2009 F.zilm PDF

Design of a Curved Pedestrian
Bridge
by
Franziska Zilm
Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Technical University of

Hamburg/Harburg in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Diplom-Ingenieur
in
Civil and Environmental Engineering
October 13th, 2009

Seoul, Korea
Steel Structural Laboratory

Institut fr Baustatik und Stahlbau
Civil and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe Starossek
Prof. Dr. Kang Young Jong
Abstract
The development in software, fabrication and design methods enables engineers today to
design bridges with wide spans, slender girders and various shapes. Since a curved
streamline constitutes a pleasing and aesthetically appearance horizontal curved bridges are
highly appreciated.
The design of a curved girder is a challenge for the structural engineer because the analysis
of a curved beam is complex. Depending on the cross-section, torsional and distortional
behavior occur which produce additional normal and shear stresses. Although the magnitude
of these stresses can be crucial for design, there are still few established software and
design methods to meet these effects. This thesis deals with a representative example to
perform various aspects and problems arising in a design progress of a curved bridge.
Associated with a previous work at the Technical University Hamburg/Harburg two distinct
structures have been analyzed and compared with each other.
In the previous work stresses, forces and displacements were computed using the software
RStab from Dlubal which is a powerful program for strut and tie models. Since sufficient hand
calculations cannot be realized for this complex structure, Abaqus is used for check.
The major task of this thesis comprises the analysis and design of an alternative structure
that includes a trapezoidal box girder supported by columns. Even though the structure is
less complex than the truss work, curvature causes a sophisticated computation and design.
RStab is used again for determination of forces, stresses and displacements. Since RStab
does not consider torsional and distortional behavior sufficiently, special guidelines of
international design specifications are used to perform an appropriate design.
This thesis was performed at Structural Laboratory at Korea University (Seoul) which is doing
research on curved beams. Theoretical knowledge and workouts were translated to practical
application. In this context the finite element program SMB developed at Korea University
was used to demonstrate the influence of torsion and distortion on a box girder. SMB
contains a beam element including nine degrees of freedom whereas RStab uses the
conventional beam element with 6 degrees of freedom. Thus, the box girder design is
evaluated in regard to the stress analysis.
The thesis concludes with a comparison of the both designed structures concerning
economical, constructive and aesthetically aspects.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
List of Figures .............................................................................. VI
List of Tables ...............................................................................VIII
List of Symbols and Units ............................................................. IX
Acknowledgement ........................................................................ XI
Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................ 12
1.1. Introduction ......................................................................................12
1.2. Scope and thesis organization ........................................................13
Chapter 2 Basic Considerations ................................................. 14
2.1. Objective ...........................................................................................14
2.2. Statical behavior due to curvature ..................................................15
Chapter 3 Design with Truss Girder ........................................... 17
3.1. Objective ...........................................................................................17
3.2. Previous Work ..................................................................................18

3.2.1. Curved girder .....................................................................................18
3.2.2. Supporting Structure ..........................................................................19
3.2.3. Details ................................................................................................21
3.3. Loads ................................................................................................22
3.4. Model in Abaqus...............................................................................23

3.4.1. Parts ..................................................................................................23
3.4.1.1. Truss ...................................................................................23
3.4.1.2. Tie Rods .............................................................................26
3.4.1.3. Pylon ...................................................................................26
3.4.2. Assembly ...........................................................................................27
3.4.3. Boundary Conditions ..........................................................................28
3.4.4. Load Steps and Analysis ....................................................................28
I
Table of Contents
3.4.5. Results ...............................................................................................30

3.4.5.1. Geometry ............................................................................30
3.4.5.2. Reaction Forces ..................................................................31
3.4.5.3. Displacements ....................................................................31
3.4.5.4. Maximum stresses for stress analysis .................................32
3.4.5.5. Maximum compressive stresses for buckling analysis.........34
3.5. Conclusion........................................................................................35
Chapter 4 Alternative Design ...................................................... 36
4.1. Overview ...........................................................................................36

4.1.1. Rectangular vs. trapezoidal box section .............................................37
4.2. Specifications ...................................................................................39
4.3. Girder Design ...................................................................................40

4.3.1. Loads .................................................................................................40
4.3.2. Structure and Material ........................................................................42
4.3.3. Dimensions of the cross-section .........................................................43
4.3.3.1. Girder depth ........................................................................43
4.3.3.2. Widths of flanges ................................................................44
4.3.3.3. Wall thicknesses .................................................................44
4.3.4. Stress analysis due to AASHTO .........................................................45
4.3.4.1. Webs ..................................................................................45
4.3.4.2. Top Flange..........................................................................46
4.3.4.3. Bottom flange ......................................................................47
4.3.4.4. Transverse stiffeners...........................................................48
4.3.5. Stress Analysis due to Bethlehem Guide............................................49
4.3.6. Serviceability ......................................................................................51
4.3.6.1. Deflection of the structure ...................................................51
4.3.6.2. Deflection of the top flange..................................................53
4.3.6.3. Size of the access hole .......................................................53
4.4. Detailed Analysis using Abaqus .....................................................54

4.4.1. Description of the model.....................................................................54
4.4.1.1. Elements and dimensions ...................................................54
4.4.1.2. Boundary conditions............................................................54
4.4.1.3. Loads ..................................................................................55
4.4.2. Analysis of stresses and deformation .................................................57
4.4.2.1. Analysis without additional members ..................................57
4.4.2.2. Analysis with outstanding braces ........................................61
II
Table of Contents
4.5. Bearings ............................................................................................65

4.5.1. Bearings at columns ...........................................................................66
4.5.1.1. Inside bearing (B1) ..............................................................67
4.5.1.2. Outside bearing (B2) ...........................................................68
4.5.2. Bearings at abutments .......................................................................69
4.5.2.1. Inside bearing (B1) ..............................................................70
4.5.2.2. Outside bearing (B2) ...........................................................71
4.5.3. Construction details ............................................................................71
4.6. Columns ............................................................................................75
4.6.1. System ...............................................................................................75
4.6.2. Loading ..............................................................................................76
4.6.3. Cross-sections ...................................................................................77
4.6.4. Stress and stability analysis ...............................................................78
4.6.4.1. Imperfection ........................................................................78
4.6.4.2. Stress analysis ....................................................................79
4.6.4.3. Stability analysis .................................................................79
Chapter 5 Influence of Torsion and Distortion............................. 82
5.1. General Information .........................................................................82

5.1.1. Bending, torsion and distortion ...........................................................82
5.1.1.1. Flexural bending .................................................................82
5.1.1.2. Pure torsion and torsional warping ......................................83
5.1.1.3. Distortion.............................................................................84
5.1.2. Program SMB ....................................................................................86
5.2. Example ............................................................................................88
5.2.1. RStab .................................................................................................88
5.2.1.1. Static system and loading ...................................................88
5.2.1.2. Cross-sectional and material properties ..............................89
5.2.1.3. Results ................................................................................89
5.2.2. SMB ...................................................................................................90
5.2.2.1. Static system and loading ...................................................90
5.2.2.2. Sectional and material properties ........................................91
5.2.2.3. Results ................................................................................92
5.2.3. Comparison of RStab and SMB .........................................................95
5.2.3.1. Displacements ....................................................................95
5.2.3.2. Stresses ..............................................................................95
5.3. Evaluation of design using RStab ...................................................96
III
Table of Contents
Chapter 6 Comparison of Structures .......................................... 97
6.1. Scope ................................................................................................97
6.2. Aspects .............................................................................................97

6.2.1. Steel volume ......................................................................................97
6.2.2. Design and Computations ..................................................................98
6.2.3. Construction .......................................................................................99
6.2.4. Serviceability and Appearance ...........................................................99
6.3. Summary .........................................................................................101
Literature .................................................................................... 102
Appendix A................................................................................. 105
Appendix B................................................................................. 108
Appendix C ................................................................................ 118
Appendix D ................................................................................ 129
Appendix E................................................................................. 132
Appendix F ................................................................................. 145
Appendix G ................................................................................ 149
Appendix H ................................................................................ 164
Appendix I .................................................................................. 178
Appendix J ................................................................................. 218
Appendix K................................................................................. 234
Digital Appendix (CD) ................................................................. 235
IV
Table of Contents
V
List of Figures
List of Figures
Figure 1-1: Examples for curved bridges: left: Erzbahnschwinge in Bochum (Germany), right:
Gwangan Bridge in Busan (South Korea) ............................................................................12
Figure 2-1: Notations in plan view of the bridge ..........................................................................14
Figure 2-2: Notations in side view of the bridge ...........................................................................14
Figure 2-3: Transformation of torsional moment into axial forces ...................................................15
Figure 2-4: Straight and circular girder supported by one line of columns .......................................16
Figure 2-5: Cross-section a) not subjected to warping, b) subjected to warping ..............................16
Figure 2-6: Shear and Normal stresses in an I-beam resulting from torsion ....................................16
Figure 3-1: Side view (a), plan view (b) and section (c) of the truss girder (mid section) ...................18
Figure 3-2: Plan view of the truss girder (circular section) ............................................................18
Figure 3-3: Notation of truss members .......................................................................................19
Figure 3-4: Perspective view of the entire truss structure .............................................................20
Figure 3-5: Pre-tensioned tie rods .............................................................................................20
Figure 3-6: Intersection at pylon cap with attached tie rods ..........................................................21
Figure 3-7: Ball bearing of the pylons ........................................................................................21
Figure 3-8: Construction for end of truss girder ...........................................................................21
Figure 3-9: Sketches for the determination of the circular coordinates ...........................................23
Figure 3-10: Sketch for determination of the mid section coordinates ............................................24
Figure 3-11: Imperfection of the pylons ......................................................................................27
Figure 3-12: Boundary conditions for supports ............................................................................28
Figure 3-13: Substitution of distributed wind load by concentrated loads ........................................29
Figure 3-14: Side view in xz-plane.............................................................................................30
Figure 3-15: Side view in yz-plane.............................................................................................30
Figure 3-16: Assumption of span length .....................................................................................32
Figure 4-1: a) Single cell box with stiffeners, b) multi cell box, c) single cell box with overhang, d)
trapezoidal box with stiffeners............................................................................................36
Figure 4-2: Enclosed sectional area and coordinate s ..................................................................37
Figure 4-3: Possible closed cross-sections for curved pedestrian bridge [mm] ................................37
Figure 4-4: Plan view of the bridge including notations and location of columns (C) and abutments (A)
......................................................................................................................................42
Figure 4-5: Static system considered for top flange .....................................................................44
Figure 4-6: Cross-section with maximum normal stresses in webs ................................................45
Figure 4-7: Cross-sections with maximum a) shear stress, b) tensile stress and compressive stress in
2
top flange computed by RStab [kN/cm ] ..............................................................................46
Figure 4-8: Cross-sections with maximum a) shear, b) compressive and c) tensile stresses in the
bottom flange computed by RStab [kN/cm]........................................................................47
Figure 4-9: Shape of the cross-section ......................................................................................49
Figure 4-10: Space between transverse stiffeners .......................................................................53
Figure 4-11: Section modeled with shell elements in Abaqus ........................................................54
Figure 4-12: Boundary conditions considering a) one bearing and b) two bearings ..........................55
Figure 4-13: Load distribution for different cases in Abaqus model ................................................56
Figure 4-14: Stress distribution (Abaqus) for a section supported by single bearings (case 1)...........58
Figure 4-15: Element with maximum stress (one bearing, case 1) .................................................58
Figure 4-16: Stress distribution computed by Abaqus for a section supported by two bearings (case 1)
......................................................................................................................................59
Figure 4-17: Element with maximum stress (two bearings, case 1) ................................................59
Figure 4-18: Deformed shape of the top flange in the middle of the section supported by two bearings
(case 2) ..........................................................................................................................60
Figure 4-19: Effect on the deflection of top flange by using braces ................................................61
Figure 4-20: Section with two outstanding braces .......................................................................61
VI
List of Tables
Figure 4-21: Stress distribution computed by Abaqus for a section supported by two bearings and
containing outstanding braces (case 1) ...............................................................................62
Figure 4-22: Element with maximum stress (two bearings and braces, case 1) ...............................62
and braces ......................................................................................................................64
Figure 4-24: Vertical displacement of top flange without bracings, case 2 ......................................64
Figure 4-25: Vertical displacement of top flange with bracings, case 2 ...........................................64
Figure 4-26: Notation for supports (A abutment, C column) .....................................................65
Figure 4-27: Bearings for arc 1 .................................................................................................65
Figure 4-28: Bearing forces for supports at columns ....................................................................66
Figure 4-29: Pot bearing MPF 75 ..............................................................................................67
Figure 4-30: Pot bearing MPA 50 ..............................................................................................68
Figure 4-31: Side view (left) and plan view (right) with vertical and horizontal reaction forces ...........69
Figure 4-32: Pot bearing MPF 100 ............................................................................................70
Figure 4-33: Pot bearing MPG 75 ..............................................................................................71
4-34: Sketches of supporting construction at columns .................................................................72
4-35: Sketches of supporting construction at abutments ..............................................................72
4-36: Cross-section of the beam without splices .........................................................................73
Figure 4-37: Static system of transverse beam at abutment .........................................................74
Figure 4-38: Possible supports: a) one column, b) two columns ....................................................75
Figure 4-39: System of columns for supports C1 and C2..............................................................75
Figure 4-40: System of columns for supports C3 and C4..............................................................76
Figure 4-41: Deformed shape of columns C12, C13 and C14 for load group 2 ................................80
Figure 5-1: Area under membrane Am........................................................................................83
Figure 5-2: Division of eccentric loading on a box girder ..............................................................84
Figure 5-3: Deformed shaped due to torsion ...............................................................................85
Figure 5-4: Beam element including nine degrees of freedom .......................................................86
Figure 5-5: Static system in RStab (length [m], vertical load [kN/m], moment [kNm/m]) ....................88
Figure 5-6: Cross-section used in RStab ....................................................................................89
Figure 5-7: Shear stress computed by RStab: a) resulting from torque, b) resulting from vertical shear
force, c) total shear stress .................................................................................................89
Figure 5-8: Normal stress computed by RStab ............................................................................90
Figure 5-9: Discretized beam in SMB ........................................................................................90
Figure 5-10: Eccentric loading on element 4 ...............................................................................90
Figure 5-11: Cross-section for computation of Idw and Kd ..............................................................91
Figure 5-12: Sectional moments resulting from torsional loading ...................................................92
Figure 5-13: Normal stresses in the box girder ............................................................................94
Figure 6-1: View of a) truss structure and b) box girder structure ................................................100
VII
List of Tables
List of Tables
Table 3-1: Cross-sections of truss girder ....................................................................................19
Table 3-2: Cross-sections of supporting members.......................................................................20
Table 3-3: Loads applied on structure for each load group ...........................................................22
Table 3-4: Meaning of the load groups .......................................................................................22
Table 3-5: Parameters for the definition of cross-sections (truss members) ....................................25
Table 3-6: Parameters for the definition of cross-sections (tie rods) ...............................................26
Table 3-7: Parameters for definition of cross-sections (pylon) .......................................................27
Table 3-8: Line loads and equivalent body forces ........................................................................29
Table 3-9: Reaction forces of Truss ...........................................................................................31
Table 3-10: Displacements of truss ...........................................................................................31
Table 3-11: Maximum stresses in truss members .......................................................................33
Table 3-12: Summary of stress analysis ....................................................................................33
Table 3-13: Summary of buckling analysis for vertical braces .......................................................34
Table 3-14: Summary of buckling analysis for pylons ..................................................................35
Table 4-1: Cross-sectional properties ........................................................................................38
Table 4-2: Applied load factors .................................................................................................41
Table 4-3: Design loads ...........................................................................................................41
Table 4-4: Description of load groups ........................................................................................42
Table 4-5: Summary of stress analysis for webs .........................................................................45
Table 4-6: Summary of stress analysis for top flange ...................................................................46
Table 4-7: Summary of stress analysis for bottom flange .............................................................47
Table 4-8: Effective widths and rigidities of the flanges and webs..................................................50
Table 4-9: Summary of stresses due to distortion ........................................................................51
Table 4-10: Maximum vertical displacements under service live load .............................................52
Table 4-11: Maximum horizontal displacements under service live load .........................................52
Table 4-12: Loads applied on the section modeled in Abaqus.......................................................56
Table 4-13: Deflections in the middle of the section supported by two bearings (case 2) ..................60
Table 4-14: Deflections along a line in the mid of the top flange (two bearings and braces) ..............63
Table 4-15: Loads on beam ......................................................................................................73
Table 4-16: Loading at colums caps for support C1 (or C2 respectively) ........................................76
Table 4-17: Loading at column caps for support C3 (or C4 respectively) ........................................77
Table 4-18: Sectional properties for columns at support C1 and C2, respectively ...........................77
Table 4-19: Sectional properties for columns at supports C3 and C4, respectively ..........................77
Table 4-20: Values for initial displacement of the clamped columns...............................................78
Table 4-21: Stress analysis for support C1 .................................................................................79
Table 4-22: Stress analysis for support C3 .................................................................................79
Table 4-23: Summary of buckling analysis with Abaqus results for support C1 ...............................80
Table 4-24: Summary of buckling analysis with Abaqus results for support C3 ...............................80
Table 4-25: Summary of buckling analysis with RStab results for support C1 .................................80
Table 4-26: Summary of buckling analysis with RStab results for support C3 .................................81
Table 5-1: Cross-sectional values for trapezoidal box (RStab) and rectangular box (Park) ...............91
2
Table 5-2: Streses [kN/cm ] determined by RStab and SMB .........................................................95
Table 6-1: Steel volume of structures ........................................................................................97
Table 6-2: Maximum deflections for truss girder and box girder ....................................................99
Table 6-3: Evaluation of both structures ...................................................................................101
VIII
List of Symbols and Units

Symbols
Symbols defined by the applied specifications are not included in this list.
E, G, Youngs modulus, rigidity modulus, Poissons ratio

Fy yield stress
L, b, h general dimensions of the entire bridge (lengths, heights, widths)

R, U general dimensions of the entire bridge (radii, perimeter)
Lp, Lc, d length of pylons, length of columns and girder depth
dB distance of bearings
x, y, z bridge coordinates
angles in xy-plane
slope of the bridge
s coordinate of center line

t wall thicknesses
bb, bt, bti widths of bottom, top flange and distance between webs at top
tb, tt, tw wall thickness of bottom, top flange and webs
D length of webs in a box section
lD, bD, tD length, width and thickness of transverse stiffeners
bbr, tbr width and thickness of braces
A area
Am enclosed area of box section
Ix, Iy,Iz moment of inertia w.r.t. the x-, y- and z-axis
It, KT torsional moment of inertia, torsional constant
Iw, Idw torsional and distortional warping moment of inertia
Swc warping static moment for closed sections
nt, nd normalized warping function for torsion and distortion
Kd distortional stiffness of the wall in a box section
IX
w0, 0, 0 imperfections
u translational displacements
, torsional and distortional displacement
P, F concentrated forces
M concentrated moment
H, V bearing forces
p, m distributed forces and moments
T torque
Ttw, Tdw secondary torsional moment and distortional moment
Bt, Bd torsional and distortional bimoment
, normal and shear stress

0 pretensioning stress
b bending normal stress
t shear stress due to pure torsion
tw, tw, torsional warping shear and normal stress
dw, dw distortional warping shear and normal stress
Units
in. inch 2.540000 cm

lengths
ft. feet 0.304800 m
weight lb., pd. pound 0.453592 kg
lbf. pound force 0.004448 kN
force
pdl. pundal 0.000138 kN
psi Pfund pro Quadratzoll 0.000689 kN/cm
stress
ksi ksi = 1000 psi 0.689476 kN/cm
acceleration ft./s feet per square second 0.304800 m/s
velocity mi/h miles per hour 0.447040 m/s
X
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my sincere thanks to Prof. Starossek and Dr. Priebe for their support
and commitment to offer me the unique possibility to perform my thesis in Korea. The
understanding for my situation and commitment in the spontaneous organization allowed me
to gain unforgettable experiences during my final studies.
My deep gratitude goes to Prof. Kang Young Jong for inviting me to Korea University and for
the guidance through my thesis as well as through Korean culture.
I would like to thank Han Kum Ho and Kim Seung Jun who shared their knowledge and time
to assist me continuously.
Finally, I would like to express my sincere thanks to the entire structural laboratory for their
kind concern and pleasant help at any time. I greatly appreciated the opportunity to learn
about Korean manner and will keep the mindful politeness in good remembrance.
XI
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1. Introduction
The development in software, fabrication and design methods enables civil engineers to
construct complex structures. Beside rational issues like material savings, longer spans
sp or
higher buildings also various options to improve and modernize the appearance of structures
can be realized. One type of structure with a high demand on aesthetic is a pedestrian bridge
which provokes architects to admirable design proposals.
If arrangement
rrangement or space is necessary, horizontally curved bridges present a favorable design
with a pleasing appearance. Praxis shows examples of this.
this The Erzbahnschwinge
bahnschwinge in
Bochum (Germany, 2003) is a relatively small pedestrian bridge compared to the 4,720 m
long suspension bridge Gwangan Bridge in Busan (South Korea, 2003).2003)
Figure 1-1:: Examples for curved bridges: left: Erzbahnschwinge in Bochum (Germany), right:
Gwangan Bridge in Busan (South Korea)
The design of such a curved bridge constitutes a challenge for the structural engineer. Due
to the curvature statical behavior is different compared to straight girders. The significant
influence of torsion, especially for a small radius,
radius causes additional loading on the structure
which requires an appropriate girder design.
The analysis of a curved beam that is supposed to resist torsion is complex. Depending on
the cross-section,
section, torsional and distortional
di behavior occur which produce additional normal
and shear stresses. The magnitude of these stresses can be crucial for design. Unfortunately
there are still few established software and design methods to meet these effects.
This thesis deals with a representative example to perform various aspects and problems
arising in a design progress of a curved bridge. Associated with a previous work at the
Technical University Hamburg/Harburg two distinct structures have been analyzed and
compared with each other.
12
Chapter 1 Introduction
The present work was performed at Structural Laboratory at Korea University in Seoul which
is doing research on curved beams. Theoretical knowledge and workouts were translated to
practical use for this purpose.
1.2. Scope and thesis organization
The design of a curved bridge is not a standard task. The load transfer cannot be separated
clearly into longitudinal and transverse actions because of three dimensional interactions. To
get an idea of the structure, chapter 2 introduces the reader to the present bridge.
Furthermore, a short overview about the statical behavior of a curved girder is provided in the
same chapter.
The thesis is associated with a previous analysis dealing with the same building. At the
Technical University Hamburg/Harburg a possible design has already been completed. The
design of a truss girder with an extensive supporting structure consisting of pylons and tie
rods emphasizes an aesthetically pleasing appearance. A summary of the design is
displayed in Chapter 3 whereas the main part comprises an Abaqus analysis. In the previous
work the stresses, forces and displacements were computed using the German software
RStab from Dlubal which is a powerful program for strut and tie models. Since sufficient hand
calculations cannot be realized for this complex structure, Abaqus is used for check. A
comparison of the RStab and Abaqus results is made in order to verify the design of the
construction.
The major task of this thesis comprises the analysis and design of an alternative structure. In
chapter 4 a column supported girder with a trapezoidal cross-section is analyzed. Even
though the structure is less complex than the truss work in chapter 3, curvature causes a
sophisticated computation and design. RStab is used again for the determination of forces,
stresses and displacements but it cannot cover the significant behavior of curved beams.
Thus, special guidelines of international design specifications are used to perform an
appropriate design. An approach to estimate the deformation of the cross-section due to
torsion was made by analyzing a finite shell element model in Abaqus.
Due to the curved geometry of the girder box-sections, a complex torsional and distortional
behavior that produces additional normal and shear stresses is exhibited. Especially the
distortional normal warping stress plays a significant role for an adequate design of the
section. Nevertheless, conventional design software like RStab uses beam elements with 6
degrees of freedom which does not include torsional and distortional warping effects.
Therefore, a program called SMB which uses a box beam element having 9 degrees of
freedom was developed at Korea University. In addition to the basic information about torsion
and distortion, an SMB based evaluation of the box girder design is given in Chapter 5.
Finally, a comparison of the truss structure and the column supported box girder is made in
chapter 6. Regarding to economical, constructive and aesthetically aspects advantages and
disadvantages of both structures have been worked out and evaluated.
13
Chapter 2 Basic Considerations
Chapter 2
Basic Considerations
2.1. Objective
The general task is the design of a representative
representative example for a horizontally curved bridge.
In association with a previous work this thesis deals with the analysis of two options and a
final comparison of both distinct structures. A reasonable comparison is only possible for
situations with a similar geometry and assumptions. Thus,
T main dimensions are specified as
shown in figures 2-1 and 2-2.
Figure 2-1:: Notations in plan view of the bridge
Figure 2-2:: Notations in side view of the bridge
14
Length of mid span: LM = 21.4 m

Curved length of arcs (middle axis): UL = 36.6 m
Width b = 2.4 m
Inner radius Ri = 13.4 m
Outer radius Ro = 15.8 m
Minimum clear height min h = 4.0 m
The gradient of the arc girders is linear whereas the mid span has got a slightly circular
shape in the side view. For a comfortable use the slope shall not exceed 12%.
Furthermore, the material for all members of the structure shall be steel whereas the grade
grad
has to be specified.
In the previous work, loads were considered according to the Standard Specifications for
Highway Bridges (2002); whereas for design requirements,
requirements the German specification DIN
18800 was used. Since the present thesis is prepared in the Democratic Republic of Korea,
international standard specifications should be used for design, e.g. AISCE or AASHTO
specifications.
2.2. Statical behavior due to curvature
The design of curved bridges is more extensive compared to straight constructions.

Depending on the length of spans they are subjected to to significant torsional loading that has
to be resisted by an appropriate girder cross-section
cross and structure,, respectively.
respectively
In this case, the mid span is the uncritical part of the bridge due to its function as a straight
girder. According to the small curvature radius, the arc girders significantly influence the
characteristic of the girders section. Since the radius is constant for each arc, the shape in
plan view is a circular section.
Circular curved
urved girders exhibit a special static behavior. As shown in figure 2-3 the torsional
moment can be divided into tensional
tension and compression line loads p = mT/d at the upper
and lower edge of the girder,
r, where mT is the torsional moment and d is the girder depth.
When applying Barlows formula, tension or pressure perpendicular to a circular axis,
produce axial forces.
Figure 2-3:: Transformation of torsional moment into axial forces
According to this fact the cross-section

cross section can consist of members that are supposed to resist
the girder
irder torsion by axial loading.
15
Furthermore, a circular girder requires only one line of supportings to be stable, as illustrated
in figure 2-4.
4. This fact constitutes a notable advantage
advantage compared to straight girders and
provides additional design opportunities.
Figure 2-4:: Straight and circular girder supported by one line of columns
If the girder section should not be structured it is also possible to use one cross-section.
cross As a
result, the design has to be made considering torsional loading that causes additional
moments beside the torsional torque. Depending on the shape of the crosss-section the effect
of torsional and distortional warping occurs which leads to additional normal and shear
stresses.
Figure 2-5: Cross-section

section a) not subjected to warping, b) subjected to warping
Figure 2-6: Shear and Normal stresses

tresses in an I-beam resulting from torsion
The behavior of torsion and distortion is very complex and a lot of researches
rches about this topic
have already been performed. More detailed information about the effect of torsion and
distortion is provided in chapter 5.
16
Chapter 3 Design
Chapter 3
Design with Truss Girder
3.1. Objective
The previous chapters familiarize the reader with special characteristics of a curved bridge.
This chapter deals with a representative example introduced already in chapter 2. A possible
construction for this bridge was already designed in a previous assignment at Technical
University Hamburg/Harburg in Germany and a short presentation can be found in the
following section 3.2.
Since RStab which is no internationally established software was used for design, a short
summary about crucial features is given below.
Commercial software developed by the Dlubal GmbH

Used in practice
Developed especially for structural civil engineering.
Analysis of planar or spatial struts and tie models.
Contains standardized cross-sections and materials
Many design tools are included, such as stress analysis, buckling analysis and
dynamic analysis
A graphical interface as well as graphical or text input allow a convenient and clear
application
The facts listed above point out the advantages of RStab in the practical use. Especially for
preliminary calculations the graphical display of input and results is quite helpful.
The analyzed structure including lots of struts and ties is very complex and responds
sensitive to geometrical and load modifications. It is desirable to verify the design stresses
and deflections. As the structure is too complex for performing reasonable hand calculations,
the finite element program Abaqus is used. Abaqus is international standard software
principally used for research. It provides many basic features and various structures can be
modeled. Hence, it is acceptable for design verification.
17
Chapter 3 Design
3.2. Previous Work

According to the design verification progress it is necessary to have basic knowledge about
the structure. This section gives a short overview whereas the design procedure is not
carried out again within the scope of this diploma thesis
3.2.1. Curved girder
In regard to the explanations in chapter 2 a spatial truss work was chosen instead of a closed
curved girder. With two upper and one lower chord it has a triangular shape and is braced by
lateral, vertical and diagonal truss members, as shown in figures 3-1 and 3-2 whereas the
applied notations are presented in figure 3-3. The lower chord is a round steel bar while all
other truss members contain a pipe cross-section. Except of the upper chords which assume
a circular shape, all bars go straight between their nodes.
(a) (c)
(b)
Figure 3-1: Side view (a), plan view (b) and section (c) of the truss girder (mid section)
Figure 3-2: Plan view of the truss girder (circular section)
18
Chapter 3 Design
Figure 3-3:: Notation of truss members
Table 3-1 summarizes the cross-sectional

cross properties which are
e different for each member
type.
Member section dimensions

diameter wall thickness
[mm] [mm]
upper chords pipe 200 15

lower chord round bar 70 -
lateral braces pipe 80 8,5
vertical braces pipe 70 5
diagonal braces (plane) pipe 90 9
diagonal braces (spatial) pipe 100 8
Table 3-1: Cross-sections
sections of truss girder
For all members the grade steel S355J0 (German standard) is used which contains following
major properties:
Youngs Modulus: 210,000 N/mm

Poissons ration: 0.3
Yield stress: 35.5 kN/cm
S355J0 is equivalent to the former notation St52-3

