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Figure 4.23 Type B1A Layout Plan – 20 Trees 3 Storey Terraced Houses
Source : 20Trees Brochure
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Spatial Organisation
On the ground floor, this 31’ x 91’ (9.3 x 27.8m) plot has a front garden and
car porch. The living and dining area is separated by an internal courtyard.
The dining area is linked to a dry kitchen which opens out to a back yard.
There is a separate wet kitchen which is connected to a utility area. There is
a maid’s room with an en-suite bathroom and also a powder room. The first
floor has a master bedroom with a walk-in wardrobe, en-suite bathroom and
balcony that looks into the courtyard. There is also another bedroom with an
en-suite bathroom which may function as a study or home office. The second
floor has a family area and outdoor terrace which looks into the courtyard, as
well as two bedrooms with an en-suite bathroom each.
Thermal Comfort
The standard construction methods and materials do not provide the end-
user with a suitable level of thermal comfort in this equatorial climate. The
courtyard in this house has a role in facilitating cross ventilation. This alone
however does not provide sufficient levels of thermal comfort for the interiors.
With the label of luxury residences, the air-conditioned interiors are
considered the norm in this development as the developer does provide air
conditioning units in the living area and master bedroom. Additional electrical
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Energy Consumption
The courtyard in the center of this house provides a significant amount of
natural light into the interiors. This reduces the dependency on artificial
lighting during the day. The use of air-conditioners cannot be avoided in this
case, therefore energy consumption levels will not be at an ideal bare
minimum.
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Greenery
The honeycomb housing layout developed by architect Mazlin Ghazali,
allows for the land to be used more efficiently; incorporating more greenery
while having a larger number of houses on a plot as opposed to the
traditional set up of the terraced houses in rows.110 The central green
courtyards in each cul-de-sac, filled with large trees will reduce the
surrounding temperature with the shade provided by the tree’s canopies.
110
Davis, MP, Ghazali, M & Nordin, NA 2006, Thermal Comfort Honeycomb Housing, Universiti Putra Malaysia,
Kuala Lumpur, pp.123.
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Spatial Organisation
Quadruplex
On the ground floor, this 1600 square feet (149 square meters) plot has a
side garden, car porch, an open concept living and dining area, a room
allocated as a study with an en-suite bathroom and a kitchen which opens up
to the side garden. The study is most likely to end up being used as a store
room or utility area which may have to accommodate a live-in domestic
helper. The first floor has a family area, master bedroom with an en-suite
bathroom, two other bedrooms and a bathroom. The external area of this plot
on the ground floor is far more utilitarian when compared to Case Study 1, 2
and 3.
Sextuplex
The sextuplex layout differs slightly to the quadruplex layout. On the ground
floor, this 1900 square feet (178 square meters) plot has a front and side
garden, car porch, and an open concept living and dining area. The kitchen is
divided in to a dry kitchen and wet kitchen. The ground floor also
accommodates a utility room, a guest room and a bathroom. In this instance
the utility room or guest room will be most likely to accommodate the live-in
domestic helper. The first floor has a family area, a master bedroom with an
en-suite bathroom and balcony, and two other bedrooms with an en-suite
bathroom each.
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Thermal Comfort
The use of the ‘Cool Roof’ technology which consists of a heavily insulated
roof, and a concrete ceiling in the attic as illustrated by Figure 4.35, will
enable the range of Affordable ‘Idaman’ Homes to have sufficient levels of
thermal comfort using just ceiling fans.111 The use of air conditioning will not
be a necessity.
Figure 4.34 Thermal comfort levels achieved with an insulated roof and
mechanical ventilation.
Source : Davis, MP, Ghazali, M & Nordin, NA 2006, Thermal Comfort Honeycomb Housing,
Universiti Putra Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, pp.121.
Energy Consumption
Compared to Case Studies 1, 2 and 3, the Quadruplex and Sextuplex houses
have a larger surface area which allows openings, thus allowing for higher
levels of natural light to be utilised in the interior spaces. This will reduce the
end-user’s dependency on artificial lighting. The levels of thermal comfort
111
Ghazali, M, Nong chik Update, retrieved 13 September 2008, <http://nongchiknews.blogspot.com/>
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achieved with this housing concept also reduces the possible usage of air-
conditioners.
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Greenery
No analysis is available in regards to greenery as this is a housing concept
that has not been implemented in the form of a residential development. The
use of stilts allows for developers to use the natural terrain and refrain from
the use of the standard cut and fill process of slopes and hillsides.
