FOREWORD

The great challenge of the modern era is to insure enough quantities of energy, which is
also a prerequisite for the development of every society. World energy needs grows much
faster than it can be met from current production from conventional sources. Today, hydro
power is considered to be one of the most promising alternatives, and water is the most
significant renewable energy source. Over the last thirty years, hydroelectric power plants
are rapidly increasing for a number of reasons: hydro power is clean and has no waste, no
fuel costs, hydroelectric power is relatively fast to use and it is used to cover sudden
increases in consumption and accumulation can be used for water supply, irrigation ,
tourism and recreation. In addition, small hydropower plants are considered to have no
adverse environmental impact, as opposed to the large ones whose desensitization is
described through major changes in the ecosystem (construction of large dams), soil
impact, flooding, influences on the freshwater world and increased methane emissions
accumulation. However, the amount of initial investment to build a small hydro power
plant is relatively large and it is necessary to recognize the risks and barriers that may
come when planning, constructing or operating a small hydro power plant. Safety of
investments and small hydro power plants is also an important aspect when planning a
project to invest in small hydro power plants.
Introduction

In this paper, with the explanation of what is considered as the "small hydro power plant",
we will outline the advantages of a small hydro power plant in comparison with the large
one, we will explain what a small hydro power plant will be, attention will be paid to the
modeling of the hydro power plant and we will see how different control models can be
used on various occasions. We will compare Matlab data with calculated data from
existing hydroelectric plants in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Key words: hydro power plants, hydropower plants, renewable energy sources, small
hydropower plants, production, risk, safety, climate change, hydrology, law;
SMALL HIDROELEKTRANES IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Hydro power plants and main aspects

Hydro power plants generally consist of a dam, a supply and drainage channel. At the
entrance to the supply channel, a protective grille is usually installed to prevent entry of
riverbed material (eg wood pillars). After water supply in the supply channel, water is
diverted to the sedimentation pool where the particles are deposited and the water is
further pressurized to the engine room with one or more turbines and generators. At the
end of the process water returns to the river through the drainage channel.

Small hydroelectric power and energy

Small hydropower plants are the plants where the potential water energy (transformed
solar energy) is first converted into the kinetic energy of its current (turbine station), and
then into the turbine shaft turbine mechanical energy (turbine rotor) and ultimately into
electric energy in generator [2]. These hydropower plants are hydro power systems of
smaller forces (in BiH up to 10 MW), built mainly on smaller rivers, streams and canals.
The total installed power of the SHP in the world today amounts to about 50 GW, which
is about 7% of the total installed power of all hydro power plants in the world. The
hydropower potential of the SHP is about 180 GW, again about 6% of the global potential
[3]. Some of the advantages of small hydro power plants have already been mentioned,
and some of them are: flood protection, favorable electrification of distant settlements
and exploitation with very low material costs. Small hydro power plants also have
shortcomings, namely: high investment costs, exploitation depends on the existing
resources, and if the SHP operates autonomously, electricity generation depends on
consumption, so the surplus remains unused.
Component small hydroelectric power plants

-Dam

Dam reduces the water level and allows uninterrupted grasping of the required amount of
water for the operation of the hydro power plant. The basic task of the dam is to create or
increase the already existing geodetic fall, especially in the ravine watercourses where
the geodetic fall is realized by the construction of the dam. The height of the overflow
threshold is determined mainly by the morphology of the watercourses and the
infrastructure objects in the zone of the impact of the slope, because bleeding or
reconstruction of infrastructure objects [roads, bridges, buildings etc.] as a rule in small
hydropower plants is not taken into consideration. In the case of small hydropower plants,
the construction of a dam is usually not taken into account due to high construction costs,
which ultimately results in the project's unprofitable nature. For this reason, in the ravine
streams, they are looking for locations where dams already exist, because of the
slowdown of watercourses, water reservoirs or flood regulation, because the small
hydropower plant (eg at the bottom of the dam) can easily be integrated into such sites.

