Reinforced Concrete Element

Design of Slender Columns

LB3 Civil Engineering ITS

Fakultas Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan

Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya

Last Edited Nov 2014

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Introduction

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What is difference with short columns?
When a column bends or deflects laterally an
P amount , its axial load will cause an increased
column moment equal to P. This moment will
M
be superimposed onto any moments already in
the column. Should this moment be of such
magnitude as to reduce the axial load capacity of
the column significantly, the column will be
Secondary= P
referred to as a slender column.
Moment
The degree of slenderness is generally expressed
klu
in terms of the slenderness ratio , where lu is
r
the unsupported length of the member and r is
the
radius of gyration of its cross section, equal to
M I/A.
For rectangular
column
P r = I/A = 0.288h 0.3h, while circular column
r = 0.25D.
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Buckling Of Axially Loaded Elastic Columns.

The basic information on the behavior of straight, concentrically

loaded slender columns was developed by Euler more than 200 years
ago. In generalized form, it states that such a member will fail by
buckling at the critical load

2 EI
Pc =
(klu )2
where
EI flexural rigidity of column cross section,
(klu ) effective length of the column.
It is seen that the buckling load decreases rapidly with increasing
klu
slenderness ratio . The slenderness of columns is based on their
r
geometry and on their lateral bracing. As their slenderness increases,
their bending stresses increase, and thus buckling may occur.

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Sway and Nonsway Column: What is it?

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Sway and Nonsway column : definition

SNI/ACI distinguish between frames without sidesway and those

with sidesway. columns in nonsway frames must be designed
according to Section 10.10.6 of the code, while the columns of sway
frames must be designed according to Section 10.10.7.
First, SNI/ACI Section 10.10.5.1, a story in a frame is said to be a
nonsway one if the increase in column end moments from
second-order effects is 5% or less of the first-order end moments.
The second method for determining whether a particular frame is
braced or unbraced is given in the code (10.10.5.2). The framed
considered as braced if the value of the so-called stability index is
0.05. The stability index defined as:
Pu o
Q= 0.05
Vus lc

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Slenderness Effects

The slenderness of columns is based on their geometry and on their

lateral bracing. As their slenderness increases, their bending stresses
increase, and thus buckling may occur. Reinforced concrete columns
generally have small slenderness ratios. As a result, they can usually
be designed as short columns without strength reductions because of
slenderness. If slenderness effects are considered small, then columns
can be considered "short" and can be designed as short column.
However, if they are "slender," the moment for which the column must
be designed is increased or magnified. Once the moment is magnified,
the column is then designed as short column using the increased
moment.
Mcs = Mn
is moment magnification factor, the value of will be discussed in
this section.

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Slender or Long Column

If column slenderness ratio exeeds

the limit for short column, the
compression member will buckle
prior to reach its limit state of
meterial failure.
The effective length klu is used as
the modified length of the column
to account for end restraints other
than pinned.
The value of k:
Both ends fixed k = 0.5
Both ends fixed, lateral motion exist k = 1.0
Both ends pined, no leteral motion k = 1.0
One ends fixed, other end free k = 2.0

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Effective length coefficient, k by equation
1 Braced(nonsway) compressive members.
k = 0.7 + 0.05(A + B ) 1.0
k = 0.85 + 0.05min 1.0
where:
EI/lu columns
=
EI/ln beams
lu is the unsupported length of column; ln is clear beam span.
2 Unbraced(sway) compression members restrained at both end.
20 m p
For m < 2 : k = 1 + m
20
p
For m 2 : k = 0.9 1 + m
where: m is the average of the value at the two ends.
3 Unbraced(sway) compression members hinged at one end.
k = 2.0 + 0.3
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Effective Length Factor, k by Alignment Charts

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Moment Magnification: First-Order Analysis

Before moment magnifiers can be computed for a particular structure,

it is necessary to make a first-order analysis of the structure. The
member section properties used for such an analysis should take into
account the influence of axial loads, the presence of cracked section.
Properties of member in a structure (SNI/ACI 10.10.4.1):
p
1 Modulus of Elasticity: Ec = 4700 fc0
2 Moment Inertia
Beams 0.35Ig
Columns 0.70Ig
Wall : uncrack 0.7Ig
Wall : crack 0.35Ig
Flat plates and flat slabs 0.25Ig
3 Area: 1.0Ag
4 Radius of giration: r = 0.30h for rectangular member, r = 0.25D
for circular members.

