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Taxation Law
TABLE OF CONTENTS
7. Non-infringement of Religious
B. Constitutional Limitations
Freedom and Worship (Art. III, Sec. 24
of the Constitution)
1. Due Process of Law (Sec.1, Art. III of the American Bible Society vs. City of Manila
Constitution) and Tolentino vs. Sec. of Finance rulings
reconciled:
Requisites: The imposition in the former is a license
a. The interests of the public generally tax which is intended to regulate the exercise of
as distinguished from those of a freedom of religion while in the latter is a
particular class require the revenue tax. With respect to revenue tax,
intervention of the State; and Congress can choose anyone who will be taxed.
b. The means employed must be Its imposition is a political question.
reasonably necessary to the
accomplishment of the purpose and 8. Delegation of Legislative Authority to
not unduly oppressive.
the President to Fix Tariff Rates,
In a string of cases, the SC held that in order Import and Export Quotas (Art. VIII,
that due process of law will not be violated, the Sec. 28(2) of the Constitution)
imposition of the tax must not be done in an
arbitrary, despotic, capricious, or whimsical 9. Tax Exemption of Properties Actually,
manner. Directly, and Exclusively Used for
Religious, Charitable and Educational
Purposes (See Art. VI, Sec. 28(3) of the
2. Equal Protection of the Law (Sec. 1, Constitution; Lladoc vs. Commissioner;
Art. III of the Constitution) Province of Abra vs. Hernando). This
provision refers only to property taxes.
Requisites for a valid classification:
a. Must not be arbitrary; 10. Majority Vote of all Members of
b. Must be based upon substantial Congress Required in Case of a
distinctions; Legislative Grant of Tax Exemptions
c. Must be germane to the purposes of (Art. VI, Sec. 28 (4) of the Constitution)
law;
d. Must not be limited to existing 11. Non-impairment of the Supreme
conditions only; and Courts Jurisdiction in Tax Cases [Art.
e. Must apply equally to all members
VIII, Sec. 2(1) and Art. VIII, Sec.5(b) of the
of a class.
Constitution]
3. Uniformity, Equitability, and 12. Tax Exemption of Revenues and
Progressivity of Taxation (Art. VI, Sec. Assets of, including Grants,
28 (1) of the Constitution)
Endowments, Donations, or
Contributions to, Educational
Definitions:
a. Uniformity: All taxable articles or kinds Institutions (Art. XIV, Secs. 4(3) and (4) of
of property of the same class shall be the Constitution)
taxed at the same rate. A tax is uniform
when it operates with the same force 13. Other Provisions of the Constitution
and effect in every place where the Which are Related to Taxation
subject of it is found. a. Power of the President to veto item or
b. Equitability: Taxation is said to be items in an Appropriation, Revenue, or
equitable when its burden falls to those Tariff Bill (Art. VI, Sec. 27 (2))
better able to pay. b. Necessity of an a Appropriation before
c. Progressivity: Rate increases as the Money may be paid out of the Public
tax base increases. Treasury (Art. VI, Sec. 29 (1))
c. Non-appropriation of Public Money or
4. Non-impairment of Contracts (Art. III, Property for the benefit of any Church,
Sec. 10 of the Constitution) Sect, or System of religion. (Art. VI,
Sec. 29(2)
5. Non-imprisonment for Non-payment d. Treatment of Taxes Levied for a Special
Purpose.(Art.VI, Sec. 29 (3))
of Poll Tax(Art. III, Sec. 20 of the
Constitution)
e. Internal Revenue Allotments to Local 2. Capitalization C
Government Units. (Art.X, Sec.6) 3. Transformation T
4. Avoidance A
5. Exemption E
DOUBLE TAXATION 6. evasion-unlawful E
Key: ESCATE
Definition: Taxing the same subject twice
when it should be taxed only once. Also known A. Shifting
as duplicate taxation.
Definition: Process by which tax burden is
Is double taxation prohibited in the transferred from statutory taxpayer to another
Philippines? without violating the law.