-Input device

The input device is a building that captures the required amount of water and leads to the
engine room. There are two types of input devices: side input device and Tyrolean
operation. The side input of the defective water defect is applied laterally, the building
dimensioned to the installed flow. In front of the operation is the threshold, which
prevents the traction of traction into the small hydropower plant, and at the entrance to
the entrance there is a steel grid that protects the supply of floating objects. The Tyrolean
grip is suitable for mountainous inaccessible locations because it does not require
virtually any maintenance and is safe to operate. Proper size selection takes as much water
as is needed for the operation of the hydroelectric power plant, unhindered by large water,
floating objects and heavy loads, and with its small height and the possibility of good fit
in the terrain minimizes the appearance of the environment. In addition to the Tyrolean
procedure, a precipitator-precipitator for precipitation of small doses is also performed.
Typically, the Tyrolean operation consists of a low concrete partition, within which,
perpendicular to the water flow direction, there is a channel, dimensioned to the installed
flow of a small hydro power plant, covered with a lattice sloping in the direction of the
flow of water. The said canal drains the affected water into the precipitate, then into the
conveyor structure.

Water channel

The task of the supply channel is to bring water to the pressure pipeline, turbine or engine
room entrance, with as little lost on the loss. On the slopes of higher sloping terrain and
for relatively less installed flows comes into consideration the reinforced concrete
channel with rectangular cross section with free floating face. The canal is covered with
mounting plates, as it is exposed on rough slopes by covering up earth and stone materials.
The top edge of the channel should be horizontal, because when the turbine is idle, the
static water level in the channel is set. In the watercourses with a small longitudinal fall
and a larger installed flow, an open channel of trapezoid cross section is envisaged,
covered with a layer of free floating concrete. Since there is a horizontal static level when
the turbine enclosure in the channel closes here, horizontals with a horizontal crown are
required.

-Pipeline

For medium and high pressure small hydropower plants, the water flows to the turbine
through pressure pipelines. If a pipeline with a larger diameter or greater length, due to
the risk of a pressure stroke, a water compensating chamber is installed in front of the
turbine. They are executed as: Openly laid Free-laid in a cane Placed in a ditch and buried
with digging ground
Depending on the size of the installed flow, the diameter ranges from 0.4 m to 2.8 m.

Machine room

Small hydropower plants are installations in which work is automated to such an extent
that, with satisfactory safety, they work without a crew, only with occasional surveillance.
There is no need for room for the staff and the useful space of the engine room can be
reduced to the utmost importance. Today there are also turbines with integrated
generators, and the dimensions of the equipment and the equipment are considerably less,
so the surface of the engine room itself is reduced, and today, in small hydro engine power
plants, they are transformed into fully automated control stations.

Drainage channel

In most cases, the small hydro power plant is located next to the watercourse. Then the
drainage channel is very short, concrete, rectangular cross-section, rising 1/4 to the
watercourse basin, and its hips extend at a low angle.

Electro-cutting equipment in MHE

-Turbine

The turbine function is the transformation of the kinetic energy of water into the
mechanical energy of the rotating parts of the turbine ie. There are many different types
of turbines to cover wide range of conditions that arise from the terrain configuration or
the different combination of flow and fall. In most of the locations of small hydroelectric
plants where the flows vary considerably, the turbines that work efficiently at wide flow
boundaries are usually selected (eg Kaplan, Pelton, Turgo, Crossflow). The choice of the
type, shape and dimensions of the turbine depends primarily on the net fall, the installed
flow, the speed of rotation which determines the type and basic shape of the turbine rotor
and other parts, the speed of escape [the highest speed that can be achieved without the
attached electric load] and the cost of building a small hydro power plant.

-Generators

Generators convert mechanical energy into electrical.

Generators can be:

Synchronous generator, equipped with its own excitation system

Asynchronous, which excites excitement from the network

The synchronous generator can operate isolated [separated from the power grid], while
the asynchronous generator for normal operation must be related to other generators
[connected to the power system]. Synchronous generators are used as primary sources of
power generation in power systems, but also in smaller isolated networks as well as for
stand alone applications of small hydro power plants. An asynchronous generator is often
the simplest and least expensive solution for small hydro power plants that deliver
electricity for delivery to an existing large power grid.

-Transformatori

The transformer as a component of a small hydro power plant only comes into account
with larger power plants [above 100 kW] because in these cases it provides for a
connection to a higher voltage grid, so voltage transformation is inevitable. At lower
power, the connection of the plant is carried out directly to the low voltage distribution
network and the transformer as such is not required. Also in the case of new types of
turbines for small hydro power plants, the transformer is integrated into the turbine,
coated with leakproof materials and in this case the engine room, which then becomes
practically only a control station, receives power for connection to the power grid.

