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EE4003 Power Systems II

Fault Analysis

Dr. Lidula N. Widanagama Arachchige

Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka

Characteristics of Short Circuit Currents

Current is an important parameter used to detect faults
Large increase in current when a shortcircuit occurs

Variation of short circuit current is characterized by:

Equivalent system impedance at the fault point
System current cannot change instantaneously when a fault occurs due to the equivalent
system resistance and reactance
results in a decaying dc component

Performance of the rotating machinery

The short circuit current due to a fault close to the terminals of a rotating machine
consists of
a dc component and
an ac component with a decaying magnitude
The decaying pattern of ac component occurs because
the magnetic fluxes linking the machine windings cannot change instantaneously
Initial magnitude of the ac current gradually decreases with the reduction of airgap
flux due to increased armature reaction

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Effect of the System Impedance

DC Component

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Synchronous Generator

Short Circuit Current of Rotating Machines

The transient variations in the

machine magnetic system can be
interpreted as a variation in the
machine reactance

In practical calculations, the

continuous variation in the
reactance is approximated by
three discrete levels
Subtransient reactance Xd
Transient reactance Xd
Steadystate reactance Xd

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Fundamental Frequency Component of Armature Current

(The DC Current Transient Component is Omitted)

The sub-transient must usually be used in fault analysis

The Typical Generator Reactance Values

Reference: P. Kundur, Power sys. stability and control, USA: McGraw-Hill, 1994.

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Symmetrical Component Analysis

Unbalanced three phase systems can be split into three

balanced components:
Positive Sequence (balanced and having the same phase sequence
as the unbalanced supply)
Negative Sequence (balanced and having the opposite phase
sequence to the unbalanced supply)
Zero Sequence (balanced but having the same phase and hence no
phase sequence)

These are known as the Symmetrical Components or

the Sequence Components

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Symmetrical Components

c1
c b2
a
a1 a2 c0
a0 b0
c2
b
b1
Unbalanced System Positive Sequence Negative Sequence Zero Sequence
3 unknown magnitudes 1 unknown magnitude 1 unknown magnitude 1 unknown magnitude
3 unknown angles 1 unknown angle 1 unknown angle 1 unknown angle

a = a1 + a2 + a0

b = b1 + b2 + b0

c = c1 + c2 + c0

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Definition of the operator

a complex operator

has a magnitude of unity and when operated on any

complex number rotates it anti-clockwise by an angle of
1200.

= 1 1200 = - 0.500 + j 0.866

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Some Properties of
= 12/3 or 11200

2 = 14/3 or 12400 or 1-1200

3 = 12 or 13600 or 1
i.e. 3 - 1 = ( - 1)(2 + + 1) = 0
Since is complex, it cannot be equal to 1, so that - 1 cannot
be zero.
2 + + 1 = 0

This also has the physical meaning that the three sides of an
equilateral triangles must close as in the following figure

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Analysis of decomposition of phasors

C1=a1
c b2 = a2
a
a1 a2
a0 = b0= c0
c2= 2a2
b
b1= 2a1
Unbalanced System Positive Sequence Negative Sequence Zero Sequence

We can express all the sequence components in terms of the

quantities for phase-a using the properties of rotation of 00, 1200 or
2400. Thus

a = a0 + a1 + a2
b = a0 + 2 a1 + a2
c = a0 + a1 + 2 a2

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Basic Symmetrical Component Matrix Equation

a 1 1 1 a0
b 1 2 a
1
c 1 2 a2

Ph ASy

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Decomposition of Phasors into Symmetrical

Components

a0 1 1 1 a
a 1 1 2 b
1 3
a2 1 2
c

Sy A Ph
-1

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[A]-1 and [A]* Relationship

1 1 1 1 1 1
1
A 1 2 A 1
1 2
3
1 2 1 2

= 11200 = Complex conjugate of 2

2 = 1-1200 = Complex conjugate of

A1 1 A*
3

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Sequence Impedances

Sequence impedance matrix

Z s A1 Z p A 1 A* Z p A
3

Phase component impedance matrix in terms of sequence impedance

matrix

Z AZ A
p s
-1

1
3
AZ s A*

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Use of Sequence Impedance Matrix

Consider a three-phase transmission line

Ra La

Rb Mca Lb Mab

Rc Lc Mbc

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Use of Sequence Impedance Matrix cont.

Self Impedances
All 3 phase wires of an actual 3-phase
transmission line would be of
approximately the same length (other
than due to differences in Sagging)
Hence, can assume the self impedance
components to be equal for each phase
Ra = Rb = Rc and La = Lb = Lc

Mutual coupling
When a current passes in one phase
conductor, there would be induced
voltages in the other two phase
conductors.
In practice all three phase conductors
behave similarly, so that we could
consider the mutual coupling between
phases also to be equal
Mab = Mbc = Mca

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Use of Sequence Impedance Matrix cont.

In such a practical situation, the R L
phase component impedance
matrix would be fully symmetrical R M L M
It could be expressed using a self
R L M
impedance term zs and a mutual
impedance term zm

zs zm zm

Z p zm zs zm
zm zm z s

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Use of Sequence Impedance Matrix cont.