No. There is no constitutional prohibition
against double taxation in the Philippines. It is Impact of taxation point on which tax is
something not favored but permissible (Pepsi originally imposed.
Cola Bottling Co. v. City of Butuan, 1968).
Incidents of taxation point on which the
Kinds of Double Taxation (DT) tax burden finally rests or settles down.
Grounds for Termination of Taxable 2. Income - all wealth which flows into the
Period: (CRIP) taxpayer other than as a mere return of capital.
1. the taxpayer is retiring from business
subject to tax 3. Capital - resource of person which can be
2. he intends to leave the Philippines or used in producing goods and services.
remove his property therefrom
3. he hides or conceals his property Requisites for Income to be Taxable:
4. he performs any act tending to obstruct 1. gain or profit
the proceedings for the collection of the 2. realized or received
tax for the past or current quarter or year 3. not excluded by law or treaty
or renders the same totally or partly
ineffective unless such proceedings are TESTS ON TAXABILITY OF INCOME
began immediately.
1. Flow of Wealth Test - whether any gain or
Instances when the Commissioner may the flow of wealth profit was derived from the
inquire into Bank Deposits: transaction.
1. When determining the gross estate of a
decedent; 2. Realization Test - unless the income is
2. Where a taxpayer offers to compromise his deemed "realized," there is no taxable income.
tax liability on the ground of financial
inability in which case he must submit a 3. Economic-Benefit Principle - flow of wealth
waiver. realized is taxable only to the extent that the
taxpayer is economically benefited.
Inspection and Examination of Books and
Records, When Made
General Rule: Shall be made once in a taxable CLASSIFICATION OF TAXPAYERS:
year.
Exceptions: a. Individuals
1. in cases of fraud, irregularity, or mistakes 1) citizens
2. when taxpayer requests a reinvestigation 1 1.1. resident citizens (RC)
3. to verify compliance with withholding tax 2 1.2. non-resident citizens (NRC)
laws and regulations 1.3 OCW*
4. to verify capital gains tax liabilities 2) aliens
5. upon order of the Commissioner I.1 resident aliens (RA)
I.2 non-resident aliens
25% Surcharge on the Amount of the Tax 2.2.1.engaged in trade or business
Due is imposed in the Following Cases: within the Phils. (NRAETB)
1. failure to file any return required under Tax 3 2.2.2.Not engaged in trade or
Code or regulations on the date prescribed business within the Philippines
2. filing a return with the wrong internal (NRANETB)
revenue officer
b. Corporations undertaking construction projects or
1) Domestic (DC) engaging in petroleum, coal, geothermal and
2) Foreign other energy operations pursuant to an
2.1 resident foreign corporation (RFC) operating or consortium agreement under a
2.2 non-resident foreign corporation service contract with the Government;
(NRFC) 2. joint-stock companies;
3. joint accounts (cuentas en participacion)
c. Estates 4. associations; or
d. Trusts 5. insurance companies [Sec. 22(B)].
c. TAXES:
f. DEPRECIATION: of self-support because of mental of physical
defect.
Requisites to be deductible:
1. Must be reasonable; Clarificatory Illustrations:
2. Must be on property used in the conduct of 1. If only 19 years old but married, not qualified
the business; as a dependent.
3. Must be expensed during the taxable year; 2. Even if 25 years old but physically
incapacitated, qualified as a dependent.
3. Dependent does not include the parents,
g. DEPLETION OF OIL AND GAS WELLS AND brothers and sisters of the taxpayer.
MINES 4. If there is any change of status at any time
- same requisites as depreciation during the taxable year, the law expressly
favors the taxpayer.
5. For a NRAETB, only to the extent allowed
h. CHARITABLE AND OTHER by his country to Filipinos not residing
CONTRIBUTIONS therein, but not to exceed the above
amounts. Additionally, he must file a true
Partial Deduction: and accurate return of the total income
- not in excess of 5% of taxable income in received by such NRAETB from all sources
case of a corporation within the Philippines.