-Automatic control

Small hydro power plants are usually unmanaged and controlled by an automated control
system. Since not all plants are equal, it is almost impossible to determine the range of
automation that should be included in a particular system but some of the requirements
are standard:

All equipment must be equipped with manual control and be completely

independent of the program control which will only be used for start-up and
maintenance operations.
The system must contain the necessary serious malfunction detection devices and
then operate to ensure the units or the entire installation are secured.
The relevant operational data of small power plants should be collected and
always available for making business decisions, and stored in the database for
later.
An intelligent control system should be switched on to enable the drive operation
in an unmanaged environment.
You must be able to access the system control from a remote location and be able
to override any automatic decision

Classification of SHP
According to the geodetic fall of small hydro power plants can be classified into three
categories:

High drop: 100 m and above

Medium pad: 30-100 m
Low pad: 2-30 m

And based on the microlocation configuration and the watercourse itself, they are divided
into:

Run-off-river schemes
Installations with the engine room at the bottom of the dam
Installed in the irrigation channel
Installations integrated within the water supply

The hydro power plant can be located along the dam [water catch] or somewhere else.
According to the position of the engine room in relation to the dam, hydro power plants
are divided into:

Pribersky
Derivative with open channel
Derivative with closed channel
With Pressure Pipe

Context of Bosnia and Herzegovina and hydroelectric power plants

Bosnia and Herzegovina has a hydropower potential of about 6,000 MW or 21,000 GWh,
of which up to 2000 MW or 6,000 GWh has been used up to now, or only 30% in power,
and even less in production. When it comes to small hydro power plants, the capacity is
estimated at slightly more than 10% of total hydro power, ie about 700 MW or 2800 GWh
[4].
Significant activities in the field of small hydropower plants in the Federation of Bosnia
and Herzegovina started when Elektroprivreda BiH started the elaboration of studies on
hydro power usage of medium and small watercourses. Based on this study, a public
invitation to grant concessions was issued during 2005/2006 and over 70 concessions
were granted to SHP.

In the Republic of Srpska, a study of the hydro power utilization of the Drina river tribe
used in the end of the 1980s was used as the basis for the public announcement of the
concession award. In 2006, the RS Government issued a public call and awarded around
100 concessions to SHP.

Hydro power plants released

Until today, about 25 small hydro power plants have been commissioned, 10 SHP is under
construction, and the remaining projects are in various stages of licensing.
RISKS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF SMALL HYDROELECTORS

Investment and Challenges

Investors in the small hydropower sector face numerous challenges that need to be
foreseen, and then analyze in detail the impact of these challenges on cost-effectiveness
of the investment.

Below is an analysis of the challenges and risks that occur when planning and
implementing projects for the construction of small hydro power plants.

Achieving optimal technical parameters

One of the most important technical parameters that needs to be properly calculated for
the sizing of a small hydro power plant is the power that is calculated by means of a
relation:

Pi = g Q H [MW] (1)

where are they:

- useful efficiency coefficient g - acceleration of earth's harder force [m / s2]

- water content [kg / m3] Q - flow [m3 / s]
H - hydroelectric power plant [m]

From the relation (1) we can conclude that the amount of hydro power produced at a given
location depends on the water drop on the turbine and the corresponding flow rates.
Hence, for the exploitation of hydro power, it is necessary to estimate water resources,
which depends on the local natural processes as well as the characteristics of the terrain.
For the estimation of water resources, data from 1985 on hydropower potential of B&H
and the flow corresponding to a certain location are used today. This data can be used to
estimate the flow of liquids at a specific location, taking into account the relationship
between the actual location and the metering station (upstream or downstream), but in
most cases the water availability data for the past periods are specific for a particular
location.
MULTIPLE HYDROELECTRIC SAFETY ASPECTS

Safety of small hydroelectric power plants

In order to achieve the safety of small hydropower plants in technical terms, certain
requirements for the protection of SHPs are set, which must be in line with the existing
standards and technical recommendations of the electric power companies.

These requirements must be met:

Protection against deviations from the parallel operation conditions SHP -

Electrodistributive network,
Protection of SHP plant and electrodistribution network components from
malfunctions and malfunctions in SHP,
Protection of the SHP plant from malfunctions and faults in the power distribution
grid.

