Chapter 9: Statistical Inference: Hypothesis Testing for Single Populations 1

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS IN CHAPTER 9

9.1 a) Ho: = 30
Ha: 30
x = 28.5 n = 60 = 8.5 = .01
For two-tail, /2 = .005 zc = 2.575
x 28.5 30
z= = -1.37
8.5
n 60
The observed z = -1.37 > -zc = -2.575. Do not reject the null hypothesis.

b) From Table A.5, inside area between z = 0 and z = -1.37 which is the same as the
area between 0 and 1.37 is .4147
p-value = .5000 - .4147 = .0853
Since the p-value of .0853 is greater than /2 = .005, the decision is to:
Do not reject the null hypothesis

c) critical mean values:

xc
zc =

n
x c 30
2.575 =
8 .5
60
x c = 30 2.826
x c = 32.826 (upper value)
x c = 27.174 (lower value)
 Chapter 9: Statistical Inference: Hypothesis Testing for Single Populations 2

9.2 Ho: = 7.48

Ha: < 7.48

x = 6.91 n = 24 = 1.21 =.01

For one-tail, = .01 zc = -2.33

x 6.91 7.48
z = = -2.31
1.21
n 24

observed z = -2.31 > zc = -2.33

Fail to reject the null hypothesis

9.3 a) Ho: = 1,500

Ha: > 1,500
x = 1,515 n = 120 = 100 = .10

For one-tail, = .10 zc = 1.28

x 1,515 1,500
z = = 1.64
100
n 120
observed z = 1.64 > zc = 1.28. Reject the null hypothesis

b) Probability > observed z = 1.64 is .5000 - .4495 = .0505 (the p-value) which is
less than = .10. Reject the null hypothesis.

c) Critical mean value:

xc
zc =

n

x c 1,500
1.28 =
100
120
x c = 1,500 + 11.69 = 1511.69
Since the observed x = 1,515 is greater than the critical x c = 1511.69, the
decision is to reject the null hypothesis.
 Chapter 9: Statistical Inference: Hypothesis Testing for Single Populations 3

9.4 Ho: = 82
Ha: < 82

x = 78.125 n = 32 = 9.184 = .01

z.01 = -2.33

x 78.125 82
z= = -2.39
9.184
n 32

Since observed z = -2.39 < z.01 = -2.33

Reject the null hypothesis

Statistically, we can conclude that urban air soot is significantly lower. From a
business and community point-of-view, assuming that the sample result is
representative of how the air actually is now, is a reduction of suspended particles
from 82 to 78.125 really an important reduction in air pollution (is it substantive)?
Certainly it marks an important first step and perhaps a significant start. Whether
or not it would really make a difference in the quality of life for people in the city
of St. Louis remains to be seen. Most likely, politicians and city chamber of
commerce folks would jump on such results as indications of improvement in city
conditions.

9.5. H0: = $424.20

Ha: $424.20
x = $435.70 n = 60 = $33.00 = .05
2-tailed test, /2 = .025 z.025 = + 1.96
x 435.70 424.20
z = = 2.70
33.00
n 60
Since the observed z = 2.70 > z.025 = 1.96, the decision is to reject the
null hypothesis.

9.6 H0: = $62,600

Ha: < $62,600

x = $58,974 n = 18 = $7,810 = .01

1-tailed test, = .01 z.01 = -2.33

 Chapter 9: Statistical Inference: Hypothesis Testing for Single Populations 4

x 58,974 62,600
z = = -1.97
7,810
n 18

Since the observed z = -1.97 > z.01 = -2.33, the decision is to fail to reject the
null hypothesis.

9.7 H0: = 6
Ha: 6
x = 5.3611 n = 50 N = 650 = 0.2903 = .10
2-tailed test, /2 = .05 z.05 = + 1.645
x 5.3611 6
z = = -16.19
N n 0.2903 650 50
n N 1 50 650 1
Since the observed z = -16.19 < -z.05 = -1.645, the decision is to reject the
null hypothesis.

9.8 Ho: = 41
Ha: > 41

x = 43.4 n = 97 = 8.95 = .01

For one-tail, = .01, z.01 = 2.33

x 43 .4 41
z 2.64
8.95
n 97
Since the observed z = 2.64 > z.01 = 2.33, the decision is to
Reject the null hypothesis

The table value for z = 2.64 is .4959. The p-value is .5000 - .4959 = .0041. Since
this is less than = .01, the decision using the p-value is to reject the null
hypothesis.

