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by an aggregate of spheres
Yu-lin Xu
equations ` n
kj
2
= 3 = 3 E 2 k E 5 0, = 3 = 3 H 2 k H 5 0, 2
112 HI1 j2 5 2 o o
v j n51 m52n
Emn3c jmnN112 j 112
mn 1 dmnMmn4, 142
Hiu1 j2 1 Hsu1 j2 5 HIu1 j2, Hif1 j2 1 Hsf1 j2 5 HIf1 j2. where a jn, b jn, c jn, d jn,
are exactly the Mie coefficients
for the isolated jth sphere 3see Borhen and Huff-
192 man,29 equations 14.522 and 14.5324.
This result is the same as that obtained by Goues-
From the orthogonality of exp1imf2, together with the bet et al. and by Barton et al. It clearly reveals that
expansions 142 and 172 and the expressions for the the radiative scattering response of a homogeneous
spherical vector harmonics 122, the above boundary sphere to an arbitrary beam can be directly related to
conditions give rise to four linear equations contain-
the Mie scattering properties of that sphere and the
ing the interactive coefficients:
profile of the electromagnetic waves that are incident
jn1m jx j2c jmn 1 h112 j j j j upon it. No matter how complicated the incident
n 1x 2b mn 5 q mn jn1x 2,
field, the scattering coefficients 1and therefore the
3m jx jjn1m jx j248c jmn 1 j3x jh112 j j
n 1x 248b mn scattering properties2 of a sphere, whether isolated or
not isolated, can be easily determined with Eqs. 1142 if
5 q jmn j3x jjn1x j248, the expansion coefficients of the incident field can be
explicitly found. The scattering coefficients in a gen-
m jjn1m jx j2d jmn1 jh112 j j j j j
n 1x 2a mn 5 p mn jn1x 2, eral case are just the linear modifications of Mie
coefficients by the expansion coefficients of the inci-
3m jx jjn1m jx j248d jmn 1 m j3x jh112 j j
n 1x 248a mn dent field. Thus, to investigate the scattering behav-
ior of a sphere in a general case, the only new task
5 p jmnm j3x jjn1x j248.
involved is to determine the expansion coefficients
1102 that describe the incident field.
` n
` n
k
Nmn 5 oo
n50 52n
1B0mn mn
n M8n 1 A0n N8n2, 1222 Hs1l, j2 5 2 oo
v n51 m52n
Emn3ql,mnj N112 l, j 112
mn 1 pmnMmn4, 1252
` n ` n
Es1l, j2 5 o o
n51 m52n
iEmn almn A 5o n51 52n
o 3A0mn 112
n 1l, j2Nn
or in detail,
6
11,L2 ` n
1 B0mn 112
n 1l, j2Mn4 p jmn 5 p j,mnj 2 oo o
lfi j n51 52n
3aln An l n
mn1l, j2 1 bn Bmn1l, j24,
` n
1 blmn 5o o
n51 52n
3B0mn 112
n 1l, j2Nn
q jmn 5 q j,mnj 2
11,L2
oo o
` n
3aln Bn l n
mn1l, j2 1 bn Amn1l, j24,
6B
lfi j n51 52n
112
1 A0mn
n 1l, j2Mn4 ,
1292
` n ` n
Hs1l, j2 5
k
o o
v n51 m52n
Emn blmn A 5o o n51 52n
3A0mn 112
n 1l, j2Nn
where the first term on the right-hand side refers to
the initial incident waves and the second term refers
to the fields scattered by other spheres.
1 B0mn 112
n 1l, j2Mn4 6
` n 5. Solution of the Interactive Coefficients
1 almn 5o
n51 52n
o 3B0mn 112
n 1l, j2Nn A. Linear System of the Interactive Coefficients
By inserting Eqs. 1292 into Eqs. 1142, we arrive at a set
1 A0mn 112
n 1l, j2Mn4 . 6B 1242 of linear equations that contains the interactive
a jmn 5 a jn 5 p j,mnj 2 oo o
lfi j n51 52n
3aln An
mn1l, j2
indicate that convergence of the order-of-scattering
technique is not guaranteed once the number or the
sizes of the spheres exceed a certain limit.18 An
1 bln Bn
mn1l, j24 , 6 alternative way to solve for the interactive scattering
coefficients is to use an iteration method that is
11,L2 ` n discussed below.