The small hydro power plant must have the following protection:

Ovepower protection of mechanical winding from overload (I>) with time delayed
action (t),
Short-circuit generator stator overload protection (I >>),
Earthquake protection in your own facility (),
Grid protection in the distribution grid (),
Over-voltage protection (U>),
Too low voltage protection (U <),
Frequency increase protection (f>),
Frequency reduction (f <),
Backup protection ( P),
Non-symmetric load protection (I0),
Protection against direct and indirect contact,
Climate and security point

In addition to technical security, it is essential to ensure the physical safety of small

hydroelectric power plants. In the design phase, attention should be paid to geological
research that can inform the investor about the possibilities of landslides, seismic
activities or tectonic shifts. A negative example is SHP Bogatici in the Trnovo area where
when the landslide damaged the hydro power plant in 2011. The slope is partially
remedied and measuring instruments for tracking ground and ground waters have been
set up (Fig. 4). Finally, it is necessary to ensure the protection of small hydropower plants
against possible theft and burglary by an adequate surveillance and insurance system.

Illustration 1. Climate near the small hydro power plant Bogatici on the River Zeljeznica

The attitude of the community to the MHE

There is a negative attitude of the community towards the construction of new power
plants on river flows, including small hydropower plants. Small hydro power plants use
renewable sources and they are less harmful than large hydroelectric power plants but
still have a certain impact on local flora and fauna causing local population concerns and
frequent petitions and actions against government organs and contractors.

There is a need to work on population education and the promotion of small hydro power
plants in the public as a clean and renewable energy source, reducing the emissions of
carbon dioxide and other harmful gases into the atmosphere. In this way objections and
obstructions could be minimized. It is then necessary to define the environmental
protection measures that need to be taken to mitigate environmental impacts. These
measures include: spare flow, fish passes, collection and storage of waste, multifunctional
operation, noise reduction and vibration techniques, fish-adapted turbines and bio-design.

Illustration 2. Passage for fish with rotating wings

MATLAB GUI: SELECTION OF MAIN PARAMETERS OF EQUIPMENT:
Introduction to Matlab

Matlab (Matrix Laboratory) is a high performance programming language for technical

calculations. It combines computing, visualization and programming in a user-friendly
environment where problem and solution are defined by known mathematical notation.

It is common practice to use Matlab to:

mathematics and calculations,

algorithms development,
modeling, simulation, analysis,
analysis and data processing, visualization,
scientific and engineering graphics,
application development, including GUI building

Matlab is both the environment and the programming language. One of the strongest sides
of Matlab is the fact that its programming language allows building its own multipurpose
tools. You can easily create your own functions and programs (known as M-files) in the
Matlab code.

A set of specialized M-files to work on a specific problem class is called the Toolbox.
Matlab comes with several Toolboxes that are more than a collection of useful functions;
they represent the results of research by leading experts in the field of management, signal
processing, process identification, and others. So with Matlab you can develop new ones
yourself or adapt existing Toolboxes to solve certain problems

We enter the commands for Matlab into the command window, the basic window of
Matlab. This window is a kind of terminal of the operating system and it also has basic
terminal operation commands for file manipulation. The current directory can be changed
by a known cd command, and we can execute the functions/commands that are in the
path. In addition to Matlab's newer versions comes our own M-file debugger.
Graphic User Interface

GUI (Graphical User Interface) a graphical user interface is a way to interact with a
computer through manipulation of graphic elements and add-ons with the help of text
messages and notifications. GUI programs show visual elements like:

icon (background image)

window
text and/or photo buttons
text input boxes
selection boxes and types (it is possible to select a check box)
circle for selection or type (only one circle can be selected)

Using a graphical interface, the use of today's computers is much simpler than in the DOS
operating system, which was quite unconvincing to new PC users. Most of today's
operating systems have the ability to use graphical interfaces, ie cursors, icons, windows,
and other elements.

My final assignment was to use the available literature to create a routine for selecting
the main parameters of HE plants. In the previous chapter, this is presented in a
computational way, step by step, with explanations. We will now perform this task using
Matlab and its advanced graphical user interface (Matlab GUI). Matlab allows the GUI
to be programmed and interactive, using GUIDE, which is an interactive GUI builder. In
this way I made a graphical interface, so I'll explain it through the steps. The function that
we wrote in the program part of the program (m-file) using the GUI of the graphical
interface creates the choice_HE.fig. It consists of the functions that trigger it, user input
arguments (edit), and functions that gradually trigger certain program parts (pushbutton,
listbox function). The final result of the function is the calculation, ie the display of the
required data.

Graphical interface for selection of HE plant parameters

Starting the program

To start the program, select Matlab M-file in Matlab. Then run the program by pressing
Run select_HE.m on the toolbar. Automatically starts selecting_HE.fig.

