Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Applications in Modern
Li braries
Eg be rt de Smet
University of Antwerp, Belgium
Sa ngeeta Dhamd he re
Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, India
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Names: De Smct. Egber t, 1956- editor. I Dhumd hc re . Sun gecta N.. 1975- ed itor.
Title: E-discovery tools and applicatio ns in mod ern libra ries / Egbert de
Smet and Sangccra Namdcv Dhurndhcre. ed itors.
Description : Hershey. PA: Information Science Reference. [2016 J j Includes
bibliographical refere nces und index.
Identifiers: LCC N 20160109661ISBN 978 1522504740 (hardcover) I ISBN
978 1522504757 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Electron ic information resource searching. I
Libmrics-Africn-Casc studies. I Libruries-vSouth Asia-Case studies.
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Table of Contents
Foreword xvi
Preface xvii
Acknowledgment xx
Chapter 1
VLl RU OS Workshop ' Bd nfo Discover y and Manage ment for Institutes in the So uth':
Presentati ons and Conclusions, Antwerp. 8- 19 Decem ber. 20 14 I
Marc Goovaerts. Hassel! University, Belgium
Paul Ni euwenhuysen, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
Sangeeta Uhumdhere, Modem Colle ge ofA rts, Science and Com merce, India
Chapter 2
Co mmercial and Open Access Integrated Information Search Tools in Indian Libraries 41
Sangeeta Dhamdhere, Modem College of A rts, Science and Com merce, India
Ramdas Lihitkar, Go vernm ent College of Science, India
Chapter 3
Discovery Services, the Next Tool Libraries Must Have , or Sho uld Discard'? 56
Piet de Keyser, Uni versity Colleges t.euven-Limburg. Belgium
Chapter .4
University Library Po rt al: A Too l fo r Web-Enabled Informatio n Services 66
Manisha B. Mane, Shri Chhairapati Shivaj ! Cottege of Engineering. India
Bhausaheb Panage. Sa vitribai Phule Pune Uni versity. India
Chapter 5
Responsive Library Website Design and Adopt ion of Federated Search Tools for Library Service s
in Develop ing Countries 76
Michael Opeoluwa Faghohun. Covenant University, Nigeria
Nw anne Ma ry Nwokocha, Covenant University, Nigeria
Victoria ltsekcr, COVf'11Ul lI Uni versity. Nigeria
Oyeronke Adebayo, Covenant University, Nige ria
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Chapter 6
Creating an Agile Library 109
Manoj Sonawane, Mostek Ltd. , India
C ha pte r 7
Exploring the E-Discovery Tools o n the Use of Library Co llections by Users 122
M. Natarujan, Jimma University. Ethiopia
Chapter 8
Embracing E-Resource Discovery Technique Using Open Source Software: The IUB Library's
Experience 138
Md. Mukhlesur Rahman, Independent University, Bangladesh
Md. Zahid Hossain Stioeb. Indep endent University. Bangladesh
C ha pte r 9
Adoption and Use of Discovery Tools by Selected Academic Libraries in Zimbabwe 168
Sindiso Bhebhc. National A rchives of Zunbabwe. Zimbabwe
S imilo Ngwenya, National University of Science and Technology, Zimbabwe
C ha pte r 10
Impact of Discovery Layers on Access ing E-Resource s in Academic Libraries: A Case Study of
Cen tral University of Bihar 18 1
Mayank: Yu va raj, Central Univers ity of South Bihar, India
C ha pte r II
E-Metr -i cs: Tools for Measuring Usage of Electronic Resources 20 1
Tawj eeq Nanr, University oj Kashmir, India
Chapter 12
Goog le Search: Digging into the Culture of Information Retrieval 2 10
Pawan R. Agrawal, Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Government College, India
Chapter 13
E-Discovery Components of E-Teaching And M-Learning: An Overview 240
Stephen G. Nietu. National Institute (?f Electronics and Information Technology, India
Thanuskodi S. , Alagappa University, In dia
C ha pter 14
Trends and Issues in Digital Libraries 249
Mercy A. troaganacni. Covenant University Canaanland, Nigeria
Chapter 15
Mastering Digital Libraries in the Digital Age 275
Kijpokin Kasemsop , Suan Sunandha Raj abhat University, Thailand
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Chapter 1(,
Management of Institutional Reposito ries (l R) in Developin g Countries 306
Jerome ldiegbeyan-ose, Covenant University, Nige ria
Goodluck lfijeh , Covenant University, N igeria
Juliana l wu-Lame s, Co venant University, Nigeria
Julie llogho. Covenant University, Nigeria
Chapter 17
E-Discovery with the ABe D Information Management System 332
Egb ert de Smet, University ofAntwerp, Belgium
Index 398
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C hapter 17
Ii-D iscovery with the ABC D Information Manag ement Syste m 332
Egbert de Smet, Un iversity ojA ruwerp, Belgium
Thi s chapter discusses the e-Discovery oriented philosophy of ABCD as a library system and the
possibilities offered by the ABeD-Site, such as the meta-search, integrat ing external dat abases into the
ABC D-database environment, easy inclusion of all sorts of links to e-resources and widgets (e.g. Googlc
Scholar ) with sample app lications, The chapter will he based on the statement tha t actually the whole
A BCD-syslcm technology is built on the philosop hy of c-Discovcry as imple mented by c.g. the ' Vi rtual
Health Library' in Lati n America rather than as a ' library system'. In this way the syste m represents a
' modern lib rary'.
Index 39 8
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VUR-UOS Work shop 'Eln fo Discovery an d Managemen t fo r Ins titutes in the South '
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databases. It is not a tool that support deep search in the co ntent. It was more used as a porta l with
backgro und inform atio n (see Fig ure 6).
Strathmore Univcrsity (http: //www.strathmore .ed u) is a private univcrsity that started in 196 1as a tertiary
co llege and became a university in 2002 . It counts about 5.000 students and has courses on undcrgradu-
ate, grad uate and doctorate level s.
T he library (www.Ji brary.strat hmore .edu/) has a physica l col lection o f about 100.000 volumes. II
provides c-jou m als and c- books under subscription and in open access. The library has developed an
ins titutional repository. Internet co nnection is co mfo rtable with 100M bps connectivity for the whole
campus. Off-cam pus access is availab le through EZ Prox y.
T he university has syste matica lly chose n for open source so lutions: Koha as library managem en t
sys tem, Subj ect Plus (h up ://www.s ubjectspl us.com!) as subject and research guide. Mood ie as c-lcami ng
platfo rm . IR+ and DSpace for repository and re searchers pages. Lime Survey foruser surveys. Zotero
(www.zotero.org)as reference manager. Alfresco (https://www.alfresco .co m)fordocume nt manage me nt
and Drupal for webs ite de velopment. The library uses furt her an EBSCO link reso lver for li nking from
databases and search eng ines like Google Scholar to the university holdings (see Figure 7).
T he library website has a search box to access directly the Koha catalog ue where e-res ources are in-
cluded . Google Scho lar is presented as an alternative including a Strathmore li nk resolver. IR+ has bee n
replaced by a DSpace installation. IR+ has inte res ting fe atures like the possibil ity to create researcher's
pages, but the user comm unity is very small and its development has bee n stopped . In December 20 14
15
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VURUOS Workshop 'Efn fo Discovery and Management for Institutes in the South '
E-resources at the Universi ty are adm inistered th rough the Lib rary and with the Virtual Learning
Enviro nment, the Postgraduate Virtual Learning Environ ment, the Rhoda - Learning Object Repository
and the CRODA Autho ring tool.
Access to e-resources in Cuba is limited. Cu ba is not eligible for the Research4Life programs. The
University of Info rmatics Sciences has access to various electronic resources, through national consortia
or based on open access: such as EBSCO , lET Digital library, Revistas de la American Mathematical
Society, Redalyc, Directory of Open Access Journal, arXiv.org, Citexeer, Wikipedia. Diccionarios.com ,
Google acadcmico, SciELO, Latindex, Cu ban Journal o f Com puter Scie nce and GIGA journal. The
official website of the library (hup:/lbiblioteca.uci.c u) is not always accessible because o f the limi ted
bandw idth availab le in Cuba.
UCI has deve loped di fferen t tool s to support the virtual learning environments. The VLE are based
on Moodie, an open source software package for c- lcaming. Moo die provides the ability to import and
usc learn ing obj ects accordi ng to standard SCORM and IMS Conte nt. EVA, the Virtual Learn ing Envi-
ronment (http://eva.uc i.cu)isthe space to support the Engineering Degree in Computer Science courses,
upholding all subjects curriculum caree r. EVA P. the Virtua l Learning Environment for Postgraduate Stud-
ies (http://evapostg rado.uci.cu) is th e space for training information professionals and related branches
offering professional development cou rses like masters and doctorates.
RHODA (htt p://rhoda. uci.cu) is an in-house deve loped learn ing obj ect repository created to support
the uni versity com munity in the management of ed ucational reso urces, using the tech nology of learning
objects . The autho ring tool CRO DA (http ://croda.uci.c u)is also developed at UCI. It gives teacher s the
tools for develop ing learnin g obj ects , looking for accessibi lity, d urabi lity, interoperability and reusability
(sec f igure 8).
Because access to scientific literature is lim ited in Cuba, researchers are requested to share down-
loaded documents wit h thei r colleagues at UCI. A ce ntral syste m to m anage these publications has bee n
deve loped at the university. Sunshine is a place to share and learn. Here use rs can upload and down load
documents or a book of interest . Th e goal is to create a ccmralizcd library o f downloaded articles that
is sel f-managed by users of the local community (sec Figure 9).
The Unive rsity of the Western Ca pe (http://www.uwc.ac.za) was established as a public university in
1960. UWC has 7 faculties and more tha n 200 degree, diploma and ce rtificate programs are offered.
The student popu lation is currently j ust over 20.000. UWC is str iving to become a fu lly-fledged research
university achieving remark able success in national rankings within a relatively short timefrarne .
UWC Library (http://lib.uwc.ac.za) is tasked with prov iding relevant research materi als and to man-
age and organize these in optimal ways. Discovery is at the heart of the usage o f these resources, along
with considerat ions such as its purpose and how to use the resou rces.
South Africa is not an eligible country for the Researchql.ife programs. Most e-resources at UWC
are purchased via SANLIC, South A frica's natio nal licensi ng consortium . UWC subscribes to a variety
of databases, comprising 23 at platform level and 27 open access sources integrated wit hin the EB SCO
platfo rm . By virtue of its location in Africa, the library has access toJSTOR, the journal archive database.
Col lec tively this provides good coverage in interdisc iplinary databases for undergraduates (see Figure 10).
17
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VLfRUOS Workshop 'E-/n fo Discovery and Managem ent for Institutes in the So uth '
CROOA
EVA EVAP
Because of the prohibitively high cost of some resources and combined with a shri nking budget,
c-collections had to be cut every yea r over the last three yea rs. As a result specialized needs of so me
faculties are not met, while the lib rary's e-hook collection still remains inadequate in terms of content
al igned to curriculum .
The library is facil itating access to locally produ ced knowledge thro ugh repositories in respect of
UWC Research and ETD archives.
UWC has a well-developed e-resource ma nagement policy. Ecresources are evaluated annually and
rated on a number of criteria includ ing: usage statistics, cost per download and impact on the university's
resea rch o utput and subsidy gene ration. Rene wals and new subscriptions are decid ed by an c-rcsourccs
committee.
All stude nts and sta ll have access 10 e-rcsou rccs on campus. Off-campus access is enabled by single
sign-on authenticatio n through EZProxy. E-Reso urces are made accessible via di scovery tools. UWC
used the fo llowi ng commercial discovery tools : Primo and SFX fro m Exl.ibris and Bbsco's A-to-Z list
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18
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VURUOS Workshop 'Eln fo Discovery and Management for Institutes in the South '
Figure 10. The main pa!!,e (d the library website of UWC including a d iscovery search box
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of j ournals. The library has since the workshop in December 20 14 replaced it with WorldC atLoca1.