5
b jmn 5 b jn q j,mnj 2 oo o
lfi j n51 52n
3aln Bn
mn1l, j2
c j,mnj0 5 oo
n51 52n
3c jn An j n
mn1 j, j02 1 d n Bmn1 j, j024, S 5 Si 1 Ss 1 Sext, 1422
` n where
d j,mnj0 5 oo
n51 52n
3d jn Bn
mn1 j, j02 1 c jn An
mn1 j, j024. 1412
Si 5 12 Re1Ei 3 H*i 2, Ss 5 12 Re1Es 3 H*s 2,
The translation coefficients in either Eqs. 1372 or 1412 Sext 5 12 Re1Ei 3 H*s 1 Es 3 H*i 2. 1432
are essentially the same as those used in Eqs. 1302
except that the former are governed by the Hankel The superscript * stands, as usual, for the complex
function of the first kind and the latter are governed conjugate. Si, the complex Poynting vector associ-
by the Bessel function of the first kind. ated with the incident wave, is independent of posi-
tion if the surrounding medium is nonabsorbing.
7. Scattering Properties of the Sphere Cluster Ss is the complex Poynting vector of the scattered
With all the interactive scattering coefficients solved, field. Sext may be interpreted as the term that arises
we now proceed to derive expressions for the scatter- from the interaction between the incident and the
ing properties of the cluster in terms of these coeffi- scattered waves. Let Wa be the rate at which electro-
Wext 5
1
2
Re ee
0 0
1EifH*su 2 EiuH*sf
where we have used the relations
1n 2 m2! 2
2 EsuH*if 1 EsfH*iu2r2 sin ududf,
2p p
EmnE*mn 5 0 E0 0 212n 1 122 31n 1 m2!4 , 1512
Ws 5
1
2
Re ee 0 0
1EsuH*sf 2 EsfH*su2r2 sin ududf,
e
2p
exp1imf23exp1im8f24*df
1462 0
` n Ws
k Csca 5
Hsu 5
v0 o o
n51 m52n
Emn Ii
` n
exp 1imf2 4p
3 1iamnjnpmn 1 bmnj8ntmn2
kr
, 5
k2 o o
n51 m52n
n1n 1 1212n 1 12
n
k `
1n 2 m2!
Hsf 5
v 0 o o
n51 m52n
Emn 3
1n 1 m2!
1 0 amn 0 2 1 0 bmn 0 22, 1572
` n 1n 2 m2!
exp1ikr2 1n 2 m2! p2m,n 5 1212m11 pmn,
Esu , E0
2ikr o o
n51 m52n
12n 1 12
1n 1 m2!
1n 1 m2!
1n 2 m2!
3 1amntmn 1 bmnpmn2exp1imf2, t2m,n 5 1212m tmn, 1662
1n 1 m2!
` n
exp1ikr2 1n 2 m2!
Esf , E0
2ikr o o
n51 m52n
12n 1 12
1n 1 m2!
leads to
Fmn 5
2n 1 1 1n 2 m2!
31n 1 m2! 1a
mntmn 1 bmnpmn2
S31u, f2 5 2 o o 5C
n51 m50
mn sin31m 2 12f 1 b4
1 1 d0m
2n 1 1 1n 2 m2!
S41u, f2 5 2 o o 5iU mn cos31m 2 12f 1 b4
Umn 5 3
1 1 d0m 1n 1 m2!
1amnpmn 1 bmntmn2
n51 m50
Csca 5 ee 0 0
0V02
k2
sin ududf, 1712
4p
Cext 5 Re31V iV2u504, 1722
k2
where
Fig. 2. When the direction of propagation of a plane-incident 1 cos u cos1f 2 b2iu 2 sin1f 2 b2if. 1732
wave is parallel to the z axis, the components of the scattered field
1Es, E's2 are rather simply related to the components of the By inserting Eqs. 1672 and 1682 into Eqs. 1712, we
incident wave 1Ei, E'i2. In this case Es 5 Eus, E's 5 2Efs and again obtain the scattering cross section, which is of
the incident electric vector is in the xy plane. exactly the same form as in Eq. 1572. With u 5 0,
` `
2n 1 1 4p
52 o
n51 2
Cext 5
k2 o 12n 1 12Re3 p *a
n51
0
1n 1n 1 q01n*b1n
0* 0*
3 3a1n 1 b1n 1 n1n 1 121a21n 2 b21n24i cos f 1 n21n 1 1221 p21n a21n 1 q21n b21n24, 1802
`
2n 1 1 This agrees with what we obtained in Eq. 1582, which
1 o
n51 2 turns out to be exactly the same result because p0mn 5
q0mn 5 0 for all normal modes with m fi 61 in this case.