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Moment Magnification in Nonsway Frames
Structure is nonsway if:
Pu o
Q= 0.05 (10 10)
Vu lc
Where: Pu and Vu are the total vertical load and the story shear, and o is the relative deflection
of that story due to Vu
The slenderness effect can be disregarded if (SNI/ACI 10.10.1)

klu M M1
34 12 1 40 this case 0.5 ()10 7)
r M2 M2

M1 /M2 is positive if single curvature, and negative if double curvature.

The magnified moment becomes
P P
M1b M1b Mc = ns M2 (10 11)

where
Cm
ns =   1.0 (10 12)
Pu
1
0.75Pc
M2b M1b
P P 2 EI
Pc = (10 13)
Single Curvature Double Curvature (klu )2

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and
0.2Ec Ig + Es Ise 0.4Ec Ig
EI = or EI =
1 + dns 1 + dns
Where:
Ig gross moment of inertia of the section about the axis considered,
neglecting
Ise moment of inertia of the reinforcing steel
The term dns shall be taken as the ratio of maximum factored axial
sustained load to maximum factored axial load associated with the
same load combination, but shall not be taken greater than 1.0.

1.2D(sustained)
dns = 1
1.2D + 1.6L

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Cm a factor relating the actual moment diagram to an equivalent
uniform moment diagram. For member without transverse load, that
is, subjected to end loads only,

M1
Cm = 0.6 + 0.4 where M2 M1 (10 16)
M2
M1 /M2 is positif if column is bent in single curvature. For members
with transverse load between support, Cm = 1.0
Minimum factored moment M2 is

M2,min = Pu (15 + 0.03h), where h in mm (10 17)

If M2,min exceeded the applied moment M2 , the value of Cm = 1

In any case ns 1.4 (SNI/ACI 10.10.2.1)

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Moment Magnification in Sway Frames

The slenderness effect can be disregarded if

klu
< 22 (10 6)
r
The end moment M1 and M2 should be magnify as follows

M1 = M1ns + s M1s
M2 = M2ns + s M2s

On the assumtion that M2 > M1 , the design moment should be

Mc = M2ns + s M2s

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The code (10.10.7) states that the moment magnifier, s , can be
determined by one of the following two methods.
a. Direct P analysis:

1
s = 1 (10 20)
1Q

If s calculated by Eq. (10-20) exceeds 1.5, s shall be calculated using

second-order elastic analysis or use method b.
b. Moment Magnifier method.
As an alternatively, SNI/ACI permitted to calculate s as (10.10.7.4)

1
s =  1 (10 21)
Pu

1
0.75Pc

where Pu is the summation for all the factored vertical loads in a

story and Pc is the summation for all sway-resisting columns in a
story. Pc is calculated using Eq. (10-13)
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 Example 1: Nonsway frame
(a) Compute the primary moment in the column shown in Figure from
the lateral 1000-kN load.
(b) Determine the estimated total moment, including the secondary
moment from lateral deflection, using the appropriate magnification
factor just presented. E = 20000 MPa. Assume k = 1.0 and lu = 5 m.
Solution:
1000 kN (a). Primary moment resulting from lateral load:
200kN 5m
Column 300x300mm Mu = = 250kN-m
4
2.5 m

(b). Total moment, including secondary moment:

1
200 kN 2 EI 2 20000 12 300 3003
Pc = = = 5329.6kN
(klu )2 (1 5000)2
2.5 m

1 1
= = = 1.23
Pu 1000
1 1
Pc 5329.6
Mc = Mu = 1.23 250 = 307.5 kN-m
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Example 2: Nonsway frame

The tied column as Figure has been the dimensions 250x400 mm. It is
to be used in a frame braced against sidesway. lu = 5000mm. If
k = 0.83, fy = 400 MPa, and fc0 = 30 MPa, determine the reinforcing
required. Note also that the unfactored dead axial load PD is 130 kN,
and concrete is normal weight.
Pu = 500kN