The repositories and pub lishing services operate with open source soft ware. DSpace and Open Journal
Systems. respectively.
Pri mo was introduced at UWC in 2010. SFX was already in use with Metalib. The local suppo rt
from Exl.ibris was very minimal. Other prob lems experienced were that some database s could not be
included in the d iscovery search. Basically only 8 databases could be searched at a time . There were
diffe rent problems: in the interaction between Prim o and the link resolver and management of coverage
dates. Problems similar to Primo are experienced with EBSCO Avto-Z. Support was not satisfactory.
Coverage dates were frequently incorrect. The list of titles was not correct. Access to EBSCO Acto-Z
seemed slow. This was a cause of fr ustration among users. These were all reasons to look for another
discovery system.
Locally, UWC belongs to the Cape Highcr Education Consortium. Nation ally, vario us consortia
agreements exist to ens ure interne t co nnecti vity, such as TENET (the Tertiary Education Network). Free
Wi-Fi connectivi ty is available across campus. Slow network speed. connectivity and fi rewall problems
affect expe riences with the discovery products. 280 PC workstations fa cilitate access to reso urces while
a PC reservation system ensures equitable access to workstatio ns. EcRcadcrs have recently been made
available for use in the library, enabling greater access to e-books.
Fina lly, Anwa Adriaan se came to the following co nclusions:
Academic institution s are operating in an enviro nment of rap id change in scholarly com munica-
tion practices and the information landscape itself.
Emerging use r needs requ ire an increasin g shift from the traditional print resources to e-resources .
The exorbi tantly high cost of these resources pose a major challenge to all academ ic institutions.
Academic libraries are required to show a return-on-inves tment on the resources subscribed to.
Facil itating access is one of those trad itional roles of the academic librar y which has had to keep
pace with these changes.
The challenge is 10 increase the usage of the resources, libraries continue 10 subsc ribe to and ac-
cess plays a key role .
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VLfR-UOS Workshop 'E ln fo Discovery and Management for In s titu tes in the So uth '
Founded in 1993, Independent University, Bangladesh is one of the oldest private universities in the
country. IUB Library cur rently serves more than 6.000 undergraduate and g raduate students and over
3.500 alumni. It has study programs in Schools of Business, Engineering and Computer Science, Envi-
ronmental Scie nce and Management, Liberal Arts and Social Sciences. Life Science and Public Health.
The collection of IUB Library (http: //l ib.iub.edu.bd/) contains 27.000 Books, 4.000+ audio -visua l
material , 146 printed journals or magazines and access to 2 1.000 e-journals. The repository using the
DSpaee software is available but not always aeeessible( http://dir. iub.edu .bd: 8 I 80/).
Through the Bangladeshi conso rtium of INASP-PERI, the IUB Library has acce ss to the fo llowing
databases and e-collections: American Chem ical Society. American Physical Society. America n Society
of Civil Engineers. Annua l Reviews. Astronomical Journal, Beech Tree Publishing, Cambridge Uni-
versity Press. EBSCO llost. Institute of Physics Publi shing. Mary Ann Liebert Inc . Publi shing. Oxford
University Press SpringerLink, W iley Online and World Bank (WDI. AD!. GE M); to the e-book col-
lections of Taylor & Francis, De Gru yter LIS Boo ks & Project MUS E. IUB Library has also access to
the Researcha l.ife prog rams HINARI. OAR E, AGORA and ARDI. In the UGC Co nsortium are JSTO R
and Emera ld incl uded. The university has an IP based subscription on ProQ uest ABI Global Package.
The IUB Library webpage serves as acc ess po int to the subsc ribed e-databases.ez PCs at the library
are dedicated for using e-resources or students can use any of the more than 500 PCs at IUB Campus in
add ition to their personallaptop wit h Wi-Fi facilities . IUB Librar y regularly organizes library orientation
classes for students and work shops fo r faculty members. There are also hands on pract ice opportunitie s
on how to acce ss and usc c-resources.
After goi ng through an in depth compar ison and observing nece ssary checklists with other open
source discovery too ls. the IUB Library decided to introduce VuFind (http://lib.iub.edu.bd/v ufind) as
the reso urce discovery too ls to prov ide access and discover information through a single search too l. to
enable users to search and browse through all li brary resources in a single platform: catalogue, institu-
tional repo sitory and other databases and e-joum als. The goal is to increase access to library resources
and to enhance use rs' satisfaction in finding required information . Users save time searching through
sing le search in mul tiple databases.
VuFind was installed, customized and configured to the needs of l UB. The software provides standard
connectors to ILS, in the case of IUB to Koha. The software pro vides also the possibility to harvest the
institutional repository. Th e necessary configurations were done. The integration of e-joum al collections
and databases is the main challenge because sta ndard only an ingester for MA RC records is available. All
data in xml. xis and csv has to be converted with the MarcEd it tool (http: //marccdit. reeset. nct/). Now.the
fully operated VuFind at IUB Library enables users to search various resources in a single interface with
advanced search options to customize search result and save search result by logging (see Figure I I) .
VUFind enhanc ed the search possibilities at IUH, but has still some limitations. It on ly indexes
mcradata and can only ingest mcradata in MARC fo rmat. Th ere is no robust data tracker fro m parent
database. Full text link s redi rect to so urce but not to full text.
20
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VLfRUOS Workshop 'E-/n fo Discovery and Managem ent for Institutes in the So uth '
Figu re /2. The single sea rch box of the discovery tool KIOX implemented at Mzw nbe University
--
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The fact that KIOX is a USAID program makes it affordable fo r the university. The yearly cost is
600$ including setu p. backup and hosting. The use of the proxy server cost I60S/year including setup
and hosting.
Various programs of non-profit. national and inte rnational orga nizations support the development of
access to academic literat ure in the South in many ways, like INASP-PERI, cJDS. HINA RI, AGO RA,
OA RE, ARDl , EIFL. ITOe A and many others. The worksho p was happy to have presentatio ns abo ut
EIFL and the Research-tl.ife initiative, especially the o ne about the implementatio n of discovery tools
by III NA RI and the other Rcscarche l.i fc prog rams.
ElFL. founded in 1999. is an international not-for-profit organization with a base in Europe and a global
network of partners. EIF L's mission is to enable access to knowledge through libraries in deve loping and
tra nsition countries to co ntri bute to sustainable eco nomic and social develo pment. Today, EIFL \vorks
in 60 co untries in Africa, Asia, Europe and Latin Am erica. The foundation runs now five programs
about consortium management, licensing, open access, intellectual pro perty and publ ic library innova-
tion (see Figure 13).
EIFL's unique approach is to partner with libraries organized in national library con sortia that share
common goals. Library consortia can speak with one voice to stakeholders. pol icy makers and fu nders.
and can share resources and activities.
22
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VUR-UOS Workshop 'Eln fo Discovery and Management for Institutes in the South '
Figure 13. 1FL works in 60 countries worldw ide in parmerstup wish libra ry consortia
In the Con sortium Management Program, EIFL provides training. adv ice, consultancy. rnentor ing.
resou rces for conso rtium manage ment; faci litates the knowledge flow betwee n consortia and practitio-
ners in developing and developed countries and reaches out and resp onds to countries in need of help
with organizing a national consortium. The cooperation between cou ntry library consortia and EIFL is
formalized in a MoU. A participation fee. determ ined accord ing to the country's ability to pay. is levi ed
to cover some o f the costs of the EIFL General Assembly.
The EIFL Licensing prog ram has as goals free and h ighly di scounted prices and fa ir terms of use fo r
commerc ial a-resou rces throu gh central negotiation with publishers on behalf of partner countries. The
capaci ty in lice nsing and management of c-rcso urccs in mem ber countries is built up in the proce ss. In
the licensing progra m EIFL work with members to pro mote awareness of agreeme nts. and to encourage
subscriptions and usage. Over $ 183 million has been saved by partners in 20 13 . O ver SO co mmercial
c-reso urces fro m mo re than 40 vendors (including over 30.000 c-jou m als) arc now available th rough
EIFL. The average di scount on li st price is over 95%. Publishi ng partners include BioOne , EBSCO
Information Services. Edward Elgar Publish ing, Emerald Group Publishi ng, International Monetary
Fund (IMF) Publicatio ns. lOP Publishi ng, JSTOR . Nature Publishing Group, OECD Publishing, Ox ford
University Press, Project MU SE, SAGE. Taylor & Francis and Wi ley.
In its Open Access pro gram EIFL advocates fo r the adoption of open access policies and mandates by
research fundi ng age ncies. universities and research organizations nationally and internationally; builds
capaci ty to launch open access repositories, and to ensure the ir long-term sustainabilit y; offers training ,
supports knowledge shari ng, and provides expertise to open access policies and practices; also empowers
library professionals. scholars, educators and students to become open access advocates.
Under its impulse over 70 open access policies and mandates have been implemented by research
funding agencies. univcrsitics and research organizations. In EIFL partner co untries, mo re than 750 open
access repositori es have been established, over 4.000 open access j ourn als are published and 107.579
people have bee n tra ined in 20 12-20 13 .
23
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The Summon - Rescarchdl.ifc project started in 20 12, based on talks between WHO and Serial
Solutions (Now Protjuest). It was ac knowledged that a discovery tool like Summon could be useful
for Research-ll.ife. The Researchal.ife prog rams HINARI. AGO RA. OARE and ARDI did not have an
integ rated search system, They re lied on existing databases such asScopus. Pub'vled. CA B Abstracts,
Environment Index and Environmental Science & Po llution Management. These databases do not sup -
port direct link ing to the full text thro ugh the di ffe rent Research-ll.ife platforms, nor cover the full list
of avai lable information resources. Casual use rs don't get the best results and miss cove rage of so me
content available throug h the programs . Info rmation retrieval in this way is not a stra ight fo rward process.
Regardless of how extensive the program s' e ffo rts are; no in formation retrieval trai ning can pos-
sibly reac h all individuals affiliate d with the involved org anizations (over 6.000 institutions). Perforce,
many use rs will remain casual searchers. There fore, the better the discovery options are for those users,
the more the Rcscarch-ll.ifc-providcd content will be used for research, po licy-making and curriculu m
building, and in prac tical settings.
Sum mon is a web-scale discovery tool developed by Seri al Solutions (ProQuest). a new category
of services which de li vers a simple, easy, fast approac h in discovering the critica l core of the li terature
collection of an organiza tion, generally a library.
Researchers thi nk the library is the superior sou rce for quality, credible content. But, ove rwhelmingly,
behaviour is d ifferent: Use rs turn to Goog le and ot her open web solutions to start thei r research, in many
cases bypassing the library altogether. So why aren' t users turning to the library fi rst? Researchers often
state tha t they don' t start their research with the library, because there is no clear compelling start ing
place, they have diffic ulty identifying appropriate resources and feel ins confusing to navigate across
multiple reso urces. These arc exactly the same iss ues that the platforms o f H1 NA RI. AGO RA, OARE
and ARDI arc con fronted with (see Figure 15).
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26
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VURUOS Workshop 'Eln fo Discovery and Management for Institutes in the South '
By de fi ning a specific holdi ngs co llection for eac h of the di fferent Rescarch4Lifc prog ra ms (or addi ng
existing ones) in the S ummon knowledge base, a discovery tool for each of them could he developed: See
AGORA,
Hl NARL
OA RE .