St52
3.2.2. Supporting Structure
The truss work is supported by ten tie rods which are linked with the girder at the outer edge.
edge
Two pylons with a pipe cross--section
section carry these tie rods. Because of the simple supporting
support
two more tie rods anchored to the ground are necessary to hold the pylon. The entire
structure is displayed in the figure 3-4.
19
Chapter 3 Design
Figure 3-4: Perspective view of the entire truss structure
Member section dimensions

diameter wall thickness
[mm] [mm]
Pylon pipe 400 25
Tie rods 1 (truss - pylon) round bar 50 -
Tie rods 2 (pylon - ground) round bar 70 -
Table 3-2: Cross-sections of supporting members
For the pylon the same steel as for the truss, that is S355J0, is used.
Furthermore the tie rod system type 860 developed by the German company Pfeifer Cable
Structures was chosen. Pfeifer cables consist of steel grade S460N which is characterized
by following major properties:
Youngs Modulus: 210,000 N/mm

Poissons ration: 0.3
Yield stress: 46.0 kN/cm
The tie rods which are pre-tensiond with a force of 300 kN and 500 kN, respectively, are
marked in figure 3-5 for one half of the bridge.
Figure 3-5: Pre-tensioned tie rods
20
Chapter 3 Design
3.2.3. Details
he previous work the design of some significant connections and details is included. Since
In the
the present thesis deals particularly with the static behavior and design of the main
structures, details are not examined again but some examples are presented
presente in figures 3-6 to
3-8.
According to the supporting structure, seven tie rods need to be attached to the pylon. As
shown in figure 3-6 the space is limited and, thus, the connection must be designed carefully
with respect to the geometric aspects.
aspects
Figure 3-7 and 3-8 8 display the support of the pylon and the end of truss girder, respectively.
Both constructions are not standard and require a well thought-out
thought out analysis.
Figure 3-6:: Intersection at pylon cap with

w attached tie rods
Figure 3-7:: Ball bearing of the pylons Figure 3-8: Construction

truction for end of truss girder
21
Chapter 3 Design
3.3. Loads
The loads have been already determined in the previous design process. Since an adequate
comparison of results requires the same loading, load assumptions and calculations are not
carried out again but the applied values are summarized in table 3-3. For design several load
distributions have to be considered which can be arranged in load groups described in table
3-4.
Load State Dead Load Live Load Wind Load

Group Steel Pavement windward leeward overturning pylon tie rods tie rods
(50 mm) (70 mm)
[kN/m] [kN/m] [kN/m] [kN/m] [kN/m] [kN/m] [kN/m] [kN/m] [kN/m] direction
LG1 ULS 101.1 1.43 - - - - - - -

LG2 ULS 101.1 1.43 4.94 - - - - - -
LG3 ULS 101.1 1.43 4.94 - - - - - -
LG4 ULS 101.1 1.43 4.94 - - - - - -
LG5 ULS 101.1 1.43 - 5.69 2.85 2.99 1.25 0.16 0.22 Y-axes
LG6 ULS 101.1 1.43 - 5.69 2.85 2.99 1.25 0.16 0.22 X-axes
LG7 SLS 78.5 1.10 3.80 - - - - - -
LG8 SLS 78.5 1.10 3.80 - - - - - -
LG9 SLS 78.5 1.10 3.80 - - - - - -
LG10 SLS 78.5 1.10 - 1.66 0.83 0.87 0.96 0.12 0.17 Y-axes
LG11 SLS 78.5 1.10 - - - - - - -
LG12 SLS 78.5 1.10 - 1.66 0.83 0.87 0.96 0.12 0.17 X-axes
Table 3-3: Loads applied on structure for each load group
Load Group Description of load group
LG1 factored dead load (steel and pavement)

LG2 factored dead load + live load on total structure (total loading)
LG3 factored dead load + live load on one arc
ULS
LG4 factored dead load + live load on mid span

LG5 factored dead load + wind load in direction of y-axis
LG6 factored dead load + wind load in direction of x-axis
LG7 service dead load + live load on total structure (total loading)
LG8 service dead load + live load on one arc
LG9 service dead load + live load on mid span
SLS
LG10 service dead load + wind load in direction of y-axis

LG11 sevice dead load (steel and pavement)
LG12 service dead load + wind load in direction of x-axis
Table 3-4: Meaning of the load groups
22
Chapter 3 Design
3.4. Model in Abaqus

Due to the complex spatial geometry a graphical input of the structure in Abaqus/CAE cannot
be modeled, in particular the 3D curvature of the chords. Hence, the input was made by a
text file while coordinates have been calculated using the mathematical software Matlab. The
structure in Abaqus is divided into four parts, which are
Truss (Part name: Truss)

Tie rods supporting the truss (Part name: TieRods1)
Pylons (Part name: Pylon)
Tie rods supporting the pylons (Part name: TieRods2)
In this section the modeling of the parts, their mutual interactions as well as the loading are
described.
3.4.1. Parts
3.4.1.1. Truss
As described in section 3.2 the truss consists of two upper chords, one lower chord and
braces. As the upper chords are comparatively stiff and not pin-jointed at their nodes they
can be modeled with beam elements while all the other members are truss elements. The
following element types were chosen:
Upper chords: B31 (2-node linear beam element, 3D)

Lower chord: T3D2 (2-node linear displacement truss element, 3D)
Braces: T3D2 (2-node linear displacement truss element, 3D)
Geometry
In regard to the circular shape of the structure the node coordinates require different
calculations supported by figures 3-9 and 3-10.
Figure 3-9: Sketches for the determination of the circular coordinates
23
Chapter 3 Design
The coordinates of the circular sections are calculated with following equations
x n = (R cos n + LM ) (Eq. 3-1a)
y n = (R sin n R )
b
(Eq. 3-1b)
2
z n = hL + Ln sin (Eq. 3-1c)
Where LM Length of the mid sections (LM = 21.4 m)

b Width of the bridge (b = 2.4 m)
hL Initial height of the truss (hL = 0.92 m)
R Radius in plane
n = n-1+ Angle in xy-plane
Slope of the bridge
Note that there are different radii R, angle increments and slopes i depending on the
location of the chord:
Inner chord: Ri = 13.4 m, = 1.3506, = 6.64

Outer chord: Ro = 15.8 m, = 1.1859, = 5.64
The mid section also possesses a slight circular shape in the xz-plane.
Figure 3-10: Sketch for determination of the mid section coordinates
According to the geometry the coordinates of the center and the radius of the mid section
can be obtained:
xC = yC = 0
zC = - 567.5 m
Rm = 5.0 + 567.5 = 572.5 m
24
Chapter 3 Design
The coordinates of the mid section can be calculated using the following equations
x n = Rm sin m ,n (Eq. 3-2a)

b
yn = (Eq. 3-2b)
2
z n = Rm cos m ,n + z c (Eq. 3-2c)
Where b Width of the bridge (b = 2.4 m)

Rm Radius (Rm = 572.5 m)
m,n = m,n-1+m Angle
m Angle increment (m = 0.034)
The lower chord is modeled with truss elements with one (straight) element between the joint
nodes of vertical braces. The vertical distance between upper and lower chords is 90 cm.
Each brace (including planar and spatial diagonal braces, vertical braces and lateral braces)
consists of one truss element.
For the computation of the coordinates Matlab was applied. The corresponding .m-files can
be found on in the digital appendix (CD).
Material
The material for the all truss members is steel S355J0 which has following properties.
Elastic: Youngs Modulus: E = 210.000 N/mm

Poissons ration: = 0.3
Plastic: yield stress: Fy = 35.5 kN/cm
Sections
In the program Abaqus beam sections are assigned to beam elements and solid sections to
truss elements, respectively. Former are defined by their outside radius and wall thickness
while solid sections are defined by their cross-section area, even though they are pipe cross-
sections.
Member Element type section type parameters parameter value
upper chords beam beam section outside radius r = 100 mm

(pipe) wall thickness t = 15 mm
lower chord truss solid section cross-section area A = 38.48 cm
lateral braces truss solid section cross-section area A = 19.09 cm
vertical braces truss solid section cross-section area A = 10.21 cm
diagonal braces truss solid section cross-section area A = 22.89 cm
(plane)
diagonal braces truss solid section cross-section area A = 23.11 cm
(spatial)
Table 3-5: Parameters for the definition of cross-sections (truss members)
25
Chapter 3 Design
3.4.1.2. Tie Rods
Geometry
Each tie rod is modeled with one truss element whereas compressive stress is omitted. The
tie rods which carry the truss work and those which support the pylon are defined in different
parts, TieRods1 (diameter = 50 mm) and TieRods2 (diameter = 70 mm), respectively.
Material
The product Tension Tie Rod Type 860 from the German company Pfeifer Cable Structures
was chosen for construction. It is made of steel S460N that contains following properties:
Elastic: Youngs Modulus: E = 210.000 N/mm

Poissons ration: = 0.3
Plastic: yield stress: Fy = 46 kN/cm
Sections
Since the tie rods are truss elements they have solid sections characterized in table 3-6.
TieRods_1 truss solid section cross-section area A = 19.63 cm

TieRods_2 truss solid section cross-section area A = 38.48 cm
Table 3-6: Parameters for the definition of cross-sections (tie rods)
3.4.1.3. Pylon
Geometry
Since the pylon acts as a compression member, geometrical nonlinear effects have a
significant influence. Hence, an initial deflection (imperfection) is applied in the center of the
pylon.
w0 = LP/300 = 52 mm
where LP = 15.6 m denotes the length of the pylon
The coordinates of three points of the pylon (foot, top and center point after applying the
estimated imperfection w0) are specified. Assuming a quadratic behavior in the xz-plane and
a linear behavior in the yz-plane functions for the pylon coordinates can be found. To get an
adequate approximation to the quadratic behavior each pylon is discretized into 50 beam
elements. Matlab was used for the computation of the coordinates.
26
Chapter 3 Design
Figure 3-11: Imperfection of the pylons
Material
The same steel as for the truss work (S355J0) is used.
Section
The beam section of the pylon can be defined as a steel pipe with the dimensions shown in
table 3-7.
Pylon beam beam section outside radius r = 200 mm

(pipe) wall thickness t = 25 mm
Table 3-7: Parameters for definition of cross-sections (pylon)
3.4.2. Assembly
Due to the fact that truss, tie rods and pylon are defined in different parts the interaction
among each other is not automatically included. Therefore, the interaction has to be specified
using constraints which define the displacements u1, u2 and u3 to be equal at the same
nodes of both parts. This does not apply for the rotational degrees of freedom u4, u5 and u6
because of hinged joints.
27
Chapter 3 Design
3.4.3. Boundary Conditions
All existing bearings are pinned supports while rotation is not restrained. Consequently the
translational degrees of freedom u1, u2 and u3 are set to zero at all supports. Because of
convergence problems the third rotational degree of freedom u6 for the pylons is also set to
zero. Nevertheless, the reaction moment is minimal and can be neglected. The boundary
conditions are displayed in figure 3-12.
Figure 3-12: Boundary conditions for supports
3.4.4. Load Steps and Analysis
In each load group dead load has to be applied for all elements. The self weight of the
elements can be modeled using the gravity option while the dead load of the pavement must
be defined as distributed load which affects the upper chords as well as the lateral bracings.
The application of live and wind load depends on the load group (see section 3.3.).
For load application one has to distinguish between beam elements and truss elements.
Distributed loads on beam elements are modeled as line loads [kN/m] whereas truss
elements cannot carry line loads but body forces [kN/m]. The body forces are obtained
through line load divided by the cross-sectional area. The following table 3-8 shows the
relevant forces.
Cross-section areas: ALB = 19.09 cm (Lateral braces)

ATR,1 = 19.63 cm (Tie Rods, d = 50mm)
ATR,2 = 38.48 cm (Tie Rods, d = 70mm)
28
Chapter 3 Design
Line load Body force Applied on

[kN/m] [kN/m]
Dead load (pavement) 1.43 749.1 Lateral braces

Live load 4.94 2587.7 Lateral braces
ULS
Dead load + live load 6.37 3336.8 Lateral braces

0.16 81.5 Tie Rods 300_1
Wind load
0.22 57.2 Tie Rods 300_2, Tie Rods 500
Dead load (pavement) 1.1 576.2 Lateral braces

SLS
Live load 3.8 1990.6 Lateral braces

Dead load + Live load 4.9 2566.8 Lateral braces
0.12 61.1 Tie Rods 300_1
Wind load
0.17 44.2 Tie Rods 300_2, Tie Rods 500
Table 3-8: Line loads and equivalent body forces
The calculation of wind load that has to be applied on the projected length is not directly
possible in Abaqus and thus, further efforts are required. The value for the line load is
supposed to be different for each beam element. As there are a large number of beam
elements it would be a very extensive computation which seems to be undue to this purpose.
Approximately, concentrated forces for each truss node of the upper chords are determined
as shown in fig.3.8. A table of all concentrated forces can be found in appendix A.
Figure 3-13: Substitution of distributed wind load by concentrated loads
Pretension of the tie rods is modeled by using initial conditions whereas the pretension
forces are converted into tensile stresses.
Tie Rods (d = 50 mm):
Pre-tensioning force P = 300 kN

Cross-sectional area A = 9.63 cm
Pretension 0 = 15.3 kN/cm = 152,827 kN/m
Tie Rods (d = 70 mm):

29
Chapter 3 Design

The nonlinear effect due to imperfection is taken into account by using the geometrical
nonlinear analysis (option: NLGEOM=YES) for all load steps.
3.4.5. Results
In this case the results are needed to verify the previous design. Hence, the reaction forces,
maximum stresses and displacements computed by Abaqus have to be compared to those
of RStab. Since the geometry is generated in a different way in Abaqus and RStab, it also
has to be checked.
3.4.5.1. Geometry
In both programs the geometry was set up in different ways. After defining coordinates of
three points RStab automatically generates a circular shape whereas in Abaqus the
coordinates for each node have to be specified in the input file. Therefore the geometry is not
identical in each node but still very similar.
Abaqus
RStab
Figure 3-14: Side view in xz-plane
Abaqus
RStab
Figure 3-15: Side view in yz-plane
30
Chapter 3 Design
3.4.5.2. Reaction Forces
While the reaction forces are not significant for the design of the total structure, they are an
indicator for the sensibility of the results. Since the loading in RStab and Abaqus is the same
for each load group, the sum of reaction forces should be almost identical. The comparison
between the sums of reaction forces for each load group in ULS (Ultimate Limit State) is
displayed table 3-9 below.
In LG1 to LG4 there exist only vertical loading and consequently the sum of the reaction
forces in X and Y direction is zero. Due to the additional wind load in LG5 and LG6 there are
also the horizontal reaction forces Fy and Fx, respectively.
The reaction forces computed by Abaqus for each single bearing can be found in appendix
B.
Load Group LG1 LG2 LG3 LG4 LG5 LG6

Force Fz (RF3) Fz (RF3) Fz (RF3) Fz (RF3) Fy (RF2) Fz (RF3) Fx (RF1) Fz (RF3)
[kN] [kN] [kN] [kN] [kN] [kN] [kN] [kN]
Abaqus 892.2 2342.8 1462.9 1198.8 -623.4 603.6 -539.7 667.9

Rstab 893.3 2340.2 1464.4 1199.6 -639.5 605.1 -532.6 600.4
Difference 1.1 2.6 1.5 0.8 16.1 1.5 7.1 67.5
Table 3-9: Reaction forces of Truss
The differences in load groups LG1 to LG4 are negligible small whereas a bigger difference
occurs for FY in LG5 and FZ in LG6. This can be explained by the application of a simplified
method for the calculation of the wind load using concentrated forces. Nevertheless, the
results are considered to be reasonable.
3.4.5.3. Displacements
To verify serviceability the maximum displacement values including their location in load
groups LG7 to LG12 (SLS) were analyzed.
For groups without horizontal load (LG7, LG8, LG9, LG11) only the vertical deflection (U3) is
relevant whereas in LG10 and LG12 the deflection in the direction of the wind load also has
to be taken into account. The table below shows the displacements for both programs RStab
and Abaqus.

max. displacement uz (U3) uz (U3) uz (U3) uy (U2) uz (U3) uz (U3) ux (U1) uz (U3)
[cm] [cm] [cm] [cm] [cm] [cm] [cm] [cm]
Abaqus -6.23 -6.23 -5.86 1.88 2.79 2.25 0.93 3.20

Rstab -5.71 -6.58 -5.87 2.17 3.33 2.43 1.09 3.51
Difference -0.52 0.35 0.01 -0.29 -0.54 -0.18 -0.16 -0.31
Table 3-10: Displacements of truss
31
Chapter 3 Design
The values obtained from both programs are not identical but similar with a maximum
difference of 54 mm in LG10. Except for LG7 the displacements computed by Abaqus are
always smaller than those computed by RStab. Hence, the serviceability is satisfied for these
load groups.
For LG7 the ratio of span length and displacement was checked ass shown in the following:
following
Figure 3-16:: Assumption of span length
Span length LS 40 m
Displacement uz = 6.23 cm
Ratio LS/uz = 642 > 500
The criterion of maximum deflection is fulfilled.
In both programs the location of the maximum displacement is the same for each load group
which is illustrated in appendix B.
3.4.5.4. Maximum stresses for stress analysis
For the ultimate limit state design

des the maximum stresses are crucial for each cross-section.
cross
In the previous design the design stresses were obtained using the stress resultants (normal
forces and bending moments in addition for beam elements). In Abaqus the stress S11 is
computed directly.
Table 3-11 shows the maximum stresses with their related load group for both programs.
The maximum stresses of each load group in Abaqus are displayed in appendix B.
32
Chapter 3 Design
Abaqus RStab
design stress Load group design stress Load group
[kN/cm] [kN/cm]
Pylon -24,4 LG2 -29,1 LG2
Upper chords -16,0 LG3 -25,2 LG2
Lateral braces -6,5 LG2 -6,4 LG2
Vertical braces 27,4 LG3 28,1 LG3
Diagonal braces (plane) 11,7 LG2 12,7 LG5
Diagonal braces (spatial) 15,6 LG3 14,3 LG3
Lower chord 17,1 LG3 16,0 LG3
Tie rods 1 (truss - pylon) 21,8 LG2 22,0 LG2
Tie rods 2 (pylon - ground) 24,9 LG3 25,8 LG3
Table 3-11: Maximum stresses in truss members
In most cases the design stress determined by Abaqus is almost equal or a bit smaller than
in RStab, so that the stress analysis is satisfied. Since this does not apply for the spatial
diagonal braces and the lower chord the design stresses have been checked again for these
members (stress analysis can be found in appendix B).
Abaqus RStab
capacity capacity
Spatial diagonal braces 0,48 0,44
Lower chord 0,53 0,50
Table 3-12: Summary of stress analysis
The capacity using Abaqus results is almost the same as in the previous design and still
satisfied.
For the upper chords the maximum design stresses occur in different load groups depending
on the software. Since they are beam elements the chords also carry bending moments.
For the calculation of design stresses the maximum value of bending moments and normal
forces was picked out of the entire structure. Hence, the design normal stress due to axial
force and the design normal stress due to bending occur at different locations and their sum
overestimates the actual normal stress. This is a safe simplification and might be the reason
for the difference.
33
Chapter 3 Design
3.4.5.5. Maximum compressive stresses for buckling analysis
The buckling analysis is made using the stress resultants instead of stresses. For that reason
RStab is more advantageous because the stress resultants are obtained directly whereas in
Abaqus it is more extensive to get the section forces and moments.
Truss elements
For truss elements there is no difficulty because only normal forces cause stress. Hence, the
normal force for the buckling analysis can be determined through multiplication of the normal
stress with the cross-section area. Except for the vertical braces the compressive forces from
Abaqus are equal to or smaller than the design forces from RStab. Consequently, buckling
was only checked for the vertical braces. For details see appendix B.
RStab Abaqus
Normal force [kN] 204 228
Capacity 0.81 0.90
Table 3-13: Summary of buckling analysis for vertical braces
With a capacity of 90% the Abaqus results satisfy the buckling analysis.
Beam elements
The buckling analysis for beam elements is more complicated because normal forces as well
as bending moments have to be taken into account. Concerning the truss there are two
beam sections namely the upper chords and the pylons.
While the buckling capacity of the upper chords is only 23% in the previous design and the
compressive stress computed by Abaqus is even smaller than in RStab, it is not necessary to
analyze buckling again.
Since the buckling capacity for the pylon is 86% using RStab results, buckling has a distinct
influence and must be analyzed more precisely. Even if the design stress in Abaqus (see
3.5.4) is a bit smaller compared to RStab, the distribution into normal force and bending
moments is not clear. This could affect the buckling behavior significantly. For design
verification purpose a buckling analysis for the pylon is essential.
Therefore the normal force and bending moments are required which can be calculated by
Abaqus for specific elements. Using the *EL PRINT option with the specification SF, the
sectional forces of the defined elements are written in the output file (.dat). Because the
bending moments have their maximum in the center of the pylon, whereas the normal force
is almost constant over the length, the forces for the buckling analysis were computed for a
centered element. Due to the maximum stresses only load group LG2 was considered. The
results are displayed in table 3-14 below. The entire analysis procedure according to the
German specification can be found in appendix B.
34
Chapter 3 Design
RStab Abaqus
Normal force N [kN] 715.0 2663.0
Bending moment My [kNm] 4.0 0.0
Bending moment Mz [kNm] 40.0 423.0
Capacity 0.86 0.85
Table 3-14: Summary of buckling analysis for pylons
While the forces differ a bit the resulting capacity is almost identical in both programs. Note
that the maximum forces from RStab were used again. Maximum bending moments and
normal force of the previous design do not compulsory occur at the same location whereas
the forces in Abaqus are determined at the same element.
3.5. Conclusion
Although the results computed by Abaqus slightly differ to those obtained from RStab, the
design is reasonable. The differences are mostly negligible whereas RStab is more
conservative in most cases. More unfavorable stresses and displacements compared to the
RStab design were checked and they also satisfy the analysis.
Consequently, the previous design could be verified.
The similarity of results can be explained by the applied element type. Beam and truss
elements used by RStab as well as by Abaqus allow an appropriate analysis of the present
truss structure.
The text input of each load group in Abaqus can be found in the digital appendix (CD).
35
Chapter 4 Alternative Design
Chapter 4
Alternative Design
4.1. Overview
The previous design with a truss girder is a very soft structure which tends to large
deformations. There are big differences in value and location of the deflections depending
dependi on
the analyzed load group. Hence, another possible supporting structure including an
appropriate cross-section
section is worked out in this chapter.
Due to the curvature this bridge is highly affected by torsional behavior. Closed box sections
with a trapezoidal
idal or rectangular shape exhibit a higher torsional stiffness than open cross-
cross
sections. Figure 4-1
1 displays some feasible shapes.
Figure 4-1:: a) Single cell box with stiffeners, b) multi cell box, c) single cell box with overhang, d)
trapezoidal box with stiffeners
With a deck width of 2.40 m the bridge is comparatively narrow and it is supposed to carry
only pedestrian live load. Therefore multi cell box sections will not be necessary and a single
cell box section is chosen.
36
4.1.1. Rectangular vs. trapezoidal box section
The advantage of a trapezoidal box section is mainly given by its narrow bottom flange which
allows steel saving;

leads to a more aesthetical appearance;
is more favorable regarding to buckling behavior
ehavior in the compression zone.
But it also yields to a slope of the webs. Using

Using the design criteria of AASHTO Guide
Specifications for Horizontally Curved Steel Girder Highway Bridges the inclination of web
plates should be less than 1 to 4 (specified in Division I, Section 10). Exceeding this ratio
requires a more sophisticated
phisticated analysis.
analysis
The torsional stiffness of a closed box section is determined as:
4 Am2
IT = Eq. (4-1)
ds
t
where Am enclosed area of box
s coordinate on the centre line
t flange or web thickness
Figure 4-2
2 below illustrates the meaning of the area Am and the line integral including the
course of the coordinate s.
Am
Figure 4-2: Enclosed sectional area and coordinate s
With respect to the enclosed area Am this equation follows a higher torsional
nal rigidity for a
rectangular box girder compared to a trapezoidal box girder with similar dimensions. Section
properties of two optional cross-sections
cross for this bridge were computed for comparison
Figure 4-3: Possible closed cross-sections

cross for curved pedestrian bridge [mm]
37
Rectangular Trapezoidal
Cross-sectional area [cm] 468.0 449.6
Section modulus [cm] 8,072 6,887
Torsional rigidity [cm4] 792,410 683,800
Table 4-1: Cross-sectional properties
The results summarized in table 4-1 show that the torsional rigidity of the rectangular box is
slightly higher but the difference compared to the trapezoidal box is not significant.
Thus, regarding to aesthetical aspects and a better buckling behavior a trapezoidal box
section is chosen.
38
4.2. Specifications
For load assumption AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges (2002) is used
and the design is made applying AASHTO Guide Specifications for Horizontally Curved
Girder Highway Bridges (2003).
AASHTO gives no specification for stresses due to distortion but recommends the Designers
Guide to Steel Box Girder Bridges (Bethlehem Steel Corporation, 1981). This guideline is
used to analyze normal and shear stresses resulting from torsion and distortion.
For the design of the bearings AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications (2007) is
applied.
Since a stability analysis for compression members like columns is not provided by
AASHTO, the AISCE Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (2005) is used.
Applied design equations are summarized in appendix C.
39
4.3. Girder Design

4.3.1. Loads
According to AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges (2002) the basic load
values have already been estimated in the previous work and will not be discussed again in
this report. Furthermore the different geometry of the present structure requires the loads to
be translated into adequate line loads and moments.
For this pedestrian bridge dead load, pedestrian live load and wind load were considered.
Effective impact protection measurements are assumed that allow neglect impact loading.
Dead load results from the weight of steel and pavement. The self weight of steel is
considered directly through its specific weight of 77 kN/m3 in RStab. Considering a
pavement thickness of 5.6 cm and a bridge width of 2.4 m a vertical line load ppavement is
obtained due to an unit weight of 23.57 kN/m3.
ppavement = 23.570.0562.4 3.2 kN/m
Pedestrian loading of 4.5 kN/m2 has to be assumed with respect to ASSHTO specifications.
A bridge width of 2.4 m yields to a live load
plive = 4.52.4 = 10.8 kN/m.
According to the previous design the minimum wind load values of 4.4 kN/m windward and
2.2 kN/m leeward, respectively, are considered. In this case both loads are applied on the
same beam and are sum up to a total horizontal loading of 6.6 kN/m.
Wind consequences overturn which is assumed to be 0.96 kN/m2 and has to be applied at
the windward quarter point of the transverse superstructure width. This value is based on a
wind velocity of 44.7 m/s but AASHTO allows reducing the load. A considered wind load of
27.5 m/s yields to a reduction factor fred as which is applied on serviceability loading (SLS).
fred = (27.5/44.7)2 = 0.38
Considering a width of 2.4 m the total overturning forces pover,ULS and pover,SLS are calculated.
pover,ULS = 0.962.4 = 2.3 kN/m

pover,SLS = 0.380.962.4 = 0.87 kN/m
Since RStab does not allow the input of eccentric line loads, an additional moment with
respect to the longitudinal girder axis has to be defined. A moment arm of 0.6 m, that is a
quarter of the bridge width, leads to the torsional line moments mw,ULS and mw,SLS,
respectively.
mw,ULS = 2.30.6 = 1.38 kNm/m

mw,SLS = 0.870.6 = 0.52 kNm/m
40
AASHTO requires the application of various load factors for computation of design loads.
Since different load types are not available for this bridge, e.g. ice or traffic load, several load
groups are omitted. Furthermore, only load factors which produce maximum loading are
used. The connection between girder and columns is not supposed to transfer bending
moments. Hence, the second variant of D for column design with respect to a maximum
bending moment can be excluded. The remaining factors for dead load, live load and wind
load which are D, L and W, respectively, as well as the general load factor are displayed
in table 4-2.
Groups D W L
T1 1.3 1 0 0
ULS
T2 1.3 1 0 1
T3 1.3 1 1 0
G1 1 1 0 0
SLS
G2 1 1 0 1
G3 1 1 1 0
Table 4-2: Applied load factors
Table 4-3 summarizes the design loads obtained by multiplication with the particular load
factors and .
Group Dead load Wind Live load

steel pavement horizontal overturn
[kN/m] [kN/m] [kN/m] [kN/m] [kNm/m] [kN/m]
T1 100.1 4.16 - - - -
ULS
T2 100.1 4.16 - - - 14.04

T3 100.1 4.16 8.50 2.99 1.80 -
G1 77.0 3.20 - - - -
SLS
G2 77.0 3.20 - - - 10.80

G3 77.0 3.20 6.60 2.30 0.52 -
Table 4-3: Design loads
41
Three major cases are considered for the arrangement

arra of live load: total loading, loading on
one arc and loading on mid span. Furthermore, the structure has to be analyzed according to
wind load in both horizontal directions,
directions that is x and y. Finally, there are twelve different load
groups described in table 4-4.
4.
Load group description

LG1 dead load
LG2 total loading
LG3 dead load + live load one arc
ULS
LG4 dead load + live load on mid span

LG5 dead load + wind Y-direction
Y
LG6 dead load + wind X-direction
X
LG7 dead load
LG8 total loading
LG9 dead load + live load one arc
SLS
LG10 dead load + live load on mid span

LG11 dead load + wind Y-directin
Y
LG12 dead load + wind X-direction
X
Table 4-4:: Description of load groups
4.3.2. Structure and Material
A stiffer supporting structure than a truss is chosen for the alternative design. In total there
will be four columns supporting the continuous girder in the field whereas the ends of the
girder are attached to abutments. The location of the supports is displayed in figure 4-44
below.
Figure 4-4: Plan view of the bridge including notations and location of columns (C)) and abutments (A)
(
42
At all supports the translational degrees of freedom (ux, uy, uz) are fixed whereas rotation is
only restrained at the abutments with respect to the z-axis (z). The following boundary
conditions are considered in the computations:
Abutments: ux = 0, uy = 0, uz = 0
z = 0
Columns: ux = 0, uy = 0, uz = 0
For the entire structure steel S355J0 (former St-52) is used with the following properties:
Youngs modulus: E = 21,000 kN/cm2 = 30,458 ksi