Solution:
M1 = 100kN-m
1. Is it a slender column?
klu M
= 34 12 1 =
r limits M2
250

100
1 1 = 34 12 = 23.09
250
110
400
klu 0.83 5000 klu
actual = = 34.58 >
M2 = 110kN-m r 0.3 400 r limit
its slender column.
Pu = 500kN

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 p
2. Ec = 4700 fc0 = 4700 30 = 25742.9 MPa.
1 3 1
3. Ig = 12 bh= 12 250 4003 = 1333333333.33 mm4
factored axial dead load 130
4. d = = = 0.26.
factored axial total load 500
5. Because reinforcement not known yet, we use:
0.4Ec Ig 0.4 25742.9 1333333333.33
EI = = = 10896465608438.4
1 + d 1 + 0.26
2 EI 2 10896465608438.4
6. Pc = = = 6244.38 kN.
(klu )2 (0.83 5000)2
M1 100
7. Cm = 0.6 + 0.4 = 0.6 + 0.4 = 0.964
M2 110

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 Cm 0.964
8. = = = 1.079
Pu 500
1 1
0.75Pc 0.75 6244.38
9. M2,min = Pu (15 + 0.03h) = 500(15 + 0.03 400) = 13500 kN-mm =
13.5 kN-m. Use M2 = 110 kN-m.
10. Mc = M2 = 1.079 110 = 118.69
11. Mu /Ag h = 118.69 106 /(250 400 400) = 2.967 MPa.
Pu /Ag = 500 1000/(250 400) = 5.0 MPa.
= 250/400 = 0.625 , from MN-diagram, = 1.1%
As = 0.011 250 400 = 1100 mm2 , use 6D16 = 1206.37 mm2

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Example 3: Sway frame

Select reinforcing bars using the moment magnification method for the
450x450mm. unbraced column shown in Figure. if lu = 5.4 m, k = 1.3,
fy = 400 MPa, and fc0 = 30 MPa. A first-order analysis has resulted in
the following axial loads and moments:

PD = 1350 kN MD = 105 kN-m

PL = 670 kN ML = 64 kN-m
PW = 1200 kN MW = 73 kN-m

The loading combination assumed to control for the case with no

sidesway is SNI/ACI Equation 9.2.
PU = 1.2PD + 1.6PL = 1.2(1350) + 1.6(670) = 2692 kN
MU = 1.2MD + 1.6ML = 1.2(105) + 1.6(64) = 228.4 kN = M2ns

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The loading combination assumed to control with sidesway is
SNI/ACI Equation 9.6.

PU = 0.9PD + 1.0PW = 0.9(1350) + 1.0(1200) = 2415 kN

MU = 0.9MD + 1.0MW = 0.9(105) + 1.0(73) = 167.5 kN-m
M2s = 1.0MW = 1.0(73) = 73 kN-m

Note that ACI Equation 9.3 or 9.4 may also control for sidesway, but in
this case it is unlikely.

Pu = 53400 for all columns on floor

Pc = 266000 for all columns on floor

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Solution:
Is it a slender column? (ACI Section 10.13.2)

klu 1.3 5400

= = 52 > 22 YES
r 0.3 450
Calculating the Magnified Moment s .

1 1
s = = = 1.366
Pu 53400
1 1
0.75Pc 0.75 266000
Computing Magnified Moment M2 .

M2 = M2ns + M2s
= 228.4 + 1.366 73 = 328.12kN-m

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 Is M2ns minimum value permitted in ACI Section 10.10.6.5?

M2,min = Pu (15 + 0.03h)

= 2415(15 + 0.03 450) = 68827.5 kN-m
= 68.83 kN-m < 328.12 kN-m YES

Selecting Reinforcing
330
= = 0.73
450
450 mm Pu 2415 1000
330 mm = = 11.93 MPa.
Ag 450 450
Mu 328.12 106
= = 3.60 MPa.
450 mm

Ag h 450 450
= 0.6, = 3%
= 0.8, = 2.95%
= 0.73, = 3%
As = 0.03 450 450 = 6075 mm2 ,
use 12D28=7389.03 mm2
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Example 4 : Swayframe
The frame which carries a total uniform factored gravity load of 50
kN-m and a horizontal factored wind load at joint f , is unbraced in its
own plane. The wind load in not a sustained load. Determine the axial
load and moment for which coulmn must be designed.
The dimensions of rectangular cross sections of beams and columns
are given. Take fc0 = 30 MPa, and fy = 400 MPa.

