INDUSTRIAL PHARMACY

Semi-Solid Dosage Forms

Definition: Semi solid pharmaceutical system comprise a body of product, which
when applied to skin or accessible mucous membranes tends to treat a pathological
condition or other protection against harmful environment.

Ointments: Ointments are semisolid preparations intended for external application

to the skin or mucous membranes.
Ointments may be medicated or not.
Greasy in nature. So difficult to remove.
Prevent moisture evaporation.
Viscous.

Preparation Requirements:
1. Drug
2. Base It is a vehicle which act as antioxidant or humectant.
3. Adjuvants Additional substance which act as antimicrobial agent or antioxidant.
Water soluble: Vitamin C
Water insoluble: Butylated hydroxyl anilate.

Ointments Bases: Ointments are classified according to USP.

1. Hydrocarbon Bases
2. Absorption Bases
3. Water miscible Bases
4. Water soluble Bases
Ideal Characteristics:
1) Should be non-irritant.
2) Should be inert.
3) Maintain the skin sensitivity.

Hydrocarbon Bases: Petroleum (ex-Vaseline), Paraffin, wool fat, lanolin.

a) Can absorb moisture.
b) Non-polar or hydrophobic
c) Greasy in nature
d) Difficult to wash-out.
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e) Emollient, easy to spread over the skin.

Md. Asif Hasan Niloy

5th Semester 24 BATCH
 Microencapsulation
Course Instructor: MD.SELIM HOSSAIN

Absorption Bases: Hydrophilic Petroleum, lanolin

a) Can absorb moisture.
b) More hydrophilic base.
c) Occlusive
d) Greasy in nature
e) Emollient.
Water miscible Bases: Glycerol mono stearate, Na-lauryl sulphate.
a) Mix with the moisture of skin.
Water soluble Bases: polyethylene glycol (PEG)
a) Lipid free.
b) N0n-Occlusive
c) Non-Greasy in nature
d) Water soluble, and
e) Washable

Preparation of ointment:
A. INCORPORATION METHOD
In this method all the materials incorporated first and by using suitable equipment
mix the materials. This method is not associated with the melting point of the
components.
When prepared in the laboratory the components are a spatula with a long, broad
blade should be used. Insoluble substances should be powdered finely in a mortar
and mixed with an equal amount of base until a smooth mixture is obtained. The
rest of the base is added in increment.
B. FUSION METHOD
This method associated with melting point of the components. By the fusion
method, all or some of the components of an ointment are combined by being
melted together and cooled with constant stirring until congealed.
Those components not melted are generally added to the congealing mixture as
it is being cooled and stirred.
Naturally, heat-labile substances and any volatile components are added last

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when the temperature of the mixture is low enough not to cause decomposition |
of volatilization of the components.

Md. Asif Hasan Niloy

5th Semester 24 BATCH
Industrial Pharmacy
 Microencapsulation
Course Instructor: MD.SELIM HOSSAIN

Eye ointment: Semisolid preparations intended for application to the eye are
specially prepared in sterile condition and are termed ophthalmic ointments. The
methods of preparation just like ointments.
The selected base for eye ointment should have
1. Must be non-irritating to the eye.
2. Should be melt at body temperature
3. Must permit the diffusion of the medicinal substance throughout the secretions
bathing the eye.
4. Have prolonged effect due to increased ocular contact time of the drug.
The primary advantage of an ophthalmic ointment over an ophthalmic solution is
the increased ocular contact time of the drug.
One disadvantage to ophthalmic ointment use is the blurred vision.

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|

Md. Asif Hasan Niloy

5th Semester 24 BATCH
Industrial Pharmacy