Yield stress: Fy = 35.5 kN/cm2 = 51.5 ksi
Poissons ratio: = 0.3
4.3.3. Dimensions of the cross-section
In this section the basic dimensions of the cross-section are estimated using simple hand
calculations. The final sectional and material properties are displayed in appendix D.
4.3.3.1. Girder depth
To determine a reasonable depth of the girder the recommendations due to deflection for the
span-to-depth ratio are used as displayed below.
specified yield stress Fy = 51.5 ksi > 50 ksi
arc spans arc 1 La,1 = 57.1 ft = 17.4 m

arc 2 La,2 = 63.0 ft = 19.2 m
mid span La,m = 70.2 ft = 21.4 m
arc 1 Las,1 = 0.9La,1 = 51.4 ft continuous end span

arc 2 Las,2 = 0.8La,2 = 50.4 ft continuous interior span
mid span Las,m = 0.8La,m = 56.2 ft continuous interior span
depth of girder d=h= 2.3 ft = 0.7 m
span-to-depth ratio
L as 50
25 = 24.6
d Fy
arc 1 Las,1/d = 22.4 < 24.6 ok

arc 2 Las,2/d = 21.9 < 24.6 ok
mid span Las,m/d = 24.5 < 24.6 ok
Hence, a girder depth of 0.70 m is acceptable for the structure.
43
4.3.3.2. Widths of flanges
For the distance of the webs at the top flange 1.60 m are assumed.
The width of the bottom flange results from the specified maximum inclination of the webs
which is 1 to 4. This value will not be exceeded with the chosen flange width of 1.25 m.
4.3.3.3. Wall thicknesses
A first assumption for the thickness of the top flange is made by considering the following
static system with full loading (dead load and live load) at ultimate limit state (ULS).
Figure 4-5: Static system considered for top flange
The distributed
ibuted load p* is the line load p divided by the width
th of the top flange b = 2.4 m,
whereas self weight of steel is neglected.
16 kN/m = 18.2 kN/m

p = 14.04 kN/m + 4.16
p* = 18.2 kN/m /2.4 m = 7.6 kN/m per meter
By analyzing the normal and shear stresses resulting from bending moment and shear force
the minimum thickness can be estimated. (The corresponding computation can be found in
appendix D). Significant is the bending moment in the mid span which leads to a minimum
m
flange thickness of approximately 6 mm.
This seems to be a very small value. Note that neither torsional behavior nor buckling effects
are considered in this simple computation. Thus,
Thu a larger thickness of 10 mm is chosen to
incorporate these effects.
The AASHTO Guide Specification for curved girders includes requirements for the web
slenderness depending further members, that is weather the web is stiffened or not.
For a maximum girder radius R = 14.6 m = 44.4 ft < 700 ft equation 4-2 should be fulfilled.
D 100 unstiffened webs

t w 150 stiffened webs Eq. (4-2)
44
where length of the web D = 28 in

web thickness tw = 0.28 in
slenderness D/tw = 102 100
Assuming a web thickness of reasonable 7 mm the equation for unstiffened webs can be
satisfied.
The wall thicknesses for flange and web are set to the following values:
Top flange: tu = 10 mm
Bottom flange and webs: tw = 7 mm
4.3.4. Stress analysis due to AASHTO
The geometry of the bridge as well as the dimensions of the cross-section are roughly
known. The structure is modeled using RStab that calculates the stresses and forces for
design.
All analyses are displayed in appendix E and will be summarized in this section.
4.3.4.1. Webs
Because there is no need of web stiffeners the design equations for unstiffened webs are
appropriate. The webs must resist shear resulting from vertical loading as well as
compressive stresses. Therefore, buckling behavior has to be investigated.
The maximum shear is located at the support of the loaded arc in load group 3 which is also
the point of maximum compressive stress in the webs. The stress distribution is displayed
figure 4-6.
Figure 4-6: Cross-section with maximum normal stresses in webs
LG Maximum value Critical value Capacity

Compressive stress 3 -11.81 kN/cm -24.20 kN/cm 0.51
Shear force 3 244.0 kN 445.3 kN 0.55
Table 4-5: Summary of stress analysis for webs
45
Although the capacity of 55% is relatively small the wall thickness will not be reduced due to
the neglect of adequate torsional behavior in the calculation. Furthermore, the wall thickness
of 7 mm is even thin for practical application.
4.3.4.2. Top Flange
Here, shear stresses, tensile stresses, compressive stresses and the combined stresses will
be analyzed for the top flange. The maximum values are illustrated in figure 4-7. Therefore,
the most critical stress is compression because of buckling behavior. In table 4-6 a capacity
of the unstiffened top flange under maximum compressive stress is presented with results
much higher than 100%. Consequently, the flange requires longitudinal stiffeners.
a) b)
Figure 4-7: Cross-sections with maximum a) shear stress, b) tensile stress and compressive stress in
2
top flange computed by RStab [kN/cm ]

Combined stress LG2, LG3 7.00 kN/cm 35.5 kN/cm 0.20 < 1.0
Shear stress LG 3 1.50 kN/cm 15.37 kN/cm 0.10 < 1.0
Tensile stress LG 2 6.50 kN/cm 35.40 kN/cm 0.18 < 1.0
Compression stress 2.38 kN/cm 2.41 > 1.0
(unstiffened)
LG2 5.73 kN/cm
Compression stress 8.07 kN/cm 0.71 < 1.0
(longitudinally stiffened)
Table 4-6: Summary of stress analysis for top flange
Longitudinal stiffeners of top flange
The function of longitudinal stiffeners is the reduction of the buckling length which has a
significant influence on the buckling stability. Thus, a greater number of the stiffeners is more
effective than increasing their dimensions.
Three flat bars with the following properties are chosen:
Cross-section: width: 80 mm
thickness: 5 mm
area: 4 cm2
Material: S355J0
Distance between stiffeners: 40 cm
46
Though the compressive capacity (21%) is very low the longitudinal stiffeners are not over
sized because they also help to reduce the deflection of the flange. This matter has been
worked out in section 4.4.
4.3.4.3. Bottom flange
The stress analysis for the bottom flange is analogous to the analysis for the top flange.
a) b) c)
Figure 4-8: Cross-sections with maximum a) shear, b) compressive and c) tensile stresses in the
bottom flange computed by RStab [kN/cm]

Combined stress LG2, LG3 12.69 kN/cm 35.5 kN/cm 0.36 < 1.0
Shear stress LG 2 2.70 kN/cm 15.37 kN/cm 0.18 < 1.0
Tensile stress LG 2 6.81 kN/cm 35.19 kN/cm 0.19 < 1.0
Compression stress 0.46 kN/cm 25.52 >> 1.0
(unstiffened)
Compression stress LG3 11.80 kN/cm
(longitudinally 18.17 k/cm 0.65 < 1.0
stiffened)
Table 4-7: Summary of stress analysis for bottom flange
Longitudinal stiffeners of bottom flange
Three flat bars with the following properties are chosen:
Cross-section: width: 60 mm
thickness: 5 mm
area: 3.0 cm2
Material: S355J0
Distance between stiffeners: 31.3 cm
Although the bottom flange contains higher compressive stresses than the top flange the
longitudinal stiffeners are smaller. The reasons are a smaller buckling length resulting from
the trapezoidal shape as well as the deflection. Because the top flange is directly affected by
vertical loading the vertical displacement is higher compared to the bottom of the cross-
section.
47
4.3.4.4. Transverse stiffeners
The previous analysis using AASHTO does not require any transverse stiffening. However,
due to torsion transverse stiffening is needed to retain the shape of the cross-section. Since
the Guide Specifications of AASHTO do not contain any requirements for their design, the
Designers Guide of Bethlehem Steel Corporation is used to analyze stresses caused by
torsion and distortion (see section 4.3.5 for details).
As a preliminary approach AASHTO gives a recommendation for the intermediate spacing of
transverse stiffening in article 10.2.2. and 9.3., respectively.
5
l= r R b f = 3.4 m
36
Where desired bending stress ratio r = 0.3

girder radius R = 14.6 m
flange width bf = 1.6 m
According to the equation a spacing of less than 3.4 m is recommended. This equation was
developed for I-girders where the transverse stiffness is much smaller. Since this cross-
section is a box girder a larger distance between the transverse stiffeners of about 4.0 m is
applicable.
AASHTO provides stress requirements for the stiffeners where the resulting stresses are
needed. Since the distribution of the stresses in the stiffeners is not clear, a more
sophisticated analysis for stress determination is necessary. This issue as well as other
problems require further investigations. Therefore, a FE-model in Abaqus was set up and
can be found in section 4.4.
48
4.3.5. Stress Analysis due to Bethlehem Guide
The determination of additional normal and warping stresses resulting from torsional and
distortional behavior is very complex. The Guide to Steel Box Girder Bridges (Bethlehem
Steel Corporation, 1981) presents a method for computing stresses due to distortion and
transverse bending in the box corners which is based on the Beam on Elastic Foundation
Analogy.
At this point a summary of the analysis process (see appendix. F) including significant values
is carried out.
The shape sketched in figure 4-9 below is assumed:
a = 1.60 m
b = 1.25 m
c = 0.71 m
h = 0.70 m
Figure 4-9: Shape of the cross-section
According to equation 4-3 the effective widths d0 due to the transverse stiffeners of the top
and bottom flange and the webs can be computed.
d
d tanh 5.6
d0 = h
5 .6 d
h
( 1 2)
(Eq. 4-3)
where h: transverse length of element

d: stiffener spacing
: Poissons ratio
The transverse stiffeners increase the moment of inertia and thus the rigidity of the plate. The
rigidities are calculated using equations 4-4 for unstiffenend plates and 4-5 for stiffened
plates, respectively.
E t3
Rigidity of unstiffened plate: D =
12
(
1 2 ) (Eq. 4-4)
E IS
D=
Rigidity of stiffened plate: d (Eq. 4-5)
where t: thickness
d: stiffener spacing
IS: moment of inertia of stiffened plate
E: Youngs modulus
49
To demonstrate the influence of the transverse stiffeners the rigidities of the stiffened plates
as well as the rigidities of the unstiffened plates have been computed and are displayed in
table 4-8. However, the latter are not used for the stress analysis.
effective width flexural rigidity

stiffened plates unstiffened plates
[cm] [kNcm/cm] [kNcm/cm]
top flange 31.40 1,593 18,300
bottom flange 24.50 546 15,026
webs 14.00 546 12,501
Table 4-8: Effective widths and rigidities of the flanges and webs
The influence of the stiffeners on the plate rigidity is significant and shows their importance
regarding to torsion.
The vertical deflection of the upper box corner can be computed using the following equation.
a b c 2 a b a b
2

1 = v (2 a + b ) + v
24 (a + b ) Dc a+b Da a + b (Eq. 4-6)
where a,b,c: dimensions of the box (see fig. 4-8)

Da, Db, Dc: rigidities of flanges and webs
= 0.263 compatibility shear at center of bottom flange
(the computation can be found in appendix F)
The result is a deflection of 1 = 1.11 cm2/kN.
According equation 4-7 C-values are necessary for stress determination which can be
received from charts provided by the guideline. For the use of the charts two parameters are
needed: the stiffness parameter multiplied by the spacing (l) and the stiffness ratio q.
Because of the geometrical differences between the stiffeners in top flange, bottom flange
and webs the stiffness parameter q varies between 17.7 and 39.7. In the charts lines are
available for q-values of 1, 10, 100 etc. whereas intermediate values are hard to find out.
Furthermore the significant stress for the analysis (normal distortional warping stress)
increases for smaller q, so that it can be estimated to 10.
Stiffness parameter multiplied by spacing: l = 1.31

Stiffness ratio: q 10
The stresses are determined by using the following equation:
1
1 = C t Fd T (Eq. 4-7)
2a
where Ct: Factor (from chart included by the guidline)

Fd: Parameter (the computation can be found in app. F)
Fd = 68.38 cm-1 for bottom corner of box
Fd = 58.68 cm-1 for top corner of box
: stiffness parameter (= 0.0033 cm-1)
T: torque T = 173 kNm (maximum torque)
50
Chart Ct stress [kN/cm]

bottom corner top corner
Concentrated Torque at Midpanel on Continuous Beam :
Distortional Transverse Bending Stress at Load A6 0.35 4.23 3.63

Distortional Transverse Bending Stress at Diaphragm A7 0.07 0.85 0.73
Concentrated Torque at Diaphragm on Continuous Beam :
Distortional Transverse Bending Stress at Diaphragm A8 0.13 1.57 1.35

Normal Distortional Warping Stress at Midpanel A9 0.95 11.47 9.84
Table 4-9: Summary of stresses due to distortion
According to AASHTO the critical stress is considered as 20 ksi = 13.79 kN/cm2. With a
maximum stress in the bottom corner of the box of 11.47 kN/cm2 the capacity for distortional
stresses can be estimated.
11.47/13.79 = 0.83 < 1.0
Since the capacity is less than 100% the results are in agreement with the requirement.
4.3.6. Serviceability
4.3.6.1. Deflection of the structure
To provide pedestrians a comfortable use the displacements under loading are significant.
According to AASHTO Guide Specifications for Horizontally Curved Steel Girder Highway
Bridges the deflection uz should not exceed a maximum value depending on the arc span
length L between bearings.
In any girder: uz < L/800

Girders under sidewalks: uz < L/1000
The vertical displacement uz is computed under service live load where pedestrian loading
would typically not be included.
Since there is no additional live load for the present pedestrian bridge, the limits for vertical
displacements are defined as the following.
In any girder under pedestrian live load: uz < L/800

In any girder under dead load: uz < L/1000
The arc span length depends on the location of the maximum deflection. In the present
bridge there are three different span lengths (see figure 4-4). Therefore, the deflection of
each girder has to be checked separately.
Arc 1: La,1 = 17.4 m

Arc 2: La,2 = 19.2 m
Mid span: La,m = 21.4 m
51
The displacements are calculated by RStab. The results, that are the maximum vertical
deflection for each girder as well as the location of total maximum value, are displayed in
appendix E.
Vertical dead load deflection (LG 7)
The maximum vertical displacement relatively to the span in load group 7 is -7.7 mm and
occurs between the two bearings of arc 1.
L/1000 = 17.4 m/1000 = 17.4 mm > uz = 7.7 mm
Therefore, the design criterion is satisfied.
Vertical live load deflection
Load group max uz L L/uz

[mm] [m]
LG 8: Total loading (SLS) -18.5 17.4 941 > 800
LG 9: Live load on arc 1 (SLS) -16.1 17.4 1,081 > 800
LG 10: Live load on mid span (SLS) -29.9 21.4 716 < 800
LG 11: Wind in Y-direction (SLS) -6.9 17.4 2,522 > 800
LG 12: Wind in X-direction (SLS) -7.2 17.4 2,417 > 800
Table 4-10: Maximum vertical displacements under service live load
Except for LG 10 the design criterion is satisfied as presented in table 4-10. Although the
displacement in LG 10 exceeds the allowable value about approximately 7.5 mm the
structure will not be changed. The cross-section used in RStab does neither contain
longitudinal nor transverse stiffeners which are supposed to reduce the deformations. Hence,
smaller vertical displacements are expected so that serviceability can also be satisfied for LG
10.
Horizontal displacements under service live load
Load group max ux max uy

[mm] [mm]
LG 8: Total loading (SLS) 0.8 2.6
LG 9: Live load on arc 1 (SLS) 0.8 2.2
LG 10: Live load in mid span (SLS) 0.4 1.6
LG 11: Wind in Y-direction (SLS) 0.3 1.0
LG 12: Wind in X-direction (SLS) 0.4 1.0
Table 4-11: Maximum horizontal displacements under service live load
As shown in table 4-11 the horizontal displacements are very small even for wind loading
and, thus, can be neglected for serviceability in regard to comfortable use for pedestrians.
52
4.3.6.2. Deflection of the top flange
Not only deflection of the total structure but also the deformation off the sectional shape is
important for a comfortable use of the bridge.
bridge Especially vertical displacement of the top
flange along its width is an aspect of serviceability regarding to pedestrian use. Since their
determination is not a trivial task this matter
matt is worked out in detail in section 4.4
4. of this
chapter.
4.3.6.3. Size of the access hole
For different purposes like rescue in case of an emergency during fabrication, erection
e or
future inspection as well as maintenance activities the free space between the transverse
stiffeners should be appropriate for access.
access The Guidelines for Design for Constructibility
(AASHTO/NSBA Steel Bridge Collaboration, G 12.1-2003)
12.1 summarized different standards.
standard
Fabricator preferences
rences vary from 18 by 24 inches to 32 by 36 inches. The present access
hole shown in figure 4-10 is about 19 by 41 inches which is more than the required minimum
size. Furthermore the bridge is relatively small and carries only pedestrian loads. This leads
to a less elaborate inspection and fabrication compared to long highway bridges with
different traffic lanes. Hence, the comparatively small access height of 19 inches is
legitimated.
Figure 4-10: Space between transverse stiffeners
53
4.4. Detailed Analysis using Abaqus
AASHTO specifications provide equations for the general design of a curved girder bridge.
Since the distribution of stresses is complex, the design of several members requires
additional effort, e.g. for the transverse stiffeners. Furthermore, not all effects, like the
deformation of the top flange, can be taken into account when modeling the girder by line
elements. Hence, a girder section between two transverse stiffened points is modeled using
shell elements in Abaqus regarding to following objectives.
Determination of the stresses in the transverse stiffeners for stress analysis

Analysis of shape deformation and necessity of additional members
4.4.1. Description of the model
4.4.1.1. Elements and dimensions
In RStab the girder is assumed to be a beam consisting of a trapezoidal box section.

Regarding to the objectives the cross-section will be modeled more in detail to get an idea of
the stress distribution and deformation in the different sectional parts. Since flanges and
webs are very slender they are assumed as shells whereas the dimensions of the
longitudinal stiffeners allow considering either beam elements or shell elements as well. To
avoid the sophisticated contact formulation between shell and beam elements the stiffeners
are also discretized into shell elements.
The modeling of the total bridge structure using shell elements is very complex and might be
an immoderate extensive process. Thus, the model is limited to a straight cut section of 4 m
length which corresponds to the spacing of transverse stiffening.
Figure 4-11: Section modeled with shell elements in Abaqus
4.4.1.2. Boundary conditions
Modeling the actual boundary conditions for the intersection is almost impossible. If the
section is located near the supports, the vertical displacement can be set to zero whereas
a section in the middle of two supports allows a limited vertical deflection. Furthermore, the
choice of the bearing type including the dimensions is important to identify the supported
nodes of the bottom flange. The selection of supported nodes has a significant influence on
the results
54
The fact that the intersecting plane is horizontally held

h by the adjacent girder section can be
modeled through boundary conditions.
The assumptions below help to specify the boundary conditions.
(1) The top flange is fixed horizontally (in both directions) at the intersecting plane
(2) Both ends of the section are supported vertically using bearings
(3) The options one or two bearings at each intersection plane (as illustrated in figure
4-12) is analyzed
a) b)
Figure 4-12: Boundary conditions considering a) one bearing and b) two bearings
Note that the horizontal stresses and deformations perpendicular to the intersection plane
are not of interest. The stresses in the transverse stiffeners result mainly from forces
perpendicular to the girder axis. In particular, the vertical
vertical deflection of the top flange is
important for the serviceability. Hence, horizontally fixed ends of the top flanges are
legitimated.
The case of free top flange borders was also investigated for both bearing arrangements
which is carried out in appendix G. The resulting deformed shape is different from the
expected one and it leads to overestimated deflections and stresses.
stresses. This assumption does
not seem to represent the boundary conditions like found in reality and is not considered for
further analyses.
4.4.1.3. Loads
Assuming only one part of an entire structure is always a challenging task. Especially the
application of boundary conditions and forces which occur at the intersection plane is not
clear. For this purpose simplified assumptions with regard to the load transfer have been
made.
The transverse stiffeners are supposed to resist primarily torsion whereas longitudinal forces,
shear forces and bending moments produce stresses exclusively in webs and flanges.
Hence, normal force, shear force
force and bending moments, respectively, obtained by
computations of the entire structure are not considered as external forces at the intersection
planes.
These assumptions are also acceptable for estimating the deformation of the top flange. The
vertical deflections along the width of the flange have to be regarded relatively to the
displacements of the entire girder. When applying vertical dead and live load on the top
surface of the section, the top flange including the longitudinal stiffeners is affected
affecte directly
and vertical deformation can be simulated. Although normal stresses in the flange may also
influence the vertical behavior, they cannot be considered appropriately and are neglected.
55
Due to the straight geometry the effect of curvature which produces torque is not included.
Hence, torsion must be taken into account by applying a moment with respect to the girder
axis. Because there is no suitable node in the center of the section, the moment must be
substituted by equivalent forces. In this case torsion is produced by body forces in the webs.
The loads differ between the analysis of stresses (ULS) and of deflection (SLS) because
serviceability load is not factored. For torsional loading the maximum torque (load group 2) is
assumed to be distributed constantly over the section length. The applied loads are carried
out in appendix G and are summarized in table 4-10.
ULS SLS
dead load [kN/m] 1.733 1.333
vertical
loading live load [kN/m] 5.850 4.500
sum [kN/m] 7.583 5.833
torque [kNm/m] 173 141
torsion equivalent body [kN/m] 25,069 20,432
force in each web
Table 4-12: Loads applied on the section modeled in Abaqus
When applying vertical loading three cases shown in figure 4-13 are possible:
Case 1: Total loading (dead load + live load) on the total area of top flange
Case 2: Dead load on the total area of top flange
+ live load on the area of top flange between the webs
Case 3: Dead load on the total area of top flange
+ live load on the area of top flange outside webs
Figure 4-13: Load distribution for different cases in Abaqus model
The last case could occur if pedestrians are crowded next to the railing on the entire bridge.
Although this is a not very probable situation it cannot be excluded and hence, is analyzed
here. Further analyses point out that the loading in case 1 produces the highest stresses in
the transverse stiffeners while the highest deflections of the flange result from loading in case
2.
56
4.4.2. Analysis of stresses and deformation
In a first step stresses in the transverse stiffeners under ultimate limit state loading and
deflections of the top flange under service loads are determined. The maximum values of
stresses in the transverse stiffeners and deflection of the top flange occur in case 1 and case
2, respectively. Hence, the stress analysis for case 1 and the analysis of the vertical
displacements for case 2 are carried out in this section, whereas the results of the remaining
cases are shown in appendix G. Therefore, local stresses and deflections for significant
elements and nodes, respectively, have been read out in a file.
4.4.2.1. Analysis without additional members
Previous analyses do not require any additional members beside the longitudinal and
transverse stiffeners defined in section 4.3. Thus, the Abaqus model used for the present
analysis does not contain any extra constructive elements.
Stresses in transverse members
Due to AASHTO (section C10-1) the stresses should satisfy the following equation.
12 1 2 + 22 F y (Eq. 4-8)
where Fy = 35.5 kN/cm2 specified yield stress
y + z y z
2

1, 2 = + f v2 (Eq. 4-9)
2 2
y = S11 (Abaqus)
z = S22 (Abaqus)
fv = S12 (Abaqus)
The stresses of significant elements showing stress concentration (see fig. 4-14 to 4-17)
have been analyzed.
57
Figure 4-14: Stress distribution (Abaqus) for a section supported by single bearings (case 1)
The maximum resulting stress is located above the edge of the bearing.
Figure 4-15: Element with maximum stress (one bearing, case 1)
y = 131.60 kN/cm2
z = -11.58 kN/cm2
fv = 16.40 kN/cm2
1 = 133.45 kN/cm2
2 = -13.43 kN/cm2
12 1 2 + 22 = 140.65 kN/cm2 >> Fy = 35.50 kN/cm2
It is obvious that the construction using only one bearing in the middle of the bottom flange is
not sufficient.
58
Figure 4-16: Stress distribution computed by Abaqus for a section supported by two bearings (case 1)
The maximum resulting stress is located above the edge of one of the bearings.
bearing
Figure 4-17: Element with maximum stress (two bearings, case 1)
y = 12.60 kN/cm2
z = 33.64 kN/cm2
fv = 11.40 kN/cm2
1 = 38.48 kN/cm2
2 = 7.58 kN/cm2
12 1 2 + 22 = 35.31 kN/cm2 Fy = 35.50 kN/cm2
59
The equation is satisfied with the borderline capacity of almost 100%.
The stress analysis shows that two bearings are needed to avoid exceeding the stress limit
in the transverse stiffeners.
Deflection of top flange
Considering service loading in case 2 the deflections of several points along a line in the mid
of the section are computed where the maximum vertical displacements occur.
x [m] deflection [mm]

(case 2)
0 7.3
0.25 3.6
0.55 -1.6
0.8 -6.7
1.2 -11.2
1.65 -7.5
1.95 -2.2
2.2 1.5
2.4 4.2
max 18.5
Table 4-13: Deflections in the middle of the section supported by two bearings (case 2)
10
Deflection [mm]
5
0
-0,1
-5 0,4 0,9 1,4 1,9 2,4
-10
-15
Flange width [m]
(case 2)
The difference between the vertical displacement in the middle and at the edge of the flange
is almost 2 cm. This might be uncomfortable for pedestrians. Hence, a construction should
be provided to reduce the deflection.
Since the deflections according to case 1 and 3 are smaller, they are not displayed.
60
4.4.2.2. Analysis with outstanding braces
As previous analyses show, two bearings are necessary to receive reasonable stresses in
the transverse stiffeners. Nevertheless, a further problem is the deflection in the middle of the
top flange which is relatively high. Regarding to constructive aspects like fabrication or future
futur
maintenance additional members inside the box section should be avoided. Another A
possibility is the construction of outstanding braces which retain uplift of the flange edges
and thus, reduce the deflection in the center. The comparison to a multi-span
multi span beam
b in figure
4-19 displays the role of the braces.
Figure 4-19:: Effect on the deflection of top flange by using braces
The most efficient location of the braces along the girder axis is between the transverse
stiffeners
tiffeners as shown in figure 4-20.
4 The used element type in Abaqus is the beam
b element.
Figure 4-20: Section with two outstanding braces
Sectional and material properties of the braces are defined by the following characteristics:
characteristics
width: bbr = 50 mm
thickness: tbr = 5 mm
material: S355J0
yield stress: Fy = 35.5 kN/cm2
Youngs modulus: E =21,000 kN/cm2
61
Stresses in transverse stiffeners
As mentioned at the beginning of this section, the stresses in case 1 are significant for
design and illustrated in figure 4-21.
4
Figure 4-21: Stress distribution computed by Abaqus for a section supported by two bearings and
containing outstanding braces (case 1)
The maximum resulting stress occurs in case 1 at the left bottom edge element marked in
figure 4-22.
Figure 4-22: Element with maximum stress (two

(tw bearings and braces, case 1)
62
The stress analysis for this element is made as shown in the following.
y = -14.26 kN/cm2
z = -5.85 kN/cm2
fv = 18.45 kN/cm2
1 = 8.87 kN/cm2
2 = -28.98 kN/cm2
12 1 2 + 22 = 34.28 kN/cm2 < Fy = 35.5 kN/cm2
The resulting stress does not exceed the specified yield stress and does not significantly
differ from the maximum stress received for case 1 without braces. Hence, the requirements
are fulfilled whereas the braces have no significant influence.
Stress in braces
Like for all members a stress analysis is also required for the braces. Because the braces
are not necessary to carry loads the stresses are very small. However, a short analysis can
be found in appendix G.
Deflection of top flange
The vertical deflections of several points along a line in the middle of the flange are
determined for case 1 to 3.
x [m] deflection [mm]

case 1 case 2 case 3
0 0.8 0.9 0.7
0.25 1.5 1.7 0.1
0.45 0.5 0.5 1.5
0.7 -3.2 -3.8 2.8
1.2 -8.9 -9.9 1.2
1.35 -8.7 -9.7 0.6
1.85 -2.8 -3.1 -0.9
2.1 -0.7 -0.6 -1.3
2.4 -0.9 -0.9 -1.0
max 10.4 11.6 4.1
Table 4-14: Deflections along a line in the mid of the top flange (two bearings and braces)
63
7,9
Deflection [mm]
2,9
case 2
case 1
-2,1 0 1,2 2,4
case 3
Flange width [m]
-7,1
-12,1
and braces
The maximum difference of vertical displacement between flange edge and center is
approximately 12 mm. Hence, using two braces leads to a reduction in the difference of
vertical displacement to 60%. The graphical output of Abaqus in figures 4--24 and 4-25 which
show the vertical deflection in the top flange emphasizes the relevance of the braces.
Figure 4-24: Vertical displacement of top flange without bracings, case 2
Figure 4-25:: Vertical displacement of top flange with bracings, case 2
64
4.5. Bearings
As defined in article 4.2.3 boundary conditions are different for the supports at columns
where only translational degrees of freedom are fixed and at abutments where also rotation
with respect to z-axis is restrained. That fact leads to a separate design of bearings. For
each support two pot bearings of the Korean company Macroad are chosen.
The bearing types are chosen with regard to carry the horizontal forces but also to avoid
constraint stress. The applied notations for the supports as well as the conditions for fixed
degrees of freedom are displayed in figure 4-26 and 4-27, respectively.
Figure 4-26: Notation for supports (A abutment, C column)
Figure 4-27: Bearings for arc 1
Here, subscript 1 (B1) indicates the inside bearing whereas subscript 2 (B2) denotes the
outside bearing.
For the selection of the bearing type the design tables provided by Macroad are used. Since
not all dimensions are given exactly in the table reasonable values are estimated and
checked according to AISCE Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (2005). The
65
analyses are not displayed at this point but can be found in appendix H. A summary of
applied design requirements for pot bearings provided by AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design
Specifications is given in appendix C.
4.5.1. Bearings at columns
For practical reason the same combination of bearing types for each support at the four
columns (C1 to C4) is used. Hence, the significant design forces have to be figured out of
each load group and each support.
support These forces are determined from the reaction forces by
using the following
ollowing assumptions:
(1) Each bearing carries half of the vertical reaction force.

