management in Austria

Legal Situation

1998 Ordinance about Hazardous

Wastes and problematic wastes
which wastes are hazardous
which of them are problematic wastes
(= hazardous wastes from household)
examples:
old medicines
fluorescent tubes
colours and lacquers
batteries
Erwin Binner
15 La Molina 2015

Waste Management in Austria

Legal Situation

1995 Bio Waste Ordinance (BGBl.68/1992)

separate source collection of organic wastes

from household and garden,
wastes of plant origin from food preparing
(kitchens, restaurants, hotels), food
1998 industry and agriculture
Ordinance about Hazardous
improves quality
paper
Wastes andwhich is in connection with
problematic food
wastes
exception: to high pollution
of compost
composting of separate collected organics
Erwin Binner
16 La Molina 2015

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Biological Treatment in Austria April 2015

Legal Situation in Austria

Compost Ordinance / Quality of Compost

2001 Compost Ordinance (BGBL.II 292/2001)

regulates quality requirements

A+ A B
Cd 0,7 1 3
Cr 70 70 250 there are 3 classes of
Cu 70 150 500
quality (heavy metal
Hg 0,4 0,7 3
Ni 25 60 100
content in mg/kg DM):
Pb 45 120 200
Zn 200 500 1,800

not allowed for agriculture

Erwin Binner
17 La Molina 2015

Legal Situation in Austria

Landfill Ordinance (BGBL. 39/2008)
concept of 3 barriers

3rd barrier = landfill construction

and operation
1st barrier =
internal safety =
waste quality

2nd barrier = exterior safety

= location

Erwin Binner
18 La Molina 2015

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Biological Treatment in Austria April 2015

Waste Management in Austria

Legal Situation / Landfill Ordinance

1996 Landfill Ordinance

(BGBL. 164/1996, new BGBL. 39/2008)

requirements at waste quality (1st barrier)

requirements at location of landfills (2nd
barrier)
requirements at construction (3rd barrier)
requirements at operation

Erwin Binner
19 La Molina 2015

Waste Management in Austria

Legal Situation / Landfill Ordinance

1996 Landfill Ordinance

(BGBL. 164/1996, new BGBL. 39/2008)

requirements at waste quality (1st barrier)

reduces
requirements at location of landfills (2nd
barrier)
requirements at construction (3rd barrier)
emissions
requirements at operation

Erwin Binner
20 La Molina 2015

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Biological Treatment in Austria April 2015

Mechanical Biological Pretreatment

Preliminary Remark

Composting Mechanical Biological

Pretreatment (MBT=MBP)
for agriculture for landfill
high quality, humus stabilisation, low
no harmful reactivity
substances harmful substances
are allowed
BIOWASTE
RESIDUAL
separate source WASTE
collection
Erwin Binner
21 La Molina 2015

Mechanical Biological Pretreatment

Legal Situation in Austria
landfill
Waste Management Law
(AWG, BGBl. Nr. 325/90, BGBl. Nr. 102/2002,
amendment BGBl. Nr. 09/2011)
Landfill Ordinance 2008 Priority:
TOC > 5 % DM
(DVO 2008, BGBl. Nr. 164/96, prevention
new BGBL. 39/2008)
2004
reuse
IL > 8 % DM only possible
by
AT4 (RA4) < 7 mg O2/g DM recycling incineration

and
except
GS21 < 20 Nl/kg DM recovery
MBT: Ho < 6,600 kJ / kg DM
or
treatment
GB21 (GE21) < 20 Nl/kg DM

Erwin Binner
22 La Molina 2015

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Biological Treatment in Austria April 2015

Mechanical Biological Pretreatment (MBT)

Material Flow residual waste

mechanical
treatment

high-organic
low-calorific low-organic
high-calorific
fraction fraction

biological
treatment
incineration plant
or
landfill landfill
Erwin Binner
23 La Molina 2015

Impact of MBT on the

Landfill
Experiences in Austria

Erwin Binner
24 La Molina 2015

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Biological Treatment in Austria April 2015

Experiences in Austria / Impact of MBT

Gas Generation

Gas Generation Potential in Incubation Test -

Impact of Mechanical Biological Pretreatment
Oberpullendorf DANO-Output
300 GS21 = 34 Nl/kg DS - acidification!

Siggerwiesen 3 weeks
250 GS21 = 54 Nl/kg DS

Allerheiligen 5 weeks
200 GS21 = 35 Nl/kg DS

Allerheiligen 5 weeks
150 GS21 = 25 Nl/kg DS

Liezen 16 weeks
100 GS21 = 4 Nl/kg DS

Oberpullendorf 20 weeks
50 GS21 = 9 Nl/kg DS
G

0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480
Test Duration [days]

Erwin Binner
25 La Molina 2015

Experiences in Austria / Impact of MBT

Impact on Leachate Quality / pH-Value

Impact of Pretreatment on
pH-Value in Leachate
9

8
pH-value [ - ]

6
without MBP without MBP 20% MBP > 50% MBP > 50% MBP
young old old young old

Erwin Binner
26 La Molina 2015

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Biological Treatment in Austria April 2015

Experiences in Austria / Impact of MBT

Impact on Leachate Quality / COD

Impact of Pretreatment on
COD-Concentrations in Leachate
60,000

50,000
COD [mg O2 / l ]

40,000

30,000

20,000

10,000

0
without MBP without MBP 20% MBP > 50% MBP > 50% MBP
young old old young old

Erwin Binner
27 La Molina 2015

Experiences in Austria / Impact of MBT

Impact on Leachate Quality / Zinc

Impact of Pretreatment on
Zinc-Concentrations in Leachate
15

12
Zinc [ mg / l ]

0
without MBP without MBP 20% MBP > 50% MBP > 50% MBP
young old old young old

Erwin Binner
28 La Molina 2015

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Biological Treatment in Austria April 2015

