Multiple choice questions

1. Which of the following statement is NOT TRUE?

a) Development is a pattern of change that begins at conception.
b) Development is continuous and continues throughout the life span.
c) The different domains of development are interwoven and interrelated.
d) Human development starts from the moment of birth till death.

2. Which of the following statements would talk about the seed and the soil analogy in talking about the nature of human
development?

a) Is development stable or open to change?

b) Is development continuous or discontinuous?
c) Nature-nurture controversy.
d) One course of development of many courses of development.

3. Say-done is a girl of 4 years old. She is hungry and almost about to scream and shout at her mother to get her some food
when her mother is feeding her 9 month old brother. Something deep inside her tells her that her mother cannot attend to two
things at a time and she is big enough to get something to eat on her own. Which Freudian aspect of personality is guiding
Say-done here at this moment?

a) Phallic sense.
b) Ego.
c) Id.
d) Superego.

4. Sonam is 3 years old and enjoys holding and releasing urine and feces with no specific time for such activities. Sonams
mother is having a difficult time coping with this behaviour. According to the Freudian psychology, Sonam is in

a) Oral stage.
b) Anal stage.
c) Phallic stage.
d) Genital stage.

5. Psychosocial theory of human development is related to

a) Jena Piaget.
b) Erik Erickson.
c) Vygotsky.
d) Bronfrenbrenner.

6. Yangzom is in her High School studying in Grade XII and has already begun to make some important decisions in life
whether to continue studying after Grade XII or join some tertiary institutions for a professional training. Which of the
following stages of development has Yangzom probably entered?
a) Basic Trust Vs. Mistrust.
b) Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt.
c) Intimacy Vs. Isolation.
d) Identity Vs. Identity Confusion.

6. Tandin has just taken up a career in teaching after acquiring a Bachelors Degree in Education. He is also on the look out
for a life partner to settle with. Which of the following stages of development has Yangzom probably entered?
e) Basic Trust Vs. Mistrust.
f) Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt.
g) Intimacy Vs. Isolation.
h) Identity Vs. Identity Confusion.

7. Agay Wangchuk is a retired civil servant and has led a very successful life as a government employee and is proud of
what he has been able to contribute as a civil servant. All his children have acquired university degrees and are holding good
posts in the government. In which of the following stage is Agay Wangchuk?

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 a) Initiative Vs. Guilt.
b) Industry Vs. Inferiority.
c) Generativity Vs. Stagnation.
d) Ego integrity Vs. Despair.

8. Which of the following developmental theories would talk about reinforcement and punishment?

a) Cognitive developmental theory.

b) Ecological systems theory.
c) Behavioural theory.
d) Systems theory.

9. Deepak is 4 years old and has started attending a nursery school. His parents are astounded and impressed with the way
Deepak learns his vocabulary through his interactions with friends in the nursery and the teacher. He is also seen to be very
possessive of his things and do not let any other people at home use his toys and other playthings. According to the Piagetian
theory, Deepak is in

a) Formal operational stage.

b) Sensorimotor stage.
c) Preoperational stage.
d) Concrete operational stage.

10. Deki has written a very interesting essay on the topic If men gave birth to children as well. The examples and the
analogies she has used in her essay are so strong and logical to convince the readers how the world would look like if men
gave birth to children as well. By judging the quality of thoughts and ideas expressed Deki probably could be in

a) Preoperational stage.
b) Formal operational stage.
c) Concrete operational stage.
d) Sensorimotor stage.

11. Thabkhye is taking an evening walk towards home with his grandfather in the dusk. As he walks along the footpath, he
looks at the sky and sees the evening moon just rising from the horizon and feels that the moon is a living being because it
moves along. This type of thinking where children try to associate inanimate objects with life is called as

a) Transductive thinking.
b) Syncretic thinking.
c) Decentration.
d) Animistic thinking.

12. The ecological systems theory of development talks about the influence of all the following systems EXCEPT

a) Microsystem.
b) Meso system.
c) Biosystem.
d) Exosystem.

13. The ball of cells in the fallopian tube is called as

a) Sperm.
b) Blastocyte.
c) Morulla.
d) Zygote.

14. The vital and bodily systems begin to form in the prenatal stage during the

a) Gestation period.
b) Embryonic stage.
c) Fetal stage.
d) Germinal stage.

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15. Exposure of pregnant women to teratogens during the prenatal stage would lead to

a) Malformatons of the bodily organs and limbs.

b) Premature birth.
c) Miscarriage.
d) All of the above.

16. A young mother strokes gently at the sole of her newly born son and sees the fanning out of the childs food. This reflex
is called

a) Moro reflex.
b) Tonic neck reflex.
c) Babinski reflex.
d) Darwinian reflex.

17. Most young children cling onto their caregivers when they sense that the caregiver is going to leave them behind
unattended. This behaviour is an indication of

a) Stranger anxiety.
b) Childhood anxiety.
c) Separation anxiety.
d) None of the above.

18. Rinzin, a three year old boy trying to console his crying sister show

a) Sympathy.
b) Anxiety.
c) Empathy.
d) Caring.

19. Emotional intelligence involves

a) Mood management.
b) Managing relationships.
c) Emotional self-awareness.
d) All of the above.

20. The process of getting assimilated in the society is called

a) Assimilation.
b) Socialization.
c) Accommodation.
d) None of the above.

21. The item Dance Your Life and Gaw Phuensum Tshogpai Lobdra won the first prize for the Rigsar category in the recent
musical concert organized at the Paro College of Education. Their performance on the stage demonstrated their

a) Mathematical and musical intelligence.

b) Musical and Naturalist intelligence.
c) Musical Intelligence and Bodily kinesthetic intelligence.
d) Musical intelligence only.

22. Dechen has an investigative and a curious mindset. She likes evaluating and contrasting the different things she has
learnt in the class. This is indicative of her

a) Creative intelligence.
b) Analytical intelligence.
c) Practical intelligence.
d) All of the above.

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23. Pay-Toen is a teacher teaching at Gadhoen Community Primary School. He always groups his children in the class into
different working groups, where children are encouraged to share and debate on their opinions. Such a teaching strategy is
likely to help children in developing their

a) Verbal and Naturalist Intelligence.

b) Spatial and Bodily Kinesthetic Intelligence.
c) Intrapersonal Skills.
d) Interpersonal and Verbal Skills.

24. Seldon is a Grade VI student at Jomolhari Primary School. She has dyed her hair pink because her group friends wanted
her to do it like them despite her parents disapproval. This process of socialization is due to

a) Peer conformity.
b) Peer reinforcement and modeling.
c) Family influences.
d) A and B.

25. Kinzang is studying for his examinations but his roommate who is a music fan is listening to his favorite song on the
radio. Kinzangs concentration in his study is distracted by his friends music on the radio and goes to sleep. Kinzang is a

a) Field dependent learner.

b) Field independent learner.
c) Both A & B.
d) None of the above.

26. It refers to the unique thoughts, emotions, and behaviours that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world.
This statement describes

a) Temperament.
b) Personality.
c) Intelligence.
d) Emotions.

27. The ability to look at different attributes or a number of qualities in an object or a situation is called as

a) Numeration.
b) Seriation.
c) Assimilation.
d) Decentration.

28. Dema reacts very negatively and is very violent in her behaviour. She has no self control and faces difficulty in accepting
new changes in life. This is typical of
a) A difficult temperament.
b) An easy temperament.
c) A slow-to-warm-up temperament.
d) B & C.

28. Tashi comes from a very difficult home. He has a very low opinion of himself and feels very incompetent and incapable
though very brilliant. Tashi is typical of a person with

a) Poor self concept.

b) High self esteem.
c) Very low esteem.
d) All of the above.

20. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of a preoperational thought?

a) Egocentric.
b) Animism.
c) Abstract thinking.
d) Syncretism.

