S Plan Chnology

Ministry of the public health of the Republic of Belarus
Vitebsk state medical university
Department of human anatomy
Approved on the meeting of the

Departement of human anatomy
Protocol 9 from 6.02.2009.
Head of department of human anatomy
professor___________ A.K. Usovich
Methodical recommendation for overseas student
Internal organs
Prepared by: Tesfaye W.A., Usovich A.K., Ostrovsakaya T.A.

VITEBSK, 2009
TOPIC 1. Internal organ introduction

Oral cavity. Teeth. Tongue. Glands of the mouth. Hard and soft palate.
The purpose of the lesson: to study the structure and functions of an oral cavity, teeth, tongue,
salivary glands, the hard and soft palate.
The motivational characteristic of the theme: knowledge of feature of the structure of oral
cavity, teeth, tongue, and the palate is necessary for otolaryngologists, pediatrists, therapists,
stomatologists.
Theme substantive provisions
1. Oral cavity: parts, walls.
2. Teeth: parts, structure, kinds of teeth, eruption of teeth, deciduous and permanent teeth. Dental
formula.
3. Tongue: parts, structure.
4. Salivary glands: structure, topography, excretory ducts.
5. Hard palate, soft palate, pharynx.
Theoretical part
Internal organs are situated in regions of the head and neck, and in the thoracic, abdominal
and pelvic cavities.
According to their development, topographic characteristics, anatomy and functions
internal organs are grouped into digestive and respiratory systems, and the urogenital apparatus,
which consists of the urinary and reproductive systems. The organs of the digestive system are
located in the regions of the head, neck, thorax, abdomen and pelvis. The respiratory organs are
situated within the neck and thorax, and the urogenital organs lie in the abdominal and pelvic
cavities. In addition to the respiratory and digestive organs, organ of the cardiovascular system
(heart) situated inside the thorax. The abdominal cavity contains the spleen, which is an organ of
the immune system. Special significance is given to endocrine glands, which are situated in
different separate regions of the body.
Internal organs can be divided into parenchymal and hollow (tubular) organs. Parenchymal
organs consist of parenchyma, which is specialized tissue that carries out the specific function of
the organ. Parenchymal organs always have a stromal capsule, which gives off connective tissue
intercalations, or trabeculae, into the parenchyma. The stroma contains blood and lymph vessels,
and nerves. It provides support and performs a trophic function. This group of organs includes the
pancreas, the liver, the kidneys, the lungs and some other organs.
Hollow organs have a lumen and are shaped like tubes of different diameters. Despite some
differences in their shape, the walls of tubular organs are similar in structure, and are formed by
the following layers. The mucosa is the innermost layer; over it lies the submucosa, the muscu-
laris and, on the outside, adventitia or serosa . The walls of some tubular organs (trachea, bronchi)
also contain a cartilage skeleton.
The mucosa (tunica mucosa) is the internal layer of tubular organs of the digestive,
respiratory and urogenital systems. It consists of the surface epithelium and the lamina propria of
mucosa. The surface epithelium lines the inside of the mucosa. Depending on its functions, the
epithelium can be stratified squamous (oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and portion of rectum),
transitional (urinary tract), and simple columnar, or prismatic
The information and recommendation block for self-preparation on the lesson
1. Find an oral cavity, lips, oral aperture, cheeks, the palate, oral diaphragm, and vestibule and
proper oral cavity, their gums and tooth on the preparation of sagittal section of the head.
2. Find on preparation, oral vestibule, frenula of lips.