One of the problem s whc n implementing Sum mon in the Re search4Life context was the fact that
publishers and content providers do not g ive access to the complete collection in every country. At
present, 38% of the 106 countries, areas, and territori es eligible for Research4Life have access to all the
content made available by eve ry content pro vider partner. For the cou ntries spccifie holdings collections
have been created for III NAR L As a result for every country a separate fII NARI Summon tool has been
crea ted. The main HINAR I profile contains 36.634 journals, 49 .125 c-books and arou nd 200 databases,
from approxi mately 150 providers resulting in 30 ,()41.599 records .
Ki mberly Parker of WHO made a co mpariso n of a search results in different databases and search
engines. As example she chose the q uery "Bbola Vaccine" AND "Ethics" with the foll owing results :
The Summon searc h tool for III NAR I shows the eligi ble users 535 full text docume nts available.
Searching in the global Summon index 4.582 documents was found o f which most o f them are not
available in full text. The Summon conte nt index is constantly growing. In December 20 14 there were
almos t 2 billion deduped reco rds.
< >
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VLfR-UOS Workshop 'E ln fo Discovery and Management for In s titu tes in the So uth '
T he Summon package inclu des also the ' 360 Link ' li nk resolver (for Open URL Iinking to full text ). 360
Link has been reg istered in Goo gle Scholar. available as ' Library Link ", and in PubMed , as Linkou t. for
all the HI NARI country profiles. In this way use rs can start the ir search from Google Schol ar or PubMed
and f ind out if the docume nt is availab le as full text as part of the HI NARI co llec tion (see Figure 16).
It is also possible to integrate the HI NARI Summon searc h box in any webs ite . A widget is available
at hn p:l/hinari.summon.serialsso lutions.co m/widgets. Finally, the implement ation of the HINARI Sum-
mon has been possible th anks to the volunteer work of thirty ProQu est employees.
Google and intern et search engines in ge neral have brough t us the ill usion that all information ca n be foun d
instantly by as king a simple question. Discovery sys tems. inc luding Google Scholar, are the translati on
of this pa radigm to the academic publication world. Hut to create the globa l indexes o n whic h the d iscov-
ery serv ices arc built is o ut o f reach of acade mic libraries <Breeding, 20 15, p. 15), surely in the South.
For t hese huge inde xes, libraries are dependi ng on the mai n bibliog raphic publishers or on the internet
search engines. But the re is still a big d ifferen ce between the discovery tools of the bibliographic pub-
lishers and Google Schol ar. Google Schol ar has the ambition to be t he search engine where a ll scho larly
pu blications can be found with as much as possible s upport to f ind the real doc ument. But it is in essence
a ge neral search tool. The discovery tools on the other han d start from a local point of view: How can
all the holdings of an institution (local collections, subscriptions on e-joum als and e-books. databases)
be made search able thro ugh a googlc-like interface for their patrons. T he bibliographic publish ers use
their large indexes to cre ate a custom ized service for their clie nts . T here is a market for these prod ucts.
because a majority of librarians have the op inion. right or wrong , that the library sho uld be the ce ntral
ent ry to scien tific literature (S cho nfeld , 2014, p. 3).
Even with the sophisticated databases and search engines available, the re is still a major problem: ac-
cess to the publ ications, s urely when institutions don' t have the necessary budgets. Most oft he institutes
in the South rely on specia l programs and free and open access.
During the workshop the informa tion special ists from the South described thei r experiences which
we re very d iversified. depending on budget, inform ation and IT capacity. and acce ss to literature . Fro m
the di fferent presentations it can be concl uded that in the South acce ss to the co mmercial journals is
felt as crucial. T he access to the spec ial prog rams . by Researchal.i fe. INASP, EIF L, eJDS and other
foundations, is a solution for the pa rticipants in Ethiopia. Kenya. Tanzania. Mozambique, Sur iname and
Zambia, even whe n the usage is still rat her low. Inst itutes in India. Philippines or So uth-Africa do not
have this opport uni ty, while the ir organizat ional situation is sim ilar to the institutes in the low income
cou ntries . They rely on national consort ia to access the main lite rature .
In ge neral, the development of open access seems still unde restimated , sure ly the growth o f publica-
tions available through repositories. Repository harvesters like OA Ister and BASE are not much used.
sometimes not even known. T he poten tial of Google Scholar is not exploited by most of the libraries of
the participa nts of the workshop . At the same time, access by special programs keeps the institutions in
a fragi le situation. Co untries in the So uth depend on the goodw ill o f the publis hers. W hat will happen
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VURUOS Workshop 'Efn fo Discovery and Management for Institutes in the South '
with the uni versities and research institution in Kenya fo r exa mple, now that the country has grown fro m
a low- inco me to a low-m iddle-income economy (The World Bank, 2( 14). Will they be able to pay the
fees of the different Re search-ll.i fe programs on middle-income countries level'?
The development of open access is a more stable way fo r continuous access to research publications.
The figures in the report ' Propo rtion of Open Access Peer-Reviewed Papers at the European and World
Levels - 2004-20 II ' for the European Comm ission DG Research & Innovation are very encourag ing .
The study on a large sample set of publ ication s in Scopus shows that the availability of peer-reviewed
art icles on the interne t has reac hed nearly 50% for the studied peri od , wit h about 11-12% in open access
journals (A rchamba ult, 20 13. p. I). Previous research by G argouriel. al., Green and Gold Open Ac-
cess Percentages and Growth, by Field (2012) and Bjork et. aI., Open Access to the Scientific Journal
Literature: Situation 2009(2010, p. I) showe d figures arou nd 20 to 25%. An im porta nt reason of the
diffe rences in the results is the de finit ion of the time frame. Access to rece nt publications is in many
cases lirnitcd by embargo rules. Any way the literature ava ilable in open access is growing to a relevant
level, still lim ited for the most ac tua l publications by embargo rules.
T he so lutio ns presented by the participants of the So uth show how they strugg le with the changes o f
the information world. The scientific library has changed from an organiz ation that acqu ires literature
and supports its patrons using local collections to an organiza tion that organizes access to worldwide
info rmation for self-sufficient use rs.
The University of Zambia Library is an exam ple of how an ILM S ca n be used to expose e-resources.
Other universities experiment with software in the category of subject and library guides to descr ibe
external resources, e.g . Subject Plus. Local discover y tools like Blacklight or VUfind ma ke it possible
to integrat e mctadata from diffe re nt resources . All o f these solutions have on e maj or probl em: They
don't have the large knowledge base of Google Scholar or of one of the commercial disc overy systems .
So me universities are experimenting with full-fledged discovery systems : KIOX at Mzumbe Univcr-
sity and Eduardo Mondlanc Univers ity: Primo replaced by Worl dCat Local at the Unive rsity of Western
Cape. But the cost is for many universities in the South still a barr ier to invest in a discovery service,
even when USA ID prog rams make it available for a low price for low- and mid dle income countries.
How to answer question s asked by Nieuwenhuyse n at the end of his presentation: ' Which discovery
systems to offer to the users / clients?' ' How to offer those selected discovery services to the users and
clien ts?' and ' How to access the full document?'
Before any strategy can be devel oped. a library needs to develop expertise in informat ion discovery
and has to receive fro m the institute the necessary IT sup port.
The most logica l solution from a budget point of view is to choose Goog le Scho lar as primary search
tool. Google Scholar is the most comprehensi ve free di scovery too l with very rich functionalities. Mainly,
the links will give access to the full text of open access publications and in some cases also to subscribe
content. For commerc ial content, it will even show free acc ess alte rnat ives. But it will not be able to
show if the pape r is part of a subsc ription by the local insti tute. Luckily Googlc Scholar o ffers the pos-
sib ility to use link resolvers combined with IP recognition .
Unfortunate ly. most of the link resolvers are commercial prod ucts (for instance SFX , LinkSource,
360 Link .. .). The open source software CUrTS - GODOT (hupv/rcscarchcr.sfu.ca/cu f'ts) could be an
alte rnative fo r organizations with in-house IT support. The source code is delivered as it is and has to
be implemen ted by the organizatio n who wants to use it. Sem pertool proposes a link resolver solution
in the Libh ub package.
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The Research4Life prog rams (1I INAR I, AGORA and OA RE) have im plemented link reso lvers, based
on 360 Link. At the moment only the HINARl link resolver is available in Goog te Scholar. Institutes in
the Research4 Life program s ca n take advantage of th is function ality.
If a tool like Google Scholar beco mes the primary search too l of your users. then it should also
contain local content. The catalogue, the repository and other local databases should he prepared to be
crawled or harvested by internet search engines as described by Nieuwerburgh (U flent) with the use of
sitemaps, robot.txt and meta tags.
The choice of'commcrcial di scovery tools is limited for organi zations with a small budget. Th e Libhub
products are made available for developing countries at affordab le prices in cooperation with USA ID.
Mzumbe University in Tanzania has good experiences with the KIOX version.
The Research4Life progra ms have implemented the Summon discovery too l fo r each o f their proj ects.
These search interfaces are freely availa ble lor consultation. but access to the full text is only avai lable
lor institutes that subscribe to the respective Rcsca rchal.ifc programs.
The search interfaces make search easy in AGO RA for agricu lture. HINARI for medi cine plus life
science and OAR E fo r environmental scienc es. Hut the program-centric approac h is not a good ap-
proach for organizations who subscribe to more than one program. They will have to work with the
different discovery entries and will still not access content outside the spec ific package. A suggestion
to Research4 Life is to work out with ProQuest a solution on institution level. It would also be interest-
ing to have only one Rescarch4 Life link resolver and move the prog ram choice inside the link resolver.
Researchal.ife has fu rther on problems with authentication. The access to different Research-ll.ife
platforms as well as d iscovery too ls during the same browser session is not po ssible . Por exa mple. if
you want to use a lII NAR I di scove ry tool aft er using the AGO RA one you have to close yo ur browser
first. This authentication problem sho uld be addressed too .
Other solutions are focusing on local content (catalogue. repo sitory. local electronic databases).
Hlacklight, wr itten in Ruby on Rails, and VUFind. a PUP solution, are interesting Open Source Soft-
ware solutions based on a Solr index using the same SolrMarc mctadata inges t tool . VUFind has richer
fu nctionalitics. c.g. direct connection to ILMS and repositories. External databases have to be updated
manually. Libraries have c reated interesting search environments with the se too ls, e.g. IUB. Bangladesh
and Columbia University Libraries. US. But still at Co lumb ia Un iversity they integrate Summon to access
the c-resources using the extended index of ProQ uest. O rganizations that use AHCD have also integrated
external databases in their OPAC rather successfully (De Smet & Dharndhere. 20 13). But in the end these
solutions ca nnot compete with the large scale discove ry systems and their billions of indexed records.
A last option fo r acade mic institutes in the South is that international programs like Research-ll.ife.
INASP or E1 FL globally or through regional consortia negotiate wit h the bib liographic publishers to
provide link resolvers and/or discove ry tools to organ izations at affordable prices. Libhub could be an
example for other com mercial prov ider s.
Finally. there are still diffe rent regions in the world where academic institutes have very limited
bandwidth. Local solutio ns are for these organization s the bas ic option with prod ucts like TEEAL and
LibraryBox. IAMSLIC , for exam ple, evaluate s the use of LibraryBox to make the content of marine
repos itories more read ily available to I A ~1 S LI C institutions whose internet access is prob lematic as in
the Pacific Ocean region . The distribution of Library boxc s can makes the document s available any time
to anyone nearby. who has a wireless device (Watkins & Parker, 20 14 ). Library management tool s like
ABC D can help to manage these co llections. The strategy at UCI to create Sunshin e, a manage ment
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VURUOS Work shop 'Efn fo Discovery and Ma nagement fo r In s titutes in the South '
too l for all the e- literature dow nloaded or collected in anot her way by staff rnern bcrs. is another releva nt
approach for institutions that do on ly have lim ited internet connection or no connection at all.