Mechanical Biological Pretreatment

Targets of MBT
mass-reduction 15 to 70 %
reduction and stabilisation of OS
by mechanical treatmen
better input-control at landfills
reduction of gas generation
gas-reduction 90 to 95 %
reduction of leachate (amount and
concentrations) COD-reduction 90 %
lower consumption of landfill volumes 30 to 80 %
volume-reduction
lower settlement placement density >1.3 t/m3
reduction of harmful substances by treatment
use of thermally valuable compounds
29 Erwin Binner thermal fraction
La Molinaca.
2015 30 %

Waste
Management
Concept in Austria

Erwin Binner
30 La Molina 2015

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Biological Treatment in Austria April 2015

Reduction of Emissions from Landfills

European Landfill Directive (1999/31/EG)

the amount of disposed biological degradable

municipal waste needs to be reduced to

75% since 2006

50% since 2009
35% until 2016

of the amount disposed in 1995

Erwin Binner
31 La Molina 2015

Reduction of Emissions from Landfills

European Landfill Directive (1999/31/EG)

how to reach this goal is to be regulated by

member states

separate collection + composting

incineration
MBT

Erwin Binner
32 La Molina 2015

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Biological Treatment in Austria April 2015

Waste Collection in Austria

Separate Collection (Definitions)
Municipal Solid Waste Collection Centers
(MSW)
Hazardous treatment
Household Wastes

Bulky Wastes

Electronic Wastes

recycling
Bio-Waste Paper Glass Plastics Metals

treatment
landfill Residual Wastes co
mp
os Recycling Banks
ti ng

Erwin Binner
33 La Molina 2015

Separate Collection
Recycling Bank

plastics paper glass

white colour

metals glass
Erwin Binner
34 photo: ABF-BOKU
La Molina 2015
other colours

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Biological Treatment in Austria April 2015

Separate Collection
Recycling Bank
paper
glass
white colour
plastics textiles

metals

biowaste glass
other colours
Erwin Binner
35 La Molina 2015
photo: ABF-BOKU

Waste Management Concept SS = sewage sludge

MBT = mechanical
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) biological pretreatment

recycling

use residual MBT landfill 5

resources productio separate waste use?
n collection
MSW incineration landfill 4
recycling

landfill 6 thermal treatment

separate composting
biogenous con-
soil
sumption collected
resources productio anaerobic treatment
biowaste
n

recycling
SS anaerobic treatment composting

thermal treatment biogas biogas

excavated soil reuse landfill 1

Inert wastes and
construction and
Erwin Binner recycling landfill
36 demolition waste
La Molina 2+3
2015

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Biological Treatment in Austria April 2015

Waste Management in Austria

MSW Treatment (1989 2009)
composted 16,0 % 18,7 %

recycled 35,6 % 31,7 %

hazardous wastes
1,2 %
2,4 %
thermally treated
MBT 28,3 % 36,4 %

regulations directly
landfilled 11,2 % 10,4 %

pack. bio haz.. landf. 7,7 %

0,4 %
2004 2009

Erwin Binner
37 source: FWMP, 2001, 2006, 2011 La Molina 2015

Waste Management
Concept
Example for Low
Income Countries
Erwin Binner
38 La Molina 2015

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Biological Treatment in Austria April 2015

Waste Treatment
Treatment Costs
Treatment of residual waste in Europe - comparison
costs are varying strongly, depending on legal
requirements, applied technology and capacity

treatment of residual costs in Europe

waste (/t Input)
landfilling 8 240
mechanical-biological
pretreatment 18 133

thermal treatment 90 332

Ref.: Putz, 2005
Erwin Binner
39 La Molina 2015

Global Warming
CH4 Emissions (Austria)

- 15%
- ?%

1990 2001 2004 200?

15% decrease between 1990 and 2001 because of

separate collection of biowaste (Bio-Bin)
after 2004 ongoing decrease because banning of
landfilling organics (landfill ordinance)
Erwin Binner
40 La Molina 2015

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Biological Treatment in Austria April 2015

Waste Management Concept for Low Income

hazardous
compounds 2% MSW Countries
49% 100 % 49%
bio bin residual waste
(sep. collect.)

29% 49%

energy 5% anaerobic 49% manual

(2-3 weeks) sorting

44% 30% 20%

CO2 20% aerobic shredding valuable

(16-20 weeks) (<250 mm) compounds
25%
biological 20%
agriculture treatment 10% CO2
(open windrow)
organic substance (humus) recycling
nutrients (N,P,K,..) 20%
positive soil effects (plastic, paper,
less landfill gas landfill metals, glass,)
Erwin Binner less gas and leachate,
41 less volume
La Molina 2015

Waste Management Concept

for Low Income Countries

simple technique:
low investment costs, low running costs,
independency from industrialised countries
(spare parts, service)

high efficiency (cost/benefit value)

(low leachate and gas emissions and low
costs)

Erwin Binner
42 La Molina 2015

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Biological Treatment in Austria April 2015

Waste Management Concept

for Low Income Countries

simple implementation:
possibly a problem may be separate
collection of recyclables collected
resources might be stolen

informal sector should be kept in mind:

scavengers may get jobs in sorting-,
composting- and MBT-plants

Erwin Binner
43 La Molina 2015

e.binner@boku.ac.at
http://www.wau.boku.ac.at
Sustainable MBT-Landfill

Muchas Miscantus

Gracias por
1-2 m mature compost

0,5 m non calcareous gravel

mechanical-biological
pretreated waste

Su Atencin
drainage system for surface runoff landfill liner (DVO)
free leachate discharge
Erwin Binner
44 La Molina 2015

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