3. Studying proper oral cavity find on the preparation the frenulum of the tongue, the sublingual
folds and papilla.
4. On preparations of teeth find the crown, neck, root; learn to distinguish incisors, canines,
premolars and molars.
5. Study the formula of permanent and deciduous teeth and their eruption.
6. Find the parts of the tongue, its edges and surfaces, the foramen ceacum, the sulcus terminalis,
all kinds of tongue papillae, the lingual tonsil, the glossoepiglottic folds and the vallecula.
7. Studying of salivary glands on the moist preparation of the head, find the parotid salivary
gland, its excretory duct and place of its opening in the vestibule of mouth, submandibular and
sublingual salivary glands, their excretory ducts and openings in the proper oral cavity on the
hypoglossal fold.
8. Find the bones which form the hard palate, on the base of the skull.
9. Studying the soft palate on the preparation of sagittal section of the head, find palatal arches,
palatal tonsils, the uvula, the anatomical formations limiting the pharynx.
10. Study the muscles which belong to the soft palate, understand their functional purpose.
11. Write out in the working dictionary and learn Latin names of all anatomical formations on the
lesson.
Visual aids:
1. Moist preparations.
2. Models and tables of sagittal section of the head, tongue.
3. Natural teeth.
Literature
1. Sapin M.R, Kolesnikov L.L., Nikitjuk D.B. Text book of human anatomy.M.: New Wave
Publisher Ltd, 2005.Vol. 1. P. 306-320
2. Prives M., Lysenkov N., Bushkovich V. Human anatomy. M.: Medicina, 1985.Vol. I.P.
390-421.
3. Sinelnikov R.D., Sinelnikov Y.R. Atlac of Human anatomy.M.: Medicina, 1990. Vol. 2.
264 p.
TOPIC 2. Pharynx. Esophagus. Stomach.
The purpose of the lesson: to study the structure and functions of pharynx, esophagus and
stomach
The motivational characteristic of the theme: Knowledge of the structure and the roentgen
anatomy organs stomach esophagus is necessary to understand the pathological processes
occurring in the digestive system, surgeons, and pediatricians.
1. Pharynx: topography, offices, communications, and wall. Tonsils pharyngeal ring Pirogov -
Waldeyera.
2. Esophagus: the topography, the parts of narrowing, and the structure of the wall.
3. Stomach: topography, structure of the wall.
4.Topography of the stomach
5. Roentgenanatomy of the stomach
Theoretical part
The pharynx is that part of the alimentary canal and respiratory tract, which is a
connecting link between the cavity of the nose and mouth and the oesophagus and trachea. It
stretches from the level of the base of the skull to that of the sixth or seventh cervical vertebra.
The space within the pharynx is the pharyngeal cavity (cavitas pharyngis). The pharynx is
situated behind the nasal and oral cavities and the larynx and in front of the basilar part of the
occipital bone and the upper six cervical vertebrae. In accordance with the organs situated in front
of the pharynx, three parts can be distinguished in it: pars nasalis, pars oralis, and pars laryngea.
The superior wall of the pharynx, which adjoins the base of the skull, is called the vault of the
pharynx (fornix pharyngis).
The aim of course: to study the structure and topography of the pharynx, food, water and the
stomach, taking into account the functions of these organs.
The Oesophagus
The oesophagus is a narrow and long actively functioning tube inserted between the pharynx and
the stomach. It aids the passage of food toward the stomach. The oesophagus begins at the level of
the sixth cervical vertebra, which corresponds to the level of the inferior border of the cricoid
cartilage of the pharynx, and ends at the level of the eleventh thoracic vertebra. Arising in the
region of the neck, the oesophagus passes further into the thoracic cavity" and, penetrating the
