-2 layers of blastoderm:
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHICK EMBRYO
24-HR CHICK EMBRYO
WHOLE MOUNT
Area opaca
-peripheral region of chick blastodisc
-surounds the area pellucida
-in direct contact with the yolk(renders the area
opaque)
-differentiated into 3 zones:
>Peripheral zone
--margin of growth
--cells have proliferated over the yolk
(w/o becoming adherent)
>Zone junction
--intermediate region
--cells cut free from yolk and added to
area pellucida
>Inner zone
--germ wall
--cells originate from zone junction
(contains yolk granules)
--marks transition from area opaca to
the area pellucida
-area develops into 2 regions:
Area opaca vasculosa
-Inner region of area opaca
-Thickenings of the splanchnic
mesoderm from blood islands
Area opaca vitellina
-outer region of the area opaca
-initially lacks blood islands/blood
vessels
Area pellucida
-central region of the blastodisc
-where primitive streak forms
-lies directly over the subgerminal cavity
-appears translucent under the microscope
(owed to the thinness of the blastoderm)
>epiblast (outer layer)
--will differentiate into ectoderm
and mesoderm
>hypoblast (inner layer)
Primitive streak
-longitudinal cleft formed on surface of amniote
blastodisc (convergence of cells)
-gastrulation begins as epiblast cells migrate
towards and into the streak
Primitive groove
-central furrow of the thickening
Primitive ridges
-margins of the primitive streak
-flanking primitive groove on either
Sides
Primitive pit
-indented region of blastoderm
-anterior end of the primitive streak
Hensens node (Primitive knot)
-thickened area at anterior end of the
Streak
-through which cells invaginate to form
Notochord
-Homologous to dorsal lip of the
blastopore (in amphibian embryos)
Proamnion
-anterior to developing avian embryo
-surrounding the head
-endoderm and ectoderm
-fate: will be invaded with mesoderm & become
incorporated into amnion
Neural folds
-margins of the neural plate (about to fuse at
the middorsal region)
Neural groove
-median longitudinal groove
-formed by rolling up of the neural plate
Head fold
-folded region of the blastoderm
-dark crescentic line
-boundary of the heads of the embryo
Notochord
-longitudinal band of cells extending caudal
-from regions of neural folds to hensens node
Foregut
-1st part of digestive tract
-definite floor composed of endodermal cells
-Dome-shaped structure inside head
Anterior intestinal portal
-opening of foregut
-appears like a prominent arched line beneath
the neural folds
-continuous with lateral walls of the foregut
-as development progresses, it moves
posteriorly & becomes part of the yolk stalk
Mesenchyme of the head
-lose network of cells
-occupying space betweek foregut and
extoderm (head)
Mesoderm
Anterior border of the mesoderm
-faint line
-extends across area pellucida at the
level of anterior end of notochord
The thickened splanchnic mesoderm
-darker line
-lateral border of the anterior
intestinal portal
-formed by delamination of lateral
Plate mesoderm
-will form: heart, part of circulatory
System, and many other structure
Somite
-division of dorsal mesoderm
-3 or 4 pairs lie immediately lateral to the
neural folds
Unsegmented mesoderm
-undivided region of mesoderm
-posterior to somites
TRANSVERSE SECTION
SECTION THROUGH THE PHARYNGEAL
MEMBRANE
Head ectoderm
-layers of cuboidal cells enclosing the head
-cells are cuboidal in origin
Neural folds
-margins of neural epithelium
Anterior neuropore
-temporary external opening of neurocoel
Neural groove
-median longitudinal groove
-formed by the rolling up of neural plate
Prechordal plate
-mass of chordamesodermal cells
-anterior to notochord
-will form head mesenchyme
Notochord
-small medial mass of cells
-between foregut and neural plate
Foregut
-dorsoventral flattened tube
-walls are made up of endodermal cells
-located beneath neural plate
Oral plate (Oropharyngeal membrane)
-region where floor of foregut is in contact with
neural ectoderm of head
-will break open to form the mouth (in lateral
development)
Mesenchyme
-loosely scattered cells
-fills up space between foregut and neural plate
Proamnion
-region of blastoderm beneath embryos head
-composed of ectoderm and endoderm layer
Subcephalic pocket
-cavity formed beneath the embryonic head (as
head folds develops)
Somatopleure
-membrane composed of ectoderm and somatic
mesoderm
-forms part of body wall & chorion and amnion
Splanchnopleure
-cellular layer
-consists of splanchnic mesoderm and
endoderm
-will form body wall & yolk sac and allantois
Coelom
-cavity formed after separation of somatic
mesoderm and mesoderm
Subgerminal cavity
-space beneath hypoblast within area pellucida
-give rise to midgut
SECTION THROUGH THE ANTERIOR INTESTINAL
PORTAL
Note:
*neural folds have come together to form the
neural tube
*at the level of the open foregut
*endoderm of the foregut is continuous with
the rest of the endoderm
*anterior intestinal portal- opening of the
foregut
*region of thickened, splanchnic mesoderm is
prospective cardiac mesoderm
Neural tube
-formed by thickening and rolling up of neural
plate (during embryonic neurulation)
-will form the brain and spinal cord
Neural crest
-found at the edges of the neural plate above
the neural tube
-migrate throughout the embryo to form
ganglia, pigment cells, part of gills arches, etc.
Head fold
-marked by downward bend of membranes
around the head region
Anterior intestinal portal
-opening of the foregut
-as development progresses and gut elongates,
it moves posteriorly and becomes part of yolk
stalk
Amnio-Cardiac vesicle
-region of coelom
-will give rise to amnion and heart
-thickened splanchnic mesoderm, making up
proximal wall of semi-cardiac vesicle, is the
forerunner of the heart
-somatopleure, making up the dorsal wall of
this vesicle, is involved in the formation of the
amnion
SECTION THROUGH THE MIDGUT
Note:
*midgut- middle part of the gut that has the
yolk for the floor of its cavity
Midgut
-floorless region of the gut
-posterior to the anterior intestinal portal
SECTION THROUGH THE SOMITE
Note:
*neural folds have no yet closed together
*somites develop from dorsal mesoderm & are
located on each side of the neural folds and
notochord
*later and adjacent to somites is the
intermediate mesoderm (small region of
mesoderm)
*Intermediate mesoderm will develop into
kidneys
*lateral plate mesoderm, lateral to
intermediate mesoderm, will delaminate to
form somatic and splanchnic mesodermal layers
Somite
-segmented mesodermal blocks
-located on either side of the developing spinal
cord
-arise from dorsal mesoderm
Nephrotome (Intermediate
mesoderm/mesomere/nephromere)
-stalk-like connection between somites and
lateral plate mesoderm
-anteriorly:forms pronephros; posteriorly:forms
mesenchyme (will develop into mesonephros
and metanephros
Hypomere
-region of mesoderm distal to nephrotome
-subdivided into two layers:
>somatic
>splanchnic mesoderm

SECTION THROUGH THE PRIMITIVE STREAK

Primitive streak
-longitudinal cleft formed of the surface of the
amniote blastodisc by convergence of cells
-gastrulation begins as the epiblast cells migrate
towards and into the streak
Hensens node (primitive knot)
-thickened area at the anterior end of
the streak
-through which cells invaginates to form
Notochord
-homologous to dorsal lip of blastopore
Primitive pit
-depression slightly deeper than
primitive groove
-posterior to hensens node
Primitive groove
-central furrow more posterior to
primitive pit
Primitive ridges
-thickened margins on each side of the
primitive grovove