- not in excess of 10% of the taxable income
in case of an individual
A. For resident aliens and citizens (ELIT, Transfer for Public Use:
TVFSAM) Requisites to be deductible:
1. Expenses, losses, indebtedness, taxes, 1. The disposition is in a last will and testament
etc. (ELIT-FJCCULT) 2. To take effect after death
a. funeral expenses 3. In favor of the government of the Phil., or
b. judicial expenses any political subdivision thereof
c. claims against the estate 4. For exclusive public purposes.
d. claims against insolvent person
e. unpaid mortgages
Vanishing Deduction: Limit A. Whichever is lower between:
Requisites to be deductible: 1. Estate tax paid to foreign country
1. the present decedent died within 5 years 2. NTE, foreign country X Phil. estate tax
from transfer of the property from a prior NTE, world
decedent or donor.
2. The property must be located in the Phils. Limit B. Whichever is lower between:
3. The property formed part of the taxable 1. total of estate taxes paid to all foreign
estate of the prior decedent, or of the countries
taxable gift of the donor. 2. NTE outside Phil. X Phil. estate tax
4. The estate tax or donors tax on the gift must NTE, world
have been finally determined and paid.
5. The property must be identified as the one
received from the prior decedent, or DONORS TAX
something acquired in exchange therefor.
6. No vanishing deduction on the property was Requisites: (ADIC)
allowable to the estate of the prior decedent. 1. capacity of the donor
2. donative intent
Family Home: 3. delivery, whether actual or constructive, of
Requisites to be deductible: the subject gift
1. Said family home must have been the 4. acceptance by the donee
decedents family home.
2. Said fact must be certified to by the Stranger - a person who is not a brother,
barangay captain of the locality where it is sister, spouse, ancestor and lineal descendant,
located. or of a relative by consanguinity in the collateral
3. Maximum of P1,000,000 within the 4th civil degree.
Medical Expenses:
Requisites to be deductible: FORMULA:
1. incurred within one year prior to his death
2. Substantiated with receipts a. On the 1st donation of a year:
3. Maximum of P500,000
Gross gifts xxx
Less: Deductions from gross gifts xxx
DEDUCTIONS ON Net gifts xxx
ESTATE TAX APPLICABLE TO X Tax Rate xxx
NON-RESIDENT ALIENS Donors tax on the net gifts
1. Expenses, losses, indebtedness and b. On donation of a subsequent date during the
taxes (ELIT) year:
Formula:
Gross gifts made on this date xxx
Phil. Gross Estate X World ELIT Less: Deductions from gross gifts xxx
World Gross Estate Net gifts xxx
Add: All prior net gifts within the year xxx
2. Transfer for public use. Aggregate net gifts xxx
3. Vanishing deduction on property in the X Tax Rate xxx
Philippines. Donors tax on aggregate net gifts xxx
Less: Donors tax on all prior net gifts xxx
Estate Tax Credit Donors tax on the net gifts on this date xxx
FORMULA:
b. For donors taxes paid to two or more Input Tax tax on purchase price of goods
foreign country which is passed on or shifted to a buyer /
purchaser /lessee by the supplier / seller /
NG outside the Phil. X PDT lessor. It is the VAT paid by a VAT-registered
Entire net gifts person in the course of his trade or business.
=Tax credit limit
Output Tax-- VAT due on the sale of taxable
The allowable tax credit is the lower amount goods or services by any person registered or
between the tax credit limit under (a) and (b). required to register for VAT purposes.
IV. TARIFF AND Only after importation has begun but before
importation is terminated.
CUSTOMS CODE Importation begins:
a. when the conveying vessel or
aircraft
b. enters the jurisdiction of the Phil.