diaphragm, enters the abdominal cavity; three parts are consequently distinguished in it: cervical
(pars cervicalis), thoracic (pars thoracica), and abdominal (pars abdominalis). The oesophagus is
23 to 25 cm in length. The total length of the tract from the anterior teeth, through the oral cavity,
the pharynx, and the oesophagus, ranges from 40 to 42 cm (in collecting the gastric secretions for
tests the rubber gastric tube must be advanced into the oesophagus for this distance plus another
3.5 cm).
Topography of the oesophagus. The cervical part of the oesophagus is projected between the sixth
cervival and second thoracic vertebrae. In front of it is the trachea, behind it is the prevertebral
fascia, and on both sides pass the recurrent laryngeal nerves and the common carotid arteries and,
in addition, on the left side is also the left lobe of the thyroid gland.
The stomach (gaster) is a sac-like expansion of the digestive tract. After passing through the
oesophagus food accumulates in the stomach and undergoes here the first stages of digestion
during which the hard components are converted to a liquid or pasty mixture. An anterior wall
(paries anterior} and posterior wall (paries posterior) of the stomach are distinguished. The
concave border of the stomach facing upward and to the right is called the lesser curvature of the
stomach (curvatura minor); the convex border facing downward and to the left is the greater
curvature (curvatura major). A gastric notch (incisura angularis) is seen on the lesser curvature,
nearer to the caudal than to the cranial end of the stomach, where the two parts of the curvature
meet at a sharp angle to form the angulus ventriculi.
Information and recommendation, for self-preparation on the lesson
1. In preparation, saggittal section of the head, find the pharynx, its divisions, walls and
topography.
2. Find six tonsils
3. studying the anatomy of wall of the pharynx, especially understand the structure of its layer,
understand the mechanism act of swallowing and the importance of fibrous layer of the wall.
4. Find divisions of esophagus
5. Understand structure of the muscular layer of esophagus.
6. Find large and small curvature of the stomach: a pivotal, body, angle.
8. Study the topography of the stomach.
9. In examining find the structure of the wall of the stomach, longitudinal, circulars, smooth,
oblique muscle, and sphincter.
10. Write in a working vocabulary and Learn all the Latin names of anatomical entities on classes.
Visual aids:
1. Models saggital section of the head.
2. Internal organs.
4. Tables.
Literature
Publisher Ltd, 2005.Vol. 1. P. P.325-338
2. Prives M., Lysenkov N., Bushkovich V. Human anatomy. M.: Medicina, 1985. Vol. I. P
421-437
3. Sinelnikov R.D., Sinelnikov Y.R. Atlac of Human anatomy. M.: Medicina, 1990. Vol. 2.
264 p.
4. Lecture note
TOPIC. 3 INTESTINE. LIVER. PANCREAS.
The purpose of the lesson: to study the structure and topography of thin and interpretation halt
gut, liver, gall bladder and pancreas jelly-threat on the basis of their functions.
The motivational characteristic of the theme: knowledge of the structure and the roentgen
anatomy of intestine, liver, pancreas are necessary to understand the pathological processes
occurring in the digestive system, surgeons, and pediatricians.
1. The structure of small intestine in relation to its function.
2. The structure of the large intestine in relation to its function.
3. Differences between small intestine and large intestine.
4. Features of the structure of the rectum.
5. Liver: structure, topography and ligaments.
6. Features of blood circulation in the liver.
7. Gallbladder: structure, topography.
8. Pancreas: structure, topography.
9. The anatomy of bile ducts.
Theoretical part
The small intestine (intestinum tenue) (Gk enteron, hence enteritis, inflammation of the intestinal