How relevant is the literature collection for our patrons'! Universities in the South are developing
thei r research ca paci ty with the help of fu nding organizatio ns like VLlR-UOS in Flanders. Depending
on the development of the research capacity there is a growing need for scientific lite rature. Institutes,
who focus on education only, have less need .
Undergraduate students have other needs than researchers on content and on databases. As Adriaanse
exp lained in his presen tation the access to c-rcsourccs was sufficient fo r undergraduate students, but
there were gaps on the research side. The EDS discovery too l is for the Antwerp Unive rsity Library in
the first place relevant for undergrad uates, while rese arche rs prefers the spec ific research databases. This
trend is con firmed by ot her studies (Schonfeld, 201 4. pp. 4-5).
There is a di versity of information needs in an organization like a universify. Librarians approach the
research literature like carpet bombers. while users are acting like information snipers as Gucdon(20 l 4 )
nicely describes. Th e information needs of the users are not g lobal but very specific . And information
needs do not sto p at publicatio ns. Researchers look as well for data sets. conferences. persons and re-
search gro ups to work together and exchange knowledge with.
Many of the librarians still have the conviction that the library has to be the first place to go and
discover scholarly con tent. While the library is important, researchers' tactics for mainta ining current
awareness draw espec ially strongly on peer networks and academic conferences; for humanists, book
reviews and publisher anno uncements are notably important as well (Schonfeld. 20 14, p. 3).
' Scientists read in two different ways; they access archived, refereed articles to check on earlier resu lts
at footnoting time in order to give back to Caesar what rig htly belongs to him; on the research front,
they seek in fo rmation in any way po ssible, preprints, recent personal comm unicatio ns. etc ., and these
doc uments circulate in a variety of ways . ..' (G uedon J .. 200 I, p. 50)
T he develop ment o f socia l research networks w i 11 strengthe n these peer networks and replace library
tasks. The organization and labelling of research info rmation by peers is already successfully developed
in platform s like Resca rchGate or Mcndeley (Van Noorden, 20 14, pp. 126- 129).
When Nieuwenhuysen as ked the question at the end of his pre sentatio n ' How to integ rate the top ic
of information discovery wit h training activities in the area of information literacy?'. li brarians have to
be aware that discovery tools and search engines are only interesting entry points to scie ntific literature.
It is an introduction tool for students to learn to identify scientific literature. Information literacy should
not be narrowed to the technical use of databases and su rely not to that of the single entry point of a
discovery tool. It shou ld be integ rated in the ' learning lines' of the diffe rent faculties as a result of a
coo peration between teache rs and librarians.
The library has changed to a se rvice that organizes the access to d istributed scienti fic literature to se lf-
sufficient users . Will the library be able to con tinue that task? The OPAC can be dead. but stillthere is
information everywhere surro unding us. Therefo re, there is a future for information managers.
Libraries were unt il the nineties the heart of info rmation di stribution . They indexed the available
collec tions in their ca talogue. With the internet much more info rmation is beco ming available. which
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makes it impossible to index by librar ies indi viduall y. T his is accomp lished by the main indexe rs, search
en gines and bibliographic publishers. The logic conclusion came from unive rsities like University of
Utrecht and in Belg ium Ghent University: focus on the own holdings and on the own output; expose it
to the indexers.
The interest for the own output at un iversities started with the deve lop me nt of institutional repositories
and of cur rent research information systems . Wh ile institutional repositories were developed to make
publications accessible in open access, it rather quickly attracted the attention of the research management
services of universities as a 100 1 to evaluatc ' objectively' the output of the researchers. research gro ups
and uni versity as a who le. It brought inside the institutional repositori es an inherent contradict ion: While
repositories were conce ived to fre e the authors and readers of the straightjacket of traditional publishing.
it has now evolved to a co ntro l instrument where all researchers s ubmit their pub lications, certainly the
one published in the core j ournals. Only these are really important for eval uation . T his may be blocking
the evo lution of publishing and in ge neral o f scientific comm unica tion-Anyway the management of
institutional repositories is now a new library tas k.
Research information is broader than pub li cations only. It co ntains as well data sets as information
about research gro ups, projects. learning and scholarly activi ties of researchers, etc. Curren t Research
Information System s integrates this information in a linked mode l. VIVO and Pure are examples of
software for CRIS, which are beco ming pop ular because of a grow ing need of research management on
differen t levels. Librarians have input in these sys tems already thro ugh the institutional repos ito ries. But
as information managers they have relevant knowledge on metadata managem en t, thesauri, ontologies.
etc. W hy should librarians limit themselves to publications'?
T he scient ific world is very conse rvative in the way it is using co mmun ication. It is still using the tra-
ditional publication cycle as the basic for m of comm unicatio n. In the meantime, the internet has changed
in twenty years from a static to an interac tive network. But the scientific world is followi ng these trends
only slowly. The European projects to set up virtual research environme nts D4 Science (http://ww w.
d4scien ce.eu/), IMarine (hup v/www.i -marinc.cu/) or VOA3R (hup:/Ivoa3r.eu/) arc using new forms of
cooperatio n based on the internet. to share reso urces and to support commun ication throu gh discussion
grou ps. wo rk environmen ts. review options and more. While t hese projects have only a li mited success,
they show new possib ilities of information management.
Individuals are en thusiastically em brac ing the new tec hno logies, but in ge neral there is an ' unwill-
ingness to take risks' in the face of an increasingly rigid academ ic stratificat ion amon g institutions and
withi n instituti ons. Au tho rs seem to be afraid of do ing anythi ng that they th ink might even minimally
dimini sh their chances of obtai ning a tenure-track, principa l investigato r awa rds. a position at an even
more prestigious university and so on (Arm br uster, 2007, p. 9 ).
Social networks for scholars are emerging slow ly. Reference platforms as Zotero and Mendeley added
social fu nctions to their ser vices. Researchr.l ate is thank s to an intensive- so me will sayan agg ressive -
marketing beco ming the most renow ned of the scholarly social network s. But scientists arc using them
still mos tly in a passive way as the study of Van Noorden indicates: Nearly 70% of the participants of
the survey using Researchflate stated they used the site for ' in case cont acted' (20 14. p. 128). In the
mean time. these platforms arc creating large da tabases o f publica tions. Per many researchers this forms
an altern ative access method . Rcscarc bfl atc eve n proposes (like many repo sitories too) a ' request the
author ' button when the document is not available.
While traditional publ icatio n is still cen tral in the scholarly co mmunic ation, the scientific information
flow is changi ng dras tically. Universities are managing their output an d presenti ng it through reposi-
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VURUOS Work shop 'Efn fo Discovery and Ma nagement fo r In s titutes in the South '
tories and research information systems. Scientists will use more and more the communication too ls
of the upcoming soc ial networks. Will the scientific communication process change? Only if research
evaluatio n organizations will li mit the importance of the formal criteria of impact facto rs and citation
analysis and find new rn etrics for the part icipation in social networks and the activ ities in research en-
vironments. This focus on publications , 'pub lish or perish' , hinders the development o f new scient ific
communicatio n forms.
CONCLUSION
Librarians are co nfronted with the changes in the scientifi c information flow. Th ere are opportunities as
already seen with institutional repositories, which are managed by libraries. In the role of info rmation
manager, librarians can playa key role in the development of data repositories and research information
systems. But they have to face majo r challenges too. Learning environments, rese arch environ ments and
scholarly social network s are new terr itories where info rmatio n is exchanged without muc h invo lvement
of librari es. Even if their role is not clear, libraries have to be aware of them.
The class ical role of the library, making the holdings of the institute available for the patron s, will
not change. even if it wi ll not be per sonnel intensive as in the past. In an internet world with more and
mo re distributed information and a growi ng part of open access publications, accessibility will be more
relevant than ho ldings . In the d iscussion of how to do this , by exposing the own ho ldings to the search
eng ines or to create a li brary website with a discovery tool as global entry to the holdings , both sides
have advantages. On one hand users are go ing mainly to existing search eng ines to find their scient ific
information . On the ot her hand. the main entry strategy strengthens the library's identity. But exposing
the holdi ngs is the key idea in both strategies .
Information lite racy is another field where librarians feel comfortable . Discovery is only a small part
of a whole research and in formation handling proce ss, whic h will be and is already infl uenced by the
comm unication and information processes described above. Info rmation li teracy needs an integrated
approac h where li braries and facu lt ies work together and integrate info rmation literacy in the 'learning
li nes' of the curricu la. In this way, libraries will find also their place in the learning enviro nments.
Th is chapter is in the first place writte n with li braries and librarians in the South in mind. The good
news is that open and free access is growing fast and that the special prog rams for low and middle-income
cou ntries are further develop ing. While discovery and information manage ment tools fo r the worldwide
distributed information are difficult to manage locally, there exist diffe rent po ssible solutions. Google
Scholar, as global sc ientific index system, is free ly available and therefore an obvious solution . As we
have seen, the libraries have other options, from Lib Hub. as a global discovery service to VUFind,
Blacklight and ABe D as loca l discovery software pac kages. Th ose who do not have access to internet
can use local databases, c.g. T EEAL or collections on a LibraryBox.
But we have to kee p in min d the context in the South:
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VLfR-UOS Workshop 'E ln fo Discovery and Management for In s titu tes in the So uth '
Sti11. in an open wo rld the librarians in {he Sout h are confronted with the similar evolution s in scholarly
information and communication as the North . In his article. Van Noorden gave as example how a PhD
student studying microbiology in Nigeria started a cooperation with an Italian genetici st ove r Research-
Gate (20 14 , p. 126). These platforms are not fe e-based . Everybody can register. Libraries in the South
have an opportunity to play a role as intermed iary when using these websitcs. bUI surely it is important
to introduce these tools 10 their public. Finally, libraries ca n pro pose themselves as the centre for the
institutional information management. T hey already manage in many cases the institutional repository.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
During t he work shop the participa nts created a li st of dat abases. search engi nes. support programs and
software related to the topic of discovery and information management for research and education -
orie nted libraries.
I. Base Bielefeld: http://www.base-search.net - One of the largest search eng ines especially for aca-
demic. o pen acce ss, web resource . BASE is operated by Bielefeld University Library. It prov ides
more than 70 million docu ments from more than 3.000 sources. You can acce ss the full texts of
abo ut 70% of the indexed documents. BASE is a registered OAI service provider. (http://www.
base- search.net!abo ut/en/)
2. OAlster: hltp :l/www.oc1c.org/oaisler - A free search eng ine and union cata logue of millions of re-
cords of open access resources thai wa s built by harvesti ng from open access collection s worldwide
using the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Mctadata Harvesting (OA I-PM H). Today, OA lster
includes more than 30 million record s from more than 1.500 contributors. OAISter is nowadays a
pan of WorldCat by OCLe.
3. OpenDOAR: hHp:// www.opcndoar.org/ - A directory o f academic open access repositories .
4. ROAR : http:// roar.eprints.org/- Another direc tory of academ ic open access repositories
I. Director)' of Open Access .lournals: htt p://doaj .org/ -Anonlinedirectory that indexes and provides
access to quality open access, peer-reviewed journals . The DO A) aim s to be co mprehen sive and
cover all open acces s scient ific and scholarly journals that use a quality contro l system to g uarantee
the content.
2. DOAB : htt p://www.doabooks.org/ - A directory of open access e-books. T he Director y of Open
Access Hooks is a service of DA PEN Foundation .