(2) The torsionall moment MT can be substituted for two vertical forces where
w one of them
is an uplift force.
(3) The arm of couple is equal to the distance of the bearing middle axes which is
assumed to be approximately 0.95 m.
(4) Horizontal loads in both directions (lateral and axial) are carried only by the inside
bearing where the maximum of Fx,B1 and Fy,B1 is significant for design.
Figure 4-28:: Bearing forces for supports at columns
According to the abutments position

posit at C3 and C4 the global horizontal reaction forces have
to be translated into local bearing forces with respect to the angle of sector C.
Hence, the design forces are computed using the equations 4-10.
Pz M T
Vertical force for C1, C2, C3, C4:
C4 Fz , B1 = + (Eq. 4-10a)
2 dB
P M
Fz , B 2 = z T (Eq. 4-10b)
2 dB
66
Horizontal force for C1, C2: Fx , B1 = Px (Eq. 4-10c)

Fy , B1 = Py
Horizontal force for C3, C4: Fx , B1 = Py cos c Px sin c (Eq. 4-10d)
Fy , B1 = Py sin c + Px cos c (Eq. 4-10e)
The rotational degrees of freedom are not fixed with respect to any axis. Thus, the bearings
should allow the maximum rotation that occurs in the girder above the support. Since the
purpose is a matter of serviceability the maximum rotation with respect to the local y- or x-
axis received from load groups 7 to 12 is significant.
Although torsion is not fixed, as long as rotation with respect to the local x-axis is possible,
the torsional moment has to be taken into account for the design of the bearings. If
positioning two bearings at one support the rotational moment in fact produces vertical forces
on both bearings that should not be neglected in the design.
4.5.1.1. Inside bearing (B1)
The computation of bearing forces for the inside bearing leads to the type shown in figure
4-29.
Design forces and rotation
Fv,B1 = 318 kN = 32.4 ton-f (load group 2)

Fh,B1 = 374 kN = 38.1 ton-f (load group 4)
y = 3.0 mrad (load group 10)
Bearing type: MPF 75
Figure 4-29: Pot bearing MPF 75
Internal diameter of pot Dp = 198 mm

Base thickness of pot tb = 15 mm
Pot wall thickness tw = 25 mm
Height hw = 10 mm
Depth of elastomeric disc hr = 10 mm
Diameter of elastomer Dr = 193 mm
Maximum forces: Vmax = 75 ton-f > 32.4 ton-f

Hmax = 39 ton-f > 38.1 ton-f
Maximum rotation max = 18 mrad > 3.0 mrad
67
4.5.1.2. Outside bearing (B2)
The outside bearing is not horizontally fixed and hence, is designed only for vertical loading
which consequences to the type sketched in figure 4-30.
Bearing type: MPA 50
Figure 4-30: Pot bearing MPA 50

Height hw = 8 mm
Maximum forces: Vmax = 50 ton-f > 26.4 ton-f

For both, the inside and the outside bearing, the requirement, that is the minimum vertical
load should not be less than 20% of the design load, cannot be fulfilled.
Inside bearing (B1): Vmin,SLS = 57 kN < 64 kN = 20% Vu,max
Outside bearing (B2): Vmin,SLS = 9 kN < 52 kN = 20% Vu,max
Since no reason for this requirement is given in the specification it has to be figured out and
the necessity has to be checked in accordance with the company Macroad. Maybe it is
considered that the elastomer cannot stand too high load differences. Consequently, a
special material should be used for this construction.
68
4.5.2. Bearings at abutments
The vertical design bearing force can be determined in a similar way as in 4.4.1. According to
the abutments position the global horizontal reaction forces have to be translated into local
bearing forces with regard to the angle of sector L.
In this case the rotation with respect to the z-axis is restrained and therefore, the moment Mz
has to be carried by the bearings. Analogous to MT the lateral bending moment Mz is
substituted for a horizontal force couple.
If arranging both bearings at the inner and outer edge of the box, loads in the positive z
direction due to torsion as well as extremely high horizontal forces due to lateral bending will
occur. To avoid uplift and to reduce horizontal bearing forces the moment arm is increased
by placing the bearings as shown in figure 4-31.
The design forces are determined from the reaction forces by using the following
assumptions:
(1) Each bearing carries half of the vertical reaction force Pz.
(2) The torsional moment MT can be substituted for a vertical force couple where one of
them is an uplift force.
(3) The lateral bending moment Mz can be substituted for a horizontal force couple
(4) The inside bearing B1 carries the full lateral load.
(5) The arm of couple dB is equal to the distance of the bearing middle axes which is
approximately 2.0 m.
Figure 4-31: Side view (left) and plan view (right) with vertical and horizontal reaction forces
Hence, the design forces can be computed using the equations 4-11.
Pz M T
Vertical forces: Fv , B1 = + (Eq. 4-11a)
2 db
P M
Fv , B 2 = z T (Eq. 4-11b)
2 db
(Px sin L + Py cos L ) + z

1 M
Horizontal forces: Fx , B1 = (Eq. 4-11c)
2 dB
69
(Px sin L + Py cos L ) z

1 M
Fx , B 2 = (Eq. 4-11d)
2 dB
Fy , B1 = Px cos L Py sin L (Eq. 4-11e)
With regard to the torsional moment the same assumptions are considered as in 4.5.1
4.5.2.1. Inside bearing (B1)
The inside bearing at the abutment is fixed in all directions. Thus, the design for horizontal
and vertical loading yields to the type shown in figure 4-32.

Bearing type: MPF 100
Figure 4-32: Pot bearing MPF 100

Height hw = 10 mm
Maximum forces: Fv,max = 100 ton-f > 1.4 ton-f

Fh,max = 65 ton-f > 55.4 ton-f
As shown below, the requirement according to the specified minimum vertical load cannot be
fulfilled. The problem has to be treated in the same way as described in 4.5.1.
Vmin,SLS = 0 kN < 2.8 kN = 20% Vu,max
70
4.5.2.2. Outside bearing (B2)
Due to the bending moment with respect to the z-axis the outside bearing must be fixed in
the longitudinal girder axis whereas the lateral displacement is free. Figure 4-33 sketches the
chosen bearing type.
Design force and rotation

Bearing type: MPG 75
Figure 4-33: Pot bearing MPG 75

Height hw = 10 mm
Maximum forces: Fv,max = 75 ton-f > 10.7 ton-f

Fh,max = 39 ton-f > 37.3 ton-f
4.5.3. Construction details
For the design of the bearings two assumptions were made:
(1) The bearings are not inclined.

(2) The distance of the bearings at abutments (2.0 m) is bigger than the bottom flange of
the trapezoidal box section (1.25 m).
Assumption (1) follows a construction to overcome the slope of the girder. It is possible to
establish a sole plate between the box girder and the bearing by welding. With an estimated
minimum plate thickness of 0.5 cm, a girder slope of 6.1 and a bearing width of about 30 cm
the maximum plate thickness will be 3.7 cm. If the gradient cannot be reached by one sole
71
plate, two or more steel plates have to be welded upon each other. Macroad planned to
install the bearings with bolts.. Figure 4-34
4 34 illustrates that the space between the girder and
the bearing might not be sufficient for bolting and welding has to be used. The construction
shall be analyzed especially due to horizontal load transfer by shear.
4-34:: Sketches of supporting construction at columns
Based on the second assumption

assump a special construction is necessary to connect the box
girder with the bearings. The following figure 4-35 presents a potential design.
4-35:: Sketches of supporting construction at abutments
To receive a horizontal plane under the box girder a similar construction with sole plates is
used as for the columns. In the case of the abutments the plates
plates are welded on the full width
of the lower box flange. This plate is welded on a beam that transfers the loads to the
outstanding bearings. The length of the beam is equal to the distance of the outer bearing
edges which is 2.30 m and the width should be approximately equal to the bearing width
which is 0.30 m.
A preliminary design for the beam is made using a simple beam model in RStab. The
T static
system (see figure 4-37) is based on the boundary conditions of the bearings and the load
transfer through the box section. The following assumptions due to loading are made.
72
(1) The Vertical force Pz is transferred through the webs where the angle produces
a small horizontal component Fy.
(2) The horizontal forces are transferred by the bottom flange and are modeled as
distributed loads fx and fy over the width of the flange.
(3) The bending moment Mz is carried by the webs substituted for a horizontal force
couple perpendicular to the beam.
(4) The torsional moment MT is substituted for a vertical force couple.
Hence, the loads can be calculated using equations 4-12.
Mz Px sin L Py cos L
Fx = , fx =
bb bb
Pz Px cos L + Py sin L
Fy = cos , fy =
2 bb
P M Pz M
Fz ,1 = z sin + T , Fz , 2 = sin T
2 bb 2 bb (Eq. 4-12a - f)
Where = 63.4 (slope of the webs)

L = 53.6 (angle for local axis of abutment)
Fx fx Fy fy Fz,1 Fz,2
[kN] [kN/m] [kN] [kN/m] [kN] [kN]
LG 1 275.8 -53.8 10.0 57.0 -7.6 47.7
LG 2 726.3 -141.7 26.6 150.2 -19.6 125.9
LG 3 643.8 -116.8 26.5 130.5 -11.5 117.4
LG 4 377.8 -85.1 10.0 81.5 -17.8 57.9
LG 5 184.9 -42.3 7.2 51.5 -4.0 33.0
LG 6 203.1 -128.7 4.4 46.0 -11.6 29.1
Table 4-15: Loads on beam
The cross-section of the beam consists of two spliced I-beams HEM 140 with the dimensions
shown in figure 4-36.
4-36: Cross-section of the beam without splices
73
Figure 4-37: Static system of transverse beam at abutment
The stresses computed by RStab can be found in appendix H.. The maximum stress occurs
in load group 2 and results particularly from the bending.
max = 30.08 kN/cm2 < 35.5 kN/cm2 = Fy
The stress requirement for the beam can be fulfilled. The sufficient load transfer through
welding connections has to be checked.
74
4.6. Columns
4.6.1. System
As described in section 4.4 there are

a two bearings at each support. Their heir position is shown in
figure 4-26. Figure 4-38
38 sketches two different
d possibilities for design of the substructure with
columns.
a) b)
Figure 4-38: Possible supports:: a) one column, b) two columns
Resulting from the curvature of the girder high horizontal forces in both directions (x and y)
occur at the bearings. To avoid restrain stresses only one
o bearing is fixed horizontally.
Consequently it makes sense to separate the loadload transmission by arranging one column
under each bearing as shown in figure 4-38
4 b). Since the cap is not supported the column
can be treated as a cantilever arm.
For the inside column the clamped footing it is not sufficient to carry the big bending moment
mom
resulting from horizontal forces at the head. A three dimensional bracing structure is
necessary to reduce the stresses in the members as well as the displacement of the column
cap.
Especially slender columns are subjected to buckling which becomes significant
significant for the
design of compression members in most cases. The length of the columns at support C1 and
C2 is bigger compared to the length of the columns at support C3 or C4 whereas,
where in turn, the
vertical forces are higher. Calculations have shown that a lateral bracing is required at the
inside column for each support as well as for the outside column at supports C1 and C2 to
reduce the buckling length.. The system is displayed in figures 4-34 and 4-35,35, respectively.
The coordinate system denoted in the figures is local with the x-axis in the direction of the
girder axis.
Y
X
Figure 4-39:: System of columns for supports C1 and C2
75
Y
X
Figure 4-40: System of columns for supports C3 and C4
For further analyses C1 and C3 can be considered as representative for supports C2 and C4
because of the symmetric structure and the maximum forces for non symmetric load groups.
The system for both supports was computed using RStab.
4.6.2. Loading
The loading at the column caps is identical to the bearing forces in the local directions of the
girder.
Support C1
C12 C11
LG Px Py Pz Pz
[kN] [kN] [kN] [kN]
1 66 8 -73 -98
2 174 22 -194 -259
3 -52 66 -162 -135
4 374 -63 -96 -251
5 50 169 -43 -70
6 165 -24 -52 -96
Table 4-16: Loading at colums caps for support C1 (or C2 respectively)
76
Support C3:
C32 C31
LG Px Py Pz Pz
[kN] [kN] [kN] [kN]
1 99 -31 -120 -68
2 262 -81 -318 -181
3 273 -30 -280 -239
4 76 -98 -162 0
5 -25 -1 -75 -41
6 134 35 -102 -23
Table 4-17: Loading at column caps for support C3 (or C4 respectively)
4.6.3. Cross-sections
For constructible reason and a higher buckling resistance pipe sections with the following
dimensions are chosen.
Support C1:
Outside wall
diameter thickness
[mm] [mm]
C11 260 8
C12 200 8
C13 165 7
C14 165 7
Table 4-18: Sectional properties for columns at support C1 and C2, respectively
Support C3:
Outside wall
diameter thickness
[mm] [mm]
C31 150 7
C32 150 7
C33 140 7
C34 140 7
Table 4-19: Sectional properties for columns at supports C3 and C4, respectively
The material for all members is S355J0 characterized by the following properties:
Youngs modulus: E = 210,000 N/mm2

Yield stress: Fy = 35.5 kN/cm2
77
4.6.4. Stress and stability analysis
For slender compressive members buckling analysis becomes significant for the design of
the cross-section. Stresses are highly influenced by considering imperfection which can be
modeled by an initial rotation of the column. Since RStab does not provide modeling
imperfections for braced bars Abaqus is used for the stress calculations. Stress output is
defined for each integration point of the beam elements and the results are listed in appendix
H.
4.6.4.1. Imperfection
The value for the initial rotation angle is estimated using the German specification
DIN 18800 -1(205) is calculated using equations 4-13a and b.
1
0 = r1 r2 for single members (Eq. 4-13a)
200
1
0 = r1 r2 for braced members (Eq. 4-13b)
400
with 0 initial rotation angle of the column [rad]

r1 reduction factor, only applicable for L > 5 m (r1 = 1.0)
r2 reduction factor, only applicable for frame works (r2 = 1.0)
Rotation is modeled in Abaqus by defining an initial displacement of the column cap 0 that is
determined using equation 4-13.
0 = Lc 0 where Lc denotes the column length

(Eq. 4-13c)
Column C31 is a cantilever arm and C11 is braced in only one horizontal direction. Thus,
both columns are treated as single members. The other members create a three dimensional
structure with braces affecting both horizontal directions. The initial displacement is defined
at the cap of the clamped columns.
compression member length Lc initial displacement 0

[cm] [cm]
C11 single member 420 2.10
C12 braced member 420 1.05
C31 single member 260 1.30
C32 braced member 260 0.65
Table 4-20: Values for initial displacement of the clamped columns
Note that buckling should be analyzed in both horizontal directions, x and y. Since the
structures are not symmetrical, different directions of 0 (positive or negative) have different
effects on the members. Hence, there are four cases of imperfection in each load group
which are listed in the following.
78
1. 0 in positive x-direction
2. 0 in positive y-direction
3. 0 in negative x-direction
4. 0 in negative y-direction
The translational boundary condition at the column cap u = 0 already produces stresses
before loading. That is disadvantageous for the buckling analysis because the member
stresses are higher than stresses resulting exclusively from load. However, these additional
stresses following from initial displacement cover self-equilibrating stress behavior.
4.6.4.2. Stress analysis
The maximum normal stress which can be positive, that is tension, or negative, that is
compression, shall not exceed the yield stress Fy. Although the members are modeled using
beam elements they are mainly subjected to axial loading. Hence, shear is negligible.
Support C1:
C11 C12 C13 C14

Maximum normal stress [kN/cm] -20.43 22.43 -20.11 -18.79
Load group [-] LG 2 LG 4 LG 4 LG 4
Capacity /Fy [-] 0.58 0.63 0.57 0.53
Table 4-21: Stress analysis for support C1
Support C3:
C31 C32 C33 C34

Maximum normal stress [kN/cm] -15.93 22.88 -25.78 -26.94
Load group [-] LG 3 LG 3 LG 3 LG 3
Capacity /Fy [-] 0.45 0.64 0.73 0.76
Table 4-22: Stress analysis for support C3
Since the capacity does not exceed 100% in any cases the requirements are fulfilled. Note
that this stress analysis is not significant for design of the cross-sections.
4.6.4.3. Stability analysis
The buckling analysis follows the criteria of AISC Specifications for Structural Steel Buildings
(2005) which are summarized in appendix C. For the analysis the maximum compressive
stresses computed by Abaqus are used.
When choosing the effective length factor K a buckled shape of each member has to be
assumed. It cannot be figured out clearly which shape is correct. On the one hand the
column is a cantilever arm. But on the other hand the cap is supported by the inclined
members which allow a slight displacement. Regarding to the deformed shapes determined
by Abaqus (see figure 4-41) it is similar to a buckled cantilever arm. Note that the shape can
vary for different directions whereas the more unfavorable one is that of a cantilever arm.
Assuming the worst case, the factor K = 2.0 is considered.
79
Figure 4-41:: Deformed shape of columns C12, C13 and C14 for load group 2
Table 4-23 and 4-25

25 summarize the analysis which can be found in appendix I.
Support C1:
C11 C12 C13 C14
flexural buckling stress Fcr [kN/cm] 20.47 26.99 22.22 21.67
maximum compressive stress c [kN/cm] 20.48 16.63 20.11 18.79
load group [-] 2 3 4 4
capacity [-] 1.00 0.62 0.90 0.86
Table 4-23:: Summary of buckling analysis with Abaqus results for support C1
Support C3:
C31 C32 C33 C34

capacity [-] 0.97 0.69 0.94 1.00
Table 4-24:: Summary of buckling analysis with Abaqus results for support C3
For each supporting member the maximum buckling capacity does not exceed 100%. Thus,
the requirements are satisfied.
An additional buckling analysis using RStab was performed for comparison. The results
summarized in tables 4-2525 and 4-26
4 demonstrate the big influence of imperfection which is
not considered for this computation.
computation
Support C1:
C11 C12 C13 C14

capacity [-] 0.29 0.32 0.85 0.93
Table 4-25:: Summary of buckling analysis with RStab results for support C1
80
Support C3:
C31 C32 C33 C34

capacity [-] 0.47 0.21 0.66 0.67
Table 4-26: Summary of buckling analysis with RStab results for support C3
Especially the clamped members C11, C12, C31 and C32 are significantly influenced by the
initial displacements. Hence, the analysis without considering imperfection for the stability
would lead to an unsafe design which confirms the application of Abaqus in this case.
81
Chapter 5 Influence of Torsion and Distortion
Chapter 5
Influence of Torsion and Distortion
5.1. General Information

The present chapter deals with the specific static behavior of a curved girder and is based on
Dr. Nam-Hoi Parks dissertation Development of a multicell box beam element including
distortional degrees of freedom (2002).The influence of torsion and distortion is analyzed in
order to evaluate the design of the box girder in chapter 4.
5.1.1. Bending, torsion and distortion
A thin walled box girder structure subjected to eccentric loading shows a static behavior
which can be divided into three major actions: flexural bending, torsion and distortion. An
overview about each component is given below.
5.1.1.1. Flexural bending
A detailed description of flexural bending behavior is not carried out in this report but
information about bending action is provided by basic engineering literature.
According to the example in section 5.2, only bending with respect to the y-axis is considered
in this section. The bending moment produces normal stresses that can be determined using
equation 5-1.
My
b = z (Eq.5-1)
Iy
where b normal stress due to flexural bending

My bending moment w.r.t. the y-axis
Iy moment of inertia w.r.t. the y-axis
z distance from the neutral axis
82
5.1.1.2. Pure torsion and torsional warping
When applying a torsional moment on the shear center of a closed box section the effect of
torsion occurs. The condition for pure torsion is a uniform twist over the length due to the
assumption that warping displacements are not restrained. Pure torsion produces a shear
stress that is also known as St. Venant shear stress and can be determined as shown in
equation 5-2.
T
t = (Eq.5-2)
2 Am t
where t shear stress due to pure torsion (St. Venant)

T torsional moment (St. Venant)
Am area under membrane (see figure 5-1) 1)
t wall thickness
The maximum shear stress max

max t occurs in the web or flange with the minimum wall
thickness tmin.
Figure 5-1:: Area under membrane Am
When warp is constraint a torsional moment may cause additional stresses which are known
as torsional warping normal stresses. The change of these normal stresses produces
torsional warping shear stress which is also called secondary shear stress. Since the effect
of warping is based on out-of--plane displacements, the range of the warping stresses
depends on the cross-section.
section. Especially open cross-sections like I-beams
beams are affected by
warping whereas closed box-sections
sections exhibit only small torsional warping stresses.
The occurence of warping stresses provides a warping torsional moment and a torsional
bimoment. In a box girder withh a non-deformable
non cross-section
section torque is resisted by the
t sum
of the primary (St. Venant)) and secondary moments.
The torsional warping normal stresses and torsional warping shear stresses are computed by
the equations 5-3 and 5-4,
4, respectively.
Bt
tw = nt (Eq.5-3)
Iw
where tw torsional warping normal stress

Bt torsional bimoment
Iw torsional warping moment of inertia
nt normalized warping function for torsion
83
Ttw
tw = S wc (Eq.5-4)
Iw t
where tw torsional warping shear stress

Ttw secondary torsional moment
Iw torsional warping moment of inertia
t wall thickness
Swc warping static moment for closed section
5.1.1.3. Distortion
Distortional behavior in a box--section occurs to satisfy equilibrium of bending and torsion.

Figure 5-22 illustrates that consideration using a rectangular box section which is subjected to
an eccentric loading.
Figure 5-2: Division of eccentric loading on a box girder
B
Load p produces a torsional moment mT = p
2
mT p
Thus, considering only pure torsion, the vertical force in the web is =
2 B 4
To satisfy equilibrium of vertical forces in the web there must be an additional

additional force p/4.
mT m p p p
Hence, ( pure torsion) + T (distortion) = + = which is the vertical load applied
2 B 2 B 4 4 2
on the web.
Furthermore equilibrium of horizontal forces in the flanges must also be fulfilled.
84
The deformation of a single cell box girder due to torsion and distortion is shown in figure 5-
3. The dotted line can be regarded as a rigid frame. According to Maisel (1985) the change
of length in a frame member due to distortion is very small. Thus, normal and shear strain
are assumed to be zero which leads to distortional warping normal stresses and distortional
warping shear stresses. The calculation follows equations 5-5 and 5-6.
Bd
dw = nd (Eq.5-5)
I dw
where dw distortional warping normal stress

Bd distortional bimoment
Idw distortional warping moment of inertia
nd normalized warping function for distortion
Tdw
dw = S wc (Eq.5-6)
I dw t
where dw distortional warping shear stress

Tdw distortional warping moment
Idw distortional warping moment of inertia
t wall thickness
Swc warping static moment for closed section
The shape displayed in figure 5-3 shows an additional curved deformation of webs and
flanges which is dependent on their wall stiffness and on the distortional displacement . As
a consequence additional transverse bending moments occur at the box corners. The
resulting transverse bending normal stresses are distributed over the wall thickness t
whereas the maximum value can be computed using equation 5-7.
Figure 5-3: Deformed shaped due to torsion
85
M tb t
tb = (Eq.5-7)
I 2
Where tb transverse bending normal stress

Mtb transverse bending moment at the corner
I moment of inertia of the wall
t wall thickness
distortional displacement
Note that transverse bending moment, moment of inertia, wall thickness and, thus,
the resulting transverse bending normal stress may vary in each corner of the section.
5.1.2. Program SMB
A finite element analysis is the most popular method for computing complex stresses. A box
section as the part of an entire structure can be modeled by shell elements as presented in
chapter 4. Modeling the total bridge structure using finite shell elements requires a lot of time
and effort for input and interpreting the results. Therefore, Dr. Nam-Hoi Park developed a box
beam element including distortional degrees of freedom in his thesis submitted at
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea University. The element has one
torsional warping and two distortional degrees of freedom in addition to the six degrees of
freedom of a conventional beam element.
Following basic assumptions were made:
(1) The original shape is retained after deformation except transverse bending.
(2) The displacements are small.
(3) The stress is proportional to the strain.
(4) The shear strains due to the change of bending and warping normal stresses are
negligibly small.
(5) The shear strains due to distortion are infinitesimal.
(6) The length of a beam is much larger than any other dimension of the cross-section.
Figure 5-4: Beam element including nine degrees of freedom
86
Besides, the thesis presents a computer program, called SMB, which applies the mentioned
beam element. The program is coded using Fortran 77 and input can be made through a text
file. The output file displays the displacements of each node and the corresponding sectional
stress resultant listed below.
Axial force F corresponding to displacement w0

Shear forces Vx and Vy corresponding to displacements u0 and v0, respectively
Bending moments My and Mx corresponding to rotation u0 and v0, respectively
Torque Tt corresponding to torsional rotation
Torsional bimoment Bt corresponding to the change in torsional rotation
Distortional warping moment Tdw corresponding to distortional rotation
Distortional bimoment Bd corresponding to the change in distortional rotation
Assumption 5 denotes that torsional warping shear stress is not considered and, thus, the
secondary torsional moment does not appear. The transverse bending moment is not an
output value in SMB but can be obtained by hand calculations. An Excel file coded by the
author of SMB, Dr. Park, can be used to compute the transverse bending moments and
required sectional properties for a rectangular box girder.
SMB is a program developed particularly for research which usually does not deal with
extensive structures. Although the program provides a 3D coordinate input, a gradient in y-
or z-direction is not considered and the complex computation of a three dimensional
structure cannot be perfomed appropriately. Hence, the structure of the present thesis is not
modeled using SMB. Due to the complexity of the bridge geometry a simplified structure as
an alternative approach is not sufficient.
However, in this chapter SMB is applied on a simple beam containing the same trapezoidal
box section as the curved bridge. The computation is made in order to demonstrate the
influence of torsional warping and distortion. Furthermore, the results will be compared to
those of RStab which allows an evaluation of the bridge design made in chapter 4.
87
5.2. Example
For the application of SMB a simple straight beam subjected to an eccentric

eccentri loading is used.
Both edges are clamped and the cross-section
cross section is the trapezoidal box designed in chapter 4.
Considering an eccentricity of 1 m the eccentric loading of 265 kN/m produces a torque of
172 kNm/m at point A which equals the maximum design torque que in chapter 4.
Computations are made using RStab and SMB in order to compare the results which are
shown in appendix J.
5.2.1. RStab
5.2.1.1. Static system and loading
The structure of the 10 m long girder is modeled using beams in RStab.

RStab Since the program
does not provide the input of an eccentricity for line load, vertical as
as well as torsional loading
have to be applied as displayed in figure 5-5.
5
Figure 5-5:: Static system in RStab (length [m], vertical load

load [kN/m], moment [kNm/m])
According to the clamped ends the boundary conditions for the supported nodes are defined
as by the following specifications.
ux = uy = uz = 0
x = y = z = 0
88
5.2.1.2. Cross-sectional and material properties
The girder consists of the same trapezoidal box as designed in chapter 4 (see figure 5-6)
5
whereas longitudinal and transverse stiffeners are excluded. Since the RStab calculations in
chapter 4 do not include the stiffeners as well,
well the present cross-section
section is identical with the
cross-section
ion used for RStab computations in chapter 4.

section used in RStab
teel grade S355J0 is used which has the following properties:

Again, steel
Elasticity modulus: E = 210,000 N/mm2

Modulus of rigidity: G = 81,000 N/mm2
5.2.1.3. Results
The output in RStab shows the distribution of three

t stress resultants that are vertical shear
force,, bending moment with respect to the y-axis and torque. Other sectional
onal forces and
moments are zero. Hence, vertical shear force and torque produce the total shear stress
whereas only the bending moment My causes normal stress.
The stresses at point A are displayed in figures 5-7
5 and 5-8. 8. For further results and
calculations see appendix J.
Figure 5-7: Shear

hear stress computed by RStab: a) resulting from torque, b) resulting from vertical
verti shear
force, c) total shear stress
89
Figure 5-8:: Normal stress computed by RStab
The maximum stress values can be checked easily by hand calculations using the following
sectional forces at point A.
Bending moment My = 180.64 kNm

Torque T = -172.35 kNm
Shear force Vz = 190.14 kN
The division of stresses shows that neither torsional warping nor distortion is considered in
RStab. The reason is the application of the conventional beam element including six degrees
of freedom.
5.2.2. SMB
5.2.2.1. Static system and loading
As mentioned in section 5.1 SMB uses text input which requires a user defined
defined discretization
of the beam. Figure 5-9 shows the ten elements of 1 m length whereas an element load is
applied on element no. 4. Torsional
orsional loading is already included by placing the vertical load
eccentric to the longitudinal beam axis (see figure 5-10).
Figure 5-9:: Discretized beam in SMB
Figure 5-10: Eccentric loading

oading on element 4
90
Since SMB includes also a warping torsional and two distortional degrees of freedom, up to
nine degrees of freedom at each node can be fixed. The boundary conditions for node
nod 1 and
11 are defined through the following conditions.
Translation: ux = uy = uz = 0
Rotation: y = z = 0
Torsion: =0
Distortion: =0
5.2.2.2. Sectional and material properties
In contrast to RStab the section cannot be defined by its dimensions but by the following
properties:
1. sectional area
Cross-sectional A
2. Moment of inertia w.r.t. the global y-axis Iy
3. Moment of inertia w.r.t. the global z-axis Iz
4. Torsional constant KT
5. Torsional warping moment of inertia Iw
6. Distortional warping moment of inertia Idw
7. Distortional stiffness of the wall Kd
The properties
roperties 1 to 5 can be found in RStab but Idw and Kd have to be estimated.
estimated Since the
determination of these values requires a sophisticated computation, Dr. Park worked out an
Excel file for the calculation of the rectangular box sectional properties needed for SMB. As a
substitute for the present trapezoidal box-section a rectangular shape with similar properties
is considered,, as shown in figure 5-11.
5 Table 5-1 presents the
e similarity of the sectional
properties for both shapes.

section for computation of Idw and Kd
Trapezoidal box Rectangular box

A 427.63 cm 419.89 cm
4 4
Iy 476,494 cm 390,880 cm
4 4
Iz 1,773,000 cm 1,585,266 cm
4 4
It / KT 730,129 cm 730,245 cm
6 6
Iw 56,720,000 cm 58,967,000 cm
6
Idw - 276,031,500 cm
Kd - 99.79 kN
Table 5-1: Cross-sectional

sectional values for trapezoidal box (RStab) and rectangular box (Park)
91
For SMB the input data A, Iy, Iz, It and Iw of the trapezoidal shape and Idw and Kd of the
rectangular box section are used.
Material properties are defined by the following parameters.
Elasticity modulus: E = 21,000 kN/cm2