3 3a1n 1 b1n 2 n1n 1 121a21n 2 b21n24sin f, 1742
C. Summary of the Expressions for Scattering Properties of
where we have used the following properties: the Clusters
1 The results obtained so far in this section are summa-
5
m 5 21 rized as follows:
2
pmn112 5 n1n 1 12 1a2 For the general case, the cross sections are
m51 given by Eqs. 1572, 1582, and 1612; no general explicit
2
expressions for the elements of the amplitude-
0 otherwise, scattering matrix are given.
1b2 When the direction of propagation of a plane-
1
5
incident wave is parallel to the z axis, the formula for
2 m 5 21
2 the scattering cross section remains the same as in
Eq. 1572; the expression for the extinction cross section
pmn112 5 n1n 1 12 1752 is simplified as shown in Eq. 1802, because the expan-
m51
2 sion coefficients for all the modes other than m 5 61
vanish in this case, and the expressions for the
0 otherwise. elements of the amplitude-scattering matrix are given
by Eqs. 1692 with 1682 for an arbitrary polarization
From Eqs. 1702, 1732, and 1742 it follows that angle of b. When b 5 0, the incident plane wave is x
polarized, and when b 5 90, it is y polarized. For
Re3S1024 5 Re31V iv2u504 these two particular states of linear polarization of
the plane-incident wave, the explicit expressions for
`
the extinction cross section and the four elements of
5 o 12n 1 12Re3 p *a
n51
0
1n 1n 1 q01n*b1n the amplitude5scattering matrix can be written as
`
0* 0* 2p
1 n21n 1 1221 p21n a21n 1 q21n b21n24, 1762 x
C ext5
k2 o 12n 1 12
n51
where we have also used the relations from the
properties of complex numbers 3 Re3a1n 1 b1n 2 n1n 1 121a21n 2 b21n24,
`
2p
Re31a21n 1 b21n2exp12if24 5 Re31a*21n 1 b*21n2exp1if24, y
C ext 5
k2 o 12n 1 12
n51
0 0*
Re1 p21n a*21n2 5 Re1 p21n a21n2, 3 Re5i3a1n 1 b1n 1 n1n 1 121a21n 2 b21n246,
0 0*
Re1q21n b*21n2 5 Re1q21n b21n2, 1772 1812
S x11u, f2 5 oo
n51 m50
These dimensionless quantities are independent of
the measurement or computational units used. The
physical and geometric parameters of the chains of
3 3iUmn sin1m 2 12f 1 Jmn cos1m 2 12f4, spheres are listed in Table 1. Figure 3 shows the
1822 comparison of our theoretical calculations against the
corresponding experimental data for these sphere
` n chains.