Whether or not the result is substantive is somewhat dependent on the business

decision maker. However, a difference of 2.4 years from the value from just a
couple of years ago would seem to be considerable and therefore this may be a
substantive increase.
 Chapter 9: Statistical Inference: Hypothesis Testing for Single Populations 5

9.9 Ho: = $50

Ha: > $50
x = $52.00 n = 25 = $3.55 = .10
For one-tailed test, = .10, z.10 = 1.28

z x $52.00 $50 2.82

$3.55
n
25

Since the observed z = 2.82 > z.10 = 1.28, the decision is to reject the null
hypothesis.
The table value for z = 2.82 is .4976. The p-value is .5000 - .4976 = .0024. Since
this is less than = .10, the decision using the p-value is to reject the null
hypothesis.

In our decision to reject the hypothesized mean of $50, we are saying that we have
concluded that the mean is greater than $50. However, our sample mean is only
$2.00 more than $50. While this may be an indication of carpet cleaning inflation,
for many customers, an additional $2.00 may not be substantial nor cause them to
forgo the cleaning.

9.10 Ho: = 123

Ha: > 123

= .05 n = 40 40 people were sampled

x = 132.36 = 27.68

This is a one-tailed test. Since the p-value = .019, we reject the null hypothesis at
= .05.
The average water usage per person is greater than 123 gallons.

9.11 n = 20 x = 17.45 s = 3.6 df = 20 - 1 = 19 = .05

Ho: = 18
Ha: 18
For two-tail test, /2 = .025, critical t.025,19 = 2.093

x 17.45 18
t = = -0.68
s 3.60
n 20

Observed t = -0.68 > -t.025,19 = -2.093

The decision is to fail to reject the null hypothesis
 Chapter 9: Statistical Inference: Hypothesis Testing for Single Populations 6

9.12 n = 51 x = 58.42 s2 = 25.68 df = 51 - 1 = 50 = .01

Ho: = 60
Ha: < 60

For one-tail test, = .01 critical t.01,50 = -2.403

x 58.42 60
t = = -2.23
s 25.68
n 51

Observed t = -2.23 > t.01,50 = -2.403

The decision is to Fail to reject the null hypothesis

9.13 n = 10 x = 2,237.5 s = 109.36 df = 10 - 1 = 9 = .05

Ho: = 2,260
Ha: > 2,260
or one-tail test, = .05 critical t.05,9 = 1.833
x 2,237.5 2,260
t = = -0.65
s 109.36
n 10
Observed t = -0.65 < t.05,10 = 1.812
The decision is fail to reject the null hypothesis

9.14 n = 20 x = 8.37 s = .1895 df = 20-1 = 19 = .01

Ho: = 8.3
Ha: 8.3
For two-tail test, /2 = .005 critical t.005,19 = 2.861

x 8.37 8.3
t = = 1.65
s .1895
n 20

Observed t = 1.65 < t.005,19 = 2.861

The decision is to Fail to reject the null hypothesis

9.15 n = 10 x = 1.873 s = .0227 df = 10 - 1 = 9 = .10

 Chapter 9: Statistical Inference: Hypothesis Testing for Single Populations 7

H0: = 1.90
Ha: 1.90
For a two-tailed test, /2 = .05 critical t.05,9 = 1.833
x 1.873 1.90
t = = -4.87
s .0227
n 10
Since t = -4.87 < - t.05,9 = -1.833,
The decision is to reject the null hypothesis.

9.16 n = 25 x = 3.1948 s = .0889 df = 25 - 1 = 24 = .01

Ho: = $3.16
Ha: > $3.16

For one-tail test, = .01 Critical t.01,24 = 2.492

x 3.1948 3.16
t = = 1.96
s .0889
n 25

Observed t = 1.96 < t.01,24 = 2.492.

The decision is to fail to reject the null hypothesis

9.17 n = 50 x = $32.67 s = $1.3 df = 51 1 = 50 = .05

H0: = $33
Ha: $33
Two-tailed test, /2 = .025 for 50 degrees of freedom, t.025,50 + 2.009;

t x s 32.67 33 1.81
1.3
n 51
The observed t = -1.81 > - t.025,50 = -2.009
The decision is to fail to reject the null hypothesis.

9.18 n = 61 x = 3.72 s = 0.65 df = 61 1 = 60 = .01

H0: = 3.51
Ha: > 3.51
 Chapter 9: Statistical Inference: Hypothesis Testing for Single Populations 8

One-tailed test, = .01 t.01,60 = 2.390

x 3.72 3.51
t = = 2.52
s 0.65
n 61

Since the observed t = 2.52 > t.01,60 = 2.390, we reject the null hypothesis.