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VURUOS Workshop 'Efn fo Discovery and Management for Institutes in the South '
Special Programs
I. Pub\1 ed Entrez: httpJ /www.ncbi .nl rn.nih.gov/pubmed -Comprisesmore than 24 miIlion citat ions
for bio med ical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books.C itations may
include links to full-text content from Pubjvl ed Central and publisher web sites. Th e HI NAR1 link
resolver is ava ilable as a Lin kou tfunction al uy,
2. PubChcm: http s://pubchem.ncbi .nlm.nih.gov/ - A free search tool organized as three linked da-
tabases within the NCBI'sEntrez infor mation retrieval system . These are PuhChem Substance,
PubChem Com pound. and PuhChem BioA ssay.
3. AGRI S: hltp://agrisJ ao .org/ - A global public domain database with more than 7.5 million struc-
tured bib liographical records on agricultura l science and technology developed by FAO.
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VLfR-UOS Workshop 'E ln fo Discovery and Management for In s titu tes in the So uth '
4. Open Science Director)': htt p://www.opensciencedirectory. netl - An A-Z list of open access jour-
nals and j ournals in special programs for developing countries managed by UNESCO- JOC with
the Acto-Zctechno logy of EBSCO.
5. World Ca t: https://www.worldcaLorg/ - A worldwide union catalogue managed by OC Le.
6. M icrosoft Academic Search : hnp://academie .researeh.mierosoft.eom/ An experimental re-
search service developed by Microsoft Research to explore how scholars, sc ientists, students, and
practitioners find academic content, researchers. institutions, and activities. Microsoft Academic
Search indexes not only millions o f academic publications, it also displays the key relationships
between and among subjects. content, and authors, highlighting the critical links that help define
scientific research. As is true o f many research projects at Microsoft. thi s service is not intended
to be a prod uction Web site, and it will likely be taken offl ine when appropriate given the research
goa ls o f the project.
Google Products
I. Google Scholar: hu p://scho lar.goog le.co m - The main free search engine for scholarly infor mation
using the technology developed by Google to create an impress ive knowledge base of scho larly lit-
erature. From one place. you can search across many disciplines and sou rces : articles. theses. books.
abstrac ts and co urt opinions, from academic publishers, professional socie ties. online repositories,
universities and other web sites. With the option ' Library Links' local holdi ngs can be consulted.
The HI NARI link resolvers are available as Library Links. Union catalogues, e.g. WorldCat, can
be exposed through the ' Library Search' service.
2. Googlc Books: hupsv/books.googlc.corn- Throu gh a partner program with publishers and a digi-
tization prog ram with libraries Google aims to provide books for reading, without the po ssibility
of download ing and limited by copyright regulations.
I. A BCD : http ://abcd.nelcat .bclfi les! - Web-based integrated library management so ftware comprising
the main basic library functions. wh ich also can be used as an information management syste m.
External metadata sets of d atabases can be uploaded to create a local d iscovery too l. It is the latest
version of the IS IS technol ogy deve loped by BIR EME. Brazil wit h the suppo rt o f VLl R-UOS ,
Flanders.
2. Evergreen : htt p://evergreen-ils.org/ - The Evergreen Project develops an open source ILS (inte-
g rated library system) used by over I (lOO libraries around the wo rld. The softwareis used hy librar-
ies to provi de their public catalog ue interface as well as to manage back-of-house operations such
as c irculation (check-o uts and check- ins), acquisition of library materials, and (particularly in the
case of Everg reen) sharing reso urces among groups of libraries.
3. LibLimc Koha : http ://w ww.koha.org/ - An advanced open-source integrated library syste m in usc
today by hu ndreds of libraries worldwide.
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VURUOS Workshop 'Efn fo Discovery and Management for Institutes in the South '
10. KIOX : http://www.se mpertool.dk/solutions -The Lib Hub Discovery tool of Sem pertoo ldistributed
under the USAID program in developing countries .
II . Summon for Rescarch4Lil'c : The Researcha l.ife pro grams AGORA , HINARI , OA RE and ARDI
have installed a free discovery serv ice based on Summon .
12. FedGa te : http://fedgate .cloudapp.net - A fe derated search wit h a connector-based tec hnology.
13. E llS: http://edsw iki.ebscohosl.com/E DS_A PI_Documentat ion - EBSCO Discovery Service (EDS)
is th e discove ry tool and Lin kSourcethe link resolver developed by EBSCO .
14. 360 Link & Su m mon : http://www.proquest.com/products-services/The-Sum mon -Ser vi ce.html -
Respectively the link resolver and discovery system of ProQuesl.
15. Primo & SFX: http://www.exlibrisgro up.comlcategory/ Prim oO vervi ew - The discovery and link
resolver solut ion of Ex Libris.
16. WorldCat of D CLC : http ://www.oclc.org/worldcat-discovery.en.htm l - A library can contribute
their holdi ngs and metadata to WorldCat making their resou rces more visible and discoverab le on
the internet. WoridCat Local is the discovery solution for institutions.
Off-Line Solutions
I. TEEAL: http://www.teeal.o rg/,or The Essential Electron ic Agricult ural Library, is a full-text and
searchable database of articles fro m mo re than 325 high -qual ity research journals in agriculture and
the related sciences. It is a searchable, a m ine, digital library which contains mainly agriculturally
focused refe rence journ als updated annually and delive red by the TEEAL Project Office at Co rne ll
University's Mann Library. Since 20 12 the collection arrives on a "mini computer" that can run on
37
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VLfRUOS Workshop 'E ln fo Discovery and Management for In s titu tes in the So uth '
o ne co mputer workstation or be made available to multiple computers via a Local Area Network
(LAN) or intranet.
2. Llbrarybox : http .z/librarybox.us/ v An ope n source , portable digital file distribu tion tool based on
inexpensive hardware that enables delivery of educational, healthcare and other vital information
to individuals off the grid .
T he me mbers of the Stee ring g roup: Egbert De Smet (UAntwerpen), Paul Nicuwcnhuyscn (VU H).
Inge Van Nieuwerburgh ( UGent) . Piet de Keyser &Natalic Kcrsscbccck ( KHLeu vcn), Wim Van
Pcteghcm & Raf De keyser ( Kl.ll.e uvcn ). Marc Goovacrts (Ul lassclt).
Jan Corthouts & J. Rahm an (UAntwerpen), Dries Moreels (UG ent), Pieter Lernout (Ull asselt).
G racianChi mwaza (ITOCA - Researcha l.ifc), Kimberly Parker (WHO - Research4 Life),
Hellel.auridsen (ProQuest - Research-ll.ife ) and Gwen Franck (EIF L).
Further on in the program me participants of 'Training Inform ation Literacy with Sou th partners'
(htt p://www.Ieuyen universit ycollege .bell ib/lnfo rmation-IiteracyIV LIR- UOS-workshop) eoordinated
by KH Leu ven and the Lib @Web cour se (htt p://www.ua .ac.be/main.aspx?c:=.L1 B @WEB) coordinated
by Antwe rp University j oined the workshop whic h in the end numbered approximately 45 participants.
38
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VURUOS Workshop 'Efn fo Discovery and Management for Institutes in the South '
REFERENCES
About. (20 15) . WorldWideScience. Retrieved from http:// woridwidescience.org/ah out.h tml
About RA SE: Content So urces. (20 IS). Base. Retrieved fro m http:// www.hase-search.netlab out/en/
abo ur. sou rces_date_dn .ph p?menu= 2
Ahout the IAMSLlC 239.50 Distributed Library. (20 13). IAMSUC. org . Retr ieved from htt p://www.
iamsIic.org/iIIIindcx.php
A bou t Yippy Sea rch. (201 5). Yippy.com. Retrieved fro m http://new.yippy.com/about-yi ppy-search
Archambault . E. A. (20 13). Proportion of Open Access Peer-Reviewed Pape rs at the Europ ean and
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Armbruster, C. (2007). Mo ving out of Oldenburg 's long shadow: what is the f uture fo r society publish-
ing? Learn ed Publishing. 20(3).
Bjork. B. C . (20 10) . O pen Access to The Scient ific Journal Literat ure: Sit uation 2(Xl9. PLoS ONE, 5 (6).
Breeding, M . (20 15) . The Future of Library Resource Discovery . Baltimore: N ISO .
De Sm et, E., & Dhamdhere, S. N. (201 3, M ay). Pub lishing and sharing library resou rces with the ABC D
Site. tnfornuuion Developmen t, 29(2) . 183- 19 1. doi: 10 . 1177/02666669 12451 187
Gargouri. Y. L. (20 12). Green and Gold Op en Access Percentages and Growth , by Field. In E. G . In
Archa mbault (Ed .), Proceedings of J 7th International Conference on Science and Technology Indica -
tors. Mont real: Science-M erri x and OST.
G ucdon. J. (200 1). In Oldenburg 's IOllg shadow: librarian s, resea rch scientists, publishers, and the
control ofscientific publishing . Washington. D.C.: Association o f Research Libraries.
G uedon. J. (20 14) . Libraries and Open A(.'ces.\': new alliances and ne w strategies. Nexa Center for
Internet & Society. Retrieved from hnp://nexa.polito.itlnexacemerfi les/20 l e -gucdon-opcn-acc css.pdf
Hassclt University Library. (20 15). Bd nfo Disco very Tools. Retrieved fro m https://uhdspace .uhasselt .
be/discovery/
Kortekaas, S. (20 14). T hinking the unthinkab le - doi ng away with the library catalog ue. Insights. 2 7(3),
244--248 .
Op en URL and Link Resolvers. (201 5). Ret rieved fro m http: //data.lib.su ssex.ac.uklservices-and-appli-
cation sfopenurl-and-link-rcsolverst
Scho nfeld. R. C. (2014). Does Disco very St ill Happen ill the Library ? Roles and Strategies for a Shift-
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Scitopia. (20 15, Au gust I). Wikipedia . Retrieved from https://e n.wik iped ia.o rg/wiki/S cit opi a
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Tennant. R. (20 14). The QPAC is dead. Retrieved from Th e Digital Shift. Retrieved from http://www.
thed igitalshift.com/20 14102/roy-tennant-di gital-l i braries/th e-opac-is-dead/
The World Bank. (20 14, September 30). Kenya : A Bif:f:er, Belter Economy. Retrieved froml REMOV ED
HYPERLI NK F IELD I httpJ / www.worldbank.o rg/en/news/feature/20 I4/09l30/kenya-a-bigger-better-
economy
Van Ncorden, R. (20 14). Online collaboration: Scientists and the social network. Na ture. 5 / 2(75 13).
126- 129. doi: 1O.1038/512 126a PM lD :25 11922 1
VURVaS - About us. (n . d .). Retrieved fro m htt p://w ww.vliruos.be/en/abou t us/
Watkins. S ., & Parker, J. (20 14 ). Thi nking outside the box: making digital conte nt available where the
internet is not. Forty ye ars ofsailing: Connecting islands in a digi tal world - Proceedings of /AMSUC
Conf erence 20 / 4. Noumca. New Caledon ia.
ENDNOTES
A di scovery tool is an onli ne research tool that "pulls toge ther" almost all the library resources
so that they ca n be explored using a single search box. In other words. rather than search ing the
Lib rary Catalogue for books and c-joumal and e-book databases separate ly. you ca n do a searc h
through one interface and integ rated indexes and get results which include books. c-books , journ al
arti cles. and govern men t documents in one list. In fact. yo u could think o f a discovery tool as the
Library' s version of Google, focusing on the scient ific literature avai lab le through that library.