mucosa) begins at the pylorus, makes a series of looped curves, and ends at the beginning of the
large intestine. The small intestine is about 7 m long in male cadavers and about 6.5 m in female
cadavers; its length exceeds the length of the body 4.3 times. It is always longer in cadavers than
in live subjects due to postmortem relaxation of the muscles. Mechanical (movement) and further
chemical treatment of food under conditions of an alkaline reaction occurs in the small intestine,
as well as absorption of the nutrients. Accordingly, special adjustments for the secretion of
digestive juices (glands situated both in and outside the intestinal wall) and for the absorption of
the digested substances, are present in it.Three parts are distinguished in the small intestine: (1)
the duodenum, the part nearest to the stomach, 25-30 cm long; (2) the jejunum, which accounts
for two fifth of the small intestine with the exception of the duodenum; and (3) the ileum,
composing the remaining three fifth. There is no clearly manifest anatomical boundary between
the jejunum and ileum and their separation is therefore relative.
1. Find the small intestine and large intestine, define structure.
2. On the preparations of small intestine to determine the differences in the structure of the small
intestine and large intestine
3. On the preparations duodenum find its parts.
4. On the preparations of the liver and fiend diaphragmatic surface.
5. In examining the structure of visceral surfaces found in the gall bladder.
6. When studying the topography of the liver and its part, find coronary, triangular, round
ligament, portal vein, common hepatic and common bile duct.
7. When studying the gall bladder, fiend of the body and neck, cystic duct, common bile duct,
liver, pancreas ampoule and its sphincter.
8 On the preparations of the pancreas find, body, tail, surfaces,
9. At the part of the pancreas find its principal and accessory excretory duct.
10. Write in a working vocabulary and Learn Latin names of all of the above anatomical entities.
Visual aids:
:1. Cadaver.
2. Specimens of internal organs.
3. Pancreas.
4. Models, tables.
Literature
1. M.R Sapin, L.L.Kolesnikov, D.B.Nikitjuk Text book of human anatomy. 2005. Vol. 1
P.339-361
2. M .Prives, N lysenkov, V,Bushkovich Human anatomy 1985 volume I page 438-471
3. Textbook of ANATOMY With colour atlas Inderbir singh second edtion 1999 volume2. page
624-654
264 p.
4. Lecture note
TOPIC. 4 Abdomen and peritoneum cavity. X-ray-anatomy of the digestive tract.
The purpose of the lesson: to a) Examine the abdominal cavity in relation to the peritoneum, to
each other, to the skeleton, projected onto the surface of the body;
b) Examine roentgen anatomy esophagus stomach, bile ducts.
anatomy organs needed to understand the pathological processes occurring in the digestive
system, surgeons, and pediatricians.
Abdominal cavity
Peritoneum
X-ray-anatomy of the digestive tract.
Theoretical part
The peritoneum is a closed serous sac, which communicates with the external
environment only in females by means of a very small abdominal opening of the uterine tubes.
Like any serous sac, it consists of two layers, parietal (peritoneum parietale) and visceral
(peritoneum viscerale). The parietal layer lines the abdominal wall, while the visceral layer
invests the viscera and forms their serous covering fora shorter or longer distance. Both layers are
in close contact and in an intact abdominal cavity there is only a narrow space between them
called the peritoneal cavity (cavum peritonei) that contains a small amount of serous fluid; this
fluid moistens the surface of the organs and so makes easier their movement against one another.
When air enters the cavity during operation or postmortem examination or when pathological
fluids accumulate in it, it acquires the lappearance of a true, more or less large cavity.