9.19 n = 20 x = 1038.9 s = 250.44 df = 20 1 = 19 = .05

H0: = 1200
Ha: 1200
Two-tailed test, /2= .025 t.025,19 = +2.093
x 1038 .9 1200
t = = -2.88
s 250 .44
n 20
The observed t = -2.88 < -t.025,21 = -2.093,
The decision is to fail to reject the null hypothesis

9.20 n = 12 x = 42.167 s = 9.124 df = 12 1 = 11 = .01

H0: = 46
Ha: < 46

One-tailed test, = .01 t.01,11 = -2.718

x 42.167 46
t = = -1.46
s 9.124
n 12

The observed t = -1.46 > t.01,11 = -2.718,

The decision is to fail to reject the null hypothesis

9.21 n = 26 x = 19.534 minutes s = 4.100 minutes = .05

H0: = 19
Ha: 19

Two-tailed test, /2 = .025, critical t value = + 2.06

 Chapter 9: Statistical Inference: Hypothesis Testing for Single Populations 9

Observed t value = 0.66. Since the observed t = 0.66 < critical t value = 2.06,

The decision is to fail to reject the null hypothesis.

Since the Excel p-value = .256 > /2 = .025 and MINITAB p-value =.513 > .05,
the decision is to fail to reject the null hypothesis.
She would not conclude that her city is any different from the ones in the
national survey.

9.22 Ho: p = .45

Ha: p > .45

n = 310 p = .465 = .05

For one-tail, = .05 z.05 = 1.645

p p .465 .45
z = = 0.53
pq (.45)(.55)
n 310

observed z = 0.53 < z.05 = 1.645

The decision is to Fail to reject the null hypothesis

9.23 Ho: p = 0.65

Ha: p < 0.65
x 58
n = 100 x = 58 p = .58
n 100

For one-tail, = .01 z.01 = -2.33

p p .58 .65
z = = -1.47
pq (.65)(.35)
n 100
observed z = -1.47 > zc = -2.33. The decision is to fail to reject the null
hypothesis
 Chapter 9: Statistical Inference: Hypothesis Testing for Single Populations 10

9.24 Ho: p = .29

Ha: p .29
x 207
n = 740 x = 207 p = .28 = .05
n 740

For two-tail, /2 = .025 z.025 = 1.96

p p .28 .29
z = = -0.60
pq (.29)(.71)
n 740

observed z = -0.60 > zc = -1.96

The decision is to Fail to reject the null hypothesis

p-Value Method:

z = -0.60

from Table A.5, area = .2257

Area in tail = .5000 - .2257 = .2743 which is the p-value

Since the p-value = .2743 > /2 = .025, the decision is to Fail to reject the null
hypothesis

Solving for critical values:

p c p
z =
pq
n

p c .29
1.96 =
(.29)(. 71)
740

pc = .29 .033

.257 and .323 are the critical values

Since p = .28 is not outside critical values in tails, the decision is to Fail to reject
the null hypothesis
 Chapter 9: Statistical Inference: Hypothesis Testing for Single Populations 11

9.25 Ho: p = .48

Ha: p .48
n = 400 x = 174 = .01 /2 = .005 z.005 = +2.575
x 174
p = .435
n 400
p p .435 .48
z = = -1.80
pq (.48)(.52)
n 400

Since the observed z = -1.80 is greater than z.005= -2.575, The decision is to fail to
reject the null hypothesis. There is not enough evidence to declare that the
proportion is any different than .48.

9.26 Ho: p = .79

Ha: p < .79

n = 415 x = 303 = .01 z.01 = -2.33

x 303
p = .7301
n 415

p p 7301 .79
z = = -3.00
pq (.79)(.21)
n 415

Since the observed z = -3.00 is less than z.01= -2.33, The decision is to reject the
null hypothesis.
 Chapter 9: Statistical Inference: Hypothesis Testing for Single Populations 12

9.27 Ho: p = .31

Ha: p .31

n = 700 x = 300 = .10 /2 = .05 z.005 = +1.645

x 300
p = .4286
n 700
p p .4286 .31
z = = 6.783
pq (.31)(.69)
n 700

Since the observed z = 6.783 is greater than z.005= 1.645, The decision is to reject
the null hypothesis. There is enough evidence to declare that the proportion is
different from .31.
Ho: p = .24
Ha: p > .24
n = 700 x = 160 = .05 z.05 = 1.645
p nx 160 .8571
700

z p p .8571.24 0.71
pq (.24)(.76)
n 700
Since the observed z = -0.71 is less than z.05= 1.645, The decision is to fail to
reject the null hypothesis. There is not enough evidence to declare that the
proportion is less than .24.