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29. Dendup is self-centered, selfish and egocentric in his thoughts and feelings. He is the dictator in his family and the rest
of the family members have to abide by his wishes and orders. Piaget would say that Dendup is governed by

a) Egocentrism.
b) Animism.
c) Accommodation.
d) Assimilation.

30. Which of the following statement is TRUE?

a) Intelligence and creativity are not related.

b) Different children belonging to same sex and age have the same learning needs.
c) The environment in the school is inversely proportional to the quality of childrens learning.
d) Reinforcement and modelling is important in social development.

31. During birth, a few children die due anoxia. Anoxia means
a) Deprivation of oxygen.
b) Deprivation of carbondioxide.
c) Deprivation of nourishment.
d) None of the above.

32. Expectant mothers who drink and smokes during pregnancy are likely to give birth to children with

a) Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.

b) Fetal Alcohol Effects.
c) Facial deformities and defective limbs and heart.
d) A, B, & C.

33. Young infant children look disproportionate in their bodily structure. Their upper half of the body looks bigger than the
lower half. Such a bodily growth and structure explains that physical development is

a) Cephalocaudal.
b) Proximodistal.
c) Locomotive.
d) B & C.

34. Subash is a highly athletic boy and can play games that involve bodily movement very well. However, he faces so much
of difficulty in drawing and writing that he takes a long time even to write one alphabet clearly. This is indicative of his

a) Good fine motor skills.

b) Poor fine motor skills.
c) Poor gross motors skills.
d) Good gross motor skills.

35. Which of the following statement is NOT related to Piagetian ideas?

a) Knowledge is not merely transmitted verbally but must be constructed by the learner.
b) Learners must be involved in the learning event and actively construct knowledge.
c) A learner is not a vessel that could be filled with facts and information.
d) There should be a role model in learning.

36. In Piagetian Theory of Development, the back and forth movement between the cognitive equilibrium and
disequilibrium throughout development, which leads to more effective schemes, is called

a) Assimilation.
b) Accommodation.
c) Equilibration.
d) Object permanence.

37. Which of the following statement is NOT true about play?

a) Enhance childrens communication skills.

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 b) Understand others emotions and develop empathy.
c) Learn roles that are useful in their adulthood.
d) Play is unhealthy for an infant baby.

38. Pelzom, a 3 year old girl picks up a broomstick and plays with it pretending to clean the floor of the living room in her
house. This is a ...

a) Pretend or domestic play.

b) Miniature play.
c) Creative play.
d) B & C.

39. Tenzins parents like buying Tenzin play items such as jigsaw and puzzle games, board games, memory games, card
games etc. Probably, Tenzins parents seem to encourage Tenzin to engage in

a) Physical play.
b) Role play.
c) Intellectual play.
d) None of the above.

40. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of a formal operational thought?

e) Egocentric.
f) High degree of equilibrium.
g) Abstract thinking.
h) Logical and hypothetical.

2006
1. Which of the following stage of development is considered a period of extreme dependence on adults?
A. Prenatal
B. Infancy
C. Early childhood
D. Late childhood

2. Which of the following theories emphasize that human development is strongly influenced by nature/ biology?
A. Ecological theory
B. Ethological theory
C. Cognitive theory
D. Psychodynamic theory

3. At which of the following stage of development does childrens thinking become more logical and abstract?
A. Early childhood
B. Middle childhood
C. Later childhood
D. Adolescence

4. Which theory among the following is a proponent of nurture in the nature vs. nurture debate of human
development?
A. Cognitive theory
B. Behavioural theory
C. Ethological theory
D. All of the above

5. In terms of development, knowing that an object exists even if it is no longer in sight is an example of a
A. Emotional change
B. Physical change
C. Cognitive change
D. environmental change

6. The orderly sequence of changes dictated by ones genetic blue print is referred to as
A. Growth
B. Development
C. Experience

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D. Maturation

7. A coherent set of ideas that helps explain data and make predictions can be called a
A. Scientific method
B. Hypothesis
C. Theory
D. Assumption

8. Piaget stressed that

A. we are faced with developmental challenges throughout life
B. children actively construct their cognitive world
C. environment plays the dominant role in shaping children
D. behavior is strongly influenced by heredity

9. Which of the following research measures come with the risk of a social desirability response set?
A. Observations in lab settings
B. Interviews and questionnaires
C. Case studies
D. Standardized tests

10. According to Freuds psychoanalytic theory, which of the following personality constructs deal with the demands
of reality?
A. Id
B. Ego
C. Superego
D. Defense mechanisms

11. Our development is strongly influenced by the socio-cultural and socio-historical circumstances. Which of the
following theories emphasize this?
A. Cognitive theories
B. Behavioural theories
C. Ethological theories
D. Ecological theories

12. In order for us to be able to make causal conclusions, the research design we use should be
A. Correlational
B. Experimental
C. Both of the above
D. None of the above

13. According to B.F. Skinner, a behavioural theorist, humans are essentially

A. cognitive beings
B. driven by instincts
C. inventive explorers
D. reward seekers

14. Under which of the following circumstances would you choose a cross-sectional study over a longitudinal one?
A. To study how children change over time
B. To carry out a study within a very limited period of time
C. To avoid cohort effects
D. To study only one age group

15. Which of the following is NOT true about being a wise research consumer?
A. Watch out for overgeneralizations based on small clinical samples
B. A single study, if very convincing, can be the defining word
C. Causal conclusions cannot be drawn from correlational studies
D. Studies carried out at group level cannot explain things about individuals.

16. The probability of structural defects due to teratogens are greatest during the
A. embryonic period
B. fetal period
C. germinal period

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D. conception

17. Tenzin grew up in a family of limited means. His parents constantly fought, and often subjected him to physical
punishment while showing little or no love and care. He is unusually short for his age and his friends often ridicule him. It is
likely that he may be suffering from:
A. marasmus
B. SIDS
C. Anoxia
D. Deprivation dwarfism

18. Mothers with AIDS will NOT infect their off-springs

A. During gestation across the placenta
B. During delivery through contact with blood or fluids
C. Through breast-feeding
D. Genetic inheritance

19. Organs in the unborn child first begin to appear during the
A. fetal period
B. germinal period
C. embryonic period
D. prenatal period

20. Which of the diseases can cause death or deformities to children born to mothers who are infected?
A. Rubella
B. Syphilis
C. Genital herpes
D. All of the above

21. It is wise to start weaning babies with

A. cereals rich in iron
B. cereals with low iron content
C. food rich in fat
D. low fat food

22. Which of the following maternal characteristics affect the babys prenatal development?
A. age
B. emotional state
C. both of the above
D. none of the above

23. Which of the following statements is not true?

A. Smoking by mothers during pregnancy causes poor language and cognitive development in the child.
B. Heavy drinking during pregnancy can lead to the child suffering from fetal alcohol syndrome.
C. Use of marijuana by pregnant mothers is associated with poor verbal and memory development.
D. Radiation from x-rays can affect the fetus adversely.

24. A childs ability to swipe with his/her arms before s/he can grasp things with the fingers is an example of
A. cephalocaudal pattern
B. proximodistal pattern
C. both of the above
D. none of the above

25. The part of brain that plays an important role in balance and muscle coordination is called
A. cerebrum
B. cerebellum
C. temporal lobe
D. parietal lobe

26. If one has problems of vision after a head injury, it is likely that there was some damage caused to the
A. frontal lobe
B. temporal lobe
C. occipital lobe

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D. parietal lobe

27. If little Tashi is three feet tall at the age of two, we can estimate his height as an adult to be roughly
A. 4 feet
B. 5 feet
C. 6 feet
D. 7 feet

28. Modern developmental psychologists believe that rhythmic motor behaviours are
A. signs of developmental delay and impoverished environment
B. performed as they seem to have an interesting effect on the environment
C. an important transition between uncoordinated activity and complex coordinated motor behaviour
D. attempts to establish relations with an aloof mother.