1. Study the anatomy of the peritoneum
2. At the complex organs and body cavity search, the parietal peritoneum, understand the
differences in their structure and function.
3. In examining the peritoneum, find the median, medial and lateral umbilical folds
4. At X-ray you should consider all the gastrointestinal tract, bile-excreting way to be able to
show the details of the structure of individual organs. .
5. Identify, structure of peritoneum.
6. Identify abdominal cavity. Topography of organs.
7. Identify, location of organs in relation to the peritoneum:
8. Identify, derivative peritoneum: ligament, mesentery, their structure and topography.
9. Identify, Bursa, pockets, holes, their structure
10. Roentgen anatomy of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine, bile ducts.
11. Write in a working vocabulary and Learn Latin names of all the terms on classes.
Visual aids:
1. Cadaver.
2. Specimens of internal organs..
3. Museum preparations.
4. Models, tables, X-ray Visual aids:
Literature
2. Prives M., Lysenkov N., Bushkovich V. Human anatomy. M.: Medicina, 1985. Vol. I. P.
471-481
264 p
4. Lecture note
TOPIC. 5. The respiratory system, Nasal cavity. Larynx. Trachea. Primary bronchi.
The purpose of the lesson: to study the structure and functions of the respiratory system.
anatomy of organs are necessary to understand the pathological processes occurring in the
respiratory system, for surgeons, and pediatricians
1. Nasal cavity
2. Larynx
3. Trachea
4. Bronchi
Theoretical part
The Respiratory System
The respiratory organs are concerned with the supply of oxygen to the blood, by which it
is brought to the tissues of the body, and with the removal of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
In aqueous animals the gills are the organs of respiration; these are special adjustments of the
primary gut. On both sides of it form gill slits on whose edges are leaflets with a great number of
blood capillaries. The water passing through the slits flows around the gills as a result of which
oxygen is extracted from it and enters directly into the blood, and carbon dioxide is discharged
into the water. With the evolution of animals to terrestrial life respiratory organs of the acqueous
type (the gills) are replaced by those of the air type (the lungs) that are adapted to respiration in
the atmosphere. This replacement occurs gradually. The amphibians, for instance, breathe with the
gills in a larval state but with the lungs in an adult state. In animals living on the ground,
beginning with the reptiles, the gills lose their importance and become the source of the formation
of other organs, while the respiratory function is accomplished by the lungs alone, which, like the
gills, are derived from the primary gut. The respiratory organs in mammals develop from the
ventral wall of the foregut and retain their connection with it throughout life. This explains the
existence of the intersection of the respiratory and digestive tracts in the pharynx also in man, a
fact mentioned above. To accomplish the act of respiration, an adjustment providing for the flow
of fresh air current along the respiratory surface, i.e. the circulation of air, is necessary. In view of
this, air passages exist, in addition to the lungs, namely the nasal cavity and pharynx (upper air
passage) and then the larynx, trachea, and bronchi (the lower air passage). The formation of their
walls of inflexible tissues (bone and cartilage) is a specific feature of these passages; as a result
the walls do not collapse and, despite the sharp change of pressure from positive to negative, air
freely circulates in both directions on inspiration and expiration.
1. Understand that the respiratory system which consists of the respiratory tract and respiratory
organs - lungs.
2. Respiratory tract according to their position in the body and is clinically divided into upper and
lower.
Upper: nasal cavity, nasal part of pharynx, mouth of the pharynx. Lower: larynx, trachea, bronchi,
including the terminal bronchioles.
3. Understand the structure of the nasal cavity
4.Division of nasal cavity into two functional areas (respiratory and olfactory), remember that
from "osteology" location nasal pits
5. Understand the functions of the nose, the structure of its mucous membrane (ciliary epithelium,
glands, venous plexus).
6. When studying the topography of tracheal preparations find its beginning and the place of the
distinction between the bronchi.
7. Studying the main bronchi take attention their differences, the size and topography.
8. Learn the Latin names of all of the above anatomic entities on classes.
Visual aids:
1. Skull saggital section of the head
2. Damp preparations of larynx, trachea and main bronchi
3. Models, tables.
Literature
488-506
264 p.
4. Lecture note
TOPIC. 6 LUNG. PLEURAE. PLEURAL CAVITY
The purpose of the lesson: to study the structure and functions of lung. Pleurae, Pleural cavity
The motivational characteristic of the theme: knowledge of feature of the structure of Pleurae,
Pleural cavity is necessary for, therapists.
1. Anatomy of the lung.
2. Structural and functional unit of lung
3. Features of vascular lung
4. Serous sheath of light
5. Circulation in the lungs
Theoretical part
The lungs (pulmones) (Gk pneumon lung, hence pneumonia, inflammation of the lungs)
are situated in the thoracic cavity (cavum thoracis) lateral of the heart and large vessels. They are
invested in pleural sacs separated one from the other by the mediastinum, which extends from the
vertebral column at the back to the anterior thoracic wall in front .
The right lung is larger in volume than the left (approximately by 10 per cent) but is a little shorter
and wider, firstly because the right diaphragmatic dome is situated higher than the left (the effect
of the large right hepatic lobe) and, secondly, because the heart is located more to the left than to
the right. As a result the width of the left lung is reduced.
The aim of course: To study the anatomy and roentgen anatomy of the lung, pleura, pleural border
sacks and lung. Find the boundaries of pleural sacs, study roentgen anatomy nasal cavity, larynx,
trachea, bronchi, pleura.

