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Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Volumetric

Properties Using
Phase Diagrams

Volumetrics HMA

HMA Volumetric Terms

Bulk specific gravity (Gmb) of compacted HMA
Theoretical Maximum specific gravity (Gmm)
Air voids (Va)
Effective specific gravity of aggregate (Gse)
Voids in mineral aggregate (VMA)
Voids filled with asphalt, (VFA)

Volumetrics HMA

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Volumetrics HMA

Phase Diagram

Air

Effective AC
Total
Asphalt
Absorbed AC
Bulk H2o permeable voids
Agg. Effective
Volume Agg.
Apparent Bulk
Volume Agg. Agg.
Aggregate
Volume Solids

HMA Volumetrics

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Volumetrics HMA

Volumetrics HMA

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Effective Specific Gravity

Surface Voids Mass, dry
Gse =
Effective Volume

Solid Agg.
Vol. of water-perm. voids
Particle
not filled with asphalt

Absorbed asphalt
Effective volume = volume of solid aggregate particle +
volume of surface voids not filled with asphalt

Gse is an aggregate property

HMA Volumetrics

Volumetrics HMA

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Volumetrics HMA

Volumetrics HMA

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Volumetrics HMA

Phase Diagram
Volume Mass

Va Air Zero
Vma
Vbe Effective AC Pbe
Vb Pb
Vba Absorbed AC Pba
Vmb
Vmm Pm
Vsb V Aggregate Ps
se
Solids

Pm = P s + Pb Ps = PCA + PFA + PMF

HMA
Volumetrics

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Phase Diagram

Air

Effective AC
Total
Asphalt
Absorbed AC
Bulk H2o permeable voids
Agg. Effective
Volume Agg.
Apparent Bulk
Volume Agg. Agg.
Aggregate
Volume Solids

HMA Volumetrics

Bulk SG of Compacted HMA (Gmb)

Asphalt binder mixed with aggregate and
compacted into a sample
Mass of Agg. and AC (Pm)
Gmb=
Vol. agg.+ AC+ air voids (Vmb)
Air

Effective AC

Absorbed AC
Vmb H2o permeable voids Pm
Aggregate
Solids
Volumetrics HMA
HMA Volumetrics

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Volumetrics HMA

Gmb Calculation

Gmb = A / ( B - C )

Where:
A = mass of dry sample
B = mass of SSD sample
C = mass of sample under water

Volumetrics HMA

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Theoretical Maximum Specific Gravity (Gmm)

Loose (uncompacted) mixture

Mass agg. and AC (Pm)
Gmm =
Vol. agg. and AC (Vmm)

Air

Effective AC

Absorbed AC
Vmm H2o permeable voids Pm
Aggregate
Solids
Vlumetrics
HMA

Phase Diagram

Air

Effective AC

Absorbed AC
Bulk H2o permeable voids Gmb
Agg. Effective Gmm
Volume Agg.
Apparent
(Gsb) Volume Agg. Aggregate
(Gse) Volume Solids
(Gsa)

Volumetrics HMA

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Effective Specific Gravity

Surface Voids Mass, dry
Gse =
Effective Volume

Solid Agg.
Vol. of water-perm. voids
Particle
not filled with asphalt

Absorbed asphalt
Effective volume = volume of solid aggregate particle +
volume of surface voids not filled with asphalt

Gse is an aggregate property

Volumetrics HMA

Phase Diagram
Volume Mass

Va Air Zero
VMA
Vbe Effective AC Pbe
Vb Pb
Vba Absorbed AC Pba
Vmb
Vmm Pm
Vsb V Aggregate Ps
se
Solids

Ps = PCA + PFA + PMF

Volumetrics HMA

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Phase Diagram
Air

Effective AC

Absorbed AC
Bulk H2o permeable voids Gmb
Agg. Effective Gmm
Volume Agg.
Apparent
(Gsb) Volume Agg. Aggregate
(Gse) Volume Solids
(Gsa)

PCA + PFA + PMF

Ps = PCA + PFA + PMF Gsb=
(PCA/GbCA) + (PFA/GbFA) + (PMF/GbMF)
Volumetrics HMA

Voids in Mineral Aggregate (VMA)

VMA is an indication of film thickness on

the surface of the aggregate
It is calculated using Gmb
Va Air
Va+ Vbe Vbe
VMA = X 100 Effective AC
Vmb
Absorbed AC
Vmb
Aggregate
Solids

Volumetrics HMA

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Voids Filled with Asphalt

VFA is the percent of VMA that

is filled with asphalt cement

Vbe
VFA = X 100 Va
Vbe + Va Air

Vbe Effective AC

Absorbed AC

VFA = 100 x VMA - Va Vmb

Aggregate
VMA Solids

Volumetrics HMA

VOL (cm3 ) Gmb = 2.329 MASS (g)

air

effective asphalt
Gb = 1.015
Pb = 5% by mix
absorbed asphalt
1.000
aggregate
Gsb = 2.705
Gse = 2.731

Volumetrics HMA

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VOL (cm 3 ) Gmb = 2.329 MASS (g)

air Pa = 0

effective asphalt
Gb = 1.015
Pb = 5% by mix
absorbed asphalt
1.000 Pm = 1.0 x 2.329 x 1.0 = 2.329
aggregate
Gsb = 2.705
Gse = 2.731