Illustration 3. Starting the program in Matlab

Instructions for proper program operation

In the left upper corner of the interface, enter the input values to calculate the values to
be searched for and select the turbine HE plants, which are for axial and radial axial
turbines four values:

Hd - net drop
Hmax - maximum drop
required turbine construction force
Nd - TW elevation - altitude of lower water

For Pelton turbines only two values should be entered, which is also indicated in the
interface:

Illustration 4. Enter required data required for calculation

Pressing the Push Button button, located immediately below the value input field, the
entered values are checked. If the values outside of normal limits (very large or small,
and negative number) there is a message that informs the user. The drops Hmax range from
6 to 700 m. If the value is outside these limits, the positive number automatically receives
the closest number inside the boundary, notifies the user and continues execution of the
program. Eg. if you enter a 4 m fall, the program takes a value of 6 m and continues with
the calculation. If any number entered is less than zero, a warning message is displayed
and the user will need to re-enter the number. If all four values are correctly written, the
program continues to work. The graph is a graph on which the abscissa is plotted H and
the specific speed with ns. The graph is in the logarithmic scale of the base 10. The graph
also shows four directions (blue colors) showing the area of operation of a particular
turbine. The equations are the following equations:

For radial-axial (F) turbines:

For floating turbines ( K

0.4

For Axial Flow Tubular (Horizontal) Turbines:

ns = 2600/H0,4

The graph is additionally a vertical line (red) that cuts one or two of the aforementioned
lines, and the vertical line (red) is vertically vertical at the point of the vertical intersection
with the above-mentioned directions. These intersections are indicated on the graph by
red circles, and represent the turbine operating points. If we have two intersections we
can choose between two turbines, and if only one of them is only one of the offered
turbines.

Illustration 5. Drawing the graph: turbine operating point

The operation of the program is the very choice of the turbine type, which is the key event
of the program. We select the turbine by pressing the offered buttons or the offered button
in the upper right corner.

Illustration 6. Selection of turbine type and printing of required data

After pressing the button, the program calculates the required values for the selected
turbine. Depending on the fall, the datasheets and the name of the turbine type for the
selected turbine type are printed. These data are stored in a matrix, and the program is
presented to the user by various commands. The values for the selected turbine are
calculated: eg flow rate, turbine diameter, rotation speed, generator pole number,
permissible depth, minimum diffuser height, weight, turbine basic dimension, etc. The
image of the turbine with dimensions is also displayed.

The exception is the Pelton turbine and their choice. Unlike axial and radial axial turbines,
the selection of Pelton turbines is based on two and not four sizes.

These are:

Hd - net drop
Nd - required turbine construction force

Illustration 7. Entering required data when selecting the Pelton turbine

If you enter only those two sizes, and press Push Button, the program checks the accuracy
of the entry, ie checks if the numbers are positive. If they are not informed about the user.
The Hd drop is within the range of 400 to 1000 m. If the value is outside these limits and
a positive number, the program automatically takes the closest number inside the
boundary, notifies the user and continues execution of the program.

The only possible choice is the Pelton turbine, and by pressing the trigger of the Pelton
turbine the program calculates the flow. The user then selects the number of nozzles, and
selects the most suitable variant with respect to the speed of rotation. The nozzle numbers
offered are: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6. In case the speed is too high, greater than 750 rpm, the program
informs the user and takes this speed for further calculation. The turbine and flow
diameters already computed and calculate other basic dimensions of the turbine. In cases
where the speed is less than 750 rpm, the program considers the values obtained, and in
accordance with the nearest synchronous rate of acquisition and final value calculation,
and the basic dimensions of the turbine.

Illustration 8. Selecting the number of nozzles at the Pelton turbine and printing the
required data

A Pelton turbine picture with dimensions and blade cross section is displayed. Also, the
range of specific spin speeds is shown for the most favorable ratios dj/D1, which are
shown, given the number of nozzles. The program calculates this ratio, that is the turbine
rotor diameter and turbine diameter ratio dj/D1, and its similarity or deviation can be
compared with the most favorable ratios.

An example of selecting a radial-axial turbine

The selection of the radial-axial turbine is done with the real data in the same example
4.1

Illustration 9. Selection of radial-axial turbines

Based on the default values we have only one possible choice - a radial axial turbine.
Required values obtained as a result of the program are identical to the values obtained
by calculations.