1. Understand about: pleura, mediastinum , Pleural cavity,
2. Determine the boundaries of pleura.
3. Determine sinus pleura.
4. Understand about: Ontogenesis of the respiratory organs and pleura
5. Roentgen anatomy of the respiratory system.
6. Write in a working vocabulary and Learn Latin names of all of the above anatomical entities.
Visual aids:
1. The thoracic cavity
2. Skeleton
3. Table, plaster
5. X-ray picture.
Literature
390-421.
264 p.
4. Lecture note
TOPIC.7 KIDNEY. URETER. URINARY BLADDER. MALE AND FEMALE

URETHRA.
The purpose of the lesson: to study the structure, topography of the urinary organs and their
functions. .
anatomy of urogenital apparatus are necessary to understand the pathological processes occurring
in the male and female organs, for urologist.
1. Anatomy of the kidney.
2. Structural and functional unit kidney
3. Features of vascular kidney
Theoretical part
THE KIDNEY
The kidney (ren, Gk nephros) is a paired excretory organ producing the urine. The kidney
are situated on the posterior abdominal wall behind the peritoneum on either side of the vertebral
column on the level of the last thoracic and upper two lumbar vertebrae. The right kidney is a
little lower than the left, by1.0-1.5 cm on the average (depending on the pressure exerted by the
right lobe of the liver). The upper end of the kidney reaches to the level of the eleventh rib, the
lower end is 3-5 cm from the iliac crest. Individual variations are encountered, however, in the
position of the kidney: upper boundary often rises to the level of the superior border of the
eleventh thoracic vertebra, the lower boundary may descend for the length of half or a whole
vertebra. The kidney is bean-shaped, its surface is smooth and dark red. In the kidney are
distinguished the upper and lower inferior ends (poles) or extremities (extremitas superior and
extremitas inferior), the lateral and the medial margins (margo lateralis and margo medialis), and
the anterior and the posterior surfaces (fades anterior and fades posterior). The lateral margin is
convex, while the medial margin has a concavity in the middle and faces not only medially, but
slightly downward and to the front. The middle concave part of the medial margin contains the
hilum of the kidney (hilus renalis) through which arteries and nerves enter the kidney and veins
and the urethra leave it. The hilum opens into a narrow hollow extending into the renal substance;
it is called the sinus of the kidney (sinus renalis) and its longitudinal axis coincides with the
longitudinal axis of the kidney. The anterior surface of the kidney is more convex than the
posterior surface.
Topography of the kidneys. The relations of the anterior surfaces of the right and left
kidneys to the organs are different. The right kidney is projected on the anterior abdominal wall in
the epigastric, umbilical, and right lateral abdominal regions, the left kidney is projected in the
epigastric and left lateral abdominal regions. A small area of the anterior surface of the right
kidney is related to the suprarenal gland, further downward a greater part of this surface adjoins
the liver, while its lower third comes in contact with the right flexure of the colon; the descending
part of the duodenum passes on the medial border of the kidney; the latter two areas are not
covered by peritoneum. The distal end of the right kidney has a serous covering. Near to the upper
end, part of the anterior surface of the left kidney like that of the right kidney, is covered by the
suprarenal gland, immediately below this area the upper third of the surface is related to the
stomach, the middle third to the pancreas, and the upper part of the lateral border of the anterior
surface to the spleen. The lower end of the anterior surface is related to the jejunal loops medially
and the left flexure of the colon or the initial part of the descending colon laterally. The upper part
of the posterior surface of both kidneys lies on the diaphragm, which separates the kidney from
the pleura; below the twelfth rib the posterior surface is related to the psoas major and quadratus
lumborum muscles forming the seat for the kidney.
1. Learn the role of the urinary organs for mechanism and the general plan of structure urinary
system.
2. On diagrams and tables study the topography of and the structure of the kidney Distinguish
right from left kidney.
3. Kidneys: structure and topography, explore the segments of the kidneys and to understand their
role in the surgery.
4. Examine: renal capsule, fascia. Fixing apparatus of the kidney.
5. The characteristics of blood circulation in the kidney, the division of the artery
6. Examine the structure nephron, its parts.
7. On preparations examine the structure of the bladder, find its part, triangle . Examine the
structure of the walls of the bladder, related to the peritoneum empty and the filled bladder.
Visual aids:
1. The complex internal organs.
2. Museum's preparations, urethra and urinary-bladder.
4. Skeleton.
5. Pelvic bone.
6. Models, charts, tables
Literature
3.Sinelnikov R.D., Sinelnikov Y.R. Atlac of Human anatomy. M.: Medicina, 1990. Vol. 2.
264 p.
4. Lecture note
TOPIC. 8. MALE GENITALS ORGANS.