29. Skilful finger movement as in playing a musical instrument is an example of good

A. locomotor skill
B. rhythmic motor behaviour
C. gross motor skill
D. fine motor skill

30. Which of the following is an example of gross motor skill?

A. Grasping
B. Holding
C. Picking up
D. Crawling

31. The ability to relate and integrate information from two or more senses is called
A. perception
B. depth perception
C. sensation
D. intermodal perception

32. Visual perception constancy such as size and shape constancy is present in infants as early as
A. birth
B. about 7 weeks
C. about 3 months
D. about 6 months

33. A vision of 20/40 on a Snellan chart means that

A. one can only see from a distance of 20ft what a person with normal eyesight can see from 40 ft
B. one can see from 40 ft what a person with normal eyesight can see from 20 ft
C. one will require glasses with 20 and 40 power ratings
D. one eye can see from a distance of 20 ft what the other can see from 40 ft.

34. According to Piaget, our cognitive growth involves the development of what he calls cognitive structures. Two
psychological mechanisms responsible for this are
A. Organization and adaptation
B. Assimilation and accommodation
C. Adaptation and assimilation
D. Accommodation and adaptation

35. At what stage are children able to reason logically when faced with specific or concrete problems?
A. Birth 2 years
B. 2-7 years
C. 7-11 years
D. 11-15 years

36. When a child is unable to see and manipulate objects based on several different characteristics the child is
exhibiting:
A. centration
B. conservation
C. object permanence

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D. seriation

37. When a child begins to understand that the appearance of an object may change and not affect certain
characteristics such as number, weight, and volume, the child is beginning to understand:
A. centration
B. conservation
C. object permanence
D. seriation

38. According Piagets theory of cognitive development, which of the following tasks is likely to be difficult for an
average 7 11 year-old?
A. Classifying things into sets and subsets
B. Putting a set of wooden blocks together into a specified shape
C. Solving a word problem
D. Performing a conservation task with weight

39. According to Vygotsky, the range of task that are too complex to be mastered alone but can be accomplished with
guidance from a skilful partner is called
A. collaborative(guided) learning tasks
B. socially mediated activities
C. scaffolding range
D. zone of proximal development

40. Children have the cognitive ability to develop hypotheses and systematically deduce the best way to solve
problems when they are at the
A. sensorimotor stage
B. pre-operational thought stage
C. concrete operational thought stage
D. Formal operational thought stage

41. If we go by Piagets theory of cognitive development, roughly at what stage of development does hypothetical-
deductive reasoning ability emerge?
A. Infancy
B. Early childhood
C. Late childhood
D. adolescence

42. Which of the following is a statement that is in agreement with Vygotskys theory of development?
A. Culture and social interaction influences ones intellectual development.
B. Genetic inheritance is more important than culture for ones cognitive development.
C. Cognitive development processes are universal and basically the same in all cultures.
D. Children construct their own knowledge and society can only stimulate or stifle it.

43. Thinlay has discovered that the faster he rides his bike, the more exciting it gets. Despite warnings, he believes
that it is not going to happen to him. This is a characteristic of adolescent egocentrism that is termed
A. imaginary audience
B. personal fable
C. hypothetical reasoning
D. illogical reasoning

44. Piaget believed that

A. Language emerges as cognitive structures develop
B. Language develops separately and shapes thought
C. Language develops before thought
D. None of the above

45. According to Piaget, children are able to classify and arrange objects in increasing or decreasing order only by
A. Early childhood
B. Middle and late childhood
C. Early adolescence
D. Late adolescence

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46. Piaget is of the opinion that
A. We should accelerate the pace of childrens development if we can
B. We should let children take their own sweet time while helping them develop
C. There is no way we can accelerate childrens development
D. None of the above

47. Childrens language acquisition may be best explained as a result of

A. ones biological pre-wiring for language
B. socio-cultural structuring and support
C. interaction between natural propensity to learn and the social involvement.
D. Imitation and systematic reinforcement

48. Children begin to utter two-word phrases at 18-24 months of age. Linguists refer to this kind of speech as
A. holophrase
B. telegraphic
C. motherese
D. underextension

49. If someone has suffered a head injury and has trouble speaking in a meaningful way, and babbles in a senseless
manner, it is likely that there was a damage to the
A. Brocas area
B. Wernickes area
C. Occipital lobe
D. Cerebrum.

50. Victor, the wild boy of Aveyron was not able to learn language properly may be because
A. he was discovered only after the critical period for language learning was over
B. he was socially isolated without exposure to language too long a time
C. both of the above
D. none of the above

51. The fact that children are able to create language in the absence of well formed input and gain language milestones
in a uniform way suggests that
A. we are born with innate grammatical ability
B. grammar teaching is unimportant
C. the environment is unimportant in language learning
D. none of the above

52. According to the research reported by Dan Slobin, which of the following statement is NOT true?
A. Children learn language the same way all over the world
B. Childrens linguistic competence is determined by the quality and quantity of language they are exposed to.
C. The first word that children utter in any language is a noun or proper name.
D. The two-word stage in language acquisition is a universal phenomenon.

53. When talking about temperament, the typical pace or rigour one engages in is termed
A. Irritability
B. Sociability
C. Fearfulness
D. Activity level

54. Ones temperament is largely influenced by

A. Genetic inheritance
B. Environmental factors/ experience
C. Both of the above
D. None of the above

55. Which of the following may not be an appropriate way of dealing with students who show indications of stress?
A. speak privately to the student about it
B. discuss it with other teachers or parents
C. assess resources available to the student to help cope
D. ask the student not to come to school if s/he is so stressed

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56. Which of the following statements about depression is FALSE?
A. Depressed people often experience sleep and eating problems
B. Depressed people engage in pessimistic thoughts
C. Depressed parents provide models for depressed behaviour
D. Feelings of unrealistic happiness is not related to depression

57. According to Bronfenbrenner, parents workplace and mass media are examples of
A. microsystem
B. exosystem
C. chronosystem
D. macrosystem

58. Macrosystem in the ecological systems theory refers to

A. societys values and customs
B. individuals immediate environment
C. Media and community
D. socio-historical times

59. An important aspect of Bronfenbrenners theory, as applied to teaching, is to:

A. anticipate students progression through his eight stages of human development.
B. emphasize the context-free nature of human thought.
C. take into account the changing nature of society and societys influence on the student.
D. validate each students independence from his or her environment and family.

60. What is the identity status of Mindu, a Class 10 student, who has few interests, shows little initiative, and is easily
swayed by his peers?
A. Identity achievement
B. Identity diffusion
C. Identity foreclosure
D. Identity moratorium

61. Mrs. Seden believes that children should be showered with love and care and left free to grow fully in the
direction that fate has decided for them. Her parenting style is most likely:
A. authoritarian.
B. authoritative.
C. indulgent.
D. neglectful.

62. Pema is socially incompetent, cannot handle independence well and not very achievement oriented. If these were
attributed to the parenting style that she experienced, which of the following styles would you say was used in her
upbringing.
A. Authoritative
B. Neglectful
C. Indulgent
D. Authoritarian

63. According to Erikson, the developmental task or the crisis we are faced with during early adulthood is that of
A. intimacy vs. isolation
B. autonomy vs. guilt
C. identity vs. identity confusion
D. generativity vs. stagnation

64. Teacher expectancy effect refers to the notion that

A. a teachers high expectations can discourage students
B. teachers should not expect much from students while doing their best to help
C. if a teacher lowers his/her expectations, students will perform up to their expectations
D. high teacher expectations will lead to better achievement while low-expectations lead to lowered performance.