Rigidity modulus: G = 8,100 kN/cm2
5.2.2.3. Results
The results computed by SMB are displacements and stress resultants for each node as well
as reaction forces for the supports. Appendix J contains the output file and the illustration of
important results.
Due to a missing horizontal loading the displacements in x- and y-direction and the rotation
with respect to the z-axis are zero. The vertical deflection shows a reasonable course and
has a maximum magnitude of 1.39 mm.
According to the vertical loading axial force, shear force in y-direction and bending moment
with respect to the z-axis are zero. Related to nine degrees of freedom the remaining stress
resultants shear force in z-direction, torsional moment, torsional bimoment, distortional
moment and distortional bimoment produce normal stresses and shear stresses in the girder,
whereas the torsional bimoment is negligibly small. Figure 5-12 illustrates the distribution of
additional moments due to distortion over the beam length. The maximum values of the
distortional moment and bimoment range in the same magnitudes like the torsional moment.
200
Torsional moment
100
[kNm]
0
-100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-200
100
Distortional moment
50
0
[kNm]
-50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-100
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Distorstional
-100
Bimoment
[kNm]
-200
-300
Figure 5-12: Sectional moments resulting from torsional loading
92
Since the output file does not display stresses but stress resultants, normal and shear
stresses are calculated using the equations presented in 5.1.1. In this case a representative
calculation was performed for point A. Significant values are carried out at this point.
Bending
My 181 100 kNcm

b, max = zu = 47.76 cm = 2.30 kN/cm2
Iy 376,494 cm 4
Since the maximum bending normal stress is located at the edge of the bottom flange
the distance z is equal to 47.76 cm.
Torsion and torsional warping
T 172 100 kNcm

t ,max = = = -1.24 kN/cm2
2 Am t min 2 9,947 cm 0.7 cm
2
Bt 2.67 100 2 kNcm 2

tw,max = nt ,max = 6
732.54 cm 2 = -0.34 kN/cm2
Iw 56,720,000 cm
The area under membrane Am and the maximum value of the normalized warping
function nt,max are taken from RStab. For comparison, the maximum value of the
normalized warping function for the rectangular box section is nt,max = 730.22 cm2.
According to the assumption of infenitsimal shear strains due to the change of

bending and warping normal stresses, that is assumption (4), secondary shear
stresses are neglected.
Distortional warping
Tdw 97.6 100 kNcm

dw,max = S wc = 13,566 cm 4 = -0.56 kN/cm2
I dw t min 276,031,500 cm 0.7 cm
6
Bd 229 100 kNcm 2

dw, max = nd ,max = 1838 cm 2 = -15.25 kN/cm2
I dw 276,031,500 cm 6
The applied statical moment Swc was determined by RStab (S,max) and the maximum
value for the normalized warping function for distortion nd,max was calculated by the
Excel file of Dr. Park.
Transverse bending
kNcm
28.8
M t cm 0.7 cm 0.0309 = 10.90 kN/cm2
tb , max = tb w =
Iw 2 cm 4 2
0.02858
cm
93
The transverse bending moment and the moment of inertia related to the same
location have been computed by the Excel file of Dr. Park.
Shear
Vz S y 190 kN 2882 cm 3
V ,max = = = -2.08 kN/cm2
I y t min 376,949 cm 4 0.7 cm
In this case additional shear stresses resulting from torsional warping and distortion are small
but not neglibily. The normal stress due to distortional warping is more than six times the
bending normal stress. The importance of considering distortion is illustrated in figure 5-13
which shows the distribution of the normal stresses due to bending, torsion and distortion.
Figure 5-13: Normal stresses in the box girder
94
5.2.3. Comparison of RStab and SMB
5.2.3.1. Displacements
A comparison of displacements is exclusively possible for the vertical deflection uz and the
rotation y. According to the loading, other displacements which are inlcuded in both
programs RStab and SMB are zero. The maximum displacements in RStab, that is
maxuz = 1.4 mm and maxy = 0.5 mrad, are almost identical with the maximum values
computed by SMB, that is maxuz = 1.39 and maxy = 0.505 mrad, which demonstrates a
good conformance of both programs with respect to six degrees fo freedom.
Since RStab does not include the degrees of freedom for torsional and distortional warping it
does not consider out-of-plain effects and, thus, can not consider a sufficient deformation of
the cross-section.
5.2.3.2. Stresses
Due to the number of degrees of freedom SMB provides more stress resultants. Although
having a significant influence, torsional bimoment, distortional moment, distortional bimoment
and transverse bending moment are not considered in RStab.
As described in section 5.1 the transverse bending stress is calculated using the distortional
displacement which is not covered by RStab. SMB as well as RStab do not include the
secondary torsional moment (torsional warping moment) that is assumed to be infinitesimal.
Other sectional forces determined by both programs are equal which consequences an
identical bending normal stress, torsional shear stress and shear stress resulting from the
vertical shear force (see table 5-2).
action stress maximum value

RStab SMB
Bending bending normal stress 2.3 -2.3
Torsion torsional shear stress -1.24 -1.24
torsional warping normal stress - -0.34
Distortion distorsional warping shear stress - -0.56
distorsional warping normal stress - -15.25
transverse bending normal stress - 10.9
Shear shear stress -2.08 -2.08
2
Table 5-2: Streses [kN/cm ] determined by RStab and SMB
The magnitude of the distortional normal stress which is not considered in RStab is
noticeable. Regarding to the total normal stress, the bending normal stress constitutes only
approximately 13% whereas the rate of distortional warping normal stress is 87%.
95
5.3. Evaluation of design using RStab

The example demonstrates that RStab leads to reasonable results if a conventional beam
element with six degrees of freedom is appropriate. If applying RStab on curved structures
subjected to a big torsion, they should be modeled as a strut and tie model. Cross-sections
susceptible to warping cannot be analyzed properly and require more effort to account for all
stresses that are significant for the design. Since the torsional and distortional behavior is not
considered, especially normal stresses are underestimated.
Responsible for the high stresses due to distortion is the relatively small transverse stiffness
which consequences the high distortional displacements. In practice, a box girder section
includes diaphragms or transverse stiffeners that reduce deformation effectively.
However, the design in chapter 4 is reasonable though using RStab. The application of the
design method developed by the Designers Guide to Steel Box Girder Bridges (Bethlehem
Steel Corporation, 1981) allows an analysis of the additional stresses due to distortion.
Considering a concentrated torque of 173 kNm the method yields to a maximum distortional
normal warping stress of 11.47 kN/cm2 (see appendix F). That value is close to the15.25
kN/cm2 resulting from SMB computations. A direct comparison of the stresses calculated by
Bethlehem method and received by using SMB is not appropriate because not the whole
structure could be modeled in SMB. Note that for Bethlehem method longitudinal and
transverse stiffeners in the cross-section are considered which reduce the stresses in the
flanges and webs.
Thus, RStab can be used for the computation of sectional forces in curved beams but the
design should be made carefully. Additional analysis methods including the torisonal and
distortional behavior are indispensible. Depending on the complexity of the structure a finite
element analysis using shell elements may yield to more reliable stresses. Regarding to
practical relevance the necessity of a sophisticated computation using finite elements should
be checked.
96
Chapter 6 Comparison of Structures
Chapter 6
Comparison of Structures
6.1. Scope
According to the specified dimensions two distinct structures have been designed whereas
both of them consist exclusively of steel. Therefore, a truss girder supported by a system of
tie rods and two pylons was developed in a previous work and summarized in chapter 3 of
this thesis. A contrary structure including a box girder carried by columns has been worked
out in this thesis.
However, regarding to the constructions each of them has its advantages and
disadvantages. The present chapter points out the essential differences with regard to
economical, constructive and aesthetical aspects.
6.2. Aspects
6.2.1. Steel volume
Concrete is a preferred material nowadays. Developments in construction and computation

methods allow a various use of the material whereas the most favorable fact is the price.
Steel is expensive compared to reinforced concrete and thus, the steel volume of a structure
is an important economical criterion.
The steel volume of both structures has been estimated in appendix K. It includes the main
members like the girder and the supporting members which are the tie rods and pylons for
the truss structure and the columns for the construction with a box section, respectively.
Table 6-1 summarizes the main volumes. The direct comparison is adequate because both
structures use the same steel grade which is S355J0 for all members.
Truss structure Box structure

Steel volume of girder 3.193 m 4.059 m
Percentage of total volume 76.6% 97.2%
Steel volume of supporting structure 1.530 m 0.115 m

Percentage of total volume 32.4% 2.8%
Total steel volume 4.723 m 4.174 m

Percentage 100% 90.50%
Table 6-1: Steel volume of structures
97
Although a truss work has got a lighter appearance the total steel volume is approximately
10% higher compared to the box girder structure. The reason lies in the complex support
which consists of 14 tie rods and two approx.16 m long steel pipes as pylons and, thus,
makes about one third of the whole structure. Regarding to the girder itself the trapezoidal
box needs more steel than the truss.
With respect to the economical factor the box girder is more favorable concerning the total
steel volume. Though the girder requires more material, the supporting structure is compact
and the percentage of 2.8% of the total volume seems to be reasonable.
6.2.2. Design and Computations
Computations for the entire structure of both options have been made using RStab which
provides a convenient application in practical use.
For the evaluation of the design results, the truss structure was analyzed alternatively in
chapter 3 using the finite element software Abaqus. As expected no significant difference in
the stresses and deformations could be discovered because RStab as well as Abaqus use
beam and truss elements. The torsional loading is transferred mainly by axial forces in the
truss members which can be modeled appropriately by both programs. Hence, conventional
design requirements are sufficient for the stress and displacement analysis.
Within the scope of the design works dynamic analysis is not included. Especially for the soft
truss structure supported exclusively by tie rods between its ends, a static analysis may not
be adequate. Thus, an additional dynamic analysis is recommended.
Box-sections are stiffer and torsion that occurs due to a curved girder axis produces various
stresses in the cross-section. To take into account the torsional and distortional behavior for
the estimation of resulting stress requires a sophisticated analysis. Chapter 5 demonstrates
the significant influence of distortion on the normal stresses in the girder. Hence, a finite
element analysis using shell elements for the cross-section is necessary to receive
reasonable design stresses. Finite element analyses consume a lot of time and an adequate
interpretation of output data depends on the engineers knowledge and experience. Thus, the
use of alternative methods is recommended. There already exist a few guidelines dealing
with this topic, e.g. the Designers Guide to Steel Box Girder Bridges (Bethlehem Steel
Corporation, 1981). They allow a design due to torsion and are helpful in practice. Though,
the results are not exclusively based on analytical methods and may be too conservative.
The thesis of Dr. Nam-Hoi Park including the program SMB provides a very good alternative
to the finite element analysis with shell elements. Using the beam elements including three
more degrees of freedom than conventional beam elements, torsional and distortional effects
are considered in the analysis. The application of the program is limited to a straight beam. A
development of the program for three dimensional structures would be a good option to
include torsional and distortional stresses in the design process of curved girders.
Within this thesis only loading due to the final state is considered. Designing the structures
due to the construction stage is a very complex process and must be worked out carefully in
both cases. The box girder requires an analysis of two additional load cases which are
temperature and the replacement of bearings. According to the curvature displacements due
to temperature have to be analyzed carefully with respect to the position of the bearings.
Concluding it can be stated that both structures require a complex design process. The
explanations above demonstrate the various difficulties when analyzing the box girder. The
truss work can be designed with common methods but a dynamic analysis may be more
98
suitable. Hence, it depends on the engineers ability and experience which structure is more
favorable for the analysis.
6.2.3. Construction
Even though the technical equipment enables the construction of complex and massive
structures, there may be big differences in costs and effort.
The truss work requires a huge number of welding works to connect the members at their
nodes. Regarding to the number of members being welded as well as the different angles,
this is a time-consuming and expensive task. Due to this fact and environmental conditions,
as few weldings as possible should be made at the construction site. Furthermore, corrosion
protection will be much more expensive for the truss.
The pylon and the truss girder interact with each other which consequences a very
complicated construction. The pylon could be erected first but must be supported by an
auxiliary structure. In the next step the truss girder could be attached. It is also possible to
construct an additional auxiliary structure (e.g. temporary columns) for the truss girder until
attaching the tie rods. The whole progress must be planned carefully.
The construction of the alternative structure is easier because it can be erected bottom up.
The construction stages can be divided into foundation works (including the abutments),
erection of columns with the bearings and at least placing the girder.
Due to the curvature the girder is not a standard box-section. The factory that produces the
girder has to work out the curvature of the box and the stiffeners accurately.
In both cases the girder must be divided into sections for transportation. Due to the curvature
and resulting additional forces, the size of these sections is smaller than for a straight girder.
This requires more works to build the connections at the construction site.
In consequence of the extensive supporting system, the truss structure requires more effort
and costs in construction.
6.2.4. Serviceability and Appearance
Beside statical aspects also appearance and a comfortable use are important to the
pedestrians.
Table 6-2 displays the maximum vertical displacements of both structures at the state of
serviceability.
Load group max uz [mm]

Truss Box
LG7 24.3 -7.7
LG 8 -57.1 -18.5
LG 9 -65.8 -16.1
LG 10 -58.7 -29.9
LG 11 33.3 -6.9
LG 12 35.1 -7.2
Table 6-2: Maximum deflections for truss girder and box girder
99
The difference between both structures is significant. In load group 10 max uz for the truss is
double and in load group 9 even four times the value for the box section. Beside the absolute
values also their directions differ. The deflection of the box girder is generally downward
whereas the maximum value for dead load (LG7) and wind load (LG11 and 12) of the truss
girder is upward.
The comparison of deflection represents the softness of the truss structure. The truss girder
with the attached supporting system of tie rods enables high deformations under loading.
The box girder itself has got a higher stiffness. Furthermore, the support by columns retains
the displacements much more efficiently than tie rods do.
The girder heights of both structures are similar. Even though the truss girder has a bigger
depth of 0.9 m compared to the box girder with 0.7 m, the truss seems to be lighter.
Chapter 2 deals with the static behavior of curved girders. The circular streamline enables
the designer to consider only one line of supports which is used for the design of the truss
work. The box girder construction needs a system of columns which appears less elegant.
The truss structure appears more aesthetically. The supporting structure is clearly presented
and makes the construction interesting to people regarding the bridge. Even though more
steel is required it seems to be light and fragile.
In contrary the box girders construction is more rational. People without engineering
knowledge may not recognize the special characteristic of the bridge. The unspectacular box
girder and the columns do not harmonize with each other.
a)
b)
Figure 6-1: View of a) truss structure and b) box girder structure
100
6.3. Summary
Reviewing the aspects presented in the previous section, neither the truss nor the box girder
structure can be definitely favored. Table 6-3 summarizes the evaluation according to the
various aspects of the previous section.
Truss Box
Steel volume - +
Computation +/- +/-
Design specifications + -
Construction - +
Deflection - +
appearance + -
Table 6-3: Evaluation of both structures
Due to the economical point of view the box girder has more advantages. The steel volume
for that structure is only slightly less than the amount of steel needed for the truss girder and,
thus, has almost an insignificant influence on the costs. The most important plus for the
alternative structure is the construction stage because the stepwise procedure is clear.
Furthermore, the construction of connections and bearings is less expensive.
However, especially pedestrian bridges demand a pleasing appearance which is the
significant advantage of the truss structure.
Computation and design is possible but also sophisticated in both cases. It depends on the
engineer and architect, respectively, which one to prefer.
101
Chapter 7 Literature
Literature
[1] AASHTO Standard Specification for Highway Bridges (2002)
[2] AASTHO Guide Specifications for Horizontally Curved Steel Girder Highway Bridges
(2003)
[3] Guidelines for Design for Constructibility, AASHTO/NSBA Steel Bridge Colloboration,
2003
[4] Specification for Structural Steel Buidlings, ANSI/AISC, 2005
[5] DIN 188800-2, 1990
[6] Bautabellen, Schneider, 16. Auflage, 2004
[7] Analysis and Design of Curved Steel Bridges, Hiroshi Naikai, Chai Hong Yoo, 1988
[8] Skript Stahlbau III, J. Priebe, Institut fr Baustatik und Stahlbau der Technischen
Universitt Hamburg/Harburg, 2007
[9] Umdruck zur Uebung Stahlbau II, Prof. Dr.-Ing. Sedlaceck, Lehrstuhl fuer Stahlbau,
RWTH Aachen, 2000
[10] Umdrucke Baustatik II, 2. Teil, Prof. Dr.-Ing. Seesselberg, Stahlbau und
Gestaltungstechnik, Fachhochschule Muenchen, 2005
[11] Exact distortional behavior and practical distortional analysis of mulitcell box girders
using an expanded method, Nam-Hoi Park, Snaghyun Choi, Young-Jong Kang,
2005
[12] Spacing of intermediate diaphragms in horizontally curved steel box girder bridges,
Nam-Hoi Park, Young-Joon Choi, Young-Jong Kang, 2004
[13] A consideration on intermediate diaphragm spacing in steel box girder bridges with a
doubly symmetric section, Nam-Hoi Park, Nam-Hyoung Lim, Young-Jong Kang,
2002
[14] Development of A Multicell Box Beam Element Including Distortional Degrees of

Freedom, Nam-Hoi Park, 2002
[15] Bending and Torsional Design in Structural Members, C. P. Heins, 1975
[16] Steel Structures, Design and Behavior, C.G. Salmon, J. E. Johnson, Fourth Edition,
1996
[17] Abaqus Manuals
[18] Macroad, www.macroad.co.kr, 2009
102
Chapter 7 Literature
103
Appendix
104
Appendix A
Appendix A
Load transformations for the truss model in Abaqus
Transformation of line loads to body forces

Line loads [kN/m] for truss elements have to be modelled as body forces [kN/m]
cross-section
areas Lateral bracings: ALB = 19.09 cm = 0.001909 m
Tie rods: ATR_1 = 19.63 cm = 0.001963 m
Tie rods: ATR_2 = 38.48 cm = 0.003848 m
Loads
body force = line load/area
Body
Line Load Force Applied on
[kN/m] [kN/m]
Dead Load
(pavement) 1.43 749.1 Lateral braces
Live Load 4.94 2587.7 Lateral braces
ULS
DL + LL 6.37 3336.8 Lateral braces

0.16 81.5 Tie Rods 300_1
Wind Load Tie Rods 300_2, Tie Rods
0.22 57.2 500
Dead Load
(pavement) 1.10 576.2 Lateral braces
Live Load 3.80 1990.6 Lateral braces
SLS
DL + LL 4.90 2566.8 Lateral braces

0.12 61.1 Tie Rods 300_1
Wind Load Tie Rods 300_2, Tie Rods
0.17 44.2 500
105
Appendix A
Transformation of wind load in y-direction to concentrated forces
ULS wLuv = 5.69 kN/m SLS wLuv = 1.66 kN/m

wLee = 2.85 kN/m wLee = 0.83 kN/m
ULS
inner circle outer circle

x [m] Lproj [m] CF [kN] x [m] Lproj [m] CF [kN]
winward leeward winward leeward
10.73 - - - 10.74 - - -
12.93 2.20 12.5 6.3 13.34 2.60 14.8 7.4
15.07 2.14 12.2 6.1 15.87 2.53 14.4 7.2
17.09 2.02 11.5 5.8 18.26 2.39 13.6 6.8
18.94 1.85 10.5 5.3 20.45 2.18 12.4 6.2
20.56 1.62 9.2 4.6 22.36 1.92 10.9 5.5
21.92 1.36 7.7 3.9 23.96 1.60 9.1 4.6
22.97 1.05 6.0 3.0 25.19 1.23 7.0 3.5
23.69 0.72 4.1 2.0 26.03 0.84 4.8 2.4
24.05 0.36 2.1 1.0 26.45 0.42 2.4 1.2
24.06 0.00 0.0 0.0 26.44 0.01 0.1 0.0
23.69 0.36 2.1 1.0 26.00 0.44 2.5 1.3
22.98 0.71 4.1 2.0 25.14 0.86 4.9 2.5
21.93 1.05 6.0 3.0 23.88 1.26 7.1 3.6
20.58 1.35 7.7 3.9 22.26 1.62 9.2 4.6
19.45 1.13 6.4 3.2 20.84 1.42 8.1 4.1
18.19 1.25 7.1 3.6 19.54 1.31 7.4 3.7
SLS

x [m] Lproj [m] CF [kN] x [m] Lproj [m] CF [kN]
10.73 - - - 10.74 - - -
12.93 2.20 3.7 1.8 13.34 2.60 4.3 2.2
15.07 2.14 3.6 1.8 15.87 2.53 4.2 2.1
17.09 2.02 3.4 1.7 18.26 2.39 4.0 2.0
18.94 1.85 3.1 1.5 20.45 2.18 3.6 1.8
20.56 1.62 2.7 1.3 22.36 1.92 3.2 1.6
21.92 1.36 2.3 1.1 23.96 1.60 2.7 1.3
22.97 1.05 1.7 0.9 25.19 1.23 2.0 1.0
23.69 0.72 1.2 0.6 26.03 0.84 1.4 0.7
24.05 0.36 0.6 0.3 26.45 0.42 0.7 0.3
24.06 0.00 0.0 0.0 26.44 0.01 0.0 0.0
23.69 0.36 0.6 0.3 26.00 0.44 0.7 0.4
22.98 0.71 1.2 0.6 25.14 0.86 1.4 0.7
21.93 1.05 1.7 0.9 23.88 1.26 2.1 1.0
20.58 1.35 2.2 1.1 22.26 1.62 2.7 1.3
19.45 1.13 1.9 0.9 20.84 1.42 2.4 1.2
18.19 1.25 2.1 1.0 19.54 1.31 2.2 1.1
106
Appendix A
Transformation of wind load in x-direction to concentrated forces
ULS wLuv = 5.69 kN/m SLS wLuv = 1.66 kN/m

wLee = 2.85 kN/m wLee = 0.83 kN/m
ULS

y [m] Lproj [m] CF [kN] y [m] Lproj [m] CF [kN]
-1.20 - - - 1.20 - - -
-1.39 0.19 1.1 0.5 0.98 0.22 1.3 0.6
-1.93 0.55 3.1 1.6 0.33 0.65 3.7 1.8
-2.82 0.89 5.1 2.5 -0.73 1.06 6.0 3.0
-4.03 1.21 6.9 3.4 -2.16 1.44 8.2 4.1
-5.53 1.50 8.5 4.3 -3.94 1.78 10.1 5.1
-7.27 1.74 9.9 5.0 -6.01 2.07 11.8 5.9
-9.22 1.94 11.1 5.5 -8.31 2.30 13.1 6.6
-11.31 2.09 11.9 6.0 -10.79 2.48 14.1 7.1
-13.48 2.18 12.4 6.2 -13.37 2.58 14.7 7.4
-15.69 2.21 12.6 6.3 -15.98 2.61 14.9 7.4
-17.87 2.18 12.4 6.2 -18.55 2.58 14.7 7.3
-19.96 2.09 11.9 6.0 -21.02 2.47 14.0 7.0
-21.91 1.94 11.1 5.5 -23.31 2.29 13.0 6.5
-23.65 1.75 9.9 5.0 -25.37 2.05 11.7 5.9
-24.75 1.10 6.3 3.1 -26.72 1.35 7.7 3.8
-25.71 0.96 5.5 2.7 -27.70 0.98 5.6 2.8
SLS

y [m] Lproj [m] CF [kN] y [m] Lproj [m] CF [kN]
-1.20 - - - 1.20 - - -
-1.39 0.19 0.3 0.2 0.98 0.22 0.4 0.2
-1.93 0.55 0.9 0.5 0.33 0.65 1.1 0.5
-2.82 0.89 1.5 0.7 -0.73 1.06 1.8 0.9
-4.03 1.21 2.0 1.0 -2.16 1.44 2.4 1.2
-5.53 1.50 2.5 1.2 -3.94 1.78 2.9 1.5
-7.27 1.74 2.9 1.4 -6.01 2.07 3.4 1.7
-9.22 1.94 3.2 1.6 -8.31 2.30 3.8 1.9
-11.31 2.09 3.5 1.7 -10.79 2.48 4.1 2.1
-13.48 2.18 3.6 1.8 -13.37 2.58 4.3 2.1
-15.69 2.21 3.7 1.8 -15.98 2.61 4.3 2.2
-17.87 2.18 3.6 1.8 -18.55 2.58 4.3 2.1
-19.96 2.09 3.5 1.7 -21.02 2.47 4.1 2.0
-21.91 1.94 3.2 1.6 -23.31 2.29 3.8 1.9
-23.65 1.75 2.9 1.4 -25.37 2.05 3.4 1.7
-24.75 1.10 1.8 0.9 -26.72 1.35 2.2 1.1
-25.71 0.96 1.6 0.8 -27.70 0.98 1.6 0.8
107
Appendix B
Appendix B
Results of the Abaqus analysis for the truss
structure
Reaction forces and displacements
Reaction forces ULS

Fz Fy Fz Fx Fz
Force Fz (RF3) Fz (RF3) Fz (RF3) (RF3) (RF2) (RF3) (RF1) (RF3)
[kN] [kN] [kN] [kN] [kN] [kN] [kN] [kN]
Pylon 968.9 2592 1148 1628 21.3 800.5 143.2 950.7

968.9 2592 1762 1628 -61.9 480.5 -255.9 595
Reaction forces in Abaqus
TieRods2 -278.9 -782 -13.7 -865.5 -106.1 -281.8 6.1 -555.2

-283.3 -775 -896.6 -198.7 32.3 -229 -1.9 -73.5
-278.9 -782 -471.4 -865.5 -1.6 -89.9 -1.8 -251.7
-283.3 -775 -245 -198.7 -1.8 -122.2 -99.2 -42.1
Truss 20.3 88.4 35.8 19.9 -300 3.4 255.1 -24.7
19.1 48 5.5 15.7 152.6 33.7 -388.2 59.4
20.3 88.4 101.9 19.9 -628.6 -22.2 164.9 -28.4
19.1 48 36.4 15.7 270.4 30.6 -362 38.4
Abaqus 892.2 2342.8 1462.9 1198.8 -623.4 603.6 -539.7 667.9

Rstab 893.3 2340.2 1464.4 1199.6 -639.5 605.1 -532.6 600.4
Difference 1.1 2.6 1.5 0.8 16.1 1.5 7.1 67.5
Displacements SLS

max. displacement uz (U3) uz (U3) uz (U3) uy (U2) uz (U3) uz (U3) ux (U1) uz (U3)
[cm] [cm] [cm] [cm] [cm] [cm] [cm] [cm]
Abaqus -6.23 -6.23 -5.86 1.88 2.79 2.25 0.93 3.20

Rstab -5.71 -6.58 -5.87 2.17 3.33 2.43 1.09 3.51
Difference -0.52 0.35 0.01 -0.29 -0.54 -0.18 -0.16 -0.31
108
Appendix B
Load group LG7 RStab: U3
-57.1
Abaqus: U3
LG8: SLS: Eigenlast+Verkehr ein Bogen
u-Z
Max u-Z: 0.0, Min u-Z: -57.1 [mm]
Load group LG8 RStab: U3
-65.8
Abaqus: U3
LG9: SLS: Eigenlast+Verkehr Mittelbogen

u-Z
Max u-Z: 34.7, Min u-Z: -65.8 [mm]

Faktor fr Verformungen: 120.00
RStab: U3
Load group LG9
-58.7
Abaqus: U3
Max u-Z: 52.1, Min u-Z: -58.7 [mm]

LG10: SLS: Eigenlast+Wind lange Seite

u-Y
Load group LG10 RStab: U2 Abaqus: U2
21.7
Max u-Y: 21.7, Min u-Y: 0.0 [mm]

Faktor fr Verformungen: 250.00 LG10: SLS: Eigenlast+Wind lange Seite
u-Z
109
Appendix B
Load group LG10 33.3

RStab: U3
Abaqus: U3
LG11: SLS: Eigenlast
u-Z
Load group LG11

RStab: U3
24.3
Abaqus: U3
Max u-Z: 24.3, Min u-Z: 0.0 [mm]

LG12: SLS: Eigenlast+Wind kurze Seite

u-X
Load group LG12 RStab: U1 Abaqus: U1
10.9
LG12: SLS: Eigenlast+Wind kurze Seite

u-Z
Max u-X: 10.9, Min u-X: -1.0 [mm]

Load group LG12

35.1 RStab: U3
Abaqus: U3
Max u-Z: 35.1, Min u-Z: 0.0 [mm]

110
Appendix B
Maximum stresses for stress analysis

Abaqus: The stresses are the results of the FE-program.
Rstab: The normal stresses (S11) are determined from the stress resultants computed by
RStab.
The result maximum shear stress (S12) was taken from the computed stresses of
Rstab.
S11 = Nmax/A + (My,max+Mz,max)/W (for beam elements)

S11 = Nmax/A (for truss elements)
For design the maximum stress resultants were used which are not compulsory at
the same point. Consequently the design stress will be higher than the real stress at
one of these points.
Pylon (A = 294,4 cm, W = 2588 cm)
LG Abaqus Rstab
S11
S11 [kN/cm] S12 [kN/cm] (design) S12(design)
(only compr.) [kN/cm] [kN/cm]
1 -6.9 0.00
2 -24.4 -0.12 -29.1 0.67
3 -13.6 -1.30
4 -12.2 1.14
5 -3.1 -0.01
6 -3.7 0.00
Results from Rstab: Nmax = -2714 kN

My,max = -74 kNm
Mz,max = -440 kNm
Upper chords (A = 87,2 cm, W = 373,2 cm)
LG Abaqus Rstab
S12
S11 [kN/cm] [kN/cm] S11 (design) S12(design)
compression tension [kN/cm] [kN/cm]
1 -6.0 5.6 -0.21

2 -15.9 14.3 -0.81 -25.2 -1.43
3 -16.0 14.8 -0.79
4 -6.4 7.3 0.15
5 8.2 10.4 0.19
6 -5.1 4.9 0.21

My,max = -57 kNm
Mz,max = -16 kNm
111
Appendix B
Lateral braces (A = 19,1 cm)
LG Abaqus Rstab
S11
S11 [kN/cm] (design)
compression tension [kN/cm]
1 -2.6 0.9
2 -6.5 2.4 -6.4
3 -4.2 3.0
4 -5.2 1.4
5 -4.7 3.4
6 -3.6 2.2
Vertical Braces ("triangles") (A = 10,2 cm)
LG Abaqus Rstab
S11
1 -5.7 9.5
2 -20.1 25.6
3 -22.3 27.4 28.1
4 -6.1 11.2
5 -7.6 9.2
6 -2.7 8.2
Results from Rstab: Nmax = 287 kN
Diagonal Braces (plane) (A = 22,9 cm)
LG Abaqus Rstab
S11
1 -3.6 4.2
2 -7.7 11.7
3 -7.6 11.2
4 -5.2 5.6
5 -9.4 10.1 12.7
6 -6.6 6.5
Results from Rstab: Nmax = 291 kN
112
Appendix B
Stress Analysis
Spatial diagonal braces
Material
Characteristic yield
stress fy,k = 35.5 kN/cm
Safety factor M = 1.1
Design yield stress fy,d = 32.3 kN/cm
Normal stress
Max. normal stress d = 15.6 kN/cm