The purpose of the lesson :to study the structure, topography of the testes, penis and scrotum to
study the process of lowering of the testicles.
The motivational characteristic of the theme: Knowledge of the structure and function of male
genital or reproductive organs are necessary to understand the pathological processes occurring in
the male organs, for urologist.
1. Topographic and anatomical part of the male genital organs.
2. Male sex gland. Testis: function.
3. The process of lowering the testicles and scrotum layers of origin.
4. Testicle appendage: structure, topography and function.
5. Seminal vesicles: structure, topography and function.
7. Bulbouretral gland.
8. Prostate: structure, topography, function.
9. Penis: structure.
Theoretical part
THE MALE GENITAL ORGANS
The male genital, or reproductive organs are: the testes together with their coverings, the
ductus deferens with the seminal vesicles, the prostata, Cowper's (bulbourethral) glands, and the
penis formed of cavernous bodies. The male urethra, which has a mixed character of an urogenital
tube, will also be described here.
THE TESTES
The testes are a pair of oval bodies, slightly flattened on the sides. They are situated in the
scrotum and measure 4 cm in length and 3 cm in thickness. Their weight ranges from 15 to 25 g.
Two surfaces, medial and lateral {fades medialis and fades lateralis), two borders, anterior and
posterior (margo anterior and margo posterior), and two poles, upper and lower (extremitas
superior and extremitas inferior), are distinguished in the testis. In normal position of the testis in
the scrotum, its upper pole is directed upward, forward, and laterally as a consequence of which
the lower pole is directed not only downward but also to the back and medially. The left testis
usually descends to a lower level than the right testis. The posterior border of the testis is
approached by the spermatic cord (funiculus spermaticus) and the epididymis; the epididymis is
situated on the posterior border. The epididymis is a narrow, long body in which are distinguished
an upper, rather thick part, the head (caput epididymidis) and a lower, more pointed part, the tail
(cauda epididy-midis); the intervening part is the body (corpus epididymidis). In the region of the
body, between the anterior concave surface of the epididymis and the testis, is a pocket, sinus of
the epididymis (sinus epididymidis) lined with a serous membrane and opened laterally.
A small process, the appendix of the testis, is often present on the upper pole of the testis. On
section it is seen to be formed of fine ductules; it is believed to be a remnant of the
paramesonephric duct. The appendix of the epididymis is encountered on the head of the
epididymis; it is usually attached on a pedicle and is regarded to be a remnant of the Wolffian
body, or meso-nephros
1. When you the study male sexual organs, understand the division of the external (penis,
scrotum) and internal (testes, dutus deferes )part.
2. In examining the testicles find the edge, medial and lateral surfaces, the upper and lower ends
of testicles, the body, head, tail and appendage testis and distinguish right from left.
3. In examining the structure of appendage find the parts: head, body and tail.
4. Examining the structure of the penis
6. Write in a working vocabulary and Learn Latin names of all anatomical stracture.
Visual aids:
1. Pelvis bone.
2. Preparations of male sexual organs.
3. Museum preparations of male sexual organs.
4. Plaster casts of male reproductive organs.
Literature
1. M Sapin M.R, Kolesnikov L.L., Nikitjuk D.B. Text book of human anatomy.M.: New Wave
2. M Prives M., Lysenkov N., Bushkovich V. Human anatomy. M.: Medicina, 1985. Vol. I. P.
526-543
264 p.
4. Lecture note
TOPIC. 9 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS. PERINEUM
The purpose of the lesson: To study the structure, the topography of internal and external female
genital organs, according to their function and age-related changes. Examine the anatomy of the
muscles and fascia perineum anatomic and functional features of pelvic and urogenital diaphragm
in men and women.
The motivational characteristic of the theme: -Knowledge of the structure and function of
male genital, or reproductive organs are necessary to understand the pathological processes
occurring in the female organs, for urologist.
1. Topographic-anatomical unit of female genital organs ,internal and external.
2. Female genital organs, their importance for life and reproduction of the organism.
3. Female sex glands, their structure, topography, function.
4. Uterus: structure, function. Age changes in the uterus
Theoretical part
The female genital organs (organa genitalia feminina) are as follows:
(1) the internal genital organs situated in the pelvis, i.e. the ovaries, oviducts (uterine
tubes), uterus, and vagina, and (2) organs visible from the exterior (pudendum femininum s.
vulva), i.e. the labia majora and minora, the clitoris, and the hymen.
THE OVARY
The ovary (ovarium), a paired organ (Fig. 271), is the female sex gland similar to the male
testis. It is a flat oval body 2.5 cm in length, 1.5 cm in width, and 1.0 cm thick. Two ends are