An example of axial turbine selection

The selection of axial turbines is performed with real data identical to examples 4.2 and
4.3. Based on the default values we have two possible choices - axial vertical and axial
horizontal turbine, so we have two possible solutions to this problem. Required values
obtained as a result of the program are identical to the values obtained by calculations.

Illustration 10. Selection of axial turbines: Axial horizontal turbine with floating
blades

Illustration 11. Selection of axial turbines: axial vertical turbine with floating blades

An example of selecting a Pelton turbine

The selection of the Pelton turbine is done with the same data as 4.4. Based on the default
values we have only one possible choice - the Pelton turbine. After selecting the Pelton
turbine, a nozzle number selection option appears. In this case, the best option is 6
nozzles, and we select this value, and the program continues to count. Required values
obtained as a result of the program are identical to the values obtained by calculations.

Illustration 12 .. Selection of the Pelton turbine

In Example 4.5, there is a problem with the turbine's speed too high. This problem has
been solved very easily in the program. Based on the default values we have only one
possible choice - the Pelton turbine. After selecting the Pelton turbine, a nozzle number
selection option appears. In this case, the preferred variant is 1 nozzle, and we select this
value. Warning appears (Figure 11). The resulting rotation speed is 1628.1 rpm, and it is
too high. We have a value of 750 rpm and we continue to calculate with it. The required
values obtained as a result of the program are identical to the values obtained by
calculations, as we can see in Figure 11.
Illustration 13. Selection of the Pelton turbine: Speed limitation

MATLAB AND COMPARISON OF CALCULATED DATA WITH A POSTER HE

IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Owned by JP Elektroprivreda BiH, there are eight distributive hydro power plants with
total installed power of 13 MW. Small hydropower plants are managed by distributive
parts of JP EP BiH.1 They are 4 small hydropower plants (Bogatici, Mesici, Tisca and
Vlasenica) constructed in Republika Srpska. The advantages of the construction of small
hydro power plants are the supply of electricity from renewable sources, water supply,
watercourses (flood control, pollution prevention, etc.), irrigation, sport and fishing. and
the editing of sports recreational zones.

HE Brova

The hydroelectric power plant is located in the Ljubomirski polje, which is located north
of the town of Trebinje, and belongs to the system of the Upper Horizons of the
Trebisnjica hydro power system. Total volume accumulation V = 1.5 106 m3 was formed
by constructing a dam constructive height of h = 36 m. The dam is of stone subsidence,
and water supply is ensured by a plastic foil placed on the upstream side of the dam. The
sewage water would be used multifunctional, ie in addition to electricity generation, and
for irrigation of the surrounding lands and possibly for water supply.

According to the conceptual design, the installed flow of the power plant would be Qi =
1.6 m3 / s, the installed power Ni = 0.5 MW, the gross fall of the plant Hbr = 36 m. The
annual production potential is 400,000 kWh. The hydroelectric power plant will be

1
http://www.elektroprivreda.ba/foto/9560/male-hidroelektrane (Accessed: 21.8.2017.)
connected to a 10 kV pipeline passing in the immediate vicinity. Trebinjica River's
unused potential is 856 GWh.

Illustration 14. Cross section of engine room HE Borava

HE Borava has two production units, ie two turbines. In calculations we count with one
turbine.

Illustration 15. Calculation of data for HE Borava

Table 1. Comparison of calculated and actual data for HE Borava

Real data Calculated data

Q [m3/s] 10,5 9,9
D1 [mm] 1519 1000
D2 [mm] 1071 880
D0 [mm] 1720 1200
b [mm] 214 150
n [rpm] 600 750

In the table, we can compare actual data with calculated data. The difference in values is
obvious. The difference is due to the turbine data used: the turbine parameters, dimensions
and characteristics are general (no manufacturer has been prescribed by them) and
therefore differences in the turbines of different manufacturers are possible.