65. Socializing with peers is important for childrens development because it

A. provides opportunities for equal status contacts
B. provides opportunities for social comparison
C. they serve as social models for each other

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D. all of the above

66. The search for an identity is important during adolescence as

A. it is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood
B. their old image of self is not sufficient given the rapid bodily changes
C. they need to prepare for the numerous life roles
D. all of the above

67. Which of the following problems are often attributed to the onslaught of television today?
A. Sexual promiscuity
B. Desensitisation to violence
C. Substance abuse
D. All of the above

68. Which of the following is not an outward sign of expressions of industry as described by Eriksons theory?
A. Wonders how things work
B. Enjoys learning
C. Overly obedient
D. Likes to experiment

69. According to Kohlberg, a child that believes that what is right is lawful and that what is wrong in unlawful, is at
what stage of moral development?
A. Community Rights versus Individual Rights.
B. Interpersonal Norms
C. Punishment and Obedience Orientation
D. Social System Morality

70. Mr. Thinlay is engaging his class in a discussion of moral issues to help his students elucidate their thoughts and
moral standings. He is engaging in:
A. character education
B. justice perspectives
C. the hidden curriculum.
D. values clarification

71. Behaviourists argue that childrens moral behaviour is determined by

A. reinforcement and imitation.
B. ones moral competence.
C. ones motivation and incentives used.
D. the help provided to reason when faced with moral situations.

72. Social Learning theory argues that moral behaviour is learnt through a process of
A. reinforcement, reasoning, and punishment
B. discussion, reinforcement and punishment
C. peer interaction, imitation, and reinforcement
D. imitation, reinforcement, and punishment

73. The idea of hidden curriculum suggests that

A. Schools ought to include moral education as a part of the curriculum.
B. Everything that happens in school is value-laden.
C. Direct moral education should be preferred to values clarification approach.
D. Parents play a more important role in moral education than do schools.

74. Which of the following represent a part of the hidden curriculum?

A. Direct moral instruction
B. Teachers moral orientation
C. Syllabus
D. Values clarification activity

75. Wangdi believes that people who steal must be punished even if was to save someones life as it is the law.
According to Kohlbergs stages, he is reasoning at
A. pre-conventional reasoning level
B. post-conventional reasoning level

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C. conventional reasoning level
D. unconventional reasoning level

76. Cheating in schools can be reduced by

A. allowing students more freedom
B. preventing high pressure situations
C. by modelling a trusting relationship with students
D. keeping students busy at all times

77. Respectful engagement by teachers in their social interaction can produce enduring moral messages as they serve
as a(n)
A. indirect form of reinforcement
B. good model
C. representation of the real world
D. object for comparison

78. Breaking five glasses accidentally is worse than breaking one intentionally. According to Piaget, this is
characteristic of
A. interpersonal morality
B. intrapersonal morality
C. heteronomous morality
D. autonomous morality

79. Carol Gilligans care perspective emphasize women as

A. Being more obsessed with individual rights
B. Viewing morality more in terms of relationships and compassion as compared to men
C. Having a more competitive orientation as their values
D. Observing the rights of others and justice as more important values.

80. Which one of the following strategies may be the least effective in preventing aggressive behaviour in schools?
A. Modelling non-violent conflict resolution strategies
B. Ensuring that students dont benefit from aggressive behaviour
C. Discussing moral issues and positive social behaviour
D. Minimizing group activities to limit interaction.

81. The stable, consistent ways in which people are different from one another can best be described as:
A. creativity differences.
B. individual differences.
C. intelligence differences.
D. personality differences.

82. In Gardners multiple intelligence, the ability to understand oneself and effectively direct ones life represents
A. interpersonal skills
B. naturalistic skills
C. intrapersonal skills
D. bodily-kinesthetic skills

83. Tashi likes to work alone and do his assignments one at a time. His style according to Sternbergs system of
mental self-government can be labelled as
A. monarchic/ internal
B. executive/monarchic
C. monarchic/ conservative
D. Oligarchic/internal

84. In order to make teaching more effective and match up to your students styles it may be good to
A. determine their styles and use the methods suited to the majoritys style
B. determine their styles and form groups of those with similar styles and teach them accordingly
C. vary your methods frequently to cater to differing styles.
D. determine their styles and put students with similar styles in the same class/ section

85. Human intelligence is determined

A. mostly by ones hereditary

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B. mostly by ones environment
C. fifty-fifty by heredity and environment
D. by a complex interplay between heredity and environment

86. Which of the following terms refer to the idea that ones understanding of self is a reflection of how other people
react to one:
A. self-esteem
B. self-image
C. looking-glass self
D. ideal self

87. Children sense of subjective self (I) emerges at around the same time as their understanding of Piagets concept
of object permanence. This is roughly when they are
A. six months old
B. one year old
C. two years old
D. four years old

88. If a parents support is contingent on some area only, a child may experience
A. high self-esteem
B. lowered self-esteem
C. poor self awareness
D. improved self-recognition

89. Children generally acquire gender identity by

A. 2-3 years of age
B. about 4 years
C. about 5 or 6 years
D. adolescence

90. If you have a student with low self-esteem, it would be beneficial to:
A. engage the student in several social situations to raise his or her social status.
B. identify areas of low self-esteem to improve those areas, and high self-esteem to demonstrate achievement.
C. give the student lots of freedom to explore his or her world.
D. provide substantial challenges for the student to motivate the student to act.

91. Which of the following is least likely to influence childrens self-esteem?

A. Teacher approval
B. Peer influence
C. Parenting style
D. Exposure to mass media

92. A persons distinctive thoughts, emotions and behaviours that characterize the way an individual adapts to the
world is known as
A. temperament
B. personality
C. self-concept
D. learning and thinking style

93. Which of the following terms stand for John Lockes idea that children are neither inherently good nor bad, but
how they will turn out will depend on how they are raised:
A. Original sin
B. Innate purity
C. Tabula rasa
D. Reciprocal determinism

94. According to the Big Five factor theory, conscientious people are
A. sociable, fun-loving
B. imaginative, independent
C. calm, self-satisfied
D. organized, disciplined

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95. Tenzin likes to go out with friends and seek out opportunities where she can interact and socialize with others. In
terms of genotype/ environmental correlations, this is an example of
A. Active type
B. Passive type
C. Evocative type
D. Responsive type

96. Human beings are biological, cognitive and social creatures, and each of these components depends, in part, on
changes that are taking place in other areas of development. This statement is representative of which of the following
worldviews of human development?
A. Mechanistic model
B. Organismic model
C. Contextual model
D. Holistic model

97. Which of the following statements is NOT true about media violence
A. it increases aggressiveness and anti-social behavior
B. it makes them less sensitive to violence
C. it increases their appetite for more violence in entertainment
D. it relieves them of the need to be violent

98. Which of the following statements is NOT true about what Kohlbergs theory of moral development
A. Moral development takes place in stages that are age-related and sequential.
B. Moral development unfolds as a result of cognitive development.
C. Peer interaction plays an important role in the development of moral reasoning.
D. Exposure to discussions with others at a level higher than that of their own reasoning is not helpful.

99. The fact that there are multiple intelligences tell us that
A. It will be impossible to reach out to all the students given their numerous competencies
B. we need to design programmes that teach students in multiple domains
C. there ought to be specialized schools that address the diverse intelligences
D. we need to be careful in choosing which intelligences we want to address

100. Comprehensive values education is considered preferable because

A. It moves away from the traditional inculcation method
B. It is closer to the values clarification approach
C. It is an integrated approach combining the two and much more
D. It takes place throughout the school and the community.