, Journals are rather inadequate when it co mes to communicating quick ly and efficie ntly; they are
muc h better at validating and evaluating the relative worth of scientific au thors. T hey are adequate
to preserve the me mory of science over the long haul. The development of subject based repositor ies
like ArXiv is focused on co mmunication, as a database of prepri nts. T he fate of the pub lished idea
depends strictly on the way it is being received . If the proposal or idea sinks. it quick ly disap pears
from people' s view and memory; if it flo ats. it ge nerally lead s to more discussions. refinements
and extensions (Rl-Cs of A RPAnet). (Gued on, 200 1, pp. 50-53). The first institutional reposito-
ries were set up in the same frame of m ind. But once institutional repositories were identified as
an evaluation tool, the relevance of comm unication diminishes . IR contains consequently more
and more published articles. which are in mos t o f the cases under embargo . T his way institutional
repository is strengthening the view that the classic publ ished article remains the standard way of
comm unication in scie nce .
40
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41
Chapter 2
Commercial and Open Access
Integ rated Information Search
Tools in Indian Libraries
Sa ngeeta Dhamdhe re
M odern College ofArts. Science and Commerce, India
Ramdas Li hitkar
Government College ofScience. India
ABSTRACT
A library p ortal is single-user interf ace for accessing a wide variety of electronic resources, both within
and outside the library. A jew fede rated search. engines like EBSCO Discovery service, Summon (web
scale discovery service), Knimbus . Mendeley. F'edGate. ABeD open source sof tware. Coogle CSE etc.
are being used bv . libraries to give access 10 all subscribed or f ret' online e-reso urces as well as library
.
catalog ues, archives ' and other reading materials in the lib ra ry to save the time (?freaders and give easy
access to multiple databases and resources througbfederated se arch tool. In dista nce learning and online
educa tion en vironm ent libra ries need to provide the right information on a single p latform to its users
fro m all reso urces o r databases ava ilable in the lib rary in a minimum of time. In this chapter the author
dis cusses about the selected commc rcial as well as open source discovery tools used in India" Libraries.
INTRODUCTION
Many resources in libraries are now ava il able online on the internet in the form of eboo ks. ejoumals
and databases whieh created a need of a fe derated search tool for all different types of databases which
the library has in its holding and has subscribed online. Digital library softwares like DSpaee, Green-
stone, E-Prints, etc which are used widely all over the world are not enough to handle all c-info rmation
and library holdings and to bring the librari es online. New software companies arc working on finding
solutions fo r a single search platform for all the resources in li brary. Western countries li braries arc us-
ing co mmercia l and in-house softwares designed by their IT team as per their readers' requirements. In
India very few libraries are having separate IT team or staffs . In most of the Indian librarie s the digital
(\'pyrig hl 20 16. IGI Glohal. COI'}'ing or diqrih uling in prim or c lc"tronic rorm' ..... itho\ll wrillcn rcrm i"ioll or IG I G loh"1 i, proh ihilcd.
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Com m ercial and Open Access integrated Information Search Tools in Indian Libraries
library is managed by li brary professio nals usi ng DSpace, Gree nstone or E- Prints Soft ware and other
content management software like Joomla. Drupal etc.
In d istance education students are informed and given access to study material onl ine. In Coursera
or other di stance ce rtification cou rse systems the study material is availab le on their portal as separate
attach ments (pdf's. ppts, ebooks, videos or links) . As per a Knimb us study about 53% users think that lind-
ing the exact contents from all library and online resource s is the biggest hurdle. A single search engine
provides all the contents easily accessible with accuracy and advanced search in many e-discovery tools.
What Is E-Discovery?
Library Portal
A li brary portal is a sin g le-user i nterface for accessi ng a wide variety of electro nic resources, both within
and o utside the library. According to Wikiped ia Librar y portal is defi ned as "a co mbination o f so ft ware
components that unify the user experience of discovering and access ing information in contrast to a
single tec hno logy to provide services that support d iscovery, access and effec tive use of information" .
Dhamdhcrc (20 15) discussed about library portal in her presen tation t hat it is a we bpage which
provides details about library, its collec tion and serv ices . It hosts links to various online reso urce s and
databases. It provides sorted lists or links to elect ron ic resources and databases, ca talogues and sometimes
federated sea rch for all databases and re sources subs cribed in the li brary. M any libraries in Ind ia have
such library portals. A web porta l is nothing but a web page designed to give access to all resources in
the library. The web has provided its dynam ic link ing capability and unrestricte d ac cess to information
to its users and helps librarians to organize the contents effectively. T herefore, it has become necessary
to libraries to develop portals for their resources and give access to their pat ron.
Figure I is the exam ple of a Modern Co llege o f Arts, Science and Commerce Co llege library por-
tal and bing. It is created for different elec tro nic resources subscribed and online free resources. Here
only sorted lists of subscribed or on line free resources including database s with their li nks and other
42
Copyrighted material
Com m ercial an d Open Acc es s Integrated Information Search To ofs in In dian Lib raries
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Discon nections among the resources were drawbacks of earlier library portals. There was confusion among
the stude nts to locate resources and it was also a time consuming process. W ithou t any right tools. d iscovery
of electron ic information or resources can be a complex. expensive and cha llenging process . Therefo re. the
need of a di scovery tool, i.e. single window access. arose . Discovery an d fede rated search tools like Knim -
bus, Mendeley, EB Sen Discovery serv ices , Fedgare, A Be D Library manageme nt syste m. etc. are being
used by libraries to give access to all subscribed online c-rcsou rccs as well as print resources in the library
to save the time of readers and give easy access to mu ltiple dat abases and resources. Dhamdhere (20 15)
T here is a need of di scovery too ls in library due to the informati on ex plosion in electron ic form to
provide access to all electronic. online scholarly material. subscri bed c-rcsourccs and library ca ta logue
and to cope up with changi ng demand of use rs and maximi ze use o f all resources. Let us see now the
c-discovcry tools used in Indian libraries apart fro m digital library software.
FedGate
W hat is FedGate? Fede Pederared Search to multiple da tabases and Gate= Gateway. It is a powerfu l
scholarly federate d search/ discovery product of Informatics (India) Limited . Bangatore, India offe ring
a single wi ndow access faci li ty to all electron ics resources subscri bed by the library. It is a fe derated
search with connector based technol ogy. It provide s publishe r wise connec tors.
43
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Com m er cial and Open Access Integra ted Informa tion Search Tools in In d ian Libraries
Features of FedGate
Figure 2 shows the Library portal or Savitribai Phulc Pune University (Jayakar Library) and its integra-
ti on of FedGate in the library portal (see Figure 2)
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44
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Discovery Services, th e Next To ol Libraries Must Have, or" , Should Discard?
Here and the re in the North libraries are discarding their discovery too l and relying on what it claims
to mimic, i.e. Google. One of the mo st provoking standpo ints in this regard has been put forward by
Utrecht University li brary, but other universities in the North j ust take it for granted that Google Scholar
is the bett er cho ice and offe r it, enriched with links to the full text in their databases throu gh their link
resolver, as their search tool fo r electron ic p ublications.
BACKGROUND
Most articles start w ith a literature review, but a few years ago some colleag ues obviously thought the
time was right to write a survey of all the publications on discovery services during the first half decade
since the first implementat ions. More & Greene (20 12) focused on literature about the selection and
evaluation of services or software packages, Ellcro's main point o f interest were art icles treatin g topical
searches and the role o f metadata (Ellero, 2( 13), while Thomsett-Scott & Reese (20 12) may have the
broade st view, although placing an accen t o n user acceptance, usability and information literacy,
Since the pub lication of the first literature surveys many more arti cles were published, bur the central
points of interest rema in the same: techni ca l issues, advantages and disadvantages, with an emphasis
on matters of precision, acce ptances (mainly by undergraduates), consequences for information literacy
and the ro le libra rians therein,
It is di stressing to notice that many authors find it necessary to criticize in strong terms what they
consider to be the conservative att itude o f some librarians wbo apparently refuse to see the benefits of
discovery tools, infect students with their negative atti tude and in doi ng so prevent the latter to enjoy
the advantages of these beautiful and powerful instruments. Even Thomsen-Scott & Reese (201 2) write
in their summary :
In general, librarians as a group are not comfortable with change, especially change where they ha ve
little involvement or inpu t. (p. /3 8)
Other authors were still less restrained in their choice of words when they were describing the sup-
posed negati ve attitude of librarians:
The biggest risk we faced was negative libra ria n experiences and views f lowing through to our users.
(Howard & Wiebrands, 201/ )
Every missing citation, change in indexing and va riation in pertormonce )vas systematically tracked
down b.v librarians as we attemp ted to build our understanding of this radical new tool. (Howard &
Wiebrand.\', 20 11 )
For some authors there is no doubt that discovery tools are great; librarian s j ust need to try hard er to
comprehend this, all the more so because they are expensive:
As disco very tools become more commonplace in academ ic libraries. there will be increased impetus fo r
their use in libra ry instruction not only to meet learn ing outcome.s but also to justify the costs dedicated
to them. (Fa wley & Krysak, 2014, p. 297)
57
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Discovery Services, th e Next Too l Librari es Must Have, or... Sh ou fd Discard?
Even the title of Fawley & Krysak (2014), Learning to love yo ur d iscovery tool, is very meaningful
in this regard . ..
The maj or argument in favour of discovery tools is that they make searching easier for undergraduates
because of the fact tha t they now only have one place to search fo r documents and one interface to deal
with instead of the multiple interfaces o f the databases their librar y provides . Generally, researchers
take it for granted that undergraduates are only interested in prec ision. As we know, it is, indeed, a topi-
cal assig nment for undergraduates to write pape rs enr iched with a refe rence list containing "at least"
a certai n number of " relevant artic les", or "relevant and recent articles". Sometimes they arc asked to
search for a number o f ar ticle s o f which at least some should come from peer reviewed journals etc.
Discovery too ls are an idea l instrument for these kinds of assignments; many surveys have confirmed
this and more will do so in the ncar fut ure,
Wh at Rose-Wiles & Hofmann (20 13) remark in the conclusio n of thei r study of undergraduates'
search behaviour is certainly true for many comparable stud ies:
Desp ite a great deal of revie w, disc ussion, and speculation we have little actual evidence of how (o r if)
Web-s('ale dis cover)' services effect information lite racy. This is largely because there are no reliable
"before and af la " disco very service measu remenls on which to base an assessment and because busy
academic librarians rarely have time 10 develop and conduct such a complex study. (I" 162)
In fact, most surveys are based on questionnaire s in which students were asked to report their ex-
periences with a certain discovery too l: do they find it user-friend ly, easy to use etc. on a scale from
e.g. one to five. As they are undergrad uates it is not possible for them to com pare the discovery too l
with the previous situation whe n library users had to use a federated search progra m or when they had
to search the databases themselves. Grad uates, postgradu ates and teaching or research staff can make
that compar ison, but when their sco res are lowe r o r when they express a pre fere nce for direct database
searc h this is explai ned as if they just have a pre fe re nce for the instrument they are more familiar with .
Vendors of discover y too ls have noticed this hesi tation by graduates and postgraduates. O n one of the
webpages of Ebscohost one can read the followi ng:
With an unparalleled user experience and the inclusion ofimportant subject indexes used at the graduate
and post-graduate level via Inclusion ofSu bj ect Indexes, EDS is poised 10 debunk the myth that discove ry
is merely an "undergraduate" reso urce. '
Some librarians have also expressed their concern regarding the loss of sop histicated search tools like
thesauri, b ut, as we know, their constraints are mostly dismi ssed as conservatism and short-s ightedness
and they are called to preach full commitment to the ir (expensive) discovery service .. ,
In the precision discussion special attention has been given to kn own-item-searches. Many times it
has bee n noted that discovery services don't perform very well for known-item-searches, altho ugh it is
not always clear what is understood as know-item-search. This could be:
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Discovery Services, th e Next To ol Libraries Must Have, or... Should Discard?
More than one of thes e possibilities may result in a rather long list of results. Namei and Young
(20 15) defi ne known -item-searches as "bei ng speci fic enough for us to recognize a definite ma tch" . They
co nside r the result to be relevant if the sea rched for title was ranked firs t or second, partly re levant if it
was among the third to tenth results and not relevant if it was listed beyond the tenth title.