Spatial Organisation
The raised floor allows for a yard beneath the house. This yard can be used
as a car park, a play area for children or to entertain guests. Prefabricated 8’
x 4’ ( 2.4 x 1.2m) modular timber panels with louvres are used to form the
walls and floors. A different building material maybe used to substitute the
timber panels depending on the end-user’s preferences. The prototype model
resembles a standard terraced house plot area averaging 1600 square feet
(149 square meters).
Figure 4.36 UKM lecturer and researcher Mazlan Tahir with a scaled model of
the terraced house prototype
Thermal Comfort
The use of louvered panels and the raised floor level in this prototype
enhances the air flow through the house. The research team behind the
prototype state that houses built 1.5m above ground level capture winds of
higher velocity, and the height prevents heat from the ground being released
directly into the house. This prototype results in airier and cooler interiors.
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Source: UKM Architectural Research Group, Taking Cues From the Past: Increasing the
Livability of Terrace Housing in Malaysia through the Raised Floor Innovation, retrieved 8
July 2008,<http://www.fab.utm.my/download/ConferenceSemiar/ICCI2006S5PP13.pdf>
Energy Consumption
In addition to the front and back facades, natural light can fill the interiors via
the louvered panels on the raised floor. As this housing prototype is
presented in a conceptual manner, the actual dependency on artificial light is
not known. The well ventilated interiors could potentially eliminate the need
for air conditioning.
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5 DISCUSSION
Discussion
5.1 Introduction
112
Ahmad, SS 2008, ‘Kuala Lumpur: A Hot Humid Climate’, in R Hyde (ed), Bioclimatic Housing – Innovative
designs for warm climates, Sterling, London, pp.272.
113
Ibid, p.272-275.
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Discussion
Malaysia’s hot and humid climate causes thermal comfort to be the key
challenge in creating a house that does not have to depend on active cooling
systems such as air conditioning. In his paper on housing and thermal
comfort, Mohd.Tajuddin Mohd.Rasdi states that before discussing problems
and solutions, the first issue to deal with would be to come to a conclusion on
whether the population in general, especially architects, developers, building
authorities and home owners acknowledge the thermal comfort levels of their
surroundings as a problem114. Rasdi proposes for planning submissions from
developers to be accompanied by an air flow report in order to be approved.
The following sections of this chapter add to the body of knowledge relating
to the incorporation of environmentally sustainable design elements into
Malaysia’s terraced housing developments.
The case studies analysed in the previous chapter provide a glimpse of the
current terraced housing made available to Malaysia’s general population.
Figure 5.1 illustrates the data analysis approach used for the case studies,
which focus on how terraced housing developments affect environmental
sustainability.
114
Rasdi, MTM, Housing and Thermal Comfort : Of Human Ovens and Complacent Attitudes, retrieved 24 April
2008, <http://www.kalam.utm.my>
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Discussion
5.2.1 Greenery
The case studies under Category 1 (Typical Terraced Housing), with the
exception of Case Study 2 are greenfield developments. Representing typical
terraced housing developments, it is clear that the natural environment does
not obtain any benefits. The case study under Category 2 (Connecting with
the Environment) differs to those in Category 1 because an effort is made by
the developer to restore some greenery to compensate for the natural
rainforest that was destroyed to allow for the development. With greenery
and the natural environment being a key element in marketing this
development of luxury residences, replenishing the greenery is inevitable.
Case Study 5 which falls under Category 3 (Alternative Options) prioritises
the allocation of greenery in the development, as the architect behind the
concept acknowledges that the shade provided by the trees reduces the
surrounding temperature. The levels of thermal comfort in the house interiors
would therefore be affected directly by the quantity and type of surrounding
external greenery.
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Discussion
The first factor is indirectly associated with the second and third factor, as
poor conditions (air pollution etc.) of the surrounding environment will affect
the physical health of the people in it. The ranking order indicates the
importance of the environment as perceived by the questionnaire
participants.
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Discussion
the former case studies, the external wall areas separating the interiors from
the natural environment are significantly increased, enabling the use of more
natural light and ventilation.
THEORETICAL MODEL
Honeycomb Housing Terraced Housing
Road 33% 47%
Sellable Land 58% 44%
Greenery 9% 9%
Number of units per acre 15% 15%
Average Lot Size (sq ft) 1658 1261
Source : Davis, MP, Ghazali, M & Nordin, NA 2006, Thermal Comfort Honeycomb Housing,
Universiti Putra Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, pp.121.