distinguished in it: the upper, rounded end directed at the uterine tube is called the tubal end
(extremitas tubaria); the opposite, lower and more pointed end, the uterine end (extremitas
uterina) is connected with the uterus by the ligament of the ovary (ligamentum ovarii proprium).
The two surfaces, lateral and medial (fades lateralis and fades medialis), are separated one from
the other by borders: the free posterior border (margo liber} is concave while the other, anterior
mesovarian border (margo mssovaricus), is straight and is attached to the mesentery. This border
is termed the hilum of the ovary (hilus ovarii) because vessels and nerves enter the ovary through
it.
The lateral surface of the ovary lies against the lateral pelvic wall between the external
iliac vessels and the psoas major muscle above, the lateral umbilical ligament in front, and the
ureter behind. The long axis of the ovary is vertical. The medial surface faces the pelvic cavity but
is covered for a considerable distance by the tube, which first runs upward on the meso-varian
border of the ovary, then at the uterine end of the ovary turns and descends on the free border of
the ovary. The ovary is connected with the uterus by the ligament of the ovary (ligamentum ovarii
proprium), which is a round cord lying between the two layers of the broad ligament of the uterus.
It is composed for the most part of smooth muscular fibres continuous with the uterine muscles;
the ligament of the ovary stretches from the uterine end to the lateral uterine angle. The ovary has
a short mesentery, called the mesovarium, which is a peritoneal fold by means of which its
anterior border is attached to the posterior layer of the broad ligament of the uterus. To the tubal
end of the ovary are attached the ovarian fimbria (fimbria ova-rica), which is the largest of the
fimbriae surrounding the abdominal end of the tube, and a triangular peritoneal fold, the
suspensory ligament of the ovary (lig. suspensorium ovarii) descending to the ovary from the
pelvic terminal line and containing the ovarian vessels and nerves.
The ovary is filled with small vesicles called the vesicular ovarian (Graafian) follicles
(jolliculi ovarici vesiculo&i s. Graafi), which shine through the epithelium of a fresh specimen;
each follicle contains a developing female sex cell, the oocyte (or egg-cell). The follicles are
lodged in the stroma (stroma ovarii), in which the vessels and nerves pass. Depending on the
developmental stage, the follicles vary in size, from microscopic to 6 mm in diameter. When the
ripe follicle ruptures (ovulation) and the oocyte is discharged from it, its walls collapse and its
cavity is filled with blood and yellowish cells. As a result the yellow body (corpus luteum) is
formed. The oocyte develops into a mature cell, after ovulation, in the uterine tube. When
pregnancy occurs, the corpus luteum increases in size and transforms into a large structure about
1cm in diameter, corpus luteum verum s. graviditatis, whose traces may persist for years; if
ovulation of the oocyte that has left the follicle does not occur, the corpus luteum atrophies, loses
its yellow colour and is now called the white body (corpus albicans). The corpus albicans
disappears completely with time. A single follicle usually ripens in 28 days. As a result of the
regular rupture of the follicles (ovulation) the surface of the ovary becomes covered with wrinkles
and furrows in old age (the role of the corpus luteum is discussed in the chapter "The Endocrine
Glands")..
1. When you the study female sexual organs, understand the division of the external part.
2. Define: The anatomy of the muscles and fascia of urogenital diaphragm. In examining the
ovary find the medial and lateral surfaces, the upper and lower ends,
3. Fallopian tube: structure, topography, and function. the anatomy of the muscles and fascia
pelvic diaphragm. Ischio-rectal fossa and its contents.
4. Examining the structure of vagina, clitoris, perineum
5. Write in a working vocabulary and Learn Latin names of all anatomical stracture.
6. The function of male and female perineum
Visual aids:
1. Skeleton.
2. Pelvis bone.
3. Museum and educational preparations of female genitals.
4. Saggittal section of female and male pelvis.
5. Models, table.
6. Perineum.
Literature
264 p.
4. Lecture note

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Ministry of the public health of the Republic of Belarus

Vitebsk state medical university

Department of human anatomy

Approved on the meeting of the

Methodical recommendation for overseas student

Prepared by: Tesfaye W.A., Usovich A.K., Ostrovsakaya T.A.

TOPIC 1. Internal organ introduction

TOPIC 2. Pharynx. Esophagus. Stomach.

TOPIC. 3 INTESTINE. LIVER. PANCREAS.

TOPIC. 4 Abdomen and peritoneum cavity. X-ray-anatomy of the digestive tract.

The information and recommendation block for self-preparation on the lesson

TOPIC. 6 LUNG. PLEURAE. PLEURAL CAVITY

The information and recommendation block for self-preparation on the lesson

TOPIC.7 KIDNEY. URETER. URINARY BLADDER. MALE AND FEMALE

TOPIC. 8. MALE GENITALS ORGANS.

TOPIC. 9 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS. PERINEUM

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