DEFINITIONS: c. with intention to unload therein
Importation is deemed terminated:
1. Tariff: Customs duties, toll or tribute payable a. (i) upon payment of the duties, taxes
upon merchandise to the Govt. and other charges due upon the
2. Custom Duties: Tax assessed upon articles. (ii) and legal permit for
merchandise from or exported to, a foreign withdrawal shall have been granted.
country. (Garcia v. Executive Sec., 211 b. In case the articles are free of
SCRA 227 [1992]) duties, taxes and other charges,
until they have legally left the
N.B.: Customs and tariffs are synonymous with jurisdiction of the customs (Sec.
one another. They both refer to the taxes 1202, TCC)
imposed on imported or exported wares,
articles, or merchandise.
ARTICLES UNDER TCC
MAY EITHER BE:
THE BUREAU OF CUSTOMS (BOC) a. Subject to duty
b. Prohibited from being imported
Functions of the Bureau of Customs (Prohibited importation)
(ACE2S3):
c. Conditionally-free from tariff and It is a declaration to the BOC showing
customs duties (conditionally-free particulars of the imported article that will enable
importation) the customs authorities to determine the correct
d. Free from TC duties (duty-free) duties. An importer is required to file an import
entry. It must be accomplished from
Imported goods must be entered in a disembarking of last cargo from vessel.
customhouse at their port of entry otherwise
they shall be considered as contraband and the Transaction value under RA 8181
importer is liable for smuggling (See Sec. 101, It is the invoice value of the goods plus
TCC). freight, insurance, costs, expenses and other
necessary expenses. This replaces the Home
Consumption Value as basis of valuation of
LIABILITY FOR CUSTOMS DUTIES goods.
IMPOS-
Special Sec. of Finance Commissioner of President of the
Committee on Anti- Customs Philippines
ING
Dumping (composed
AUTHO-
of the Sec. of
RITY
Finance as
Chairman;
Members: the Sec.
of DTI; and either
the Sec. of
Agriculture if article
in question is agri.
product or the Sec.
of Labor if non-agri.)
Flexible Tariff Clause The tax, together with interests, penalties,
The President may fix tariff rates, import and costs that may accrue in addition thereto is
and export quotas, etc. under TCC (See Sec. a lien upon all property and rights to
28, Art. VI, Constitution and Sec. 401, TCC) property belonging to the taxpayer.
The lien shall not be valid against any
mortgagee, purchaser, or judgment creditor until
notice of such lien shall be filed by the
Commissioner of Internal Revenue in the Office
of the Register of Deeds of the province or city
V. TAX REMEDIES where the property of the taxpayer is situated or
located (Sec. 219, CTRP).
TAX REMEDIES
UNDER THE NATIONAL INTERNAL B. Compromise
REVENUE CODE
Definition: A contract whereby the parties,
by reciprocal concessions, avoid a litigation or
I. TAX REMEDIES OF THE put an end to one already commenced (Art.
2028, New Civil Code).
GOVERNMENT
Requisites (TAO):
1. The taxpayer must have a tax liability.
Importance 2. There must be an offer (by the taxpayer of
1. They enhance and support the an amount to be paid by the taxpayer)
governments tax collection. 3. There must be an acceptance (by the
2. They are safeguards of taxpayers Commissioner or taxpayer as the case may
rights against arbitrary action. be) of the offer in the settlement of the
original claim.
Tax collection cannot be restrained by
court injunction (Sec. 219, CTRP) Officers authorized to compromise:
1. The Commissioner of Internal Revenue
Justification: Lifeblood Theory. (CIR) is the only official vested with power
and discretion to compromise criminal and
Exception: Injunction may be issued by the civil cases arising from violations of the Tax
CTA in aid of its appellate jurisdiction under RA Code (Secs. 7C and 204, CTRP).