HE Pljevska Vrela
Republika Srpska belongs to the middle and lower part of Vrbas with tributaries. The
hosts on which hydro power plants are planned are:

River Pliva (left tributary of Vrbas river)

River Janj (river Pliva)
Ugar river (right bank of river Vrbas)
Black River (left tributary of the Vrbas River)
Rijeka Vrbanja (right tributary of the Vrbas River)

The unused potential of Vrbas River is 1213 GWh. Pliva is the left, the water of the richest
tribe of Vrbas. It springs at the foot of Mount Smiljevac, from two karst springs of great
abundance. The average annual flow rate of Pliva is 18.2 m3/s, while the lake is 38.4
m3/s. The total area of the catchment area of the Pliva River is 1484 km2, the length of
the watercourse is about 30 km, with a total fall of 114 m. The main springs of Pliva on
the left are Sokocnica, Rijeka and Josavka, and on the right side Janj. The total energy
flow is 343,4 GWh per year, and up to now, in the territory of the Federation of Bosnia
and Herzegovina, 216.9 GWh (HE Jajce) has been used. HE "Plitvice" is used by the
waters of the Glaomic Field, which otherwise go underground to the springs of Pliva. The
potable water potential of this hydro power plant is 173.3 GWh. It is planned to build the
following small HE: SHP Jovici, SHP Glavica, SHP Duljci. Janj is right with the water
of the richest tribe of Pliva. The catchment area has a surface area of 337 km2, and the
underground waterfall goes to the Kupres fild. The total length of the flow is 14.35 km
with a fall of 194.5 m. The average annual flow of Janja at the mouth is 14.12 m3 / s.
Total energy flow capacity is 147.2 GWh per year. The construction of the SHP Basici is
planned. Ugar is the right tributary of Vrbas. It springs from more periodic springs on the
northwest side of Mount Vlasic. The springs merge the nettles 1341 m.n.m. and then Ugar
begins to run steadily. The total length of the flow is 44.25 km and the decrease is 1073
m. The total area of the catchment area is 328 km2 and the mean annual flow rate at the
mouth is 6.98 m3 / s. The total energy flow capacity is 204.6 GWh per year. Planned
plants at Ugra are shown in the table. Ugar is part of the border between the Republika
Srpska and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, so it is estimated that about 50%
of the potable energy and energy potentials belong to the Republic of Srpska, which is P
= 23.9 MWk and Esr = 58.5 GWh. HE "Vrletna Kosa" has a significant accumulated
space of 95 hm3, which makes it an exceptional water management facility. The
construction of the following small HE is planned: SHP Melina, SHP Zapece. Black
River is the left tributary of Vrbas. The total flow length is 16.25 km and the decrease is
610 m. The average annual flow is 4.0 m3 / s and the surface area of the catchment area
is 121 km2. Total power flow capacity is 83.5 GWh per year. The construction of the
following small HE is planned: SHP Mrkonjic Grad, SHP Staro Selo. Vrbanja is the right
tributary of Vrbas. It runs on the northwest side of Vlasic Mountain. The total length of
the river is 92.8 km and the fall is 1297 m. The total area of the catchment area is 791
km2, and the mean annual flow at the mouth is 16.8 m3 / s. Total energy flow capacity is
310.9 GWh per year. It is planned to build the following small HE: SHP Divici, SHP
Krusevo, SHP Siprage, SHP Stopan, SHP Grabovica, SHP Koritine, SHP Jurice, SHP
Orahovo, SHP Obodnik, SHP Vrbanjci, SHP Kotor Varos, SHP Sibovi, SHP Celinac,
SHP Rocina, SHP Vrbanja, SHP Vrbanja II, SHP Vrbanja III, SHP Gornji, SHP Dubnica,
SHP Criccka, SHP Bobac, SHP Sokoljanac Group of 11 SHP in Liskovc creek, SHP
Grupa of 5 SHP on stream Dragovac, SHP Suturlija Seher.

The economically viable potential of smaller tributaries is not satisfactorily explored and
studied. Based on the available data it is estimated that the total hydropower potentials of
the small tributaries are: in power about 12 MW and energy Esr = 61.3 GWh.

Illustration 16. Longitudinal profile of the Pljevska Vrela Plants Building

HE Pljevska Vrela has three production units, ie three turbines. In calculations we count
with one turbine.