In a blog discussion about know-item -searches an d discovery tools one participant writes :
I thin k that the issue is way over-blown. Each sea rch engine has its own way of searching and you get
f amiliar, very fa miliar, with it. Using another sea rch engine with the old search strategies will not get
satisfactory results all the time . Disco very systems an' grea t if you take a bit of time to know them. J
In other words : if you don' t see the benefits of discovery systems it is because you are too lazy or
stu bborn to take a cl oser look .
Judgi ng from recent studies t he known-item-search proble m is no longer re levan t:Cicco ne and Vickery
(20 15) found that ED S and Summon performed as well as Schol ar Google in this regard and that the re is
no difference between EDS and Summon . It could we ll be that disco very tool producers have upgraded
their search and rank ing algorithm s in order to match the Google de facto standard .
RECALL
In the discussions abo ut discovery tools questions conce rning precisio n have overshadowed all attention
fo r recall. Even in M arshall Breeding ' s excellent white paper on disco very tools the word "recall" does
not appear (Breeding, 20 15). Nevertheless , recall may be crucia l when evaluating usabili ty for gradu-
ates , postgraduates and researchers.
A popular defin ition o f reca ll may be: the fracti on of relevant documents retrieved fro m a database.
Altho ugh this seems quite comprehe nsible, recall is not only difficult to measure, but it is also a contested
co nce pt. It is difficu lt to measure because one can neve r obtain absolute ce rtainty about the number of
relevant documen ts a database ho ld s. Diffe ren t techniques have bee n deve loped to calcu late recalI, from
simple counting by experts to complicated statistica l formulas .
The very notion of recall has been contested by e.g. Zobel, Moffat, & Park (2009). The po int that
they want to ma ke is that in reality recall stands for a variation of things : persistence (the number of
documents a sea rcher is goi ng to look at), cardinality (the numbe r of documents someone has seen in
looking for an answer to a question), coverage (t'the fraction of the que ry that is answered from the
observed search results" ), de nsity (vthe fract ion of relevant doc umen ts within some defin ed nearby sec-
tion"), totality (hav ing found I00% of the relevant docu ments). According to the authors total ity is only
neecssary in exce ptional situations, c.g. when searching for legal precedents or med ical research papers,
and even then the searcher will not rely on one single search. He or she will at least use a few different
searches and stop evaluating resul ts whe n density, and thus preci sion, becomes 100 low. In the con tex t
59
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Responsive Library Website Design and Adoption of Feder at ed Search Toots
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The Kwazulu-Natal library website (shown in Figure 6. 7, 8, (} and 10). an example of a responsive
library website with federated search interface, consists of rCatalc guc, ifrisc ovcry, eJournals/Articles,
ebooks. Database and Google Scholar interfaces; the interfaces give users the opportunities to access
vario us databases via a single search that jettisons the need to consult several separa te resources and
interfaces with many passwords. A search through the federated interface offers instantaneo us access to
over 1.4 billion articles full-text. using Alphabetical subject list, c-Joum als, databases. over 16 million
c-Books from prominent publishers, audio, videos. music. maps and theses. above 3 millio n pieces of
evaluative content such as tables of contents. cover art, summaries. etcetera.
95
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Responsive Library Website Design and Adoption of Federated Search Tools
Figu re 8. University of Kwandu -Natat in So uth Africa library federated sea rch interface
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Kwazul u-Natal library as a member of Onl ine Computer Lib rar y Centre (OCLC) enjoys the oppor-
tunity to share resources with m any other of libraries world wide as well as having access to the World-
Cat, a cata logue to which over forty national catalogues contribute , bringing the riches of international
scholarship to Kwazulu-Natallibrary community. It limits search to EBSe O academic, business search
complete, Proqucst Research. SAe Publlicaiion, Springer. Scie nceDirect, Taylor & Francis Journals,
JAMAevidence and WorldCat Dissertations and Th eses. Also it owes to the co-operative cohorts with
organizations such as the Hathi'Trust, JSTOR, Google Books and OA lster. Each WoridCat local search
96
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Respon siv e Library Website Design and Adoption of Federated Sear ch Tools
the Universi ty of Illinois at Ch icago was an earl y WebFeat clie nt and the foremost library to imp lement
WehFeat 3. WehFeat partnered with Thom son lSI to offer a federated search to ol for thei r increasing
product co llection. This launched Web Feat into the great academ ic market. Web Feat is compatible with
the main O penURL link resolvers, so no bundling is invo lved in a purchase. As fro m 2008, acc ording to
Abercromb ie (2008 ), WehFeat Express, a more cos tly an d sophist icated fede rated search produc t, offered
the capab ility of gro uping databases into preselected subject area sets to help no vice sea rchers di sco ver
what datab ases m ight be best for thei r area of research. All of the products allow users to select multiple
resources to searc h and have a lib rarian-configured de fault set o f datab ases. M useG lob al, Incor poration
is a provider of M use Solutions and M useSearch , it unifies all library electronic sources via a co mmon
user inte rface. Unlimited numbe rs and types of information sou rces ea n be searched concurre ntly with
a single user query. and O pen URL li nking allo ws further navigation to items of inte rest (Library of
Congress, 2005).360 Search from Serials Solution is an other federated search tool developed by seri als
solution . It was previo usly popular as a Webfeat. no w all the existing and new fe atures have been integrated
with 360 search. T he compa ny will provide single search box for all the distribu ted datab ases (Pa ndya,
20 14). Infotoday (2003) posited that individual organizations have their do mestica ted federated se lection
an d while othe r organization uses global federated , Go ogle Scholar, Scopus, Liberty, and Liberty Quest
are the most popular fe derated search providers. Infotod ay (2003) pinpo inted some criterion in select-
ing federated searc h engine the most num ber of resources the soft ware ca n take in. easi ness of setting
up resource targets. access and ease of use of simple search options. rate of search resu lts, limiting and
refi ning searche s, status results by relevance, export and import options i.e. print. e-mail, download .
upload and also am ple report ing and statistics features .
Looking at the information exp losion and the number of databases, new knowledge, different informa-
tion needs of people as a re sult of modern tec hnology, tailo ring information users' needs with the intent
of satisfying sho uld always be pa ramount. This not only satis fies the users' needs but ensures that the
myriad academic or scholarly information sources available in the deep web are not lost b ut used to
make informed decisions that wi ll improve or develop the economy of the society as education is the
bedrock o f any societal deve lopment as well as keeping li braries for inst ance re levant by ach ie ving
one of its purposes of ex isten ce. Having a co mpe titive edge ove r one s' com petitor is an ad vantage and
Goog le argua bly al ready has an edge over libraries and so there is the need for librari es to thr ive back
to take its place .
Librarians have recognized that a way to co pe with the huge amount o f information ge nerated is
to resort to new tools and central among the vast technological tool availab le is the federated search
technology. Federated search is a supporting technolog y that supports real-time searching. rather than
indexing, and provides up to date information on varied knowledge f ield such as weather, health, fin ance,
fl ights among others. It fi nds ne w inform ation of all kinds. anywhere and singles out the most defined
da ta to display. Certain benef its are derived fro m the use of the federated search and one of such is ease
of access. The onerous task of having to memorize passwords of each database is trounced . Federated
search co nnects directly to the sou rce o f info rmation so long as it is available. It provi des eas y access
to j ourn als: search resu lts can be narrowed down to scholarly articles. unlike Google for instance that
could sometimes bring unrelated res ults. T here is an integrated access to varied content, acros s d if-
fe rent media an d efficie ncy of retrieval. Georga s (20 13) reported that stude nts preferred the federated
98
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Cr eatin g an Agile Lib rary
Bu,ine.. Ana lp h
S"fl" u t De.-.10l'er
Introduction to IT Industry
T he work in the IT indu str y is so lution based where clien ts approach IT co mpanies for the so lution of
their business problem through the use of information technology. At first level. problem s faced by the
client are handed over to a Business Analyst who, while d iscussing with clients, provides different solu-
tion approaches on the given problem. The agreed solution is then handed ove r to the tea m of Solution
Architects who in turn creates a framework of software modules based on the feedback prov ided by cl ient
and busi ness analyst. Such fram ework of software modu les goes to the team of Software Developers (or
software enginee rs including both software coders and testers), led by a project leader for the software
development . Modules might be divided among di fferent teams . Finally software sol utio n mod ules
(software packages) arc created through coding by so ftware developers. It is a win-win situ ation for both
the IT company and the cl ient as reven ues are ge nerated through software development and the client
saves a lot of cost and time thro ugh automation of work.
The model in Figu re I is called the waterfall model. Modules or projects success fully go alive after
a spec ified period of time ranging from a Jew months to yea rs.
The shortfallof the waterfall model is that it shows lack of responsivene ss to cus tome r's request fur changes
to the system being developed. Historically. it was typical for all of the requireme nts to be captured at
the start of the project and to be set in sto ne throughout the rest o f the development. A freque nt result
of thi s approach was that by the time the softw are had bee n delivered (sometimes months or even years
later) it is no longer matching the needs of the customer, which had almost certainly changed by then.
To overcome the above problem s, software companies created and developed the agil e methodology to
minimize the defects. increase the so ftware accuracy and deli ver the project on time. A project is dcliv-
erc d in one or two mod ules rather than a whole so ftware package within a specified time limit. Mod ules
arc comple ted and del ivered in broken order as per the priority. Above all, there is involvement of the
custome r while worki ng on each and every modu le. Fo r exam ple, suppose t he software package has
11 0
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Creating an Agile Libra ry
eig ht modules. and the customer wa nts to have the first three modules de livered within two month s. Two
mo nths would be the locking period to complete the three modules. If only two modules are completed
wit hin that given timefram e, the n the remaining one module wo uld be ad ded as a backlog. A meeting is
held and a review is shared on the left-over modu le. Whatever prob lems are raised by the developer are
also shared and discussed with the customer. T he le ft-over module is then added to the s ubset of next
modules of cy cles. Again a new timeline is set an d the same process continues until the whole software
package is de livered to the customer successfully. It is hel pful to both IT compan ies and the client as it
saves a lot o f time and cost to be incorporated later due to any defects or not matching custo me r needs.
Secondly. the mod ules are de li vered in piec es rather than the wh ole so ftware package. which reduces
the pre ssure on developers.
It is cle ar from above that developing and creating an agi le me thodology is the best way to tack le
the problems like above . It helps us to del iver the services to en d users quickly but wit h ease and with
minimum defe cts.
Librar y functions mainly revolve around areas like storing. ma naging. de livering or publishing or marke t-
ing conte nt of information or reso urce s to end-users. Information delivery may be in the form of books,
articles or any useful information or news which can increase the business o r educational value of an
organization. Organizational patro ns are the cus tomers o f the library. T he librarian is the organizer of the
information who mainly manages the conte nt in both soft copy and hard copy for m. Slowly but surely
library databases are mov ing from hard copy to soft copy formal. Implementing the agile methodology
in the library can reduce this ga p. We need to clarify following questions for connecting users with his/
her in form ation by usi ng the agile methodo logy.
Question I: Which ag ile methodo logy the librarian will apply in order to de live r the information quick ly
an d fast?
Ans wer: If the librarian devises the method and deve lops the services, which will help him/h er to na rrow
down thi s gap, still furthe r with ease the n that met hodo logy would be agile one.
Question 2 : Which services the librarian shou ld implem en t to nar row down thi s gap?
Ans wer: If the librarian develops and imp lements c-discovcry tool serv ice s, ranging from cloud storage
to sharing and e-content manage me nt to online publishing and using emails as a marketing tool,
the n he/she would be truly agile as while implem enting it he/she is reducing that gap th rough e-
tool s and helping users to connect with his information we ll.