1125 (see requisites thereof, under the 2. Subordinate officials may preliminarily
subheading Court of Tax Appeals, infra.). enter into a compromise. The effects are:
i. Acceptance of an offer of
compromise: not final and may be
The following are generally the tax reviewed by the Commissioner.
remedies of the government to effect ii. Rejection of an offer of
collection of taxes: compromise: final and binding
A. Tax Lien (Sec. 219) unless revoked or set aside by the
B. Compromise (Sec. 204) Commissioner. (Gibbs vs. Collector,
C. Distraint (Actual and Constructive) 17 Phil. 232)
(Secs. 205-208)
D. Levy (Sec. 207B) Commissioner may compromise any
E. Forfeiture of Property (Sec. 215) internal revenue tax when
F. Civil Action (Sec. 220) 1. A reasonable doubt as to the validity of the
G. Criminal Action (Secs. 220, 221, and claim against the taxpayer exists; or
229) 2. The financial position of the taxpayer
H. Suspension of business operations in demonstrates a clear inability to pay the
violation of VAT (Sec. 115) assessed tax [Sec. 204(A), CTRP]. In such
I. Enforcement of Administrative Fine case, the taxpayer should waive the
confidentiality privilege on bank deposits
under RA 1405 (See Sec. 6F2, CTRP).
A. Tax Lien
Minimum compromise rates (MCR) of any
Definition: It is a legal claim or charge on
tax liabilities:
property, either real or personal, established by
1. In case of financial incapacity: MCR = 10%
law as a security in default of the payment of
of the basic assessed tax
taxes (51 AmJur 881). Generally, it attaches to
2. Other cases: MCR = 40% of the basic
the property irrespective of ownership or transfer
assessed tax [Sec. 204(A), CTRP]
thereof.
Approval of the compromise by the
Extent and nature: Evaluation Board is required when:
1. the basic tax involved exceeds government. Physical transfer of possession
P1,000,000.00, or is not always required. This is true in the
2. the settlement offered is less than the case of intangible property such as stocks
minimum compromise rates (MCR). and credits.
2. Constructive: the owner is merely
N.B.: The MCR may be less than the prescribed prohibited from disposing of his property.
rates of 10% or 40%, as the case may be,
provided it is approved by the Evaluation Board.
Requisites for the exercise of the remedy
Compromise of Criminal Violations of distraint:
General Rule: Criminal violations may be 1. The taxpayer must be delinquent (except in
compromised. constructive distraint) in the payment of tax;
Exceptions: 2. There must be a subsequent demand for its
1. Those already filed in court payment (assessment);
2. Those involving fraud [Sec. 204(A), CTRP]. 3. The taxpayer must fail to pay the tax at the
time required; and
Extent of the Commissioners discretion 4. The period within which to assess or collect
to compromise criminal violations: the tax has not yet prescribed.
1. Before the complaint is filed with the
Prosecutors Office: The CIR has full Nature of the warrant of distraint or levy
discretion to compromise except those The warrant is a summary procedure
involving fraud. forcing the taxpayer to pay. The receipt of a
2. After the complaint is filed with the warrant may or may not partake the character of
Prosecutors Office but before the a final decision. If it is an indication of a final
information is filed with the court: The CIR decision, the taxpayer may appeal to the CTA
can still compromise provided the within 30 days from service of the warrant.
prosecutor must give consent.
3. After information is filed with the court: The Duties of the officer serving the warrant of
CIR is no longer permitted to compromise distraint:
with or without the consent of the Prosecutor 1. Make an account of the personal properties
(People vs. Magdaluyo, April 20, 1961). distrained;
2. Sign the list of personal properties
Remedy in case the taxpayer refuses or distrained to which shall be added, a
fails to abide the tax compromise: statement of the sum demanded and note of
1. Enforce the compromise the time and place of sale;
a. If it is a judicial compromise, it can be 3. Leave either with the owner or person from
enforced by mere execution. A judicial whose possession such personal properties
compromise is one where a decision were taken, or at the dwelling or place of
based on the compromise agreement is business of such person with someone of
rendered by the court on request of the suitable age and discretion (Sec. 208,
parties. CTRP)
b. Any other compromise is extrajudicial
and like any other contract can only be Procedures for the actual distraint or
enforced by court action. garnishment:
2. Regard it as rescinded and insist upon
original demand (Art. 2041, Civil Code). 1. Personal Property
Compromise Penalty I
It is an amount of money which the Service of
Service of the warrant of
taxpayer pays to compromise a tax violation. Warrant of
distraint upon the person in
This is paid in lieu of criminal prosecution. A Distraint
possession of the taxpayers
taxpayer cannot be compelled to pay a property (Sec. 208, CTRP).
