1980 A-Level Pure Mathematics Paper I

x1 y1

1. Let V be the set of all 31 real matrices. For any x x 2 , y y 2 in V and any real number ,
x y
3 3
x1 y1 x 1

we define x y x 2 y 2 , x x 2 . It is known that under this addition and scalar multiplication ,
x y x
3 3 3
0

V forms a real vector space with zero vector 0 0 .
0

(a) For a given 3 3 real matrix A , let E {x V : Ax 0}.
(i) Show that E forms a vector subspace of V.
(ii) For b in V , suppose we have p in V such that A p b . Show that , for any y in V ,
A y b if and only if y p x for some x in E .
x y z 0

(b) (i) Find all solutions to 10x 5 y 4z 0
5x 5 y z 0

1 4
(ii) Suppose x , y , z 2 is a solution to the system of equations
2 3
x y z b1

10x 5 y 4z b 2 .
5x 5 y z b .
3
Find all solutions to the system. (1980)

2. Let F denote the set of all positive-valued continuous functions on the set R of all real numbers. For any
f , gF, define f * g by (f * g)(x) f (x)g(x) x R . It is known that F forms a group under the
operation *. The identity I of this group and the inverse g of f F are given respectively by
1
I( x ) 1 x R , g( x ) x R.
f (x)
Define a relation ~ in F as follows:
For f , gF , f ~ g if there are polynomials p, q in F such that p * f = q * g.
(a) Show that ~ is an equivalence relation on F.
(b) Let f / ~ be the equivalence class of f with respect to ~, and let F/~ be the quotient set consisting
of all these equivalence classes. For any f / ~, g / ~ F / ~, define f / ~ g / ~ to be (f * g) / ~ .
(i) Show that is well defined on F/~, i.e., if f / ~ f1 / ~ and
g / ~ g1 / ~, then f / ~ g / ~ f1 / ~ g1 / ~ .
(ii) Show that F/~ forms a group under . (1980)
 x p1 1 x p 1
3. (a) If x > 0 and p is a positive integer , show that , and that the equality holds only
p 1 p
if x = 1 .
n
(b) Let x1, x 2 ,..., x n be positive numbers and xi n .
i 1
n
(i) Show that , for any positive integer m , x i m n .
i 1
n
(ii) If x i m n for some integer m greater than one , show that x1 x 2 ... x n 1.
i1
(c) Using (b) , or otherwise, show that , for any positive numbers y1 , y 2 ,. .., y n , and positive integer m ,
m
y1m y 2 m ... y n m y1 y 2 ... y n
and that the equality holds only when m =1 or
n n
y1 y 2 ... y n . (1980)

4. (a) The terms of a sequence y1 , y 2 , y 3 ,... satisfy the relation y k Ay k1 B (k 2) where A , B

are constants independent of k and A 1 . Guess an expression for y k (k 2) in terms of y 1 ,
A , B and k and prove it.
(b) The terms of a sequence x 0 , x 1 , x 2 ,... satisfy the relation x k (a b)x k 1 a b x k 2 (k 2),
where a , b are non-zero constants independent of k and a b .
(i) Express x k a x k 1 (k 2) in terms of (x1 a x 0 ), b and k .
(ii) Using (a) or otherwise , express x k ( k 2) in terms of x 0 , x1 , a , b and k.
1 2
(c) If the terms of the sequence x 0 , x1 , x 2 ,... satisfy the relation x k x k 1 x k 2 ( k 2) ,
3 3
express lim x k in terms of x 0 and x1. (1980)
k

5. (a) (i) Let 3 1 and 1 . Show that the expression x 3 3uvx (u 3 v3 ) 0 can be factorized as
(x u v) (x u 2v) (x 2u v)
(ii) Find a solution to the following system of equations
u 3 v 3 6

uv 2
Hence , or otherwise, find the roots of the equations x 3 6x 6 0
(b) Given an equation x 3 px q 0............ (*)
(i) Show that , if (*) has a multiple root , then 27q 2 4p3 0
(ii) Using the method indicated in (a) (ii) , or otherwise , show that , if 27q 2 4p3 0 , then (*)
has a multiple root. (1980)

6. Let a , b be real numbers such that a < b and let m , n be positive integers.
m n
(a) If for all real numbers x , u , [(1 u) x (au b)] mn A k ( x )u k ........... (*)
k 0
m n
show that A k ( x) C k (x a) k ( x b) mn k for k = 0 , 1 , ... , m + n ,
 m n
where C k is the coefficient of t k in the expansion of (1 t)mn .
b
a (x a)
m
(b) By integrating both sides of (*) with respect to x , or otherwise , calculate (x b) n dx .

dr
(c) By differentiating both sides of (*) with respect to x , or otherwise , find {(x a ) m (x b) n } at
r
dx
x = a , where r is a positive integer. (1980)

7. Let C be the set of complex numbers. A function f : C C is said to be an isometry if it preserves

f (z1 ) f (z 2 ) z1 z 2 for all z1, z 2 C.
distance, that is , if
f (z) f (0)
(a) If f is an isometry, show that g(z) is an isometry satisfying g(1) = 1 and g(0) = 0 .
f (1) f (0)
(b) If g is an isometry satisfying g(1) = 1 , g(0) = 0 , show that
(i) the real parts of g(z) and z are equal for all z C ,
(ii) g(i) = i or -i .
(c) If g is an isometry satisfying g(1) = 1 , g(0) = 0 and g(i) = i (respectively -i) , show that g(z)=z
(respectively z ) for all z C .
(d) Show that any isometry f has the form f(z) = az + b or f(z) = az b with a and b constant
and a 1 . (1980)
8. N balls are distributed randomly among n cells. Each of the n N possible distributions has probability
n N .
(a) (i) Calculate the probability Pk that a given cell contains exactly k balls.
N n 1 N 1
(ii) Show that the most probable number k 0 satisfies the inequality k0 .
n n
N
(iii) Compute the mean number k Pk of balls in a given cell and show that it can differ from
k 0
k 0 by at most one.
(b) Let A(N, n) be the number of distributions leaving none of the cells empty. Show that
N
A( N, n1) C k N A( N k, n), where C k N is the coefficient of t k in the expansion of
k 1
(1 t ) . Hence show by mathematical induction (on n), or otherwise, that
N

n
A ( N, n ) (1) i C j n (n j) N . (1980)
j 0