9.28 Ho: p = .18

Ha: p > .18

n = 376 p = .22 = .01

one-tailed test, z.01 = 2.33

p p .22 .18
z = = 2.02
pq (.18)(.82)
n 376

Since the observed z = 2.02 is less than z.01= 2.33, The decision is to fail to reject
the null hypothesis. There is not enough evidence to declare that the proportion
is greater than .18.
 Chapter 9: Statistical Inference: Hypothesis Testing for Single Populations 13

9.29 Ho: p = .32

Ha: p < .32
x 24
n = 120 x = 24 p = .20 = .05
n 120
For one-tailed test, z.05 = -1.645
p p .20 .32
z = = -2.82
pq (.32)(.68)
n 120
Observed z = -2.82 < -z.05 = 1.645
Since the observed z = -2.82 is less than z.05= -1.645, the decision is to reject the
null hypothesis.

9.30 Ho: p = .47

Ha: p .47

n = 67 x = 40 = .05 /2 = .025

For a two-tailed test, z.025 = +1.96

x 40
p = .597
n 67

p p .597 .47
z = = 2.08
pq (.47)(.53)
n 67

Since the observed z = 2.08 is greater than z.025= 1.96, The decision is to reject the
null hypothesis.

9.31 a) H0: 2 = 22 = .05 n = 15 df = 15 1 = 14 s2 = 32

Ha: 2 > 22
2.05,14 = 23.6848
(15 1)(32)
2 = = 5.82
22
Since 2 = 5.82 < 2.05,14 = 23.6848, the decision is to fail to reject the null
hypothesis.

b) H0: 2 = 9 = .10 /2 = .05 n = 20 df = n-1 = 19 s2 = 18

Ha: 9
2

2.05,21 = 32.6706
(20 1)(18)
2 = = 38
9
 Chapter 9: Statistical Inference: Hypothesis Testing for Single Populations 14

Since 2 = 38 > 2.05,19 = 30.1435, the decision is to reject the null hypothesis.

c) H0: 2 = 49 = .01 n=9 df = n 1 = 8 s = 4.5

Ha: 2 < 49
2 .01,8 = 20.0902

(9 1)( 4.5) 2
2 = = 3.31
49
Since 2 = 3.31 < 2.01,8 = 20.0902, the decision is to fail to reject the null
hypothesis.

d) H0: 2 = 6 = .05 /2 = .025 n = 12 df = 12 1 = 11 s2 = 1.1

Ha: 6
2

2.025,11 = 21.92 2.975,11 = 3.81574

(12 1)(1.1)
2 = = 2.02
6
Since 2 = 2.02 < 2.975,10 = 3.81574, the decision is to reject the null
hypothesis.

9.32 H0: 2 = 14 = .05 /2 = .025 n = 12 df = 12 1 = 11 s2 = 30.0833

Ha: 2 14

2.025,11 = 21.9200 2.975,11 = 3.81574

(12 1)(30.0833)
2 = = 23.64
14

Since 2 = 23.64 > 2.025,11 = 21.9200, the decision is to reject the null
hypothesis.

9.33 H0: 2 = .001 = .01 n = 20 df = 20 1 = 19 s2 = .00162105

Ha: > .001
2

2.01,19 = 36.1908
(20 1)(.00162105)
2 = = 30.80
.001
Since 2 = 30.80 < 2.01,19 = 36.1908, the decision is to fail to reject the null
hypothesis.
 Chapter 9: Statistical Inference: Hypothesis Testing for Single Populations 15

9.34 H0: 2 = 199,996,164 = .10 /2 = .05 n = 13 df =13 - 1 = 12

Ha: 2 199,996,164 2
s = 832,089,743.7

2.05,12 = 21.0261 2.95,12 = 5.22603

(13 1)(832,089,743.6)
2 = = 49.93
199,996,164

Since 2 = 49.93 > 2.05,12 = 21.0261, the decision is to reject the null
hypothesis. The variance has changed.

9.35 H0: 2 = .04 = .01 n = 9 df = 9 1 = 8 s = .35 s2 = .1225

Ha: > .04
2

2.01,8 = 20.0902
(9 1)(.1225 )
2 = = 24.5
.04
Since 2 = 24.5 > 2.01,8 = 20.0902, the decision is to reject the null hypothesis.