compromise penalty. If he does not want to pay,
the CIR must institute a criminal action. Posting of II
Notice Posting of notice in not less
than two (2) public places in the
C. Distraint municipality or city (Sec. 209,
CTRP)
Definition: It is the seizure by the
government of personal property, tangible or Notice of III
intangible, to enforce the payment of taxes. The Time and Notice to the taxpayer
property may be offered in a public sale, if taxes Place of specifying the time and place
are not voluntarily paid. It is a summary remedy. Sale of sale and the articles
distrained.
Two types of distraint:
1. Actual: there is taking of possession of the
personal property from the taxpayer by the Disposition IV
Disposition of proceeds of without the express
sale (Sec. 209, CTRP). authority of the
Commissioner of Internal
Revenue.
3. Stocks and other securities: By serving a
copy of the warrant of distraint upon the Remedy If the taxpayer or person in
a. taxpayer and when possession of the property
b. upon the president, manager, treasurer taxpayer refuses or fails to sign the
or other responsible officer of the didnt sign receipt referred to, the revenue
corporation, company or association receipt officer effecting the constructive
which issued the said stock and distraint shall (a) proceed to
securities (Sec. 208, CTRP). prepare a list of such property
and (b) in the presence of two
(2) witnesses leave a copy
4. Bank accounts: They shall be garnished by thereof in the premises where
serving a warrant of distraint upon the the property distrained is
a. taxpayer and located, after wh9ch the said
b. upon the president, manager, treasurer, property shall be deemed to
or other responsible officer of the bank. have been placed under
NB: Upon receipt of the warrant of distraint, constructive distraint.
the bank shall turn over to the
Commissioner so much of the bank ACTUAL VS. CONSTRUCTIVE
accounts as may be sufficient to satisfy the DISTRAINT
claim of the government (Sec. 208, CTRP). ACTUAL DISTRAINT CONSTRUCTIVE
DISTRAINT
5. Debts and credits: By serving a copy of the
warrant of distraint upon the
Made only on the Made on the property
property of a of any taxpayer,
a. person owing the debts or delinquent taxpayer whether delinquent or
b. having in his possession or under his not
control such credits or
There is taking of The taxpayer is
c. upon his agent.
possession merely prohibited
NB: The warrant of distraint shall be
from disposing of his
sufficient authority to the person owing the
property
debts or having in his possession or under
his control any credits belonging to the Effected by leaving a Effected by requiring
taxpayer to pay to the Commissioner the list of distrained the taxpayer to sign a
amount of such debts or credits (Sec. 208, property or by service receipt of the property
CTRP). of a warrant of distraint or by the revenue
or garnishment officer preparing and
The taxpayers property may be placed leaving a list of such
under constructive distraint when he: property
1. is retiring from any business An immediate step Not necessarily so
subject to tax; or for collection of taxes
2. is intending to Both
a. leave the Philippines, or Are summary remedies for the collection of
b. remove his property therefrom,
taxes;
or
c. hide or conceal his property, or Refer only to personal property; and
3. is performing any act tending to Cannot be availed of where the amount of the
obstruct the proceeding for tax involved is not more than P100
collecting the tax due or which may
be due from him (Sec. 206, NIRC).
Taxpayers (b) obligate himself to Requisites for the exercise of the remedy
oblig. to 1. preserve the same intact of levy: Same as in the remedy of distraint.
preserve and unaltered and
2. not to dispose of the same
in any manner whatsoever When may levy be effected?