S y21u, f2 5 2 oo
n51 m50
9. Remarks
3 3Cmn sin1m 2 12f 2 iFmn cos1m 2 12f4,
1a2 The Mie theory is a special case of the multi-
` n sphere theory described above. For the Mie case,
S y31u, f2 5 2 oo
n51 m50
i.e., the case of a linearly polarized plane-incident
wave propagating along the z axis, all the formula-
3 5Cmn cos31m 2 12f4 1 iFmn sin1m 2 12f6, tions turn out to be in complete agreement with the
Mie formulation when L 5 1. When the plane-
` n incident waves is x polarized, Eqs. 1142, 1182, 1292, and
S y41u, f2 5 oo
n51 m50
1782 show that
an bn
3 3iUmn sin1m 2 12f 1 Jmn cos1m 2 12f4, a1n 5 , b1n 5 ,
2 2
` n
S y11u, f2 5 oo
n51 m50 a21n 5 2
an
, b21n 5
bn
, 1852
2n1n 1 12 2n1n 1 12
3 3iUmn cos1m 2 12f 2 Jmn sin1m 2 12f4,
1832
with Cmn, Fmn, Umn, and Jmn given by Eqs. 1682, and
the superscript x or y indicates the state of polariza- Table 1. Sphere-System Parameters
tion of the incident plane wave. No. of Single-
Spheres Sphere Complex Dimensionless
in the Size Refractive Separation
8. Some Preliminary Numerical Results Chain Parameter Index Parameter
The formulation described in this paper has been ID n x m 5 m8 2 im9 ks a
implemented in a computer code. We do not intend 1 2 3.083 1.61 2 i0.004 6.166
to discuss the numerical results in detail. Some of 2 2 3.083 1.61 2 i0.004 8.030
our numerical calculations are presented for illustra- 3 2 4.346 1.63 2 i0.010 9.940
tion. The theoretical predictions are compared with 4 2 4.346 1.63 2 i0.010 10.760
the laboratory scattering measurements obtained by 5 3 3.083 1.61 2 i0.004 6.166
Wang and Gustafson33 through a microwave analog 6 3 3.083 1.61 2 i0.004 7.520
technique. The examples shown here are the angu- as is the center-to-center separation distance between the two
lar distributions 1phase functions i11 and i222 at a fixed neighboring spheres.
1@2
n12n 2 12 3 o
p50n2n0
12i2 pb1m, n, 2, n, p, p 2 12
pnn 5 11 2 x2 p1n2121n212, n fi 1,
n21
1A22 3 h112 m2
p 1kdl, j2Pp 1cos ul, j2exp3i1m 2 2fl, j4,
1B12
n2m11 n11
tmn 5 pmn11 2 xpmn, m fi 0,
m m where
2n 1 1 n11
t0n11 5 xt0n 2 xt0n21, 1A32 b1m, n, 2, n, p, p 2 12
n n
2p 1 1
1n2 m2! 5 31n 2 21n 1 1 12a1m, n, 2 2 1, n, p 2 12
m11
2p 2 1
p2mn5 1212 pmn,
1n 1 m2! 2 1 p 2 m 1 21 p 2 m 1 2 12
pmn12x2 5 1212n1mpmn1x2, 1A42 3 a1m, n, 2 1 1, n, p 2 12
1n2 m2! 1 21 p 2 m 1 2a1m, n, 2, n, p 2 124, 1B22
t2mn5 1212m tmn,
1n 1 m2!
and the a1m, n, , n, p2 terms are defined by
tmn12x2 5 1212n1m11tmn1x2. 1A52
Pm
n 1cos u2Pn 1cos u2
Special Values n1n
t00 5 0, t0,1 5 211 2 x 221@2, t10 5 0, t11 5 x, which can be also written as
1A62
2p 1 1 1 p 2 m 2 2!
1 a1m, n, , n, p2 5
122
5
m 5 21 2 1 p 1 m 1 2!
162n11
1
tmn1612 5
162n11
n1n 1 12
3 2 4 m51
3 e 21
Pm m1
n 1x2Pn 1x2Pp 1x2dx. 1B42
0 otherwise, In Eqs. 1B12, 1dl, j, ul, j, fl, j2 are the spherical coordinates
of the center of the lth sphere in the jth coordinate
1
122
5
2162n m 5 21 system. For the translational coefficients used in
Eqs. 1372 and 1412, h112 p is replaced by jp.
n1n 1 12 For the scattering theory presented in this paper,
tmn1612 5
162n 3 2 4 m51
1A72
the translation coefficients defined above need a slight
modification, which is shown by Eqs. 1272.
0 otherwise.
The author thanks Bo . S. Gustafson for inspiring
this paper and for many useful discussions and S. F.
mn mn
Appendix B: Translation Coefficients A0mn , B0mn Dermott, the Chairman of the Department of As-
A0mn
n 1l,j2 and B0mn
n 1l, j2 are the translation coeffi-
tronomy of the University of Florida, for continuing
cients needed for the transformation from the lth to support and encouragement. Special thanks also go
the jth coordinate system.19 to S. F. Dermott and Bo . S. Gustafson for improv-