Resisting stress R,d = fy,d = 32.3 kN/cm
d/R,d = 0.48 < 1,0 ok
Lower chord
Material
Characteristic yield
stress fy,k = 35.5 kN/cm
Safety factor M = 1.1
Design yield stress fy,d = 32.3 kN/cm
Normal stress
Max. normal stress d = Nd/A = 17.1 kN/cm

Resisting stress R,d = fy,d = 32.3 kN/cm
d/R,d = 0.53 < 1,0 ok
113
Appendix B
Maximum compressive forces for buckling analysis
Lateral braces
max. compression S11 = 6.5 kN/cm (LG2)

cross-sectional area A= 19.1 cm
compression force NAbaqus = S11A = 124.2 kN
Nd, Rstab = 122 kN
Nd,Rstab NAbaqus no analysis required
Vertical Braces ("triangles")

Nd, Rstab = 204 kN
Nd,Rstab < NAbaqus buckling analysis required!
Diagonal Braces (plane)

Nd, Rstab = 250 kN
Nd,Rstab > NAbaqus no analysis required
Diagonal Braces (spatial)

Nd, Rstab = 331 kN
Lower Chord

114
Appendix B
Nd, Rstab = 283 kN
Upper chords
The maximum compressive stresses computet by Abaqus are smaller than the
design stresses from Rstab. Furthermore the buckling capacity of the Rstab results
is only 23%. Hence, a buckling analysis is not required for the upper chords.
Pylon
Since no proposition concerning buckling behavior can be made, an analysis is

required.
Tie rods
Since they do not carry compressive forces there is no

buckling.
Buckling Analysis for vertical braces

(according to German specifications DIN 18800)
Geometry
diameter d= 70 mm
thickness t= 5 mm
maximum length l= 1.5 m
Force compressive force Nd = 228 kN
Buckling length
parameter = 1
buckling length sk =l = 1.50 m
Slenderness
4
moment of inertia I= 54.2 cm
cross-section area A= 10.2 cm
gyration radius i= 2.3 cm
slenderness ratio k = sk/i = 65.1
Young's modulus E= 21000 kN/cm

yield stress fy,k = 35.5 kN/cm
a = (E/fy,k)
reference slenderness ratio = 76.4
115
Appendix B
referenced slenderness ratio k* = k/a = 0.85
Reducing factor
parameter = 0.21 (KSL a)

factor = 0.76
Buckling analysis
fy,d = fy,k/1,1 = 32.3 kN/cm

Npl,d = Afy,d = 329.5 kN
Pk = Npl,d = 252.0 kN
Nd/Pk = 0.90 < 1,0 ok
Buckling analysis for pylons

(according to German specification DING 18800)
Geometry and material
wall thickness t= 25 mm
outside diameter d = da = 400 mm
inside diameter di = 350 mm
length l= 15.7 m
Young's modulus E= 210,000 N/mm

yield stress fy,k = 35.5 kN/cm
safety factor M = 1.1
cross section area A= 294.5 cm

gyration radius i= 13.3 cm
plastic resistence moment W pl = 2588.3 cm
Buckling length
parameter y = z = = 1
buckling length sky = skz =l = 15.70 m
Forces
N= 2663 kN
Mx,d 0
My,d = 423 kNm
Mz,d 0
116
Appendix B
Slenderness
slenderness ratio k = sk/i = 118.4

reference slenderness ratio a = (E/fy,k) = 76.4
referenced slenderness ratio k* = k/a = 1.55
Plastic forces
plastic normal force Npl = fy,dA = 9,505 kN

plastic moment Mpl = W plfy,d = 83,532 kNm
Parameters
= 0.21
= 0.35
m = 1.00
n = 0.0485
Analysis
= 0.85 < 1 ok
Comparison to Rstab
RSTab Abaqus
Normal force [kN] 2715 2663

Bending moment My [kNm] 74 0
Bending moment Mz [kNm] 440 423
Capacity 0.86 0.85
117
Appendix C
Appendix C
Summary of applied design equations for the box
girder design
AASHTO Guide Specifications for Horizontally Curved Girder Highway

Bridges
6. Webs
6.2. Unstiffened Webs
Web slenderness
D
For R < 700 ft 100 Eq. (6-1)
tw
100 + 0.038 (R 700 ) 150

D
For R < 700 ft Eq. (6.2)
tw
D Distance along the web between flanges [in]

tw web thickness [in]
R minimum girder radius in the panel [ft]
6.2.1. Bending stresses
Critical compressive longitudinal stress in web
0.9 E k
Fcr = 2
Fy Eq. (6-3)
D

tw
2
D
k = 7.2 bend-buckling coefficient
Dc
Dc depth of web in compression [in]
D distance along web between flanges [in]
6.2.2. Shear strength
Critical shear strength of the web
Vcr = C V P = C 0.58 Fy D t w Eq. (6-4)
118
Appendix C
C ratio of the elastic-shear-buckling strength to shear yield strength
D E kw
For < 1 .1 : C = 1.0
tw Fy
E kw D E kw 1.1 E k w
For 1 .1 1.38 : C=
Fy tw Fy D Fy
tw
D E kw 1.52 E k w
For > 1.38 : C= 2
tw Fy D
Fy
tw
kw = 5 shear-buckling coefficient
6.3. Transversely stiffened webs
D
Web slenderness 150
tw
9. 3. Cross Frames and Diaphragms
Spacing of intermediate cross frames
5
l= r R b f Eq. (9-1)
36
l cross frame spacing [ft]

r desired bending stress ratio, |fl/fb|
R girder radius [ft]
bf flange width [in]
119
Appendix C
10. Closed Box and Tub Girders
10.2. Framing
10.2.2. Internal Bracing and Diaphragms
10.2.2.2. Internal Diaphragms at Supports
Combined principal stress in diaphragm
12 1 2 + 22 F y Eq. (C10-1)
Fy
12 1 2 + 22 = f v if no bending (1 = -2 = fv)
3
1,2 critical maximum and minimum principal stresses [ksi]

y + z y z
2

1, 2 = + f v2
Eq. (C10-2)
2 2
y stress in the diaphragm due to vertical bending of the diaphragm over
the bearing sole plate [ksi]
y stress in the diaphragm due to bending of the diaphragm about its
longitudinal axis [ksi]
fv shear stress in the diaphragm [ksi]
Fy minimum yield stress of diaphragm [ksi]
10.4 Strength of Box Flanges
10.4.2. Non-Composite Box Flanges
10.4.2.1. General
Combined stress in the flange
x2 x y + y2 + 3 f v2 Fy Eq. (C10-3)
x average longitudinal stress in the bottom flange due to vertical bending

of the girder [ksi]
y stress in the bottom flange due to vertical bending of the diaphragm
over the bearing sole plate [ksi]
fv shear stress in the bottom flange due to the sum of the diaphragm and
torsional shears [ksi]
Fy minimum yield stress of bottom flange [ksi]
120
Appendix C
10.4.2.2. Shear
Critical shear stress
Fy
Fv = 0.75 Eq. (10-1)
3
Shear flow
T
SF =
2 A0 Eq. (C10-4)
SF shear flow [k/in]

T computed torque [k-in]
A0 enclosed area of box [in2]
10.4.2.3. Tension Flanges
Critical tensile stress
Fcr = Fy Eq. (10-2)
2
f
= 1 3 v
F Eq. (10-3)
y
fv factored torsional shear stress in flange [ksi]
10.4.2.4. Compression flanges
10.4.2.4.1. Unstiffened Flanges
Critical compression stress
bf
For Fy R1 : Fcr = Fy Eq. (10-4)
tf
97 k
R1 = Eq. (10-5)
f k
2 2
1
+ 2 + 4 v
2 F k
y s
k=4 plate-buckling coefficient
ks = 5.34 shear-buckling coefficient
121
Appendix C
b
R2 f Fy
bf tf
R1 < Fy R2 : Fcr = Fy 0.4 1 sin
For tf 2 R2 R1

Eq. (10-6)
210 k
R2 = Eq. (10-7)
f k
2 2
1
0.4 + ( 0.4) 2 + 4 v
1 .2 F k
y s
2
bf tf f v2 k
Fy > R2 : Fcr = 26.21 10 k
3
For tf b 2
f tf
26.21 10 k
3 2
s b
f
Eq. (10-8)
10.4.2.4.2. Longitudinally Stiffened Flanges
As defined in 10.4.2.4.1 by substituting
1/ 3
I
5.34 + 2.84 S 3
b t
ks = s f 5.34
(n + 1)2 Eq. (10-9)
IS actual moment of inertia of one longitudinal flange stiffener about an

axis parallel to the flange at the base of the stiffener [in4]
n number of equally spaced longitudinal flange stiffeners
tf thickness of flange plate [in]
bs distance between the web and the adjacent longitudinal stiffener [in]
k plate-bending-buckling coefficient (2 < k < 4)
122
Appendix C
12. Deflections
12.2. Span-to-depth ratio
Las
For Fy < 50 ksi 25
d
Las 50
For Fy > 50 ksi
25 Eq. (12-1)
d Fy
For simple spans: Las = arc span

For continuous end spans: Las = 0.9 times the arc span
For continuous interior spans: Las = 0.8 times the arc span
12.4. Live load deflections
Maximum vertical deflection due to service load + impact
in any girder < L/800

in girders under sidewalk < L/1000
L: arc girder length between bearings
Pedestrian loading would typically not be included when computing live load deflections.
123
Appendix C
Bethlehem Steel Corporation

Designers Guide to Steel Box Girder Bridges
Beam on Elastic Foundation Analogy for Determining Distortional Stresses in Box Girders
Deflection
a b c 2 a b a b
2

1 = v (2 a + b ) + v
24 (a + b ) Dc a+b Da a + b Eq. (A1)
compatibility shear at center of bottom flange

1
Dc
[(2 a + b ) a b c ] +
1
Da
[
b a3]
v= 3
(
(a + b ) a + 2 c a + a b + b + b
2 2
) 3
Eq. (A2)
Da Dc Db
Da, Db, Dc transverse flexural rigidity of an unstiffened plate [k-in2/in]
E t a3
Da =
12
(1 2 ) Eq. (A3a)
E t b3
Db =
12
(1 2 ) Eq. (A3b)
E t c3
Dc =
12
(1 2 ) Eq. (A3c)
ta, tb, tc top flange, bottom flange and web thickness [in]
Poissons ratio
Rigidity of stiffened plate
E IS
D= Eq. (A3d)
d
IS moment of inertia of stiffened plate

d stiffener spacing
124
Appendix C
Effective width of plate acting with a stiffener
d
d tanh 5.6
d0 = h
5 .6 d
h
(
1 2 )
Eq. (A4)
h transverse length of element
Stiffness parameter
1/ 4
1
= Eq. (A5)
EI 1
I moment of inertia of the box section
Stiffness ratio of diaphragm stiffness to box stiffness per unit length
E A
q = b b b2 Eq. (A6)
Lb l 1
Eb Youngs modulus of diaphragm material

Ab cross-sectional area of one diaphragm bracing member
Lb length of diaphragm brace
b deformation of the bracing member
2 (1 + a b )
b = [ 1 ]
a + b
2
1+
2 h Eq. (A7)
Transverse bending stress at top or bottom corners of the box section
(m l or T )
1
1 = C t Fd
2a Eq. (A8)
m uniform torque per unit length

T concentrated torque
l diaphragm spacing
bv
Fd =
For bottom corner of box 2S Eq. (A9a)
a b
Fd = v
For top corner of box 2S a+b Eq. (A9b)
S section modulus of transverse member [in3/in]
125
Appendix C
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications

14. Joints and Bearings
14.7.4. Pot Bearings
Minimum vertical load
Should not be less than 20% of the vertical design load.
Depth of the elastomeric disc
hr 3.33 D p u
Where Dp internal diameter of pot [mm]

u design rotation
Elastomer
Average stress on the elastomer at SLS should not exceed 25 MPA
Pot
Base thickness
(of a base bearing directly on steel girders or load distribution plates)
0.04 D p
tb
12.5mm
Pot wall thickness
Dp S

t w 1.25 Fy
20mm

where Dp internal pot diameter in pot bearing [mm]

Fy yield strength of steel [MPa]
S service average compressive stress due to total load [MPa]
Base thickness and pot wall thickness for pot bearings subjected to lateral loads:
25 H u u
t w , tb
Fy
126
Appendix C
Pot bearings that transfer load through the piston
1.5 H u
D F
p y
hw 3mm
0.03 D
p
Where Hu lateral load from applicable strength and extreme load

combinations [N]
u design strength limit state rotation [rad]
Fy yield strength of steel [MPa]
Dp internal diameter of pot [mm]
hw height from top of rim to underside of piston [mm]
Diameter of piston rim (cylindrical)
D p u
c u hw
2
Where u design strength limit state rotation [rad]

Dp internal diameter of pot [mm]
hw height from top of rim to underside of piston [mm]
127
Appendix C
AISC Specifications for Structural Steel Buildings

E3: Compressive strength for flexural buckling of members without slender
elements
Flexural buckling stress
K L E Fy

4.71 Fcr = 0.658 Fe Fy
For r Fy
:
K L E
> 4.71 Fcr = 0.877 Fe
r Fy
For :
where Fe elastic critical buckling stress

2 E
Fe =
K L
2

r
L laterally unbraced length of the member [mm]
r governing radius of gyration [mm]
K effective length factor
128
Appendix D
Appendix D
Properties of the Box Girder
Trapezoidal box
depth of girder h= 27.56 in = 700 mm

widht of top flange bt = 94.49 in = 2400 mm
width of bottom flange bb = 49.21 in = 1250 mm
width of spacing between
webs bt,i = 62.99 in = 1600 mm
width due to slope of webs b1 = 6.89 in = 175 mm
top flange thickness tt = 0.39 in = 10 mm

web and bottom flange
thickness tw = 0.28 in = 7 mm
height of web hw = 27.22 in = 692 mm

length of web D= 28.08 in = 713 mm
angle of webs w = 75.96
cross-sectional area A= 66.42 in = 428.5 cm

4 4
moment of inertia Iy = 9033 in = 375,980 cm
Longitudinal stiffener of top flange
length Ls,t = 80 mm
thickness ts,t = 5 mm
cross-sectional
sectional area As,t = 4.00 cm
21.3
4
moment of inertia Is,y = 3 cm
129
Appendix D
Longitudinal stiffener of bottom flange
length Ls,t = 60 mm
thickness ts,t = 5 mm
cross-sectional area As,t = 3.00 cm

4
moment of inertia Is,y = 9.00 cm
Transverse stiffeners
length at top lD,t = 62.72 in = 159.3 cm

length at bottom lD,b = 48.66 in = 123.6 cm
height hD = 27.22 in = 69.15 cm
width of stiffener bD = 3.94 in = 10 cm
thickness of stiffener tD = 0.47 in = 12 mm
Material S355J0
Young's modulus E= 30,458 ksi = 21,000 kN/cm

Specified yield stress Fy = 51.5 ksi = 35.5 kN/cm
Poisson's ratio = 0.3 = 0.3
130
Appendix D
Transverse design of the top flange
loads
gS 0 dead load steel
gP = 4.16 kN/m dead load pavement
q= 14.04 kN/m live load
p = q+gP+gS = 18.2 kN/m

p* = p/b = 7.6 kN/m
resistence
fy,k = 35.5 kN/cm
safety
M = 1.1 factor
fy,d = fy,k/1.1 = 32.3 kN/cm allowable normal stress
R,d = 18.6 kN/cm allowable shear stress
required thickness at supports (webs)
from
M= 0.61 kNm/m Stab2D
V= 3.00 kN/m
tu,M > (6M/fy,d) = 3.37 mm resulting from bending

tu,V > 3/2V/R,d = 0.02 mm resulting from shear
required thickness at mid span
from
M= 1.82 kNm/m Stab2D
V= 6.1 kN/m
tu,M > 5.82 mm resulting from bending

tu,V > 0.05 mm resulting from shear
-> thickness tu = 10.0 mm
131
Appendix E
Appendix E
AASHTO Design Results of the Box Girder
Webs
Web slenderness
minimum girder radius R= 47.9 ft = 14.6 m < 700 ft
slenderness D 100 unstiffened webs

transversely stiffened webs
t w 150
D= 28 in
tw = 0.28 in
100
D/tw = 102
< 150
A transvese web stiffener is not needed.
Compressive stress
Maximum compressive stress (My+N)
Parameters
D/Dc = (11.81+4.25)/11.81 = 1.36 (see fig. A)

D= 28 in
2
D
k = 7.2 = 13.3
Dc
E= 30458 ksi
tw = 0.28 in
Fig. A: cross-section with

maximum compressive stress
(LG3)
132
Appendix E
Critical compressive stress
0 .9 E k
F cr = 2
= -35.15 ksi = -24.23 kN/cm < Fy
D

tw
Stress analysis
max. compressive stress c = -17.13 ksi = -11.81 kN/cm (Fig. A)

(LG3)
N= -112 kN
My = -905 kNm
c/Fcr = 0.49 < 1.0 ok
Maximum bending moment (My)
sectional forces
max. bending moment My = -665.4 k-ft = -905.0 kNm

according normal force N= -25.2 kip = -112.0 kN
neutral axis
N My
= + zn = 0
A Iy
cross-sectional area A= 66.42 in = 428.5 cm
4 4
moment of inertia Iy = 9032.96 in = 375980 cm
neutral axis due to centroid zn = -0.43 in = -1.09 cm
depth of web in compression
top of upper flange to centroid zT = 8.00 in = 20.31 cm (RStab)

height of web in compression hw,c = 20.05 in = 50.93 cm
depth of web in compression Dc = hw,csinw = 20.67 in = 52.49 cm
Parameters
D= 28 in
D/Dc = 1.36
2
D
k = 7.2 = 13.3
Dc
E= 30458 ksi
tw = 0.28 in
133
Appendix E
0 .9 E k
F cr = 2
= -35.10 ksi = -24.20 kN/cm < Fy
D

tw
Stress analysis
M
max. compressive stress c =
y
h w ,c
I y
(due to vertical bending)
c = -17.78 ksi = -12.26 kN/cm
c/Fcr = 0.51 < 1.0 ok
Shear strength
Parameters

shear-buckling-coefficient kw = 5
yield stress Fy = 51.5 ksi = 35.5 kN/cm
E k
1 .1 w
= 60 < D/tw
Fy
E kw
1 . 38 = 75 < D/tw
Fy
1 . 52 E k w
C = 2
= 0.43
D
F y
tw
Critical shear strength
V cr = C 0 . 58 F y D t w = 100.1 kips = 445.3 kN
Analysis
max. shear force Vz = 54.8 kips = 244.0 kN (LG3)
Vz/Vcr = 0.55 < 1.0 ok
134
Appendix E
Top Flange
Maximum stresses computed by Rstab
Fig. B-1: cross-section with Fig. B-2: cross-section with

maximum shear stress in top maximum tensile and
flange (LG3) compressive stress in top flange
(LG2)
Combined stress
shear stress due to torsion
MT = -127 k-ft = -173 kNm (LG2)

A0 = 1542 in = 9947 cm
tt = 0.39 in = 10 mm
MT
max = = -1.26 ksi = -0.87 kN/cm
2 A0 t t
maximum shear stress computed by RStab
max = -2.18 ksi = -1.50 kN/cm (LG3)
maximum normal stress due to vertical bending
My = 665 k-ft = 905 kNm

z = zT + zn = 7.57 in = 19.22 cm (see webs)
4 4
Iy = 9,033 in = 375,980 cm
x = Myz/Iy = 6.71 ksi = 4.63 kN/cm (tension)
maximum normal stress computed by Rstab
x = 9.43 ksi = 6.50 kN/cm
maximum stresses (not same location!)
x = 9.43 ksi = 6.50 kN/cm (LG2)

y = 0.00 ksi = 0.00 kN/cm
fv = 2.18 ksi = 1.50 kN/cm (LG3)
combined stress
=
x2 x y + y2 + 3 f v2 = 10.15 ksi = 7.00 kN/cm < Fy
135
Appendix E
Shear stress
critical shear stress

Fy = 51.49 ksi
Fy
F v = 0 .75 = 22.30 ksi = 15.37 kN/cm
3
stress analysis fv/Fv = 0.10 < 1.0 ok
Tensile stress
critical tensile stress
2
f 1.00
= 1 3 v =
F
y
Fcr = Fy = 51.35 ksi = 35.40 kN/cm
maximum tensile stress

x = 9.43 ksi = 6.50 kN/cm
stress analysis x/Fcr = 0.18 < 1.0 ok
Compression stress (unstiffened)
maximum compressive stress c = 8.31 ksi = 5.73 kN/cm
Parameters
flange width between webs bf = 62.99 in

flange thickness tf = 0.39 in
plate-buckling-coefficient k= 4
shear-buckling coefficient kS = 5.34
others R1 = 194
R2 = 420
b
=
f
F y 1148.1 > R2
t f
2
tf f v2 k
Critical stress Fcr = 26 .21 10 k 3
b tf
2
f
26 .21 10 k
3 2
b
s
f
136
Appendix E
Fcr = 3.45 ksi = 2.38 kN/cm
stress analysis c/Fcr = 2.41 > 1.0
Longitudinal Stiffener
number n= 3
plate-buckling coefficient k= 4

distance to web bs bt/(n+1)= 15.75 in = 40.00 cm
bs = 15.75 in = 40.00 cm
4 4
moment of inertia IS = 0.51 in = 21.33 cm
Compression stress (longitudinally stiffened)
Parameters
flange width between stiffeners bs = 15.75 in

1/3
shear-buckling coefficient IS
5 . 34 + 2 . 84
b t3
ks = s f 5 . 34
(n + 1 ) 2
<
kS = 0.48 5.34
others R1 = 184
R2 = 373
b
=
f
F y 287 < R2
t f

b
R2 f Fy
tf
Fcr = Fy 0.4 1 sin
R2 R1

2

Fcr = 11.71 ksi = 8.07 kN/cm
Stress analysis x/Fcr = 0.71 < 1.0 ok
137
Appendix E
Bottom Flange
Maximum stresses computed by Rstab
Combined stress
shear stress due to torsion
MT = -127 k-ft = -
-173 kNm (LG2)
A0 = 1542 in = 9947 cm
tw = 0.28 in = 7 mm
MT
max = =
2 A0 t w -1.80 ksi = -1.24
1.24 kN/cm
maximum shear stress computed by RStab
max = -3.92 ksi = -2.70

2.70 kN/cm
maximum normal stress due to vertical bending
My = -665 k-ft = -
-905 kNm (LG3)
z = hw,c + tw = 20.33 in = 51.63 cm
4 4
Iy = 9,033 in = 375,980 cm
x = Myz/Iy = -9.14 ksi = -12.43

12.43 kN/cm
maximum normal stress computed by Rstab
x = -8.68 ksi = -11.80

11.80 kN/cm (LG3)
138
Appendix E
stresses
x = 17.11 ksi = 11.80 kN/cm (LG3)

y = 0.00 ksi = 0.00 kN/cm
fv = 3.92 ksi = 2.70 kN/cm (LG3)
combined stress
=
x y + + 3 f =
2
x
2
y v
2
18.41 ksi = 12.69 kN/cm < Fy
Shear stress
critical shear stress

Fy = 51.49 ksi
Fy
F v = 0 .75 = 22.30 ksi = 15.37 kN/cm
3
maximum shear stress

x = 3.92 ksi = 2.70 kN/cm
stress analysis fv/Fv = 0.18 < 1.0 ok
Tensile stress
critical tensile stress
2
f 0.99
= 1 3 v =
F
y
Fcr = Fy = 51.04 ksi = 35.19 kN/cm
maximum tensile stress

x = 9.88 ksi = 6.81 kN/cm
stress analysis x/Fcr = 0.19 < 1.0 ok
Compression stress (unstiffened)
maximum compressive stress c = 17.11 ksi = 11.80 kN/cm
Parameters
flange width between webs bf = 49.21 in

139
Appendix E
shear-buckling coefficient kS = 5.34
others R1 = 195
R2 = 421
b
=
f
F y 1281.3 > R2
t f
2
tf f v2 k
Fcr = 26 .21 10 k 3
Critical stress b 2
f tf
26 .21 10 k
3 2
bs
f
Fcr = 0.67 ksi = 0.46 kN/cm
stress analysis c/Fcr = 25.52 > 1.0
Longitudinal Stiffener
number n= 3
plate-buckling coefficient k= 4

distance to web bs bb/(n+1)= 12.30 in = 31.25 cm
bs = 12.60 in = 32.00 cm
4 4
moment of inertia IS = 0.22 in = 9.00 cm
Compression stress (longitudinally stiffened)
Parameters
flange width between stiffeners bs = 12.60 in

flange thickness tw = 0.28 in
1/3
IS
shear-buckling coefficient 5 . 34 + 2 . 84
b t3
ks = s f 5 . 34
(n + 1 ) 2
kS = 0.50 < 5.34
others R1 = 171
R2 = 330
b
=
f
F y 328 < R2
t f
140
Appendix E
b
Critical compressive stress R2 f F y
tf
Fcr = Fy 0.4 1 sin
R2 R1

2

Fcr = 26.36 ksi = 18.17 kN/cm
Stress analysis x/Fcr = 0.65 < 1.0 ok
Vertical deflections
Limits for vertical deflection due to AASHTO Guide Specifications for Horizontally Curved Steel Girder
Highway Bridges, section 12.3
maximum vertical live load deflections
in any girder: uz < L/800

sidewalks for pedestrian use: uz < L/1000
According to AASHTO pedestrian live load is typically not included for computation of live load deflection.
In this case there is no other live load than pedestrian loading. Hence, the maximum allowable vertical
deflections considered as follows:
for dead load deflection: uz < L/1000

for live load deflection:
uz < L/800
(including pedestrian loading)
Arc girder lengths
La,1 = 17.4 m arc 1

La,2 = 19.2 m arc 2
La,m = 21.4 m mid span
dead load deflection
Load group maxuz L L/uz

[mm] [m]
-7.7 17.4 2,260 > 1000

LG 7: Dead load (SLS) -1.9 19.2 10,105 >> 1000
-8.0 21.4 2,675 > 1000
141
Appendix E
vertical live load deflection
Load group maxuz L L/uz

[mm] [m]
-18.5 17.4 941 > 800

LG 8: Total loading (SLS) -4.7 19.2 4,085 > 800
-19.4 21.4 1,103 > 800
-16.1 17.4 1,081 > 800
LG 9: Live load on arc 1 (SLS) -12.1 19.2 1,587 > 800
-3.1 21.4 6,903 >> 800
-10.6 17.4 1,642 > 800
LG 10: Live load in mid span (SLS) 7.6 19.2 2,526 > 800
-29.9 21.4 716 < 800
-6.9 17.4 2,522 > 800
LG 11: Wind in Y-direction
direction (SLS) -1.9 19.2 10,105 >> 800
-7.1 21.4 3,014 > 800
-7.2 17.4 2,417 > 800
LG 12: Wind in X-direction
direction (SLS) -1.2 19.2 16,000 >> 800
-8.8 21.4 2,432 > 800
142
Appendix E
143
Appendix E
Horizontal displacements
Load group maxux maxuy

[mm] [mm]
LG 8: Total loading (SLS) 0.8 2.6

LG 9: Live load on arc 1 (SLS) 0.8 2.2
LG 10: Live load in mid span (SLS) 0.4 1.6
LG 11: Wind in Y--direction (SLS) 0.3 1.0
LG 12: Wind in X-direction (SLS) 0.4 1.0
maxu = uy,LG8 = 2.6 mm

L = La,1 = 17.4 m
L/u = 6,692 >> 1,000
The horizontal displacements are very small even for wind loading and can be neglected
for serviceability in regard to comfortable use for pedestrians.
144
Appendix F
Appendix F
Design of the Box Girder due to Bethlehem Steel
Corporation
Dimension
Box section
Width top flange a = bt,i = 160 cm = 62.99 in

width bottom flange b = bb = 125 cm = 49.21 in
depth h= 70 cm = 27.56 in
web length c = h/sin = 71 cm = 28.08 in
thickness ta = tt = 1.00 cm = 0.39 in

tb = tw= 0.70 cm = 0.28 in
tc = tw = 0.70 cm = 0.28 in
Young's modulus E= 21,000 kN/cm = 30,458 ksi

Poisson's ratio = 0.3
4 4
Moment of inertia I= 375,980 cm = 9,033 in
Transverse member
widths bD,a = 10 cm
bD,b = 10 cm
bD,c = 10 cm
thickness tD,a,b,c = 1.20 cm
spacing d= 400 cm = 157 in
Young's modulus Eb = 21,000 kN/cm = 30,458 ksi

cross-sectional area Ab = 12.00 cm = 1.86 in
Effective widths of plates

d
d tanh 5 . 6
h
d0 =
5 .6 d
h
(
1 2 )
spacing d= 400 cm = 157.48 in

lengths ha = a = 160 cm = 62.99 in
hb = b = 125 cm = 49.21 in
hc = c = 71 cm = 28.08 in
effective widths d0,a = 31.4 cm = 12.36 in

d0,b = 24.5 cm = 9.66 in
d0,c = 14.0 cm = 5.51 in
145
Appendix F
Neutral axes
area of flanges Aa = d0,ata = 31.4 cm

Ab = d0,btb = 17.2 cm
area of web Ac = d0,ctc = 9.8 cm
area of stiffeners AD,a = 12.00 cm

AD,b = 12.00 cm
AD,c = 12.00 cm
neutral axes NAa = 2.02 cm = 0.80 in

NAb = 2.55 cm = 1.00 in
NAc = 3.30 cm = 1.30 in
Moments of inertia
4 4
IS,a = 348.6 cm = 8.37 in
4 4
IS,b = 286.2 cm = 6.88 in
4 4
IS,c = 238.1 cm = 5.72 in
Deflection
transverse flexural rigidty of unstiffened plate
E IS
D=
d Da = 18,300 kNcm/cm = 1619 k-in/in
Db = 15,026 kNcm/cm = 1329 k-in/in
Dc = 12,501 kNcm/cm = 1106 k-in/in
transverse flexural rigidty of unstiffened plate (to compare)
E t3
D=
12
(
1 2 )
Da = 1593 kNcm/cm = 141 k-in/in
Db = 546 kNcm/cm = 48 k-in/in
Dc = 546 kNcm/cm = 48 k-in/in
compatibility shear at center of bottom flange

1
Dc
[(2 a + b) a b c] + b a3
1
Da
[ ]
v= 3 2
(
(a + b) a + 2 c a + a b + b + b
2 3
)
Da Dc Db
v= 0.263
146
Appendix F
deflection
ab c 2 a b a
2
b
1 = v (2 a + b) + v
24 (a + b) Dc a+b Da a + b
1 = 1.11 cm/kN = 0.77 in/k
Parameters for transverse bending stress
stiffness parameter 1/ 4
1
=
EI 1
=
-1 -1
0.0033 cm = 0.0083 in
deformation of bracing member
2 (1 + a b )
b = [ 1 ] = 2.2 cm/kN
a + b
2
1+
2h
stiffness ratio
Lb,a = 160 cm
Lb,b = 125 cm
Lb,c = 71 cm
E b Ab
q = b
2
Lb l 1
qa = 17.7
qb = 22.7
qc = 39.7
q 10.0
For lower q there are higher Ct and, consequently, higher stress.