In the questionnaire, Question 7 had the participants rank factors that were
based on current housing estates. The ranking results in order of importance
are Efficient Space Utilisation, Construction Costs, Thermal Comfort and
Aesthetics. With Aesthetics perceived to be the least important factor, it
allows for a likely conclusion that the common occurrences of terraced house
renovations occur more to change the aesthetics of the house as opposed to
having more spatially efficient interiors. These aesthetic changes would
typically comprise the change of surface finishes. However, a separate study
would be required to validate the connection between what people say
versus what people do in this context.
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Discussion
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Discussion
of the corner lots, the houses in Category 1 have access to natural light via
the front and back facades. The roof level windows in Case Study 1 allow
natural light into the staircase area. The availability of natural light is under
utilised in the house designs, therefore increasing the dependency on
artificial lighting during the day.
The Category 2 case study successfully incorporates the courtyard into the
layout. Though this courtyard would enable cross ventilation to enhance
levels of thermal comfort in the interior spaces without the use of air
conditioning, the nature of the development does not encourage the
occupants of these houses to make use of the cross ventilation. However,
the natural light which fills the interior spaces via the courtyard will reduce the
dependency on artificial lighting throughout the day.
The results of Question 9 from the questionnaire indicate that the participants
deem it viable for environmentally sustainable principles to be adopted into
the design and construction phase of new homes, where it results in
minimising the energy consumption costs of the homes.
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Discussion
5.2.5 Conclusion
Based on the content of this section (5.2), the following points have been
extracted in the context of environmental sustainability in relation to
Malaysia’s terraced housing developments:
(i) Marketing strategies associate the plot size of the house with life
style levels. Typically, with factors such as location and community
infrastructure aside, the larger the internal built-up area of the
house is, the more luxurious it is. Though houses like the one
featured as Case Study 3, are built for the lower end of the market,
the compact nature of it is not necessarily a negative feature. The
smaller area not only allows for the housing estate density to
increase, but also reduces the energy consumption of the end-
user. In the Malaysian context, the association of spacious homes
with a luxurious lifestyle may have to evolve to address the issue of
environmental sustainability in relation to urban sprawl.
(ii) While the intention to optimise the use of natural light and
ventilation in a house is commendable, architects and developers
have to be cautious not to increase the levels of heat gain to the
interiors, when designing the house. In this context, site orientation
is a crucial factor.
(iii) The widespread use of air conditioning in homes will not stop.
However, the design of homes which are well insulated can reduce
the heat load placed on the air conditioning units. Increasing areas
of shade with tree planting around the houses will also contribute
to reducing the heat load. Case Study 5 has the reduction of the
heat load as a key element in the housing development.
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Discussion
energy resources such as solar panels and rainwater harvesters into the
housing industry.115 With the increasing awareness on the topic of
sustainable development, there is a small number of housing developments
which are attempting to take the environment into consideration.
115
Phoon, Z & Rajan, P 2007(15 September), ‘Push for affordable housing’, Property-New StraitsTimes, pp.9.
116
Teh, LK, Go Green for a Brighter Future, September 8th 2007, retrieved 13 October 2007,
<http://biz.thestar.com.my/bizweek/story.asp?file=/2007/9/8/bizweek/18794028&sec=bizweek>
117
Refer to Appendix 9 for related articles.
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Discussion
In April 2008, the Kuala Lumpur City Hall had issued a stop-work order and
fined the developer RM100,000 as the project did not comply with safety
standards and there was no proper drainage system. The developer built a
retaining wall and issued the following statement: : “SDB Properties Sdn Bhd
will continue to maintain the highest safety and environmental standards.” 118
In May 2008, SDB's managing director Teh Lip Kim expressed that the
protests by the residents from the adjacent neighbourhood was unfair as the
group had taken pains to ensure that it has gone through all the necessary
legal and regulatory processes.119 Attempting some form of justification by
pointing out their committment to spending RM34 million on infrastructure
work to strengthen the slope and increase safety, Teh added that “Despite
going by all the rules, residents are still protesting…..As a developer and an
investor in the country, when all this is called into question, it really puts the
investment sentiment of the country at risk." 120
In August 2008, flash floods caused the retaining wall to collapse, sending
streams of mud into the adjacent neighbourhood. The flash floods were most
likely caused due to the many other developments all over the city.