2004
1. The distinctive fundamental sounds of a language are known as:

a) Morphemes
b) Syntax
c) Phonemes
d) Semantics

2. In the Moral Autonomy stage it is believed that before judging an action one should consider:

a) The Consequences
b) The actors intentions
c) The actors intentions and consequences
d) The nature of consequences

3. In the opinion of most psychologists the ideal age for a child to learn motor skills is between
a) 0 2 years
b) 2 6 years
c) 6 12 years
d) 12 20 years

4. The type of reasoning you scratch my back, I will scratch yours and the resulting attitude is at

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a) Pre-conventional reasoning level
b) Conventional reasoning level
c) Post conventional levels
d) All levels

5. While responding to a new situation a child often makes changes in his / her existing skills. Piaget refers to this as
a) Adaptation
b) Assimilation
c) Accommodation
d) Equilibrium

6. Physiological development occurs as a results of :

a) Understanding
b) Memorizing
c) Maturation
d) Experiencing

7. Psychologists employ the term development to indicate changes of a

a) Quantitative nature
b) Versatile nature
c) Qualitative nature
d) None of the above

8. Educational Psychology, as a discipline, is concerned with the understanding of

a) The learning process
b) The child
c) The aging process
d) The above a & b

9. In the area of developmental issues the debate Nature Vs Nurture is related to

a) Early and later experience
b) Continuity and discontinuity
c) Maturation and experience
d) None of the above

10. Later childhood refers to the age bracket:

a) 0 2 years
b) 2 6 years
c) 6 -12 years
d) 12 -15 years

2003
1. The development before birth takes place in three stages and it begins with:
a) Fetal
b) Gestation
c) Germinal
d) Embryonic

2. Children begin to represent their world with words, images, and drawings.
These symbolic thoughts are an example of:
a) Sensorimotor Thoughts
b) Preoperational Thoughts
c) Concrete Operational Thoughts
d) Forma Operational Thoughts

3. Children often assume that everyone else shares their feelings, reactions, and perspectives. This assumption is termed
as:
a) Deductive Reasoning
b) Inductive Reasoning
c) Hypothesis

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d) Egocentric

4. The distinctive fundamental sounds of a language is known as:

a) Phonemes
b) Morphemes
c) Syntax
d) Semantics

5. Putting together a two-word sentence is an example of:

a) Biological Process
b) Cognitive process
c) Socio emotional process
d) All the above

6. A child often changes his/her existing schemes to respond to a new situation. To this occurrence Piaget use the term:
a) Adaptation
b) Assimilation
c) Accommodation
d) Equilibration

7. Which statement would you trust most:

a) If you are not sick, you are healthy.
b) If you want to be healthy, keep away form other people.
c) If you are physically strong, you are healthy.
d) None of the above statement is valid.

8. Children value trust, caring, and loyalty to others as the basis of moral judgment. This is at:
a) Pre-conventional level
b) Conventional level
c) Post-conventional level
d) Intermediate level

9. In judging an action, moral autonomist believe that, one should consider:

a) The consequences
b) The actors intentions
c) The actors intentions as well as the consequences
d) The nature of consequences.

10. The theory of person-situation interaction predicts that one will adapt best when he/she is asked to carry tasks
independently. He/she is an:
a) Introvert
b) Extravert
c) Both A and B
d) None of the above

11. The term Telescoping Graded is referred to those children:

a) Who are admitted to levels as per their mental age rather than chronological age.
b) Who skip classes (double promotion).
c) Who cover the same material as is offered in the regular curriculum but is a shorter period.
d) Who take extra readings, assignments, and participate in other activities.

12. If you were the head of a school, which statement would you trust most?
a) These boys have failed repeatedly in the last three examinations in spite of my efforts. They are weak in
mathematics.
b) The standard of education in my class has deteriorated because the class is crowded.
c) This girl dont mix with anybody because, she is studying hard. I want to see more students like her.
d) Children need models more than they need critics.

1. Children who believe there are permanent and unchangeable reasons why bad things happen to them are

Page 18 of 32
A. more likely to experience stress quite often
B. less likely to be stressed
C. better able to cope with stress
D. very religious

2. The orderly sequence of changes dictated by our genetic blue print is referred to as
A. continuity
B. development
C. biological processes
D. maturation

3. Piaget stressed that

A. we are faced with developmental challenges throughout life
B. children actively construct their cognitive worlds
C. environment plays the dominant role in shaping children
D. behaviour is strongly influenced by heredity

4. Which of the following research measures come with the risk of a social desirability response set?
A. Observations in lab settings
B. Interviews and questionnaires
C. Case studies
D. Standardized tests

5. Correlational studies provide us information about

A. relationships between variables studied
B. causes but not the effects
C. effects but not the causes
D. causes and effects

6. If one were to study the change and stability of the behaviour of a certain group of children over 10 years in a
variety of settings, the choice of study approach would be
A. experimental
B. cross-sectional
C. longitudinal
D. cross-cultural
7. Studies on human development should be based on observations of overt behaviours rather than on speculations
about unconscious motives or cognitive processes that are unobservable. This statement reflects
A. Psychoanalytic viewpoint
B. Behaviorist viewpoint
C. Cognitive viewpoint
D. Ecological systems viewpoint

8. The probability of structural defects due teratogens are greatest during the
A. embryonic period
B. fetal period
C. germinal period
D. conception

9. According to Piaget, you can start using abstract terms only with children who are at the
A. Sensorimotor stage
B. Pre-operational stage
C. Concrete operational stage
D. Formal operational stage

10. A childs ability to see before s/he can walk is an example of

A. cephalocaudal pattern
B. proximodistal pattern
C. both of the above
D. none of the above

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11. Generally, by the age of two, a childs height will be roughly
A. A third of his/her adult size
B. Half of his/her adult height
C. Three times taller than height at birth
D. Two feet

12. Being able to play guitar well is an example of possessing good

A. Fine motor skills
B. Gross motor skills
C. Reflexes
D. Locomotor skills

13. Children experiencing stress or no affection may lead to growth retardation known as
A. marasmus
B. SIDS
C. Anoxia
D. Deprivation dwarfism

14. The part of brain that plays an important role in motor development and control is called
A. cerebrum
B. cerebellum
C. temporal lobe
D. parietal lobe

15. At birth the brain is only 25% it adult size. Its increase in size during the following years is mainly due to
A. increase in number of nerve endings in the brain
B. myelination
C. cell production
D. cell migration

16. Modern developmentalists like Esther Thelen believe that rhythmic motor behaviours are
A. signs of developmental delay and impoverished environment
B. performed as they seem to have an interesting effect on the environment
C. an important transition between uncoordinated activity and complex coordinated motor behaviour
D. attempts to establish relations with an aloof mother.

17. Which one of the following statements is NOT likely to be true of depressed children?
A. They have home conditions conducive to depression.
B. They lack social skills to obtain reinforcement.
C. They attribute failures to internal factors.
D. They are highly achievement oriented.

18. The ability to relate and integrate information from two or more senses is called
A. perception
B. depth perception
C. sensation
D. intermodal perception

19. Wangchuk incurred a severe head injury in motor accident. Since then he has been babbling meaningless words.
This suggests that there may have been some damage to the
A. Wernickes area
B. Brocas area
C. midbrain
D. parietal lobe

20. At which stage are children able to reason logically when faced with specific or concrete problems?
A. Birth 2 years
B. 2-7 years
C. 7-11 years
D. 11-15 years

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21. According to Piaget, you can start using abstract terms only with children who are at the
A. Sensorimotor stage
B. Pre-operational stage
C. Concrete operational stage
D. Formal operational stage

22. Childrens language acquisition may be best explained as a result of

A. ones biological pre-wiring for language
B. socio-cultural structuring and support
C. interaction between LAD and LASS
D. Imitation and systematic reinforcement

23. When confronted with a student that is unable to cope with his or her classroom environment and is continually
stressed, the teacher should:
A. attempt to ignore and avoid the stressed student until the student learns to behave well.
B. attempt to teach the student pro-social behaviors and work with other teachers for the students benefit.
C. maintain silence concerning the student to assure the students privacy.
D. teach students to avoid stress as it is purely a negative emotion.

