SOCIOLOGY- is the study of social behavior or society, including its origins, development,

organization, networks, and institutions.[1][2][3][4] It is a social science that uses various methods
of empirical investigation[5] and critical analysis[6] to develop a body of knowledge about social order,
disorder, and change. Many sociologists aim to conduct research that may be applied directly
to social policy and welfare, while others focus primarily on refining the theoretical understanding of
social processes. Subject matter ranges from the micro-sociology level of individual agency and
interaction to the macro level of systems and the social structure.[7]
The traditional focuses of sociology include social stratification, social class, social
mobility, religion, secularization, law, sexuality and deviance. As all spheres of human activity are
affected by the interplay between social structure and individual agency, sociology has gradually
expanded its focus to further subjects, such as health, medical, military and penal institutions, the
Internet, education, social capital and the role of social activity in the development of scientific
knowledge.

NATION- is a large group or collective of people with common characteristics attributed to

them including language, traditions, mores (customs), habitus (habits), and ethnicity. By
comparison, a nation is more impersonal, abstract, and overtly political than an ethnic group.[1]It is a
cultural-political community that has become conscious of its autonomy, unity, and particular
interests.[2]
Ernest Renan's What is a Nation? (1882) declares that "race is confused with nation and a
sovereignty analogous to that of really existing peoples is attributed to ethnographic or, rather
linguistic groups", and "The truth is that there is no pure race and that to make politics depend upon
ethnographic analysis is to surrender it to a chimera", echoing a sentiment of civic nationalism. He
also claims that a nation is not formed on the basis of dynasty, language, religion, geography,
or shared interests. Rather, "A nation is a soul, a spiritual principle. Two things, which in truth are but
one, constitute this soul or spiritual principle. One lies in the past, one in the present. One is the
possession in common of a rich legacy of memories; the other is present-day consent, the desire to
live together, the will to perpetuate the value of the heritage that one has received in an undivided
form", emphasizing the democratic and historical aspects of what constitutes a nation, although,
"Forgetting, I would even go so far as to say historical error, is a crucial factor in the creation of a
nation". "A nation is therefore a large-scale solidarity", which he famously said is reaffirmed in a
"daily plebiscite".[3]

CULTURE- is the social behavior and norms found in human societies. Culture is a central
concept in anthropology, encompassing the range of phenomena that are transmitted through
social learning in human societies.
Some aspects of human behavior, such as language, social practices such as kinship and marriage,
expressive forms such as art, music, dance, ritual, and religion, and technologies such as tool
usage, cooking, shelter, and clothing are said to be cultural universals, found in all human societies.
The concept of material culture covers the physical expressions of culture, such as technology,
architecture and art, whereas the immaterial aspects of culture such as principles of social
organization(including practices of political organization and
social institutions), mythology, philosophy, literature (both written and oral), and science comprise
the intangible cultural heritage of a society.[1]
In the humanities, one sense of culture as an attribute of the individual has been the degree to which
they have cultivated a particular level of sophistication in the arts, sciences, education, or manners.
The level of cultural sophistication has also sometimes been seen to distinguish civilizations from
less complex societies. Such hierarchical perspectives on culture are also found in class-
based distinctions between a high culture of the social elite and a low culture, popular culture, or folk
culture of the lower classes, distinguished by the stratified access to cultural capital. In common
parlance, culture is often used to refer specifically to the symbolic markers used by ethnic groups to
distinguish themselves visibly from each other such as body modification, clothing or jewelry. Mass
culture refers to the mass-produced and mass mediated forms of consumer culture that emerged in
the 20th century. Some schools of philosophy, such as Marxism and critical theory, have argued that
culture is often used politically as a tool of the elites to manipulate the lower classes and create
a false consciousness, and such perspectives are common in the discipline of cultural studies. In the
wider social sciences, the theoretical perspective of cultural materialism holds that human symbolic
culture arises from the material conditions of human life, as humans create the conditions for
physical survival, and that the basis of culture is found in evolved biological dispositions.

SOCIETY- is a group of people involved in persistent social interaction, or a large social

group sharing the same geographical or social territory, typically subject to the same political
authority and dominant cultural expectations. Societies are characterized by patterns of relationships
(social relations) between individuals who share a distinctive culture and institutions; a given society
may be described as the sum total of such relationships among its constituent of members. In
the social sciences, a larger society often evinces stratification or dominance patterns in subgroups.

POLITICS- is the process of making decisions applying to all members of each group. More
narrowly, it refers to achieving and exercising positions of governance organized control over a
human community, particularly a state. Furthermore, politics is the study or practice of the
distribution of power and resources within a given community (this is usually a hierarchically
organized population) as well as the interrelationship(s) between communities.
A variety of methods are deployed in politics, which include promoting or forcing one's own political
views among people, negotiation with other political subjects, making laws, and exercising force,
including warfare against adversaries. Politics is exercised on a wide range of social levels,
from clans and tribes of traditional societies, through modern local governments, companies and
institutions up to sovereign states, to the international level.
It is very often said that politics is about power.[1] A political system is a framework which defines
acceptable political methods within a given society. History of political thought can be traced back to
early antiquity, with seminal works such as Plato's Republic, Aristotle's Politics and the works
of Confucius.

ANTHROPOLOGY- is the study of various aspects of humans within past and

present societies.[1][2][3] Social anthropology and cultural anthropology[1][2][3] study the norms and values
of societies. Linguistic anthropology studies how language affects social life. Biological or physical
anthropology[1][2][3] studies the biological development of humans.
Archaeology, which studies past human cultures through investigation of physical evidence, is
thought of as a branch of anthropology in the United States,[4] while in Europe, it is viewed as a
discipline in its own right, or grouped under other related disciplines such as history.
POLITICAL SCIENCE- is a social science which deals with systems of governance,
and the analysis of political activities, political thoughts and political behaviour.[1] It deals extensively
with the theory and practice of politics which is commonly thought of as determining of the
distribution of power and resources. Political scientists "see themselves engaged in revealing the
relationships underlying political events and conditions, and from these revelations they attempt to
construct general principles about the way the world of politics works."[2]
Political science comprises numerous subfields, including comparative politics, political
economy, international relations, political theory, public administration, public policy and political
methodology. Furthermore, political science is related to, and draws upon, the fields
of economics, law, sociology, history, philosophy, geography, psychology, and anthropology.