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Solution:
1. The frame is unbraced against sidesway, the stability index

Puo
Q=
vus lc
(172.85 + 436.8 + 190.35) 0.21
= = 0.12 > 0.05
40 3.5 1000
The frame is unbraced as given.

2. Check for slenderness for column C D: a column in a sway frame

is short if.
klu
22
r
r = 0.3h = 0.3 0.250 = 0.075 m, lu = ln = 3.25 m.

Ec Ic /lc of columns at joint

=
Eb Ib /lb of beams at joint

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- The column moment inertia will be :
bh3 0.3 0.253
Ic = 0.7Ig = 0.7 = 0.7 = 2.734 104 m4
12 12
- The beam moment inertia will be :
bh3 0.3 0.53
Ib = 0.35Ig = 0.35 = 0.35 = 1.094 103 m4
12 12
Rotational restraint factors at the top and bottom of column C D are:

Ic 2.734 104

lc 3.5
A (at top) = = = 0.57
Ib 1.094 103

lb 8
B (at bottom) = pin end.

From alignment chart k = 2.2

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 klu 2.2 3.25
= = 95.33 > 22
r 0.075
The column is long and the slenderness must be considered.
3. Computer EI
0.4Ec Ig
The area of reinforcement is not known. So the equation EI =
1 + dns
can be used.
p
Ec = 4700 fc0 = 4700 30 = 25742.96MPa.
dns = 0 since wind load act for a short time period.

bh3 300 2503

Ig for column C D, = = = 0.391 109 mm2 .
12 12
0.4Ec Ig 0.4 25742.96 0.391 109
EI = = = 4026.19kN-m2
1 + dns 1+0
.
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4. Determine the Euler buckling load,
For column C D and A F

2 EI 2 4026.19
Pc = = = 777.28 kN
(klu )2 (2.2 3.25)2
For column B E

bh3 3004
Ig,BE = = = 0.675 109 mm4
12 12
0.4Ec Ig,BE 0.4 25742.96 0.675 109
EI = = = 6950.59
1 + dns 1+0
Determine the effective length factor k for column B E
- the column moment of inertia will be

bh3 3004
Ic = 0.7Ig = 0.7 = 0.7 = 4.725 104 m4
12 12

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- the beams moment of inertia will be

bh3 0.3 0.53

Ib = 0.35Ig = 0.35 = 0.35 = 1.094 103 m4
12 12
Rotational restraint factors at the top and bottom of column B E are:

Ic 4.752 104

lc 3.5
A (at top) = = = 0.49
Ib 1.094 103 1.094 103
+
lb 8 8
A (at bottom) = 0 pin end

From alignment char k = 2.7.

2 EI 2 6950.59
Pc = = = 1379.22 kN
(klu )2 (2.7 3.25)2

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5. Calculate the moment magnifier factor s
Pc = 777.28 + 1379.22 + 777.28 = 2933.81 kN.
Pu = 172.85 + 436.8 + 190.35 = 800 kN.
1 1
s = = = 1.57
Pu 800
1 1
0.75Pc 0.75 2933.81
6. The magnified moment at the top of the column B E

M2 = M2ns + s M2s

M2ns = 168.4 kN-m, end top moment due to fravity load only
(nonsway condition).
M2s = 38.5 kN-m, end top moment due to lateral wind only (sway
condition).
M2 = 168.4 + 1.57 38.5 = 230 kN-m
The magnified moments are less than 1.4 times the first-order
moments, as required by SNI/ACI Code Section 10.10.2.1.
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7. Check whether the moments are less than the minimum.

M2,min = Pu (15 + 0.03h)

= 190.35(15 + 0.03 250)
= 4.3 kN-m

Therefore M2,min does not control.

9. Design column C D for Mc = M2 = 230 kN-m, and Pu = 190.35
kN.

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Home Work

Choose one of the problem given in the McCormacs book between

problem 11.21 to 11.23.
Use fc0 = 30 MPa, and fy = 400 MPa.

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