Symmetrical component impedance matrix

Z s A1 Z p A 1 A* Z p A
3
1 1 1 zs zm zm 1 1 1
Z s 1 1 2 zm zs zm 1 2
3
1 2 zm zm zs 1 2

( z s 2 zm ) 0 0 z0 0 0
Z s 0 ( z s zm ) 0 0 z1 0
0 0 ( z s zm ) 0 0 z2

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Use of Sequence Impedance Matrix cont.

Comparison of phase and symmetrical component matrix

zs zm zm ( zs 2 zm ) 0 0

Z p zm zs zm Z s 0 ( z s zm ) 0
zm zm z s 0 0 ( zs zm )

Phase component Symmetrical component

impedance matrix impedance matrix
Has complete symmetry Diagonal matrix
But, full matrix Allows decoupling for ease of
analysis

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Power associated with Sequence Components

Consider phase components

Power in a single phase

Pphase Vp I p cos
Power in balanced three-phase

P3 phase 3VL I L cos 3V p I p cos

Power in an unbalanced three-phase

Apparent complex power S Va I a* Vb I b* Vc I c*

The active power P3phase,unbalance is obtained as the real part of the
complex variable S

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Power Associated with Sequence Components

To convert the power in an unbalanced three-phase in to
symmetrical components, consider:
I a*

S Va I a* Vb I b* Vc I c* S Va Vc I b* V p I p
T *
Vb
I c*

To convert to symmetrical components

S V p I p AV s
AI s *
T * T

S V s A A I s V s A 3A I s
T T * * T T 1 *

S 3V s AA I s 3V s I s
T 1 * T *

* * *
S 3(Va 0 I a 0 Va1I a1 Va 2 I a 2 )
P 3(Va 0 I a 0 cos0 Va1 I a1 cos1 Va 2 I a 2 cos2 )

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Asymmetrical Three Phase Fault Analysis

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Assumptions for Three Phase Fault Studies

Pre-fault voltages are at 1pu (All generators are running

at their rated voltage and rated frequency with their emfs
in-phase)
Sources represented by the Thevenins voltage is the
voltage prior to fault at the fault point
Large systems may be represented by infinite bus-bars
Transformers are on nominal tap position
Resistances are negligible compared to reactances
Transmission lines are assumed fully transposed and all
3 phases have same impedance
Loads currents are negligible compared to fault currents
Effect of shunt capacitances is negligible

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Basic Voltage Current Network Equations in Sequence

Components
Pre-fault voltage is assumed balanced prior to the fault
Consists only of the positive sequence component
This is in fact the Thevenins equivalent at the point of the fault prior to the occurrence of
the fault

Va 0 0 Z 0 I a 0 Va 0 0 Z 0 0 0 I a0
V E 0 0 I a1
Va1 Ea Z1 I a1 a1 a Z1
Va 2 0 Z 2 I a 2 Va 2 0 0 0 Z 2 I a 2
Ea
Z1 Ia1 Z2 Ia2 Z0 Ia0

Va1 Va2 Va0

Positive sequence network Negative sequence network Zero sequence network

Refer Power System Analysis by Hadi Saadat, Pages 418-419

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Single Line to Ground faults (L G faults)

L-G fault with zero impedance

a Va = 0

Supply Side b
Ib = Ic = 0
c

Ea
Z1 Ia1 Z2 Ia2 Z0 Ia0

Va1 Va2 Va0

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Single Line to Ground faults (L G faults)

L-G fault with fault impedance Zf

Zf

a Va = IaZf

Supply Side b Ib = Ic = 0
c

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Single Line to Ground faults (L G faults)

L-G fault with fault impedance Zf

Va = IaZf Va 0 Va1 Va 2 ( I a 0 I a1 I a 2 )Z f

Ib = Ic = 0
I a0 1 1 1 Ia
I 1 1 2 I b 0
a1 3
I a 2 1 2 I c 0
Ia
I a 0 I a1 I a 2
3

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Single Line to Ground faults (L G faults)

L-G fault with fault impedance Zf

Va = IaZf Va 0 Va1 Va 2 ( I a 0 I a1 I a 2 )Z f
Ia
I a 0 I a1 I a 2
3 E (Z0 Z1 Z 2 ) I a 0 3I a 0 Z f

Va 0 0 Z 0 I a 0 E
I a0
Va1 Ea Z1 I a1 Z 0 Z1 Z 2 3Z f
Va 2 0 Z 2 I a 2
3E
Fault Curret I a 3I a 0
Z 0 Z1 Z 2 3Z f

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Single Line to Ground faults (L G faults)

L-G fault with fault impedance Zf

Ia
I a 0 I a1 I a 2
3

Va0 Va1 Va 2 3I a 0 Z f I a 0 3Z f
Ea
Z1 Ia1 Z2 Ia2 Z0 Ia0

Va1 Va2 Va0

3Zf

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Single Line to Ground faults (L G faults)

L-G fault with fault impedance Zf - Alternate methods

a) Zf considered as part of earth path impedance

Ea 3Zf
Z1 Ia1 Z2 Ia2 Z0 Ia0

Va1 Va2 Va0

b) Zf considered as part of each line impedance

Ea
Z1+ Zf I Z2 + Zf I Z0 + Zf I
a1 a2 a0

Va1 Va2 Va0

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Derivation of Sequence Networks

Single line diagrams for network components

Generator

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Derivation of Sequence Networks

Single Windings

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Derivation of Sequence Networks

Zero-sequence diagrams of two winding transformers

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