118
The Star Online, Builder: We are only rectifying flaws in Damansara 21 project, April 26 2008, retrieved 15
December 2008, <http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/4/26/central/21070020&sec=central>
119
Property NST, Damansara project hangs in balance, May 26 2008, retrieved 15 December 2008,
<http://properties.emedia.com.my/listnews.php?propNewsID=836&CatID=N00>
120
Ibid.
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Discussion
“Go to any launch of new housing projects, the most common queries from
the buyers are – What is the built-up area? How many bedrooms are there?
How much is it per square foot?.....Has life in Malaysia gotten so
impoverished that the public is only interested in the quantity rather than the
quality of life? What about the quality of spaces? Of spatial experiences? Of
121
Agence France-Presse, Malaysia bans hillside developments after landslide: report, December 7 2008, retrieved
15 December 2008, <http://news.my.msn.com/regional/article.aspx?cp-documentid=1826677>
Refer to Appendix 9 for related articles.
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Discussion
Looking back at the past when the general population occupied homes that
were built by individuals with the help of the community members to
accommodate the needs of the household, it is a shame that present day
home buyers have to adapt their households to generic layouts that may not
necessarily suit their spatial needs. This is partially due to the lack of
awareness and education in regards to the basic elements that form a house
that suits the Malaysian context. Early Malaysian vernacular homes were
designed and constructed by the occupants and communities based on how
they lived, but the ubiquitous terraced house of today has its design dictated
by marketing strategies employed by housing developers.
122
Ngiom & Tay, L 2000, 80 Years of Architecture in Malaysia, PAM (Malaysian Institute of Architects), Kuala
Lumpur, pp.61-62.
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Discussion
5.4.2 Developers
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Discussion
typology which works with its surrounding climate, the following should be
looked into123:
(i) Construction methods which do not involve site reclamation and clearing.
(ii) A manufacturing system of prefabricated components to replace the brick-
laying system.
(iii) New materials for the prefabricated components which match the
properties of timber, but are fire resistant.
123
Hassan, AS 2004, Issues in Sustainable Development of Architecture in Malaysia, Penerbit Universiti Sains
Malaysia, Penang, pp.117.
124
Williams, D 2007, Sustainable Design: ecology, architecture & planning, John Wiley & Sons, USA, pp.26-27.
121
Discussion
Question 11(a) seeked input from the participants in regards to the type of
support they felt the government should provide. A summary of the
responses in order of popularity are as follows:
(i) Providing financial incentives for home owners, home occupiers
and developers for the use of environmentally sustainable
elements. (e.g. subsidies, tax rebates).
(ii) Setting up and enforcing laws relating to the subject.
(iii) Promoting and providing information on the subject
The input from the participants concur with Hawken by placing the
responsibility of setting standards relating to environmental sustainability in
the hands of the government.
5.4.5 Summary
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6 CONCLUSION
Conclusion
6.1 Findings
Throughout the last few decades, housing developers in Malaysia have been
focusing on providing more homes to deal with the ever growing urban
population, and have failed to address environmental issues which run
parallel to these developments.
This thesis identifies the following factors as elements that contribute to the
current situation of Malaysia’s terraced housing:
(i) An awareness of the importance and significance of
environmentally sustainable housing is lacking amongst the
general public.
(ii) The government has not enforced mandatory regulations for the
construction of environmentally sustainable housing.
(iii) The construction industry professionals (architects, engineers etc.)
and developers continue to create non-environmentally sustainable
housing due to the lack of regulations and incentives by the
government to do so otherwise.
The factors listed above implicate that in order for Malaysia’s housing
developments for the general population to incorporate environmentally
sustainable elements:
(i) The general public needs to be educated and made aware of the
importance and significance of environmentally sustainable
housing. This will create a demand for such housing.
(ii) A set of regulations pertaining to environmentally sustainable
housing needs to be put together and enforced by the government.
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Conclusion
the same topic in regards to scope and methodology would generate different
outcomes.
This thesis indicates that there are possibilities for further research involving:
(i) The process of educating the Malaysian general public and
creating an awareness of the importance and significance of
environmentally sustainable housing.
(ii) Affordable environmentally sustainable design solutions for
Malaysia’s mass housing developments.
(iii) A comparative analysis of the terraced house typology in Malaysia
with those from other parts of the world.
(iv) A comparative analysis of the dominant forms of housing for the
general populations of countries in tropical climates around the
world.
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