24. When a child is unable to see and manipulate objects based on several different characteristics the child is
exhibiting:
A. centration
B. conservation
C. object permanence
D. seriation

25. The stable, consistent ways in which people are different from one another can best be described as:
A. creativity differences.
B. individual differences.
C. intelligence differences.
D. personality differences.

26. Mr. Thinlay is engaging his class in a discussion of moral issues to help his students elucidate their thoughts and
moral standings. He is implementing:
A. character education
B. justice perspectives
C. the hidden curriculum.
D. values clarification

27. According to Howard Gardner, a student that is socially adept and capable of interacting with other students
effectively is high in which type of intelligence?
A. Bodily-Kinesthetic
B. Interpersonal
C. Intrapersonal
D. Naturalistic

28. Infancy is a period of development between ages

A. conception - birth
B. birth 24 months
C. 24 months 6 years
D. 6 12 years

29. A childs first words are usually spoken at:

A. 6-12 months.
B. 12-18 months.
C. 18-24 months.
D. 3 years.

30. Little Pelbar has learnt to say papa. So, he calls every man he sees papa. This is an example of
A. underextention
B. overextension
C. holophrase hypothesis

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D. telegraphic speech
31. An important aspect of Bronfenbrenners theory, as applied to teaching, is to:
A. anticipate students progression through his eight stages of human development.
B. emphasize the context-free nature of human thought.
C. take into account the changing nature of society and societys influence on the student.
D. validate each students independence from his or her environment and family.

32. An individuals overall assessment of his or her worth, value, or image is his or her:
A. self-concept
B. justice perspective
C. positive affectivity
D. self-esteem

33. Language acquisition device (LAD) is a theoretical construct which emphasize

A. innate grammatical ability
B. environmental influences on language learning.
C. Imitation in language learning
D. Use of reinforcement in language learning.

34. Piaget terms the internalized set of actions that allow children to do mentally what they had done before physically
A. sensorimotor
B. operations
C. schemes
D. cognitive structures

35. The development of children of late 1990s in Afghanistan and Iraq may have been adversely affected by wars. In
bronfenbrenners theory, this is an example of the influence of
A. microsystem
B. macrosystem
C. exosystem
D. chronosystem

36. If you have a student with low self-esteem, it would be beneficial to:
A. engage the student in several social situations to raise his or her social status.
B. identify areas of low self-esteem to improve those areas, and high self-esteem to demonstrate achievement.
C. give the student lots of freedom to explore his or her world.
D. provide substantial challenges for the student to motivate the student to act.

37. According to Kohlberg, a child that believes that what is right is lawful and that what is wrong in unlawful, is at
what stage of moral development?
A. Community Rights versus Individual Rights.
B. Interpersonal Norms
C. Punishment and Obedience Orientation
D. Social System Morality

38. Tashi has a very low self-esteem and an external locus of control. He is not only obedient to teachers and elders
but also comforming to his peers. If this is to be attributed to the parenting/ disciline style that he has been exposed to, his
caretakers may have been
A. authoritative
B. authoritarian
C. indulgent
D. uninvolved
39. Pema is usually tense, anxious, self-pitying and touchy. On a big five personality scale he might be high on
A. conscientiousness
B. extraversion
C. agreeableness
D. neuroticism

40. Developmentalists today agree that human attributes are an outcome of

A. mainly biological predispositions
B. largely environmental forces
C. fifty-fifty of (A) and (B)

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D. an interplay of (A) and (B).

41. From the Interactionists point of view language learning is

A. a maturational process
B. determined by an innate grammatical ability that underlies all human languages
C. a result of imitation and reinforcement.
D. process involving both the natural propensity to learn and the social involvement.

42 According to Howard Gardner, a student that is socially adept and capable of interacting with other students
effectively is high in which type of intelligence?
A. Bodily-Kinesthetic
B. Interpersonal
C. Intrapersonal
D. Naturalistic

43 Behaviourists argue that childrens moral behaviour is determined by

A reinforcement and imitation.
B ones moral competence.
C ones motivation and incentives used.
D the help provided to reason when faced with moral situations.

44 Freud believed that human behaviour reflects

A habits and observational learning
B unconscious motives that have been repressed
C reinforcement patterns of caregivers
D an inherited biological programming

45 The idea of hidden curriculum suggests that

A. Schools ought to include moral education as a part of the curriculum.
B. Everything that happens in school is value-laden.
C. Direct moral education should be preferred to values clarification approach.
D. Parents play a more important role in moral education than do schools.

46 The study of changes in movement over lifespan is called

A. Motor control
B. Motor learning
C. Motor development
D. Physical development

47. 48. Mr. Dorji believes that a loving environment free of all controls provides the best conditions to raise a child.
His parenting style is most likely:
A. authoritarian.
B. authoritative.
C. indulgent.
D. neglectful.

48. Dechen is very attractive and hence attracts a lot of attention from other people. This is an example of which of the
following genotype/environmental correlations?
A. Passive
B. Evocative
C. Active
D. Reactive

49. Which of the following environmental systems in Bronfenbrenners theory refers to a societys values and
customs.
A. Chronosystem
B. Mesosystem
C. Microsystem
D. Macrosystem

Page 23 of 32
50. Carol Gilligan criticized Kohlbergs theory for
A. its cultural bias
B. not considering the justice perspective
C. ignoring the care perspective
D. too much emphasis on moral thought and too little on moral behaviour.

51. The contextual model of worldview views human development as

A. a collection of parts, passive, and continuously changing
B. development of whole beings, active, and evolving through different stages
C. a product of dynamic interplay between person and environment
D. taking place in a context of comfort as well as challenges

52. Which of the following terms refer to the idea that ones understanding of self is a reflection of how other people
react to one:
A. self-esteem
B. self-image
C. looking-glass self
D. ideal self

53. Humans are passive entities whose developmental paths are determined by environmental forces. This worldview
of human development is called
A. organismic model
B. mechanistic model
C. contextual model
D. ecological model

54. According to Erikson, at what stage are we faced with the developmental task of industry vs. inferiority.
A. early adulthood
B. late childhood
C. infancy
D. adolescence
55. In the first year, children realize that they can make things happen leading to the realization that they exist
separately. The term used to describe this is
A. personal fable
B. personal agency
C. objective self
D. subjective self

56. Which of the following terms stand for John Lockes idea that children are neither inherently good nor bad, but
how they will turn out with depend on how they are raised:
A. Original sin
B. Innate purity
C. Tabula rasa
D. Reciprocal determinism

57. Friendship can be a developmental advantage for children if it is

A. with someone several years older
B. with peers who are socially skilled
C. coercive and conflict-ridden
D. with someone much younger

58. Tempa believes that people who steal must be punished even if was to save someones life as it is the law.
According to Kohlbergs stages, he is reasoning at
A. pre-conventional reasoning level
B. post-conventional reasoning level
C. conventional reasoning level
D. unconventional reasoning level

59. Justice and rules are conceived as unchangeable properties of the world removed from peoples control. Piaget
calls this stage of morality
A. autonomous morality
B. pre-conventional morality

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C. immanent justice
D. heteronomous morality

60. A student that has an intelligence quotient (IQ) of 100 is:

A. below average.
B. average.
C. slightly above average.
D. exceptional

61. The ability to understand oneself and effectively direct ones life represents
A. interpersonal skills
B. naturalistic skills
C. intrapersonal skills
D. bodily-kinesthetic skills

62. Children begin to utter two-word phrases at 18-24 months of age. Linguists refer to this kind of speech as
A. holophrase
B. telegraphic
C. motherese
D. underextension

63. Mothers experiencing too much fear and anxiety during pregnancy may affect the unborn child because
A. it may restrict blood flow to the uterus
B. the fetus also experiences fear and anxiety
C. both of the above
D. none of the above

64. According to Piaget, object permanence or the understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when
they cannot be seen, heard or touched is characteristic of which stage of development?
A. sensorimotor thought
B. preoperational thought
C. concrete operational thought
D. formal operational thought

65. Socializing with peers is important for childrens development because it

A. provides opportunities for equal status contacts
B. provides opportunities for social comparison
C. they serve as social models for each other
D. all of the above

66. Teacher expectancy effect refers to the notion that

A. a teachers high expectations can discourage students
B. teachers should not expect much from students while doing their best to help
C. if a teacher lowers his/her expectations, students will perform up to their expectations
D. high teacher expectations will lead to better achievement while low-expectation students will not gain much.