T ime has arrived now to mo ve our library functions i.e. storing, managi ng and delivering or publish-
ing content in elec tronic form. Let' s di scuss about these services in the next paragraph.
111
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E.Discovery with the ABeD Information Management System
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- :-.-.. . . .._m._
" -
"
--
" -~
--
-
-
w
--
A Scientific Abstracts Database Integrated into A Be D: The TEEA L Example
An exam ple of a real 'sc ientific abstracting ' service is TEEAL , ' The Essent ial Electron ic Agricultural
Library', which is an initiative by Co rne ll Universiry in the USA (hn p:/Iwww.teeal.org ).As it is not a free
resource , only librar ies having a license on this database ca n use it and therefore we use the password-
protection feat ure to hide the UR L until the user has logged in to di splay the full URL to the original
full-text document (TEEAL is hard wor king to retrospectively add more and mo re full-text PD F's to the
almost half-a-m illion bibliographic refe rences with abstracts).
342
Copyrighted material
E.Discovery with the ABeD Information Management System
Databas e search
"..
n-
iiJ, ,...
_--;::;:::::--;:~==:;;=------_
D<J<:UNK
T''.
TEEM "SWI4 1234'NQl l\3'lJ\OO35,od!
~c v......'" 'n ",UO\l<'1 e/fioOen<y ""'''''' c........... '" ,,,;_
~
nee io
...
An Electron ic Journals Database Example: DOAJ
The ' Director y of Open Access Journals' is a freely avail able resource of mctadata on the more tha n
10.000 e-jo urnals provided by this initiative (hu p://www.doaj.org ). This website provi des a link 10 the
download of Ihe metadata-darabase as a CSV-file. With the same tools and techniques as used for con-
verting the TEEAL MS Access-database, we ca n easily convert the CSV-formalted file of DOAJ with
one single command . S uppose the input-file is named 'doaj.csv' and we want the name o f the database
to be 'doaj', then the command to create the whole database and have it indexed (according to instruc-
tions saved in the file doaj.fst), would be :
In this database the ' colum ns' of the table fro m DOAJ will be converted into ISIS-records with fields
t - 17:
I. 'T itle'
2. "Title Alternative"
3. " Identifier"
4. " Puhlisher"
5. "Language "
6. " ISSN"
7. " EISSN"
R. " Keyword"
9. "Stan Year"
10. "End Year"
II. "Added o n date"
12. 'Subjects'
13. "Co untry"
14. " Publicat ion fcc"
15. " Further Information"
16. "CC License"
17. "C ontent in DO A]"
346
Copyrighted metener
E.Dis covery with the ABeD Information Management Sy s tem
_ ..
.~ 1999-1671
Keywo rd s o'~d
--
pf.. uo< <ate'
=,
.,,-
1010" 10"14 1~2~54Z
~d
Soud'I A1r;ee
A search on the term ' africa'S ' would then e.g . yield into a di sp lay as ill ustrated in Figure 12.
The most important feature of course here is the di rect li nk to the actual j ourn al, which then again
needs to be navigated into for actual searching their arti cles.
An interesting option here illustrates the use of ABC D Statistics: in principle the built-in statistics
function of the Ce ntral mod ul e allows 10 analyze any field(s) of any database , nOI onl y in the circul ation
module. So if e.g. applied to the DOAJ database one could relatively easily create a table (with graphic
representation ) of the countries or regions, or lan guages represented, and their relative shares, in DOAJ.
Obviously a most challeng ing but eq ually inte resting option would be to load all the DOAJ -metadata,
not on the level ofthejoumals as is not the case, but on the article- level, into an ABCD~d atahase . Whereas
ABC D (and ISI S) can easily deal with millions of such record s, the prohlem is in the download ing of
these metadata : DOAJ is not provid ing these and a large effort of 'harvesting ' them th rough the OAI-
protocol would be needed to get them all . As this would be a recurrent e ffort fo r regular updating o f the
mc tadata with ' new acqu isitions' ( e new articles in more tha n HU)(X) journ als), this is cur rently beyond
the sco pe and possibilities of the ABC D developme nt, whereas it would co nstitute a project in its ow n
right, an interesting one for sure.
In the ABC D Site ad ministration (the ' CMS ' of ABC D) there is an optio n to add HTML-elements into
the Site page.
347
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E.Dis covery with the ABeD Information Management Sy s tem
1[ (ID ~[ "' 1 1ii 0 ~ I .lll ~ '" ~ ~ 0;;, 119 :;> 1'0 c_I " :': III 0 11:1 P Co '" iii' IlE ~ JOI " ,
I B I U ~ I , .' 11= :; I <If ~ If " 'h I E . 'I' I 'I. IlL ;J; II;:J 0 Cl '- @ ~._ ',-:
. I ~ I " 1- 1 " I~I " 1,.1 , II "' .. I " t.I l?)
<p><~ l e 5c ho la r</ b></ p~
<!- -- Gooq le Scholar -- -:>
<form meth od ~ 'g et ' ac t io n~ http : / / s c h o la r . googl e . c~/ s c h ola r :>
<tabl e ~~q !9.~~ " 'f f f f ff " :>
<~
. ,~
<~><a t a rqet~new " href: "ht tp :/ / schol ar. qoogl e .coml ":> <~ widt h: "1'5 ' heiqht : "4' " al ig n:"absmiddle" border: "'"
src~h ttp : //s cholar .qoog le . comls cho lar/ sc hola r _sm.gi f - aU= "Gooq1t I ~
<fa:> <i nput ty~~ "hidden " name~ ".!!l" ya l ue~ ".!!!" I:> <inpu't'"'type: "text " n.lme~ "q " size~ "25 " max l en9th~ "255" y al ue~" I :>
f i nput t ype: " s u~ it " n~ '~" v.llue:"Searc h" I></~:>
<It,..,.
</t bodx>
</tabl e:>
</ form>
<! --- Gooq te SCholar ---:>
The service starts from a request-form , linked into by the ABCD-Site (ifthe library has implemented
this se rvice). This form gathers all necessar y information to have a specialist librarian to locate (if avail-
able at all ) the requested document.
The ' type of resource ' adjusts the contents of the form dy namically, with the followi ng options avail-
able: journal article, book chapter, confere nce paper (as shown) and e-boo ks (f igure 15).
The librarian then will - supposedly at a ver y regular interval - check the 'O DDS'-datab ase (of
course: everything is a database in ABCD) - and find new requests there. Using a 'smart' worksheet for
each requesting record, once the resou rce has been identified and downloaded on a server from where it
can be picked up by the user, auto matically an e-mail will be sent out to the reque ster's e-mail addre ss
giving the UR L for downloading, which then will remain active for a short period of ti me, typically
some days, as de fined in the module's configuration (Figure 16).
Providing a possibility for end-users to chat with a librarian can be a useful feature in many ways, but as
an add-on to hel p users find difficult-to-locate information in real-time or with suggestions on where to
search, a chat-function can certainly be add value for the e-Di scovery Services of a library.
In ABCD, as now amply illustrated, it is relatively easy to add such features, since the Site CMS of
ABCD allows immediate copy/paste of such widget-code into the portal.
Exactly as we did for Google Scholar one could copy the code for such a chat-service (e.g . Mibew
Messenger) into the website, using an X HTML component in ' source' mod us.
As a result when activating the ' wysiwyg' mode of the XHTM L-componcnt one would the n see
some thing like what is shown in fi gure 17.
349
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E.Disc o very with the ABe D Information Management System
the library already using ABC D, it is o bvious that a lot of possibilities exist to amplify the library ' s
role in provi ding information by add ing both local resources (databases) and external databases for the
meta-search, whil e a lot of additional functions can be ea sily added based on the XHTM L-feature of
the ABC D-Site CMS .
W hat is needed for a libra ry interested to go this way? We will briefly list and su mmarize the re-
quirements here .
I. The AB CI> Syste m: It can be downloaded from several so urces, e.g. http://abcd .netcat.belfi les
(fo r both Windows and Linux) or http://abcd wiki.neL After installation (for whieh ma nuals are
available at the same URL' s) the library dispose s of a full-fledged library auto mation system with
demo-databases in M ARC 2 1, C EPAL, Uni Marc, ISA D/G and DC formats and two circulation
sys tems to choose fro m.
2. Th e basic installation comes with the ABC D de mo Site plus the full CMS included, with manuals
available in severa l languages for that spec ific module of ABC D (also called ' BVS-Site' due to its
historical origin with the ' Biblioteca Virtual de Sa lud ' or Virtual llealt h Lib rary).
3. In orde r to add local databases, one has to learn how to define a new database. But most of these
will be rather simple ones, e.g . for DOA] or TEEAL we simply put all available fields in a sequential
numbering scheme, no subfields or data-entry worksheet comp lications are needed since feedin g
t he database will be through batch import. The most chal lenging part t hen remain s the definitio n
of how to index the database in the ISIS FST: which fields (or field-comb inations) to index either
in ' line ' -modus (the fir st 60 characters of the field) or in ' full-text' modus where each word will be
ex tracted and indexed . When deciding on thi s one has to know the power of ISIS-indexing and e.g.
not li mit the indexing to what sometimes the original applications provide. E.g. we added full-text
abstrac t indexing for T EEAL.
4. T he most technical pan of this c- Discovery manageme nt in A BCD is related to con vert ing external
data into A BCD, which mea ns converting most prob ably fro m other database-formats to IS IS. Since
C IS IS (e.g . mx) can directly read input-files in either MARC , ISO-2709 but more importantly also
CSV (wit h the separato r being definable ), many external data can be direc tly read into an ISIS-
database, with commands like the one given for the DOAJ-example abo ve. In reality, one has to
adm it, quite often more technical preparation will be needed since ex ternal data come with their
ow n pecu liarities and need some processing. As an exam ple we note the use of subfield- rnarkers
in MARC2 I, which need to be converted to ' A' in ISIS. For such processing we ca n either use
t he ' proc'v parameter of mx which is fully based on the ISIS for matti ng language (see the CISIS
Formatting Language manual) or on a ingen iou s technique ca lled 'gizmo' : one create s a database
in wh ich each record has a ' value-to-he-replaced' in field I and a ' value-to-replace ' in field 2.
With amazing speed CIS IS will then substitute on-the-fly all values of field I by the ones in field
2, either o n the whole records or in sele cted tie Ids of the records. This is a very powerful solu-
tion but of course require s the administrator to know how to use it, meaning how to create such a
gizmo-database (which can be performed direc tly from the co mmand -line , see the ma nuals).
5. Since the A BC D Site meta-search always refers to the iA l l-module implemented for each database
(the 'OPAC ), one has 10 know how 10 co nfig ure the dat aba se lor the ABCD iAH mod ule. Th is is
pan of the ABC D Central ' Database Definitions' menu and invo lves mostly two parts: a/ li sting all
paths to files used by the interface (e .g. in addition to the database-files also speci fic pri nt-for mats,
ot her databases referred to in the display for mats etc.), and bl speci fying the indexes in which the
354
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Ama zon .cum . (n . d.). ('IHlol11a cOl11l11unity display e!el11efll s in a search result. Retrieved Ju ly I S. 201 5. from www.amazon.
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Ansari, ~1 . A. (200 8). Aware ne ss and usc of O PACs in f ive Del hi libraries . 111e Electronic Library. 26( 1), 11 1- 129 .
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Ant elman. K ,. Lyncma. E. , & Pace, A. K. (2006 ). Towards a twenty -fir st ce ntu ry librar y catalo g. lnforl11ation Technol-
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A nurudha, K. T. ( 2005). Design and de velopment o f institu tional re positories: A case study. The l nterno tioncd Inforl11a -
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