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Descriptive Statistics
Histogram Measure of central tendency- describes the center position of the
data (mean, median, mode)
Measure of dispersion describe the spread of data (range, variance,
standard deviation)
1 N
Mean, X i 1 Xwhere
i Xi is one observation, N is number of sample
N
Interval, i Median is the middle point of a data series (observation in the middle of sorted data
Frequency
Mid-point
Upper boundary
100 91 85 84 75 72 72 69 65
n n
1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11
( xi
f i ( xi X) / n
4
i 1
Range = 11-1 = 10
a4 i 1
= population mean
n
Note: S = = std dev s4
Std deviation is the square-root of variance. Measures spreading
tendency of the data
i 1
n If is large, high probability of getting
Leptokurtic (more peaked) Mesokurtic (normal) Platykurtic (flatter)
the values away from mean value
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n
fi ( xi x) / n
3
a3 i 1
Note: S = = std dev s3
Introduces the QC tools
When to use, how to use the tools
Example problems
Information Technology
Computer Program
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Sale of ice-cream
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Cause-and-Effect Diagram
Cause-and-Effect Diagram Also Called:, Ishikawa Diagram, Fishbone Diagram
Variations: cause enumeration diagram, process fishbone, time-delay fishbone, CEDAC
(cause-and-effect diagram with the addition of cards), desired-result fishbone, reverse
Types of Diagrams: fishbone diagram.
Identifies many possible causes for an effect or problem. It can be used to structure a
brainstorming session. It immediately sorts ideas into useful categories
2. The process-analysis type.
In order to construct it, it is necessary to write
Materials Procedures
each step of the production process. The
advantage of this type of diagram is the ease
of construction and its simplicity, since it Quality
Problem
follows the production sequence
People Equipment
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Histogram Histogram
Shows data distribution and how frequent a range of value occur
Can tell the capability of a process
Only numerical values can be used
25
20
Frequency
15
10
Category
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I Inspection Operation
Product movement
Delay
Description
Transport
Storage
(feet)
(min)
Inspect
Time
Delay
put over walls where everyone involved look at it and try different things.
Step
of
process
Subroutine can also be added.
Allows for tracing back the source of a problem.
1 Unload mango from truck 20
2 Move to inspection station 100 ft
3 Weigh, inspect, sort 30
4 Move to storage 50 ft
5 Wait until needed 360
6 Move to peeler 20 ft
7 Mango peeled and cored 15
8 Soak in water until needed 20
9 Place in conveyor 5
10 Move to mixing area 20 ft
11 Weigh, inspect, sort 30
Page 1 0f 3 Total 480 190 ft
c = 12.67
Run Chart is the basis for Control Chart 18
15
12
6
LCL = 1.99
3
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Sample number
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11