Real property may be levied upon given the right of redemption is granted
before, simultaneously, or after the distraint redemption with in case of real property
of personal property belonging to the delinquent respect to distrained levied upon and sold,
(Sec. 207B, CTRP); and the remedy by distraint personal property. or forfeited to the
and levy may be repeated if necessary until the government.
full amount, including all expenses, is collected Both
(Sec. 217, CTRP). Are summary remedies for the collection of
taxes; and
Procedure of levy on real property:
Cannot be availed of where the amount of the
I tax involved is not more than P100
Prepare
Certificate Preparation of a duly
of Levy authenticated certificate
containing: (a) description of E. Forfeiture
the property levied (b) name of
the taxpayer, and (c) the Definition: divestiture of property without
amounts of tax and penalty compensation, in consequence of a default or
due from him. This certificate offense.
shall operate with the force of a
legal execution throughout the Enforcement of the remedy of forfeiture:
Philippines (Sec. 207B, CTRP). 1. In case of personal property The
forfeiture of chattels and removable fixtures
II of any sort is enforced by seizure and sale
Service of
Service of written notice to the or destruction of the specific forfeited
Notice
delinquent taxpayer or occupant property.
of the property. The proper 2. In case of real property The forfeiture of
Register of Deeds shall also be real property is enforced by a judgment of
notified of the levy (Sec. 207B, condemnation and sale in a legal action or
CTRP). proceeding, civil or criminal, as the case
may require.
Time and III
Place of Advertisement of the time and Effect of the forfeiture of property with
Sale place of sale of the taxpayers respect to title thereto: The effect is to transfer
property or so much thereof as the title to the specific thing from the owner to
may be necessary to satisfy the the government.
claim within 20 days after levy,
and it shall cover a period of at
least 30 days (Sec. 213, F. Civil Actions
CTRP).
Definition: For tax remedy purposes, these
Sale IV
are actions instituted by the government to
Sale at public auction to the
collect internal revenue taxes. It includes filing
highest bidder (Sec. 213,
by the government with the probate court claims
CTRP).
against the deceased taxpayer.
Disposition V
When resorted to?
Disposition of proceeds of
1. When a tax is assessed but the assessment
sale. In case the proceeds of
becomes final and unappealable because
the sale exceed the claim
the taxpayer fails to file an administrative
(taxes, penalties and interest)
protest with the CIR within 30 days from
and cost of the sale, the excess
receipt; or
shall be turned over to the
2. When a protest against assessment is filed
owner of the property (Sec. 213,
and a decision of the CIR was rendered but
CTRP).
the said decision becomes final, executory,
and demandable for failure of the taxpayer
to appeal the decision to the CTA within
30 days from receipt of the decision.
DISTRAINT VS. LEVY
Where to file: Civil actions for the collection
DISTRAINT LEVY
of delinquent taxes are filed in the regular courts
Refers to personal Refers to real and not before the CTA.
property property
Forfeiture by the Forfeiture is Defenses which are precluded by final
government is not authorized and executory assessments:
provided 1. Invalidity or illegality of the assessment; and
The taxpayer is not The right of
2. Prescription of the governments right to by the taxpayer (Sambrano vs. CTA 101
assess. Phil. 1).
Exceptions:
1. FAILURE TO FILE A RETURN: TEN (10) II. TAX REMEDIES OF THE TAXPAYER
YEARS from the date of the discovery of the
omission to file the return (Sec.222[a]);
2. FALSE OR FRADULENT RETURN with General Remedies of a Taxpayer
INTENTION TO EVADE THE TAX: TEN (10)
YEARS from the date of the discovery of the
Administrative
falsity or fraud (Sec.222);
1. Before Payment
3. AGREEMENT IN WRITING to the extension
a. Protest filing a petition for
(not reduction) of the period to assess
reconsideration or reinvestigation within
between the CIR and the taxpayer before
30 days from receipt of assessment
the expiration of the 3-year period. NB: The
(Sec. 228, CTRP); A protest is a vital
extended period agreed upon can further be
document which is a formal declaration
extended by a subsequent written
of resistance of the taxpayer. It is a
agreement made before the expiration of the
repository of all arguments. It can be
extended period previously agreed upon
used in court in case administrative
(Sec. 222[b]).