P= V x G x 1.000

Volumetrics HMA

VOL (cm 3 ) Gmb = 2.329 MASS (g)

air 0

effective asphalt
Gb = 1.015 Pb = 0.05 x 2.329 = 0.116
Pb = 5% by mix
absorbed asphalt
1.000 2.329
aggregate
Gsb = 2.705
Gse = 2.731 Ps = 2.329 - 0.116 = 2.213

Volumetrics HMA

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VOL (cm 3 ) MASS (g)

air 0

effective asphalt
Gb = 1.015 0.116

absorbed asphalt
1.000 2.329
aggregate
Vsb = 0.818 Gsb = 2.705
Gse = 2.731 2.213
Vse = 0.810

Vse = 2.213 = 0.810

M
2.731x 1.0
Vsb = 2.213 = 0.818 V=
G x 1.000
2.705x 1.0
Volumetrics HMA

VOL (cm 3 ) MASS (g)

air 0

effective asphalt
0.114 Gb = 1.015 0.116

0.008 absorbed asphalt

1.000 2.329
aggregate
0.818 Gsb = 2.705
0.810 2.213
Gse = 2.731

M
Vb = 0.116 = 0.114
1.015 x 1.0 V=
G x 1.000
Vba = 0.818 - 0.810 = 0.008
Volumetrics HMA

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VOL (cm 3 ) MASS (g)

0.076 air 0

effective asphalt
0.106 Gb = 1.015
0.114 0.116

0.008 absorbed asphalt

1.000 2.329
aggregate
0.818 Gsb = 2.705
0.810 2.213
Gse = 2.731

Vbe = 0.114 - 0.008 = 0.106

Va = 1.000 - 0.114 - 0.810 = 0.076

Volumetrics HMA

VOL (cm 3 ) MASS (g)

0.076 air 0

0.106 effective asphalt

0.108
0.114 Gb = 1.015 0.116

0.008 absorbed asphalt 0.008

1.000 2.329
aggregate
0.818 0.810 Gsb = 2.705
Gse = 2.731 2.213

P= V x G x 1.000 Pbe = 0.106 x 1.015 x 1.000 = 0.108

Pba = 0.116 - 0.108 = 0.008

Volumetrics HMA

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VOL (cm 3 ) MASS (g)

0.076 air 0

0.182 effective asphalt

0.106 0.108
0.114 Gb = 1.015 0.116

0.008 absorbed asphalt 0.008

1.000 2.329
aggregate
0.818 Gsb = 2.705
0.810 2.213
Gse = 2.731

Air Voids = 0.076 x 100 = 7.6 %

VMA = Vbe + Va = ( 0.106 + 0.076 ) x 100 = 18.2 %

Volumetrics HMA

VOL (cm 3 ) MASS (g)

0.076 air 0

0.182
0.106 effective asphalt 0.108
0.114 Gb = 1.015 0.116

0.008 absorbed asphalt 0.008

1.000 2.329
aggregate
0.818 0.810 Gsb = 2.705
Gse = 2.731 2.213

Air Voids = 7.6 %

VMA = 18.2 %
VFA = ( 0.106 / 0.182 ) x 100 = 58.2 %
Volumetrics HMA

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VOL (cm 3 ) MASS (g)

0.076 air 0

0.182 effective asphalt

0.106 0.108
0.114 Gb = 1.015 0.116

0.008 absorbed asphalt 0.008

1.000 2.329
aggregate
0.818 Gsb = 2.705
0.810 2.213
Gse = 2.731

Air Voids = 7.6 % Eff. Asp. Cont. = ( 0.108 / 2.329 ) x 100 = 4.6 %
VMA = 18.2 %
VFA = 58.2 %
Volumetrics HMA

VOL (cm 3 ) MASS (g)

0.076 air 0

0.182 effective asphalt

0.106 0.108
0.114 Gb = 1.015 0.116

0.008 absorbed asphalt 0.008

1.000 2.329

aggregate
0.818 0.810 Gsb = 2.705 2.213
Gse = 2.731

Air Voids = 7.6% Effective Asphalt Content = 4.6%

VMA = 18.2 % Abs. Asph. Cont. = ( 0.008 / 2.213 ) x 100 = 0.4%
VFA = 58.2 %

Volumetrics HMA

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VOL (cm 3 ) MASS (g)

0.076 air 0

0.182 effective asphalt

0.106 0.108
0.114 Gb = 1.015 0.116

0.008 absorbed asphalt 0.008

1.000 2.329
aggregate
0.818 Gsb = 2.705
0.810 2.213
Gse = 2.731

Air Voids = 7.6% Max Theo Sp Grav = 2.329 = 2.521

VMA = 18.2 % 1.000 - 0.076
VFA = 58.2 % 1.000
Volumetrics HMA

VOL (cm 3 ) MASS (g)

0.076 air 0

0.182 effective asphalt

0.106 0.108
0.114 Gb = 1.015 0.116

0.008 absorbed asphalt 0.008

1.000 2.329

aggregate
0.818
0.810 Gsb = 2.705 2.213
Gse = 2.731

Air Voids = 7.6% Effective Asphalt Content = 4.6%

VMA = 18.2 % Absorbed Asphalt Content = 0.4%
VFA = 58.2 % Max Theo Sp Grav = 2.521

Volumetrics HMA

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Volumetrics HMA

Volumetrics HMA