For safety purpose q is considered to be 10.
others
l= 400 cm
l = 1.31
bv
Fd =
-1 -1
bottom corner of box = 68.38 cm = 173.68 in
2 S
a b
top corner of box Fd = v = 58.68 cm
-1
= 149.04 in
-1
2 S a + b
147
Appendix F
Stresses
1
= C Fd T
2 a
1 t

Distortional Transverse Bending Stress at Load (Fig. A6)
concentrated torque T= 173 kNm = 127.2 k-ft

"C"-value Ct = 0.35
stress at bottom corner 1,b = 4.23 kN/cm = 6.13 ksi

stress at top corner 1,t = 3.63 kN/cm = 5.26 ksi

Distortional Transverse Bending Stress at Diaphragm (Fig. A7)

"C"-value Ct = 0.07

Concentrated Torque at Diaphragm on Continuous Beam :

Distortional Transverse Bending Stress at Diaphragm (Fig. A8)

"C"-value Ct = 0.13


Normal Distortional Warping Stress at Midpanel (Fig. A9)

"C"-value Ct = 0.95

Stress analysis
maximum warping stress 1 = 11.47 kN/cm = 16.64 ksi

allowable stress all = 13.79 kN/cm = 20.00 ksi
ratio 1/all = 0.83 < 1.0 ok
148
Appendix G
Appendix G
Finite Element Model of the Box Section in Abaqus
Loading
Vertical loading (ULS)
dead load pavement gp = 4.16 kN/m

gp,Ab = gp/bt = 0.00017 kN/cm
live load q= 14.04 kN/m

qAb = q/bt = 0.00059 kN/cm
sum (DL + LL) pAb = gp,Ab+qAb = 0.00076 kN/cm
Vertical loading (SLS)
dead load pavement gp = 3.20 kN/m

gp,Ab = gp/bt = 0.00013 kN/cm
live load q= 10.80 kN/m

qAb = q/bt = 0.00045 kN/cm
sum (DL + LL) pAb = gp,Ab+qAb = 0.00058 kN/cm
Torsional loading (ULS)
torsional moment mT = 173 kNm/m

aT =
moment arm (bt,i+bb)/2sinw = 138 cm
torsional line load pM = mT/aT = 1.25 kN/cm
Volume of webs Vw = Dtw = 49.91 cm/cm
body force bAb = pM/Vw = 0.02507 kN/cm

bAb,x = bAbcosw = 0.00606 kN/cm
bAb,y = bAbsinw = 0.02432 kN/cm
Torsional loading (SLS)
torsional moment mT = 141 kNm/m
149
Appendix G
aT =
moment arm (bt,i+bb)/2sinw = 138 cm
torsional line load pM = mT/aT = 1.02 kN/cm
Volume of webs Vw = Dtw = 49.91 cm/cm
body force bAb = pM/Vw = 0.02043 kN/cm

bAb,x = bAbcosw = 0.00494 kN/cm
bAb,y = bAbsinw = 0.01983 kN/cm
150
Appendix G
Stress Analysis of transverse stiffeners, no braces (ULS)
Stress analysis using AASHTOO Guide Specifications for Horizontally Curved Steel Girder
Highway Bridges (2003), Section 10.2.2., Eq. C10-1, C10-2
y + z y z
2

tot = 1 2 + Fy
2
1
2
2 1, 2 = + f v2
2 2
where
Fy = 35.5 kN/cm
case 1, one bearing, horizontally fixed top flange
y = S11 [kN/cm] 3.30 -91.24 118.70 38.17 -0.54

z = S22 [kN/cm] 25.44 11.15 -10.43 59.58 1.38
fv = S12 [kN/cm] -29.43 1.25 14.75 17.15 -38.43
1 [kN/cm] 45.81 11.17 120.36 69.09 38.86
2 [kN/cm] -17.07 -91.26 -12.09 28.66 -38.02
tot [kN/cm] 56.33 97.32 126.84 60.12 66.58
y = S11 [kN/cm] -45.68 -35.64

z = S22 [kN/cm] -99.83 -72.04
fv = S12 [kN/cm] 44.20 0.58
1 [kN/cm] -20.92 -35.63
2 [kN/cm] -124.59 -72.05
tot [kN/cm] 115.56 62.40
Stress analysis max tot = 126.84
max tot/Fy = 3.57 > 1.0 not satisfied!
case 1, two bearings, free edge of top flange
y = S11 [kN/cm] -31.66 -35.17 11.23 46.63

z = S22 [kN/cm] -0.28 -24.89 9.18 -5.21
fv = S12 [kN/cm] -8.99 19.66 27.38 -11.28
1 [kN/cm] 2.11 -9.71 37.60 48.98
2 [kN/cm] -34.05 -50.35 -17.19 -7.56
tot [kN/cm] 35.16 46.27 48.54 53.16
151
Appendix G

case 1, two bearings, tD = 12 mm, horizontally fixed top flange
y = S11 [kN/cm] 11.13 -10.15 -19.42 -2.35 11.23

z = S22 [kN/cm] 29.48 4.48 -14.96 -21.79 29.44
fv = S12 [kN/cm] 10.06 -0.34 9.35 7.53 10.03
1 [kN/cm] 33.92 4.49 -7.58 0.23 33.88
2 [kN/cm] 6.69 -10.16 -26.80 -24.37 6.79
tot [kN/cm] 31.12 13.00 23.93 24.48 31.05
y = S11 [kN/cm] -5.85 -2.36 -10.16

z = S22 [kN/cm] -6.82 -21.77 4.34
fv = S12 [kN/cm] 17.47 7.51 -0.15
1 [kN/cm] 11.14 0.21 4.34
2 [kN/cm] -23.81 -24.34 -10.16
tot [kN/cm] 30.93 24.44 12.89
max tot/Fy = 0.88 < 1.0 satisfied!
152
Appendix G
153
Appendix G
154
Appendix G
Stress Analysis of transverse stiffeners, with braces (ULS)
Stress analysis using AASHTOO Guide Specifications for Horizontally Curved Steel
Girder Highway Bridges (2003), Section 10.2.2., Eq. C10-1, C10-2
y + z y z
2

tot = 12 1 2 +22 Fy 1, 2 = + f v2
2 2
where
Fy = 35.5 kN/cm
case 1, two braces, top flange with free edges
y = S11 [kN/cm] -7.59 5.80 6.48 -10.38

z = S22 [kN/cm] -2.35 0.74 2.91 -33.79
fv = S12 [kN/cm] -3.55 1.12 -3.44 12.60
1 [kN/cm] -0.56 6.04 8.57 -4.89
2 [kN/cm] -9.38 0.50 0.82 -39.28
tot [kN/cm] 9.12 5.80 8.19 37.08
y = S11 [kN/cm] 9.26 -10.67 -16.94 9.29

z = S22 [kN/cm] 27.05 -3.28 -34.93 27.08
fv = S12 [kN/cm] 9.61 -2.97 10.36 9.61
1 [kN/cm] 31.25 -2.23 -12.21 31.28
2 [kN/cm] 5.06 -11.72 -39.66 5.09
tot [kN/cm] 29.05 10.77 35.18 29.07

case 1, two braces, horizontally fixed top flange
y = S11 [kN/cm] 1.44 -3.19 -1.14 -7.93

z = S22 [kN/cm] -0.61 -0.15 -0.13 -26.64
fv = S12 [kN/cm] -2.10 -1.17 0.99 9.12
1 [kN/cm] 2.75 0.25 0.48 -4.22
2 [kN/cm] -1.92 -3.59 -1.75 -30.35
tot [kN/cm] 4.07 3.72 2.03 28.48
y = S11 [kN/cm] 9.43 2.42 -12.84 9.23

z = S22 [kN/cm] 20.03 2.42 -5.29 19.41
fv = S12 [kN/cm] 5.38 1.49 16.61 5.33
1 [kN/cm] 22.28 3.91 7.97 21.69
2 [kN/cm] 7.18 0.93 -26.10 6.95
tot [kN/cm] 19.70 3.54 30.86 19.18
155
Appendix G
y = S11 [kN/cm] 1.44 -1.92 -1.07 -7.85

z = S22 [kN/cm] -0.91 -1.43 -0.05 -26.28
fv = S12 [kN/cm] -2.69 3.03 0.82 8.99
1 [kN/cm] 3.20 1.36 0.41 -4.19
2 [kN/cm] -2.67 -4.71 -1.53 -29.94
tot [kN/cm] 5.09 5.53 1.76 28.08
y = S11 [kN/cm] 9.57 2.53 -12.69 9.36

z = S22 [kN/cm] 20.36 2.57 -5.22 19.75
fv = S12 [kN/cm] 5.49 1.68 16.37 5.43
1 [kN/cm] 22.66 4.23 7.84 22.07
2 [kN/cm] 7.27 0.87 -25.75 7.04
tot [kN/cm] 20.04 3.87 30.43 19.53

y = S11 [kN/cm] 1.63 -2.05 -1.36 -7.56

z = S22 [kN/cm] 0.24 -0.50 -0.33 -25.20
fv = S12 [kN/cm] 0.04 0.38 1.36 8.81
1 [kN/cm] 1.63 -0.41 0.61 -3.91
2 [kN/cm] 0.24 -2.14 -2.30 -28.85
tot [kN/cm] 1.53 1.96 2.66 27.10
y = S11 [kN/cm] 10.02 1.98 -12.20 9.82

z = S22 [kN/cm] 21.44 2.20 -4.87 20.85
fv = S12 [kN/cm] 5.57 1.14 15.94 5.51
1 [kN/cm] 23.71 3.24 7.82 23.13
2 [kN/cm] 7.75 0.94 -24.89 7.54
tot [kN/cm] 20.94 2.88 29.59 20.43
156
Appendix G
157
Appendix G
158
Appendix G
159
Appendix G
160
Appendix G
Deflection of flanges (SLS)
deflection [mm]
braces, no brace,
horizontally fixed flanges horizontally fixed
flanges
x [m] node-no case 1 case 2 case 3 case 2
0 11 0.8 0.9 0.7 7.3

0.25 288 1.5 1.7 0.09 3.6
0.45 376 0.5 0.5 1.5 -1.6
0.7 381 -3.2 -3.8 2.8 -6.7
1.2 17 -8.9 -9.9 1.2 -11.2
1.35 484 -8.7 -9.7 0.6 -7.5
1.85 539 -2.8 -3.1 -0.9 -2.2
2.1 593 -0.7 -0.6 -1.3 1.5
2.4 23 -0.9 -0.9 -1 4.2
max 10.4 11.6 4.1 18.5
case 1: total load

case 2: live load in between webs
case 3: live load outside webs
161
Appendix G
162
Appendix G
Stress in braces
Cross-
section
width bbr = 5 cm
thickness tbr = 5 mm
area Abr = 2.5 cm
material S355J0
Maximum stresses (Abaqus)
maximum tensile maximum

stress compressive stress
[kN/cm] [kN/cm]
case 1 1.58 -
case 2 2.34 -
case 3 0.20 -0.59
tensile stress max t = 3.4 ksi = 2.34 kN/cm << Fy

compressive
stress max c = -0.9 ksi = -0.59 kN/cm << Fy
163
Appendix H
Appendix H
Bearings
Bearings at the columns

Geometry
distance between dB
bearings = 0.95 m
C
anlge = 14.6 = 0.255 rad
Bearing
forces
Fx , B1 = Py cos c Px c
C3, C4
Fy , B1 = Py sin c + Px cos c
Pz M T Pz M T
Fz , B1 = + Fz , B 2 =
2 dB 2 dB
,
Fx , B1 = Px
C1, C2
F y , B1 = Py
Pz M T
Fz , B1 = + Pz M T
2 dB Fz , B 2 =
, 2 dB
164
Appendix H
Reaction forces (ULS)
reaction forces at each support (RStab) Forces on bearings
horizontal vertical torsion horizontal vertical

Px Py Pz MT Fx,B1 Fy,B1 Fz,B1 Fz,B2
[kN] [kN] [kN] [kNm] [kN] [kN] [kN] [kN]
LG 1 -65.69 8.10 171.23 -11.68 -65.69 8.10 73.32 97.91 C1

-65.69 8.10 171.23 -11.68 -65.69 8.10 73.32 97.91 C2
-4.78 -103.82 188.51 24.86 -99.26 -30.80 120.42 68.09 C3
-4.78 -103.82 188.52 24.86 -99.26 -30.80 120.43 68.09 C4
LG 2 -174.33 21.63 453.43 -31.01 -174.33 21.63 194.07 259.36 C1
-174.33 21.53 453.44 -31.01 -174.33 21.53 194.08 259.36 C2
-12.43 -273.60 498.65 65.29 -261.63 -80.99 318.05 180.60 C3
-21.44 -273.60 498.65 65.28 -259.36 -89.71 318.04 180.61 C4
LG 3 51.97 66.17 296.96 12.41 51.97 66.17 161.54 135.42 C1
14.29 34.34 151.31 6.57 14.29 34.34 82.57 68.74 C2
39.78 -272.22 519.31 19.76 -273.46 -30.12 280.46 238.86 C3
13.80 -119.61 194.02 18.73 -119.23 -16.80 116.73 77.29 C4
LG 4 -373.64 -63.02 347.79 -73.65 -373.64 -63.02 96.37 251.42 C1
-373.64 -63.02 347.79 -73.65 -373.64 -63.02 96.37 251.42 C2
-75.86 -98.57 162.23 76.76 -76.27 -98.26 161.92 0.31 C3
-75.86 -98.57 162.23 76.76 -76.27 -98.26 161.92 0.31 C4
LG 5 -50.03 169.25 112.07 -12.83 -50.03 169.25 42.53 69.54 C1
-35.22 -158.74 110.24 -2.32 -35.22 -158.74 52.68 57.56 C2
-7.23 24.29 116.20 15.85 25.33 -0.87 74.78 41.42 C3
1.00 -159.23 128.62 16.56 -154.34 -39.17 81.74 46.88 C4
LG 6 -164.84 -23.93 148.50 -20.73 -164.84 -23.93 52.43 96.07 C1
-50.57 4.34 148.92 -20.64 -50.57 4.34 52.73 96.19 C2
67.31 -120.62 125.51 37.50 -133.69 34.73 102.23 23.28 C3
-103.61 -12.11 108.21 16.88 14.40 -103.32 71.87 36.34 C4
165
Appendix H
Vertical reaction forces (SLS)

horizontal vertical torsion horizontal vertical
Px Py Pz MT Fx',B1 Fy',B1 Fz,B1 Fz,B2
[kN] [kN] [kN] [kNm] [kN] [kN] [kN] [kN]
LG 7 -58.28 7.19 151.94 -10.36 -58.28 7.19 65.06 86.88 C1

-58.28 7.19 151.94 -10.36 -58.28 7.19 65.06 86.88 C2
-4.25 -92.16 167.29 22.07 -88.11 -27.34 106.88 60.41 C3
-4.25 -92.16 167.29 22.07 -88.11 -27.34 106.88 60.41 C4
LG 8 -141.77 17.5 368.99 -25.22 -141.77 17.50 157.95 211.04 C1
-141.77 17.5 368.99 -25.21 -141.77 17.50 157.96 211.03 C2
-10.17 -222.97 405.92 53.26 -213.21 -66.05 259.02 146.90 C3
-10.17 -222.97 405.92 53.25 -213.21 -66.05 259.01 146.91 C4
LG 9 32.14 51.8 248.64 8.15 32.14 51.80 132.90 115.74 C1
3.18 27.35 136.63 3.66 3.18 27.35 72.17 64.46 C2
29.96 -221.84 421.78 18.25 -222.23 -26.93 230.10 191.68 C3
10.03 -97.37 171.52 17.36 -96.75 -14.84 104.03 67.49 C4
LG 10 -294.64 -47.42 287.71 -57.93 -294.64 -47.42 82.88 204.83 C1
-294.64 -47.42 287.71 -57.93 -294.64 -47.42 82.88 204.83 C2
-58.82 -88.16 147.13 61.94 -70.49 -79.14 138.77 8.36 C3
-58.82 -88.16 147.13 61.94 -70.49 -79.14 138.77 8.36 C4
LG 11 -54.29 54.07 135.5 -10.61 -54.29 54.07 56.58 78.92 C1
-48.86 -41.36 133.43 -7.72 -48.86 -41.36 58.59 74.84 C2
-5.77 58.58 148.24 18.55 58.14 9.18 93.65 54.59 C3
1.67 -104.57 147.88 20.56 -101.61 -24.74 95.58 52.30 C4
LG 12 -87.23 -2.16 145.34 -12.99 -87.23 -2.16 59.00 86.34 C1
-53.78 6.12 145.44 -12.97 -53.78 6.12 59.07 86.37 C2
16.88 -97.11 148.97 25.74 -98.23 -8.14 101.58 47.39 C3
-33.16 -65.41 143.92 19.76 -54.94 -48.58 92.76 51.16 C4
166
Appendix H
Design of Column Bearings

Bearing 1 (inside)
Loads
maximum lateral design load Hu = 374 kN
maximum vertical design load Vu,max = 318 kN
maximum vertical service load Vmax,SLS = 259 kN
minimum vertical service load Vmin,SLS = 57 kN
Geometry
internal diameter of pot Dp = 198 mm

base thickness of pot tb = 15 mm
pot wall thickness tw = 25 mm
height hw = 10 mm
depth of elastomeric disc hr = 10 mm
diameter of elastomer Dr = 193 mm
maximum rotation S = 0.003 rad

allowance for uncertanties = 0.005 rad
design rotation u = S+ = 0.008 rad
yield strength of steel Fy = 355 MPa
Difference of vertical loads
design load (ULS) Vu,max = 318 kN

minimum load (SLS) Vmin,SLS = 57 kN < 20% Fv,d = 64 kN
depth of elastomeric disc
3.33Dpu = 5.27 mm < hr = 10 mm
average stress at elastomer (SLS)
area of elastomer Ar = 29,255 mm

average stress r = Vu,max/Ar = 10.9 MPa < 25 MPa
pot base and wall thickness
pot base thickness 0.04Dp = 7.92 mm < tb = 15 mm

12.5 mm < tb = 15 mm
167
Appendix H
circular pot area Ap = 30,791 mm

average compressive stress S = Vu,SLS/Ap = 8.41 MPa
Dp S
pot wall thickness = 3.8 mm < tw = 25 mm
1.25 Fy 20 mm < tw = 25 mm
25 H
u u
= 14.5 mm < tb = 15 mm
F y
25 H
u u
= 14.5 mm < tw = 25 mm
F y
Bearing 2 (outside)
Loads
Geometry

height hw = 8 mm

design load (ULS) Vu,max = 259 kN

minimum load (SLS) Vmin,SLS = 9 kN < 20% Fv,d = 52 kN
168
Appendix H
3.33Dpu = 3.62 mm < hr = 6 mm

average stress E = Vu,max/Ar = 19.5 MPa < 25 MPa

12.5 mm < tb = 15 mm

pot wall thickness DpS/(1.25Fy) = 4.5 mm < tw = 22 mm

20 mm < tw = 22 mm
169
Appendix H
Bearings at abutments
Geometry
L = 53.6 = 0.9355 rad

dB = a+b = 2 m
Bearing forces
(Px sin c + Py cos L ) + z

1 M
Fx , B1 =
2 dB
(Px sin L + Py cos L ) z

1 M
Fx , B 2 =
2 dB ,
F y , B1 = Px cos L Py sin L
Pz M T Pz M T
Fz , B1 = + Fz , B 2 =
2 dB , 2 dB
Reaction forces (ULS)
horizontal vertical moments horizontal vertical

Px Py Pz Mz MT Fx',B1 Fx',B2 Fy,B1 Fz,B1 Fz,B2
[kN] [kN] [kN] [kNm] [kNm] [kN] [kN] [kN] [kN] [kN]
LG 1 11.85 97.28 44.81 344.76 -34.52 206.01 -138.75 -71.27 5.15 39.67 A1
11.85 97.28 44.81 344.76 -34.52 206.01 -138.75 -71.27 5.15 39.67 A2
LG 2 31.2 256.24 118.84 907.83 -90.91 542.50 -365.33 -187.73 13.97 104.88 A1
31.2 254.24 118.84 907.83 -90.91 541.91 -365.92 -186.12 13.97 104.88 A2
LG 3 20.71 217.92 118.38 804.7 -80.58 475.34 -329.36 -163.11 18.90 99.48 A1
9.01 88.13 45.26 321.49 -32.19 190.52 -130.97 -65.59 6.54 38.73 A2
LG 4 25.25 145.11 44.78 472.27 -47.29 289.35 -182.92 -101.81 -1.26 46.04 A1
25.25 145.11 44.78 472.27 -47.29 289.35 -182.92 -101.81 -1.26 46.04 A2
LG 5 4.41 83.2 32.4 231.08 -23.14 142.00 -89.08 -64.35 4.63 27.77 A1
10.99 43.26 25.77 217.09 -21.74 125.80 -91.29 -28.30 2.02 23.76 A2
LG 6 95.42 141.74 19.62 253.93 -25.43 207.42 -46.51 -57.46 -2.91 22.53 A1
-74.35 4.97 38.53 248.27 -24.86 95.69 -152.58 -48.12 6.84 31.70 A2
170
Appendix H
Vertical reaction forces (SLS)

horizontal vertical moments horizontal vertical
Px Py Pz Mz MT Fx,B1 Fx,B2 Fy',B1 Fz,B1 Fz,B2
[kN] [kN] [kN] [kNm] [kNm] [kN] [kN] [kN] [kN] [kN]
LG 7 10.52 86.36 39.76 306.04 -30.65 182.88 -123.16 -63.27 4.56 35.21 A1
10.52 86.36 39.76 306.04 -30.65 182.88 -123.16 -63.27 4.56 35.21 A2
LG 8 25.43 208.85 96.76 740 -74.10 442.20 -297.80 -153.01 11.33 85.43 A1
25.44 208.85 96.76 740 -74.10 442.21 -297.79 -153.01 11.33 85.43 A2
LG 9 17.36 179.34 96.33 660.5 -66.14 390.45 -270.05 -134.05 15.10 81.24 A1
8.34 79.32 40.11 288.15 -28.85 170.97 -117.18 -58.90 5.63 34.48 A2
LG 10 20.81 123.12 39.73 404.1 -40.47 246.96 -157.14 -86.75 -0.37 40.10 A1
20.82 123.12 39.73 404.1 -40.47 246.96 -157.14 -86.74 -0.37 40.10 A2
LG 11 8.6 86.46 34.89 291.84 -29.22 175.03 -116.81 -64.49 2.84 32.06 A1
10.02 66.44 35.48 250.02 -25.04 148.76 -101.26 -47.53 5.22 30.26 A2
LG 12 34.98 99.39 32.41 279.52 -28.00 183.33 -96.19 -59.24 2.21 30.21 A1
-14.71 59.41 37.95 278.1 -27.85 150.76 -127.34 -56.55 5.05 32.90 A2
rotations
x y z
[mrad] [mrad] [mrad]
LG 7 0.5 -1.7 0
-0.5 1.7 0
LG 8 1.2 -4.1 0.1
-1.2 4.1 0.1
LG 9 1.2 -3.6 0.1
-0.5 1.6 0
LG 10 0.6 -2.2 0.1
-0.6 2.2 0.1
LG 11 0.5 -1.5 0
-0.4 1.4 0
LG 12 0.5 -1.6 0.1
-0.4 1.5 0
171
Appendix H
Design of Abutment Bearings

MPF 100 (Bearing 1, inside)
Loads
Geometry

height hw = 10 mm
maximum rotation S = 0.0041 rad (SLS)

design load (ULS) Fv,d = 14 kN

minimum load (SLS) Fv,min = 0 kN < 20% Fv,d = 2.8 kN
3.33Dpu = 7.52 mm < hr = 10 mm

average stress E = Vu,max/Ar = 0.3 MPa < 25 MPa

12.5 mm < tb = 20 mm
172
Appendix H


20 mm = tw = 20 mm
25 H
u u
= 18.7 mm < tb = 20 mm
F y
25 H
u u
= 18.7 mm < tw = 20 mm
F y
173
Appendix H
MPG 75 (Bearing 2, outside)
Loads
Geometry

height hw = 10 mm

design load (ULS) Fv,d = 105 kN

minimum load (SLS) Fv,min = 30 kN > 20% Fv,d = 21 kN
3.33Dpu = 6.00 mm < hr = 10 mm

average stress r = Vu,max/Ar = 3.6 MPa < 25 MPa

12.5 mm < tb = 16 mm
174
Appendix H
circular pot ares Ap = 30,791 mm


20 mm = tw = 20 mm
25 H
u u
= 15.3 mm < tb = 16 mm
F y
25 H
u u
= 15.3 mm < tw = 20 mm
F y
175
Appendix H
Forces and stresses for the I-beam at abutment A1

Loads
bb = 1.25 m
L = 53.6 = 0.94 rad
= 63.43 = 1.11 rad
loads at support A1
Px Py Pz Mz MT
[kN] [kN] [kN] [kNm] [kNm]
LG 1 11.9 97.3 44.8 344.8 -34.5
LG 2 31.2 256.2 118.8 907.8 -90.9
LG 3 20.7 217.9 118.4 804.7 -80.6
LG 4 25.3 145.1 44.8 472.3 -47.3
LG 5 4.4 83.2 32.4 231.1 -23.1
LG 6 95.4 141.7 19.6 253.9 -25.4
Loads on beam
Fx fx Fy fy Fz,1 Fz,2
[kN] [kN/m] [kN] [kN/m] [kN] [kN]
LG 1 275.8 -53.8 10.0 57.0 -7.6 47.7
LG 2 726.3 -141.7 26.6 150.2 -19.6 125.9
LG 3 643.8 -116.8 26.5 130.5 -11.5 117.4
LG 4 377.8 -85.1 10.0 81.5 -17.8 57.9
LG 5 184.9 -42.3 7.2 51.5 -4.0 33.0
LG 6 203.1 -128.7 4.4 46.0 -11.6 29.1
176
Appendix H
Stresses
177
Appendix I
Appendix I
Columns
Normal stresses column C11 and C31