67. IQ tends to decrease with birth order. This may be because

A. First borns inherit the best genes
B. First borns usually receive more attention and resources
C. Both of the above
D. None of the above

68. Which of the following maternal characteristics affect the babys prenatal development?
A. age
B. emotional state
C. both of the above
D. none of the above

69. Which of the following statements is not true?

A. Smoking by mothers during pregnancy causes poor language and cognitive development in the child.
B. Heavy drinking during pregnancy can lead to the child suffering from fetal alcohol syndrome.
C. Use of marijuana by pregnant mothers is associated with poor verbal and memory development.

Page 25 of 32
D. Radiation from x-rays can affect the fetus adversely.

70. Which of the following represent a part of the hidden cuuriculum?

A. Direct moral instruction
B. Teachers moral orientation
C. Syllabus
D. Values clarification activity

71. Respectful engagement by teachers in their social interaction can produce enduring moral messages as they serve
as a(n)
A. indirect form of reinforcement
B. good model
C. representation of the real world
D. object for comparison

72. Social Learning theory argues that moral behaviour is learnt through a process of
A. reinforcement, reasoning, and punishment
B. discussion, reinforcement and punishment
C. peer interaction, imitation, and reinforcement
D. imitation, reinforcement, and punishment

73. Growth of some children are stunted because they experience too much stress instead of love and affection. This is
because
A. love and affection regulates the flow of important growth nutrients
B. stress alters the release of growth hormones
C. stress alters the food habits
D. the body absorbs essential growth nutrients only in presence of affection

74. Cheating in schools may be avoided by

A. increasing the pressure to perform and using punishment
B. decreasing the pressure to perform and careful supervision
C. increasing the pressure to perform and use of rewards
D. increasing the pressure to perform and careful supervision

75. In order to make teaching more effective and match up to your students styles it may be good to
A. determine their styles and use the methods suited to the majoritys style
B. determine their styles and form groups of those with similar styles and teach them accordingly
C. vary your methods frequently to cater to differing styles.
D. determine their styles and put students with similar styles in the same class/ section

76. Tashi likes to work alone and do his assignments one at a time. His style according to Sternbergs system of
mental self-government can be labelled as
A. monarchic/ internal
B. executive/monarchic
C. monarchic/ conservative
D. Oligarchic/internal

77. Human intelligence is determined

A. mostly by ones hereditary
B. mostly by ones environment
C. fifty-fifty by heredity and environment
D. by a complex interplay between heredity and environment

78. There has been instances where children remained isolated from any social interaction for over nine years
(remember Genie and Victor?). Despite all the expert help provided to teach them language, they could not achieve normal
proficiency level. This is said to be because
A. of social isolation
B. they were not exposed to language at a critical stage of development
C. both of the above
D. none of the above

Page 26 of 32
79. Pema likes to approach problems analytically, uses logical reasoning, and enjoys spending time debating and
discussing with others. If we used the MBTI , her style may be described as
A. extraversion, perceiving
B. introversion, thinking
C. intuiting, judging
D. extraversion, thinking

80. The distinctive thoughts, emotions and behaviours that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world can
be termed ones
A. self-concept
B. temperament
C. style
D. personality

81. Freud believed that humans are essentially

A. cognitive beings
B. driven by instincts
C. inventive explorers
D. reward seekers

82. Banduras notion that human development reflects an interaction between cognitive factors, behaviour and
environment is termed as
A. observational learning
B. modelling
C. constructivism
D. reciprocal determinism

83. Environment children seek out will be those most compatible with their genetic predispositions. Which of the
genotype/environment correlations does this refer to?
A. Passive
B. Evocative
C. Active
D. Normative

84. Ethologists believe that there is a sensitive period for the development of social and emotional responsiveness in
humans, which falls in the
A. first five years of life
B. first six months of life
C. first three years of life
D. first three months of life

85. According Piagets theory of cognitive development, which of the following tasks is likely to be difficult for an
average 7 11 year-old?
A. Classifying things into sets and subsets
B. Putting a set of wooden blocks together into a specified shape
C. Solving a word problem
D. Performing a conservation task with weight

86. Children sense of subjective self (I) emerges at around the same time as their understanding of Piagets concept
of object permanence. This is roughly when they are
A. six months old
B. one year old
C. two years old
D. four years old

87. When faced with a strange and threatening situation, some people are calm while others panic. This individual
tendency of responding is termed
A. reactivity

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B. personality
C. behavioural style
D. temperament

88. Self-esteem in children seem to develop at around the age of

A. 2-4 years
B. 5 years
C. 7-8 years
D. 10-12 years

89. If a parents support is contingent on some area only, a child may experience
A. high self-esteem
B. lowered self-esteem
C. poor self awareness
D. improved self-recognition

90. Gender constancy refers to

A. labelling self and others correctly
B. knowing people stay the same gender throughout life
C. the fact that people dont change gender by changing appearances
D. gender may be changed

91. Children generally acquire gender identity by

A. 2-3 years of age
B. about 4 years
C. about 5 or 6 years
D. adolescence

92. Which of the Piagets stages of development is characteristic of hypothetical-deductive reasoning ability?
A. Formal operational
B. Concrete operational
C. Pre-operational
D. Sensorimotor

93. According to the Big Five factor theory, conscientious people are
A. sociable, fun-loving
B. imaginative, independent
C. calm, self-satisfied
D. organized, disciplined

94. The search for an identity is important during adolescence as

A. it is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood
B. their old image of self is not sufficient given the rapid bodily changes
C. they need to prepare for the numerous life roles
D. all of the above

95. Sonam, 15, has just learnt how to ride a motorcycle, and discovered that the faster he drives, the more exciting it
gets. Despite his parents warnings of an accident, he believes that it is not going to happen to him. This is a characteristic of
adolescence that is termed
A. imaginary audience
B. personal fable
C. hypothetical reasoning
D. illogical reasoning

96. Which of the following is a statement that is in agreement with Vygotskys theory of development?
A. Culture and social interaction influences ones intellectual development.
B. Genetic inheritance is more important than culture for ones cognitive development.
C. Cognitive development processes are universal and basically the same in all cultures.
D. Children construct their own knowledge and society can only stimulate or stifle it.

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97. Which of the following statements about depression is FALSE?
A. Depressed people often experience sleep and eating problems
B. Depressed people engage in pessimistic thoughts
C. Depressed parents provide models for depressed behaviour
D. Feelings of unrealistic happiness is not related to depression

98. In Vygotskys theory, the range of task that are too complex to be mastered alone but can be accomplished with
guidance from a skilful partner is called
A. collaborative(guided) learning tasks
B. socially mediated activities
C. scaffolding range
D. zone of proximal development

99. The pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through the lifespan is called
A. maturation
B. development
C. biological and socio-economic processes
D. experience

100. In personality research, emotional stability, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness are
considered the:
A. "big five" factors.
B. essential factors.
C. factors of probability.
D. matrix of meaning.