remedies have been exhausted. It is
4. WRITTEN WAIVER or RENUNCIATION of
also the formal act of the taxpayer
the original three (3) year limitation, signed
questioning the official actuation of the
CIR. This is equivalent to a pleading.
b. Entering into a compromise (Sec.
204, CTRP).
2. After Payment Reglementary Periods in Income Tax
Filing of claim for refund or tax credit Imposed by Law upon the Taxpayer
within 2 years from date of payment (pursuant to Rev. Reg. No. 12-99, Sec.
regardless of any supervening cause (Sec. 228 of the CTRP, and Rules of Court)
229, CTRP).
BIR makes a tax assessment
Judicial
1. Civil Action
a. Appeal to the Court of Tax Appeals If taxpayer is not satisfied with the assessment
within 30 days from receipt of decision file a protest within 30 days from receipt thereof
on the protest or from the lapse of 180
days due to inaction of the Submit supporting documents within 60 days
Commissioner (Sec. 228, CTRP). from date of the filing of the protest
b. Action to contest forfeiture of chattel
(Sec. 231, CTRP); and
If protest is denied, elevate the matter to the
c. Action for damages (Sec. 227, CTRP).
Commissioner of Internal Revenue (CIR) within
2. Criminal Action
30 days from receipt of the decision of the CIRs
a. Filing of criminal complaint against
duly authorized representative officer
erring BIR officials and employees.
b. Injunction when the CTA in its opinion
the collection by the BIR may jeopardize Appeal to the Court of Tax Appeals (CTA)
taxpayer. within 30 days from receipt of final decision of
CIR or his duly authorized representative (the
taxpayer has the option to appeal straight to the
Filing of claim for CTA upon receipt of the decision of the CIRs
Tax Refund or Tax Credit duly authorized representative)
Grounds for filing a claim for tax refund or If the CIR or his duly authorized representative
tax credit: fails to act on the protest within 180 days
1. Tax is collected erroneously or illegally. from date of submission by taxpayer, the latter
2. Penalty is collected without authority. may appeal within 30 days from lapse of the
3. Sum collected is excessive. 180 day period
TAX REFUND VS. TAX CREDIT Appeal to the Court of Appeals (CA) within 15
days from receipt of the CTAs decision
TAX REFUND TAX CREDIT
The taxpayer asks The taxpayer asks Appeal to the Supreme Court within 15 days
for restitution of the that the money so paid from receipt of the CAs decision
money paid as tax be applied to his
existing tax liability As a general rule, payment under protest
Two-year period to Two-year period is not required under the NIRC, except when
file claim with the CIR starts from the date partial payment of uncontroverted taxes is
starts after the such credit was required as provided under RR 12-99.
payment of the tax or allowed (in case credit
penalty is wrongly made).
Other matters
Those controversies which can be
VI. COURT OF TAX considered within the scope of the
function of the BIR / BOC under
APPEALS (RA 1125) ejusdem generis rule (e.g. action for the
nullity of distraint and levy; questioning
the propriety of the assessment;
Salient features of the CTA: collection of compromise penalties).
1. It is a judicial body;
2. It is a court of special jurisdiction;
3. It is not governed by technical rules of General Rule: New issues cannot be raised
evidence. for the first time on appeal.
Exceptions:
Powers of the CTA: 1. Defense of prescription
REASON: This is a statutory right (Visayan
The following are the powers of the CTA: Land Transportation vs Collector)
2. Errors of administrative officials
REASON: State can never be in estoppel
and lifeblood theory. (CIR vs Procter and
Gamble Phils. Mfg. Corp.)