Illustration 17. Calculated data for HE Pljevska Vrela

Table 2. Comparison of calculated and actual data for HE Pljevska Vrela

 Real data Calculated data
Q [m3/s] 23,3 23,5
D1 [mm] 2520 2100
D2 [mm] 1740 1365
D0 [mm] 2860 2520
b [mm] 224 168
n [rpm] 600 500

In the table, we can compare actual data with calculated data. The difference in values is
obvious, though smaller than in the previous example (HE Vrbas). The difference is due
to the turbine data used: the turbine parameters, dimensions and characteristics are
general (no manufacturer has been prescribed by them) and therefore differences in the
turbines of different manufacturers are possible.
CONCLUSION

Renewable energy sources represent the future of the power sector all over the world.
Bosnia and Herzegovina, by accepting the European Union's directives, has undertaken
to become part of the change and increase its share of renewable energy production in
total electricity production. It has already been mentioned that Bosnia and Herzegovina
has significant unused hydro potential, especially in the area of small hydro power plants,
which opens up great opportunities for investment. In this final work, the way water is
transformed into electricity into hydro power plants is described. The division of the
hydro power plant took place considering the various factors: location, strength, fall of
watercourses, etc. All for the purpose of describing a particular part of HE plant. These
are parts of HE plant from an accumulator pool to engine room and diffuser, and are
described in their function. However, the main part of the work relates to the selection of
HE units, ie their characteristics. The turbine selection, as the most important part of each
hydroelectric power plant, has paid great attention. From this paper it can be concluded
that the fall of the watercourse is the most important size according to which HE units are
selected. Depending on the fall, the turbine is selected. In general, axial turbines are used
for small drops up to 70 m. Radial-axial are used for medium falls to approximately 600-
700 m. For those most declines we use Pelton impulse turbines. Given the fall of the
watercourse, the level of the lower water and the structural strength of HE, the procedure
of calculating the main parameters of HE plants is described.

A practical part of the work involves creating a graphical user interface in Matlab. It was
necessary to create a graphical interface that would make the correct selection of the
turbine HE based on the given data and calculate the required values: flow, turbine
diameter, rotation speed, generator pole number, permissible depth, minimum diffuser
height, weight, basic dimension turbines, etc. When selecting Pelton turbines, there is one
interceptor: selecting the number of nozzles. After selecting the most suitable variant
(considering the turbine speed not to be too high), the program calculates the basic
parameters of HE plants. The second part of the practical part is related to the comparison
of the parameters of the existing HE Borava and HE Pljevska Vrela with the data
calculated according to the recommended procedures. The conclusion is that actual and
calculated values are significantly different, due to coefficients and parameters that differ
from turbine to turbine, and from manufacturer to manufacturer, and are obtained based
on preliminary research and research.

I could divide the whole work into two parts: analysis of the calculation and selection
process of the HE plant's turbine, and the creation of a graphical interface for selecting
and calculating the main parameters of HE. After we have studied the procedure of
calculating and selecting the turbine itself, it was necessary to synthesize that knowledge
in the form of a graphical interface. Comparing the built-in graphical interface with
respect to the book budget we come to the conclusion that the interface can be applied
when selecting a turbine with a multitude of advantages. As a basic advantage I would
like to make a simple and quick selection of turbos, based on the data entered. This basic
advantage enables visual implementation and budget interactivity in the form of a
graphical interface. All in all, a built-in graphical interface can be a very useful tool when
selecting HE turbine plants.

In addition to all the unquestionably positive side of investments in small hydro power
plants, the paper presents the obstacles and risks that invest in this area. From all of the
above it can be concluded that it is necessary to carefully consider these risks, assess the
hydrological conditions, study the legal regulations in detail and be prepared for the
challenges at each step in the MHE construction process.
LIST

Tags

Tags Measuring unit Name

a0 m the openness of the barges
b0 m the height of the water inlet
D0 M the diameter of the axle
bushing
D1 m turbine rotor diameter
D2 m the output diameter of the rotor
Dc m rotor casing diameter
dout
Dout m outer diameter of the rotor
dc m the diameter of the cylindrical
part of the rotor
dc,s m diameter of the rotor hub
dj m the jet diameter
dn m nozzle diameter
G kg mass
g ms - 2 Gravity
H m drop
Hd m construction drop
Hmax m maximum drop
Hs m permissible inlet height
h m difference between lower and
upper waters
h1 m the blade axis height
hloss m hydraulic losses
k - safety factor of cavitation
N W power
Nd W structural strength
Nins W installed power
n rpm rotation speed
n'I rpm unit rotation speed
ns rpm specific speed
nsyp rpm synchronous rotation speed
p - number of generator poles
Q m3/s flow
Qd m3/s construction flow
Q'I m3/s unit flow
Zj - number of nozzles
Zhw m the altitude of the upper water
Zdw m the altitude of lower water
% efficiency
gen % generator efficiency
- cavitation coefficient
- hydraulic machinery flow
coefficient
ACKNOWELEDGMENT