Just write the word or phrase. No explanation needed: (4 X 7 = 28)

1. Development of a child takes place because of two basic processes. They are:

2. The terms growth and development are often used interchangeably, but there is some
distinction between the two in their nature of development.

a) Growth is

b) Development is

3. Motor growth cannot be separated from the physical growth and as such it follows the same
principles. Two of these principles are:

4. To make sure that the child has emerged from pre-speech forms of behavior, the child must do
or know at least two things:

5. According to Piaget, children think in two distinct ways about morality. They are:

6. Some experts believe, the Big Five factors of personality do not capture all of personality.
They suggest it should also include factors such as:

7. Two educational approaches for High Achievers that we discussed in the class are:

Section B
No explanation needed

1. Name 3 aspects of any language)

2. Name any 3 functions of emotions:

3. Name any 3 factors affecting physical and motor development:

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Easy type questions
1. To make sense of our world we not only organize our observations and experiences, we also adopt our thinking to
include new ideas. According to Piaget, we adapt in two ways. What are those ways and how do they take place?(5 + 5 +
10)

2. Emotional health is more a matter of being caught rather than taught. A teacher cant teach his or her students to be
emotionally healthy. Then what is it that teachers should do? Explain two things that a teacher must do or possess. (5 + 5 =
10)

3. It is a general feeling that teachers can make a difference in how students feel about their abilities in particular subjects.
Given this responsibility, suggest two most important things that a teacher must do? (5 + 5 = 10)

4. Differences show up in every aspect of human development therefore, no two learners are exactly the same. They
are basically categorized as High Achievers and Low Achievers. Describe the nature of each category and one educational
Approach for each. (5 + 5 = 10)

Directions: Answer only FOUR Questions.

Question I. (6+6+8=20)

a) Briefly explain the three domains of development in your own words.

b) Discuss any two developmental issues that have made the study of child development a very controversial issue.
c) Yangzom has just celebrated her 11 birthday. With the celebration of her 11 birthday, she has also entered into a
very important stage in her life. As a parent or a teacher, what are some of the advice that you would give
Yangzom particularly in handling herself with the physical changes in her life at this developmental stage?

Question II. (4+4+12=20)

a) Describe the stages of pre-natal development with the developmental milestones at each of the stages.
b) Discuss any FOUR environmental factors that can be damaging to the development of the fetus during pregnancy.
c) Discuss the different stages of birth and the physical and psychological adjustments that the mother has to make
after birth.
Question III. 4+6+10=20

a) The social development of a child is strongly influenced by the family, peers and media. Discuss some of the social
influences that you have seen in our Bhutanese children due to media exposure over the last few years.
b) Pay-den is an intelligent but very impulsive learner. Your objective as her teacher is to help Pay-den tap her
intelligence and the potential to be a reflective and an effective learner. Describe any THREE remedial strategies
that you would use in helping Pay-den become more reflective in her learning by exploring her innate capacities.
c) Explain the Big 5 personality factors that describe a persons personality and analyze which of the five
personality factors best describes your own personality. Support your answers with appropriate reasons.

Question IV. (5+5+10=20)

a) How is Self-Esteem different from Self-Concept? Illustrate your answer with an example each with particular
reference to Early Childhood.
b) Three areas of determining Self-Esteem are Academic, Social and Physical. Briefly elaborate each of these areas.
c) As teachers you are likely to have some students with low Self-Esteem in your class. Discuss strategies which
would help improve their self-esteem.

Question V. (10+5+5=20)

a) Identity Development of an individual is as important as any other aspects of developmental. Name the four
Identity statuses and compare and contrast them.
b) In which identity status do you think you fall? Why?
c) Briefly discuss factors affecting the Identity Development of a child.

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Question VI. (5+10+5=20)

a) Define Individual Difference. What are the four main areas that one individual may stand out as different from
another individual?
b) Howard Gardner has proposed eight types of intelligence. Choose any two of them and discuss teaching strategies
that you as teachers could use to develop those types of intelligence.
c) Developmental psychologists classify the temperament of a child into three basic clusters. Suggest some teaching
strategies how to deal with slow-to-warm-up-child.

Question VII. 10+5+5 = 20

a) Lawrence Kohlberg has proposed six stages of moral development. Make a critical self-assessment of yourself and
relate to which of Kohlbergs stages you are in. Justify your answer with examples.
b) What are the main factors that affect moral development of a child? Briefly discuss two of the factors.
c) Think of an incident when something or somebody affected you in becoming good or bad. Link that incident to
Kohlbergs theory on moral development.

Question 1
(4+8+8=20)
(a) State any two principles of learning.
(b) Give two examples and two non-examples of learning and support how they are examples and non-examples of
learning.
(c) Discuss any four factors of learning and explain the measures you would take in teaching children to ensure
quality teaching.

Question 2
Answer any four of the following questions.
(a) Explain the four processes that govern Observational Learning.
(b) Discuss how you intend to apply the principles of observational learning theory in your classroom teaching.
(c) State any two differences between Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning Theory of learning.
(d) Suggest any two ways of how you would use the knowledge of Operant conditioning in your classroom teaching.
(e) Differentiate Insightful learning from Trial and Error learning by focusing on any two key characteristics.
(4+8+8=20)
Question 3

(a) Define memory in your own words

(b) Briefly describe the four stages of memory in its sequential order
(c) Recommend any four strategies that teachers can adopt in helping children store information more effectively for a
longer period
(4+4+12=20)
Question 4

(a) Define "attention" and explain its importance in the learning process.
(b) Attention is "selective" and constantly shifting". Elaborate on this statement.
(c) Discuss any two internal and external factors that determine the quality of attention in teaching learning process.
(2+6+12=20)
Question 5

(a) Explain the concept of reinforcement.

(b) Distinguish negative reinforcement from punishment by giving example from the classroom.
(c) Teacher should use more reward than punishment in classroom teaching. Argue for or against this statement with
appropriate example
(4+4+12=20)
Question 6.

(a) Differentiate specific transfer from general transfer with appropriate examples for each
(b) Suggest any four strategies that you would use in assisting the children in the transfer of learning
(c) State Three functions of problem-Solving and discuss what you would do to enhance problem solving skills in
children while teaching primary school children
(6+8+6=20)

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Instruction: Answer all the questions.
1. Define infancy and adolescence. Include the age range and the basic characteristics in your definition. (4 marks)

2. What is your view on the debate of whether nature or nurture has the most influence on our development?
Illustrate your position with at least two examples. (6 marks)

3. Compare and contrast the cognitive and behavioural theories of development. (4 marks)

4. What is the basic difference between an experimental research strategy and a correlational strategy? (4 marks)

5. Compare cross-sectional and longitudinal research approaches. What are their advantages and disadvantages? (8
marks)

6. At what stage of prenatal development is the danger of teratogens gravest, and why? (4 marks)

7. Give at least two possible causes of stunted growth in children? (4 marks)

8. What are reflexes? What purposes do they serve? Give an example. (6 marks)

9. What are gross motor skills and fine motor skills? Give an example of each. (8 marks)

10. Explain what Piaget meant by functional invariants? (4 marks)

11. Explain three characteristics of formal operational thought stage according to Piagets theory of cognitive
development. (6 marks)

12. Write down two ideas from Vygotskys theory of cognitive development that you can use in your classroom. (4
marks)

13. Explain what Chomsky means by language acquisition device (LAD). Would you agree that this theory accounts
for childrens language acquisition? Give reasons. (6 marks)

14. How can we tell if our students may be suffering from depression? (8 marks)

15. Briefly explain the four different parenting styles and their possible effects on children. (8 marks)

16. Write down three ways of applying Bronfenbrenners ecological systems theory in our work as school personnel?
(6 marks)

17. Explain at least three ways of reducing aggression in schools. (6 marks)

18. Why is a high self-esteem important and as teachers how can we contribute to our students development of self-
esteem? (4 marks)

Sangay Jamtsho

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