C11 C31 C11 C31 C11 C31 C11 C31
-3.618 -15.930 -1.191 -4.275 -2.013 -2.013
16.450 -7.568 -16.030 -7.568 7.109 -6.685
-0.408 0.791 -2.757 -10.350 -2.013 -2.013
-20.480 -7.568 11.560 -7.568 -11.130 2.214
-3.539 -15.420 -1.269 -4.782 -2.013 -2.013
16.010 -7.568 -15.580 -7.568 6.664 -6.240
-0.486 0.285 -2.678 -9.848 -2.013 -2.013
-20.030 -7.568 11.110 -7.568 -10.690 1.769
-3.461 -14.910 -1.347 -5.288 -2.013 -2.013
15.560 -7.568 -15.140 -7.568 6.219 -5.795
-0.564 0.222 -2.600 -9.341 -2.013 -2.013
-19.590 -7.568 10.670 -7.568 -10.240 1.324
-3.383 -14.410 -1.426 -5.795 -2.013 -2.013
15.120 -7.568 -14.690 -7.568 5.774 -5.350
-0.643 0.729 -2.522 -8.835 -2.013 -2.013
-19.140 -7.568 10.220 -7.568 -9.800 0.880
-3.305 -13.900 -1.504 -6.302 -2.013 -2.013
14.670 -7.568 -14.250 -7.568 5.329 -4.905
-0.721 -1.235 -2.443 -8.328 -2.013 -2.013
-18.700 -7.568 9.779 -7.568 -9.355 0.435
-3.226 -13.390 -1.582 -6.808 -2.013 -2.013
14.230 -7.568 -13.800 -7.568 4.884 -4.460
-0.799 -1.742 -2.365 -7.822 -2.013 -2.013
-18.250 -7.568 9.334 -7.568 -8.910 -1.041
-3.148 -12.890 -1.660 -7.315 -2.013 -2.013
13.780 -7.568 -13.360 -7.568 4.439 -4.015
-0.878 -2.248 -2.287 -2.013 -2.013
-17.810 -7.568 8.889 -8.465 -0.455
-3.070 -12.380 -1.739 -2.013 -2.013
13.340 -7.568 -12.910 3.994 -3.570
-0.956 -2.755 -2.208 -2.013 -2.013
-17.360 -7.568 8.444 -8.020 -0.900
-2.991 -11.870 -1.817 -2.013 -2.013
12.890 -7.568 -12.470 3.549 -3.125
-1.034 -3.262 -2.130 -2.013 -2.013
-16.920 -7.568 7.999 -7.575 -1.345
-2.913 -11.370 -1.895 -2.013 -2.013
12.450 -7.568 -12.020 3.104 -2.680
-1.112 -3.768 -2.052 -2.013 -2.013
-16.470 -7.568 7.554 -7.130 -1.790
-2.835 -10.860 -1.974 -2.013 -2.013
12.000 -7.568 -11.580 2.659 -2.235
-20.48 -15.93
16.45 0.79
Maxima and minima
178
Appendix I
Normal stresses Columns C12 , C13, C14
Load Group 2
Imperfection in x Imperfection in y Imperfection in -x Imperfection in -y
C12 C13 C14 C12 C13 C14 C12 C13 C14 C12 C13 C14
1.77 -10.05 -4.18 -10.93 -12.66 -1.38 1.77 -10.05 -4.18 15.98 -7.12 -7.30
7.41 -10.02 -4.16 7.73 -12.66 -1.36 7.41 -10.02 -4.16 7.05 -7.07 -7.30
3.55 -10.05 -4.17 16.21 -12.68 -1.40 3.55 -10.05 -4.17 -10.60 -7.09 -7.27
-2.08 -10.07 -4.18 -2.45 -12.69 -1.43 -2.08 -10.07 -4.18 -1.67 -7.15 -7.27
1.73 -10.05 -4.18 -9.93 -12.64 -1.36 1.73 -10.05 -4.18 14.76 -7.15 -7.33
7.28 -9.97 -4.14 7.59 -12.63 -1.29 7.28 -9.97 -4.14 6.93 -6.99 -7.33
3.60 -10.04 -4.17 15.21 -12.70 -1.42 3.60 -10.04 -4.17 -9.39 -7.06 -7.24
-1.96 -10.13 -4.21 -2.31 -12.72 -1.50 -1.96 -10.13 -4.21 -1.56 -7.23 -7.23
1.68 -10.06 -4.18 -8.93 -12.62 -1.34 1.68 -10.06 -4.18 13.55 -7.19 -7.36
7.16 -9.91 -4.12 7.45 -12.60 -1.22 7.16 -9.91 -4.12 6.82 -6.91 -7.37
3.64 -10.04 -4.17 14.21 -12.73 -1.44 3.64 -10.04 -4.17 -8.17 -7.03 -7.21
-1.83 -10.18 -4.23 -2.17 -12.75 -1.57 -1.83 -10.18 -4.23 -1.45 -7.31 -7.20
1.64 -10.06 -4.19 -7.93 -12.60 -1.32 1.64 -10.06 -4.19 12.33 -7.22 -7.39
7.03 -9.86 -4.10 7.31 -12.56 -1.15 7.03 -9.86 -4.10 6.71 -6.83 -7.40
3.69 -10.03 -4.16 13.20 -12.75 -1.46 3.69 -10.03 -4.16 -6.96 -7.00 -7.18
-1.71 -10.24 -4.25 -2.04 -12.79 -1.64 -1.71 -10.24 -4.25 -1.33 -7.39 -7.17
1.59 -10.06 -4.19 -6.93 -12.58 -1.30 1.59 -10.06 -4.19 11.12 -7.25 -7.42
6.90 -9.80 -4.08 7.18 -12.53 -1.08 6.90 -9.80 -4.08 6.60 -6.75 -7.43
3.73 -10.03 -4.16 12.20 -12.77 -1.48 3.73 -10.03 -4.16 -5.74 -6.97 -7.15
-1.58 -10.29 -4.27 -1.90 -12.82 -1.70 -1.58 -10.29 -4.27 -1.22 -7.47 -7.14
1.55 -10.07 -4.19 -5.92 -12.56 -1.28 1.55 -10.07 -4.19 9.90 -7.28 -7.45
6.78 -9.75 -4.06 7.04 -12.50 -1.02 6.78 -9.75 -4.06 6.49 -6.67 -7.47
3.78 -10.03 -4.16 11.20 -12.79 -1.50 3.78 -10.03 -4.16 -4.53 -6.94 -7.12
-1.45 -10.34 -4.29 -1.76 -12.85 -1.77 -1.45 -10.34 -4.29 -1.11 -7.55 -7.10
1.50 -10.07 -4.20 -4.92 -12.54 -1.26 1.50 -10.07 -4.20 8.69 -7.31 -7.48
6.65 -9.70 -4.04 6.90 -12.47 -0.95 6.65 -9.70 -4.04 6.37 -6.59 -7.50
3.82 -10.02 -4.15 10.20 -12.81 -1.52 3.82 -10.02 -4.15 -3.31 -6.91 -7.09
-1.33 -10.40 -4.31 -1.62 -12.88 -1.84 -1.33 -10.40 -4.31 -1.00 -7.63 -7.07
1.46 -10.07 -4.20 -3.92 -12.52 -1.24 1.46 -10.07 -4.20 7.47 -7.34 -7.51
6.53 -9.64 -4.02 6.76 -12.44 -0.88 6.53 -9.64 -4.02 6.26 -6.51 -7.53
3.87 -10.02 -4.15 9.20 -12.83 -1.54 3.87 -10.02 -4.15 -2.10 -6.88 -7.06
-1.20 -10.45 -4.33 -1.49 -12.91 -1.91 -1.20 -10.45 -4.33 -0.88 -7.71 -7.04
1.41 -10.08 -4.20 -2.92 -12.50 -1.22 1.41 -10.08 -4.20 6.26 -7.37 -7.54
6.40 -9.59 -4.00 6.63 -12.41 -0.81 6.40 -9.59 -4.00 6.15 -6.43 -7.57
3.91 -10.02 -4.15 8.20 -12.85 -1.56 3.91 -10.02 -4.15 -0.88 -6.85 -7.03
-1.08 -10.51 -4.35 -1.35 -12.94 -1.98 -1.08 -10.51 -4.35 -0.77 -7.79 -7.00
1.37 -10.08 -4.21 -1.92 -12.48 -1.21 1.37 -10.08 -4.21 5.04 -7.40 -7.57
6.27 -9.53 -3.97 6.49 -12.37 -0.74 6.27 -9.53 -3.97 6.04 -6.35 -7.60
3.96 -10.01 -4.14 7.20 -12.87 -1.58 3.96 -10.01 -4.14 0.33 -6.82 -7.00
-0.95 -10.56 -4.37 -1.21 -12.98 -2.05 -0.95 -10.56 -4.37 -0.66 -7.87 -6.97
1.32 -10.08 -4.21 -0.92 -12.46 -1.19 1.32 -10.08 -4.21 3.83 -7.43 -7.60
6.15 -9.48 -3.95 6.35 -12.34 -0.67 6.15 -9.48 -3.95 5.92 -6.27 -7.63
4.00 -10.01 -4.14 6.20 -12.89 -1.60 4.00 -10.01 -4.14 1.55 -6.79 -6.97
-0.82 -10.62 -4.40 -1.07 -13.01 -2.12 -0.82 -10.62 -4.40 -0.55 -7.95 -6.94
1.28 -10.09 -4.21 0.08 -12.44 -1.17 1.28 -10.09 -4.21 2.61 -7.46 -7.63
179
Appendix I
6.02 -9.42 -3.93 6.21 -12.31 -0.60 6.02 -9.42 -3.93 5.81 -6.19 -7.66
4.05 -10.01 -4.14 5.19 -12.91 -1.62 4.05 -10.01 -4.14 2.76 -6.76 -6.94
-0.70 -10.67 -4.42 -0.93 -13.04 -2.19 -0.70 -10.67 -4.42 -0.43 -8.03 -6.90
1.23 -10.09 -4.22 1.09 -12.42 -1.15 1.23 -10.09 -4.22 1.40 -7.49 -7.66
5.90 -9.37 -3.91 6.07 -12.28 -0.53 5.90 -9.37 -3.91 5.70 -6.11 -7.70
4.09 -10.00 -4.13 4.19 -12.93 -1.64 4.09 -10.00 -4.13 3.98 -6.72 -6.91
-0.57 -10.72 -4.44 -0.79 -13.07 -2.25 -0.57 -10.72 -4.44 -0.32 -8.11 -6.87
1.19 -10.10 -4.22 2.09 -12.40 -1.13 1.19 -10.10 -4.22 0.18 -7.52 -7.69
5.77 -9.32 -3.89 5.94 -12.25 -0.47 5.77 -9.32 -3.89 5.59 -6.03 -7.73
4.14 -10.00 -4.13 3.19 -12.95 -1.66 4.14 -10.00 -4.13 5.19 -6.69 -6.88
-0.45 -10.78 -4.46 -0.66 -13.10 -2.32 -0.45 -10.78 -4.46 -0.21 -8.19 -6.84
1.14 -10.10 -4.22 3.09 -12.38 -1.11 1.14 -10.10 -4.22 -1.03 -7.55 -7.72
5.64 -9.26 -3.87 5.80 -12.22 -0.40 5.64 -9.26 -3.87 5.47 -5.95 -7.76
4.18 -10.00 -4.13 2.19 -12.97 -1.68 4.18 -10.00 -4.13 6.41 -6.66 -6.85
-0.32 -10.83 -4.48 -0.52 -13.13 -2.39 -0.32 -10.83 -4.48 -0.10 -8.27 -6.81
1.10 -10.10 -4.23 4.09 -12.36 -1.09 1.10 -10.10 -4.23 -2.25 -7.58 -7.75
5.52 -9.21 -3.85 5.66 -12.18 -0.33 5.52 -9.21 -3.85 5.36 -5.87 -7.80
4.23 -9.99 -4.12 1.19 -12.99 -1.70 4.23 -9.99 -4.12 7.62 -6.63 -6.82
-0.19 -10.89 -4.50 -0.38 -13.17 -2.46 -0.19 -10.89 -4.50 0.02 -8.34 -6.77
1.05 -10.11 -4.23 5.09 -12.34 -1.07 1.05 -10.11 -4.23 -3.46 -7.62 -7.78
5.39 -9.15 -3.83 5.52 -12.15 -0.26 5.39 -9.15 -3.83 5.25 -5.79 -7.83
4.27 -9.99 -4.12 0.19 -13.01 -1.72 4.27 -9.99 -4.12 8.84 -6.60 -6.79
-0.07 -10.94 -4.52 -0.24 -13.20 -2.53 -0.07 -10.94 -4.52 0.13 -8.42 -6.74
1.01 -10.11 -4.23 6.09 -12.32 -1.05 1.01 -10.11 -4.23 -4.68 -7.65 -7.81
5.27 -9.10 -3.81 5.38 -12.12 -0.19 5.27 -9.10 -3.81 5.14 -5.71 -7.86
4.32 -9.98 -4.12 -0.81 -13.03 -1.74 4.32 -9.98 -4.12 10.05 -6.57 -6.76
0.06 -10.99 -4.54 -0.10 -13.23 -2.60 0.06 -10.99 -4.54 0.24 -8.50 -6.71
0.96 -10.11 -4.24 7.09 -12.30 -1.03 0.96 -10.11 -4.24 -5.89 -7.68 -7.84
5.14 -9.05 -3.78 5.25 -12.09 -0.12 5.14 -9.05 -3.78 5.02 -5.63 -7.90
4.36 -9.98 -4.11 -1.82 -13.05 -1.76 4.36 -9.98 -4.11 11.27 -6.54 -6.73
0.18 -11.05 -4.56 0.03 -13.26 -2.67 0.18 -11.05 -4.56 0.35 -8.58 -6.67
0.92 -10.12 -4.24 8.10 -12.28 -1.01 0.92 -10.12 -4.24 -7.11 -7.71 -7.87
5.01 -8.99 -3.76 5.11 -12.06 -0.05 5.01 -8.99 -3.76 4.91 -5.55 -7.93
4.41 -9.98 -4.11 -2.82 -13.07 -1.78 4.41 -9.98 -4.11 12.48 -6.51 -6.70
0.31 -11.10 -4.59 0.17 -13.29 -2.74 0.31 -11.10 -4.59 0.46 -8.66 -6.64
0.87 -10.12 -4.24 9.10 -12.26 -0.99 0.87 -10.12 -4.24 -8.32 -7.74 -7.90
4.89 -8.94 -3.74 4.97 -12.03 0.02 4.89 -8.94 -3.74 4.80 -5.47 -7.96
4.45 -9.97 -4.11 -3.82 -13.09 -1.80 4.45 -9.97 -4.11 13.70 -6.48 -6.67
0.44 -11.16 -4.61 0.31 -13.32 -2.80 0.44 -11.16 -4.61 0.58 -8.74 -6.61
0.89 -10.12 -4.25 9.43 -12.24 -0.97 0.89 -10.12 -4.25 -8.65 -7.77 -7.93
4.77 -8.88 -3.72 4.85 -11.99 0.09 4.77 -8.88 -3.72 4.69 -5.39 -7.99
4.43 -9.97 -4.10 -4.15 -13.11 -1.82 4.43 -9.97 -4.10 14.03 -6.45 -6.64
0.55 -11.21 -4.63 0.43 -13.36 -2.87 0.55 -11.21 -4.63 0.68 -8.82 -6.57
0.98 -10.13 -4.25 9.10 -12.22 -0.95 0.98 -10.13 -4.25 -8.10 -7.80 -7.96
4.67 -8.83 -3.70 4.74 -11.96 0.15 4.67 -8.83 -3.70 4.60 -5.31 -8.03
4.34 -9.97 -4.10 -3.82 -13.13 -1.84 4.34 -9.97 -4.10 13.47 -6.42 -6.61
0.65 -11.27 -4.65 0.54 -13.39 -2.94 0.65 -11.27 -4.65 0.78 -8.90 -6.54
1.07 -10.14 -4.26 8.77 -12.23 -0.97 1.07 -10.14 -4.26 -7.55 -7.83 -7.94
4.57 -8.85 -3.71 4.63 -11.97 0.13 4.57 -8.85 -3.71 4.50 -5.34 -8.01
4.26 -9.98 -4.10 -3.49 -13.14 -1.87 4.26 -9.98 -4.10 12.92 -6.44 -6.60
0.76 -11.28 -4.65 0.65 -13.39 -2.97 0.76 -11.28 -4.65 0.88 -8.93 -6.52
1.15 -10.14 -4.25 8.44 -12.25 -0.99 1.15 -10.14 -4.25 -6.99 -7.80 -7.91
180
Appendix I
4.46 -8.90 -3.73 4.52 -12.00 0.06 4.46 -8.90 -3.73 4.40 -5.42 -7.98
4.17 -9.99 -4.11 -3.16 -13.12 -1.85 4.17 -9.99 -4.11 12.37 -6.48 -6.63
0.86 -11.23 -4.63 0.75 -13.36 -2.90 0.86 -11.23 -4.63 0.98 -8.85 -6.56
1.24 -10.14 -4.25 8.11 -12.27 -1.01 1.24 -10.14 -4.25 -6.44 -7.77 -7.88
4.36 -8.95 -3.75 4.42 -12.03 -0.01 4.36 -8.95 -3.75 4.30 -5.50 -7.95
4.09 -9.99 -4.11 -2.83 -13.10 -1.83 4.09 -9.99 -4.11 11.81 -6.51 -6.66
0.96 -11.17 -4.61 0.86 -13.33 -2.83 0.96 -11.17 -4.61 1.07 -8.77 -6.59
1.33 -10.13 -4.25 7.78 -12.29 -1.03 1.33 -10.13 -4.25 -5.89 -7.73 -7.85
4.26 -9.01 -3.77 4.31 -12.06 -0.08 4.26 -9.01 -3.77 4.20 -5.58 -7.91
4.00 -9.99 -4.11 -2.50 -13.08 -1.81 4.00 -9.99 -4.11 11.26 -6.54 -6.69
1.07 -11.12 -4.59 0.97 -13.30 -2.76 1.07 -11.12 -4.59 1.17 -8.69 -6.62
1.41 -10.13 -4.24 7.44 -12.31 -1.05 1.41 -10.13 -4.24 -5.33 -7.70 -7.82
4.16 -9.06 -3.79 4.20 -12.10 -0.15 4.16 -9.06 -3.79 4.11 -5.66 -7.88
3.91 -10.00 -4.12 -2.17 -13.06 -1.79 3.91 -10.00 -4.12 10.71 -6.57 -6.72
1.17 -11.06 -4.57 1.08 -13.27 -2.69 1.17 -11.06 -4.57 1.27 -8.61 -6.66
1.50 -10.13 -4.24 7.11 -12.33 -1.07 1.50 -10.13 -4.24 -4.78 -7.67 -7.79
4.05 -9.12 -3.81 4.09 -12.13 -0.21 4.05 -9.12 -3.81 4.01 -5.74 -7.85
3.83 -10.00 -4.12 -1.83 -13.04 -1.77 3.83 -10.00 -4.12 10.16 -6.60 -6.75
1.27 -11.01 -4.55 1.19 -13.24 -2.62 1.27 -11.01 -4.55 1.37 -8.53 -6.69
1.58 -10.12 -4.24 6.78 -12.35 -1.09 1.58 -10.12 -4.24 -4.23 -7.64 -7.76
3.95 -9.17 -3.83 3.99 -12.16 -0.28 3.95 -9.17 -3.83 3.91 -5.82 -7.81
3.74 -10.00 -4.12 -1.50 -13.02 -1.75 3.74 -10.00 -4.12 9.60 -6.63 -6.78
1.37 -10.96 -4.53 1.29 -13.20 -2.55 1.37 -10.96 -4.53 1.47 -8.45 -6.72
1.67 -10.12 -4.23 6.45 -12.37 -1.11 1.67 -10.12 -4.23 -3.67 -7.61 -7.73
3.85 -9.22 -3.85 3.88 -12.19 -0.35 3.85 -9.22 -3.85 3.81 -5.90 -7.78
3.65 -10.01 -4.13 -1.17 -12.99 -1.73 3.65 -10.01 -4.13 9.05 -6.66 -6.81
1.48 -10.90 -4.51 1.40 -13.17 -2.49 1.48 -10.90 -4.51 1.56 -8.37 -6.76
1.76 -10.12 -4.23 6.12 -12.39 -1.13 1.76 -10.12 -4.23 -3.12 -7.58 -7.70
3.74 -9.28 -3.87 3.77 -12.22 -0.42 3.74 -9.28 -3.87 3.71 -5.98 -7.75
3.57 -10.01 -4.13 -0.84 -12.97 -1.71 3.57 -10.01 -4.13 8.50 -6.69 -6.84
1.58 -10.85 -4.49 1.51 -13.14 -2.42 1.58 -10.85 -4.49 1.66 -8.29 -6.79
1.84 -10.11 -4.23 5.79 -12.41 -1.15 1.84 -10.11 -4.23 -2.57 -7.55 -7.67
3.64 -9.33 -3.89 3.66 -12.25 -0.49 3.64 -9.33 -3.89 3.62 -6.06 -7.71
3.48 -10.01 -4.13 -0.51 -12.95 -1.69 3.48 -10.01 -4.13 7.94 -6.72 -6.87
1.68 -10.79 -4.46 1.62 -13.11 -2.35 1.68 -10.79 -4.46 1.76 -8.21 -6.82
1.93 -10.11 -4.22 5.46 -12.43 -1.17 1.93 -10.11 -4.22 -2.02 -7.52 -7.64
3.54 -9.39 -3.92 3.55 -12.29 -0.56 3.54 -9.39 -3.92 3.52 -6.14 -7.68
3.40 -10.02 -4.14 -0.18 -12.93 -1.67 3.40 -10.02 -4.14 7.39 -6.75 -6.90
1.79 -10.74 -4.44 1.72 -13.08 -2.28 1.79 -10.74 -4.44 1.86 -8.13 -6.85
2.02 -10.10 -4.22 5.12 -12.45 -1.19 2.02 -10.10 -4.22 -1.46 -7.49 -7.61
3.43 -9.44 -3.94 3.45 -12.32 -0.63 3.43 -9.44 -3.94 3.42 -6.22 -7.65
3.31 -10.02 -4.14 0.15 -12.91 -1.65 3.31 -10.02 -4.14 6.84 -6.78 -6.92
1.89 -10.69 -4.42 1.83 -13.05 -2.21 1.89 -10.69 -4.42 1.95 -8.05 -6.89
2.10 -10.10 -4.22 4.79 -12.47 -1.21 2.10 -10.10 -4.22 -0.91 -7.46 -7.58
3.33 -9.50 -3.96 3.34 -12.35 -0.70 3.33 -9.50 -3.96 3.32 -6.30 -7.61
3.22 -10.03 -4.14 0.49 -12.89 -1.63 3.22 -10.03 -4.14 6.28 -6.81 -6.95
1.99 -10.63 -4.40 1.94 -13.01 -2.14 1.99 -10.63 -4.40 2.05 -7.97 -6.92
2.19 -10.10 -4.21 4.46 -12.49 -1.23 2.19 -10.10 -4.21 -0.36 -7.43 -7.55
3.23 -9.55 -3.98 3.23 -12.38 -0.76 3.23 -9.55 -3.98 3.23 -6.38 -7.58
3.14 -10.03 -4.15 0.82 -12.87 -1.61 3.14 -10.03 -4.15 5.73 -6.84 -6.98
2.10 -10.58 -4.38 2.05 -12.98 -2.07 2.10 -10.58 -4.38 2.15 -7.89 -6.95
2.27 -10.09 -4.21 4.13 -12.51 -1.25 2.27 -10.09 -4.21 0.20 -7.40 -7.52
181
Appendix I
3.13 -9.60 -4.00 3.12 -12.41 -0.83 3.13 -9.60 -4.00 3.13 -6.46 -7.55
3.05 -10.03 -4.15 1.15 -12.85 -1.59 3.05 -10.03 -4.15 5.18 -6.87 -7.01
2.20 -10.52 -4.36 2.15 -12.95 -2.00 2.20 -10.52 -4.36 2.25 -7.81 -6.99
2.36 -10.09 -4.21 3.80 -12.53 -1.27 2.36 -10.09 -4.21 0.75 -7.37 -7.49
3.02 -9.66 -4.02 3.02 -12.44 -0.90 3.02 -9.66 -4.02 3.03 -6.54 -7.52
2.96 -10.04 -4.15 1.48 -12.83 -1.57 2.96 -10.04 -4.15 4.62 -6.91 -7.04
2.30 -10.47 -4.34 2.26 -12.92 -1.93 2.30 -10.47 -4.34 2.35 -7.73 -7.02
2.45 -10.09 -4.20 3.47 -12.55 -1.29 2.45 -10.09 -4.20 1.31 -7.34 -7.46
2.92 -9.71 -4.04 2.91 -12.48 -0.97 2.92 -9.71 -4.04 2.93 -6.62 -7.48
2.88 -10.04 -4.16 1.81 -12.81 -1.55 2.88 -10.04 -4.16 4.07 -6.94 -7.07
2.40 -10.42 -4.32 2.37 -12.89 -1.87 2.40 -10.42 -4.32 2.44 -7.65 -7.05
2.53 -10.08 -4.20 3.14 -12.57 -1.31 2.53 -10.08 -4.20 1.86 -7.30 -7.43
2.82 -9.77 -4.06 2.80 -12.51 -1.04 2.82 -9.77 -4.06 2.83 -6.70 -7.45
2.79 -10.04 -4.16 2.14 -12.79 -1.53 2.79 -10.04 -4.16 3.52 -6.97 -7.10
2.51 -10.36 -4.30 2.48 -12.86 -1.80 2.51 -10.36 -4.30 2.54 -7.57 -7.09
2.62 -10.08 -4.19 2.81 -12.59 -1.33 2.62 -10.08 -4.19 2.41 -7.27 -7.40
2.71 -9.82 -4.08 2.69 -12.54 -1.11 2.71 -9.82 -4.08 2.74 -6.78 -7.42
2.71 -10.05 -4.16 2.47 -12.77 -1.51 2.71 -10.05 -4.16 2.96 -7.00 -7.13
2.61 -10.31 -4.27 2.59 -12.82 -1.73 2.61 -10.31 -4.27 2.64 -7.49 -7.12
-10.08 -4.19 -12.61 -1.35 -10.08 -4.19 -7.24 -7.37
-9.87 -4.11 -12.57 -1.18 -9.87 -4.11 -6.86 -7.38
-10.05 -4.17 -12.75 -1.49 -10.05 -4.17 -7.03 -7.16
-10.25 -4.25 -12.79 -1.66 -10.25 -4.25 -7.41 -7.15
-10.07 -4.19 -12.63 -1.37 -10.07 -4.19 -7.21 -7.34
-9.93 -4.13 -12.60 -1.25 -9.93 -4.13 -6.94 -7.35
-10.05 -4.17 -12.73 -1.47 -10.05 -4.17 -7.06 -7.19
-10.20 -4.23 -12.76 -1.59 -10.20 -4.23 -7.34 -7.19
-10.07 -4.18 -12.65 -1.39 -10.07 -4.18 -7.18 -7.31
-9.98 -4.15 -12.63 -1.32 -9.98 -4.15 -7.02 -7.32
-10.06 -4.17 -12.71 -1.45 -10.06 -4.17 -7.09 -7.22
-10.14 -4.21 -12.73 -1.52 -10.14 -4.21 -7.26 -7.22
-10.07 -4.18 -12.67 -1.41 -10.07 -4.18 -7.15 -7.28
-10.04 -4.17 -12.67 -1.38 -10.04 -4.17 -7.10 -7.28
-10.06 -4.18 -12.69 -1.43 -10.06 -4.18 -7.12 -7.25
-10.09 -4.19 -12.70 -1.45 -10.09 -4.19 -7.18 -7.25
-2.08 -11.28 -4.65 -10.93 -13.39 -2.97 -2.08 -11.28 -4.65 -10.60 -8.93 -8.03
7.41 -8.83 -3.70 16.21 -11.96 0.15 7.41 -8.83 -3.70 15.98 -5.31 -6.52
Maxima and minima
182
Appendix I
Load Group 3
C12 C13 C14 C12 C13 C14 C12 C13 C14 C12 C13 C14
-4.06 -0.96 5.23 -16.63 -3.55 7.99 -4.06 -0.96 5.23 10.28 1.99 2.08
-4.82 -0.96 5.22 -4.50 -3.57 7.99 -4.82 -0.96 5.22 -5.18 2.02 2.05
-1.95 -0.95 5.24 10.58 -3.56 7.98 -1.95 -0.95 5.24 -16.23 2.03 2.12
-1.19 -0.95 5.25 -1.55 -3.54 7.98 -1.19 -0.95 5.25 -0.77 2.00 2.14
-4.11 -0.97 5.22 -15.65 -3.54 8.00 -4.11 -0.97 5.22 9.05 1.95 2.04
-4.77 -0.96 5.18 -4.46 -3.60 8.01 -4.77 -0.96 5.18 -5.12 2.04 1.97
-1.90 -0.94 5.25 9.60 -3.57 7.97 -1.90 -0.94 5.25 -15.00 2.07 2.16
-1.24 -0.95 5.29 -1.59 -3.52 7.97 -1.24 -0.95 5.29 -0.84 1.98 2.23
-4.16 -0.99 5.21 -14.66 -3.53 8.02 -4.16 -0.99 5.21 7.82 1.91 2.00
-4.72 -0.97 5.15 -4.42 -3.63 8.02 -4.72 -0.97 5.15 -5.05 2.06 1.88
-1.85 -0.93 5.27 8.61 -3.59 7.96 -1.85 -0.93 5.27 -13.77 2.11 2.19
-1.29 -0.94 5.32 -1.63 -3.49 7.96 -1.29 -0.94 5.32 -0.90 1.96 2.32
-4.20 -1.00 5.19 -13.67 -3.52 8.03 -4.20 -1.00 5.19 6.59 1.87 1.96
-4.67 -0.98 5.12 -4.39 -3.66 8.03 -4.67 -0.98 5.12 -4.99 2.08 1.79
-1.80 -0.91 5.28 7.63 -3.60 7.95 -1.80 -0.91 5.28 -12.54 2.15 2.23
-1.34 -0.94 5.35 -1.66 -3.46 7.94 -1.34 -0.94 5.35 -0.96 1.94 2.41
-4.25 -1.01 5.18 -12.69 -3.51 8.04 -4.25 -1.01 5.18 5.36 1.83 1.92
-4.62 -0.98 5.08 -4.35 -3.68 8.05 -4.62 -0.98 5.08 -4.93 2.10 1.70
-1.75 -0.90 5.29 6.64 -3.61 7.94 -1.75 -0.90 5.29 -11.31 2.19 2.27
-1.39 -0.93 5.39 -1.70 -3.43 7.93 -1.39 -0.93 5.39 -1.03 1.92 2.50
-4.30 -1.02 5.17 -11.70 -3.50 8.05 -4.30 -1.02 5.17 4.13 1.79 1.89
-4.57 -0.99 5.05 -4.31 -3.71 8.06 -4.57 -0.99 5.05 -4.86 2.12 1.61
-1.70 -0.89 5.30 5.65 -3.62 7.93 -1.70 -0.89 5.30 -10.08 2.23 2.31
-1.44 -0.92 5.42 -1.74 -3.40 7.92 -1.44 -0.92 5.42 -1.09 1.90 2.59
-4.35 -1.04 5.16 -10.71 -3.48 8.06 -4.35 -1.04 5.16 2.90 1.75 1.85
-4.52 -0.99 5.01 -4.27 -3.74 8.07 -4.52 -0.99 5.01 -4.80 2.14 1.52
-1.65 -0.88 5.31 4.67 -3.63 7.92 -1.65 -0.88 5.31 -8.85 2.27 2.35
-1.49 -0.92 5.46 -1.78 -3.38 7.90 -1.49 -0.92 5.46 -1.15 1.88 2.67
-4.40 -1.05 5.15 -9.73 -3.47 8.07 -4.40 -1.05 5.15 1.67 1.71 1.81
-4.47 -1.00 4.98 -4.23 -3.77 8.09 -4.47 -1.00 4.98 -4.74 2.16 1.43
-1.60 -0.86 5.33 3.68 -3.64 7.91 -1.60 -0.86 5.33 -7.62 2.31 2.39
-1.54 -0.91 5.49 -1.82 -3.35 7.89 -1.54 -0.91 5.49 -1.22 1.86 2.76
-4.45 -1.06 5.13 -8.74 -3.46 8.08 -4.45 -1.06 5.13 0.44 1.67 1.77
-4.42 -1.00 4.95 -4.20 -3.79 8.10 -4.42 -1.00 4.95 -4.67 2.18 1.34
-1.55 -0.85 5.34 2.69 -3.65 7.89 -1.55 -0.85 5.34 -6.39 2.35 2.43
-1.59 -0.91 5.52 -1.85 -3.32 7.88 -1.59 -0.91 5.52 -1.28 1.84 2.85
-4.50 -1.07 5.12 -7.75 -3.45 8.09 -4.50 -1.07 5.12 -0.79 1.63 1.73
-4.37 -1.01 4.91 -4.16 -3.82 8.11 -4.37 -1.01 4.91 -4.61 2.20 1.26
-1.50 -0.84 5.35 1.71 -3.67 7.88 -1.50 -0.84 5.35 -5.16 2.39 2.47
-1.64 -0.90 5.56 -1.89 -3.29 7.86 -1.64 -0.90 5.56 -1.34 1.82 2.94
-4.55 -1.08 5.11 -6.77 -3.44 8.10 -4.55 -1.08 5.11 -2.02 1.59 1.69
-4.32 -1.02 4.88 -4.12 -3.85 8.13 -4.32 -1.02 4.88 -4.55 2.22 1.17
-1.45 -0.83 5.36 0.72 -3.68 7.87 -1.45 -0.83 5.36 -3.93 2.43 2.50
-1.69 -0.90 5.59 -1.93 -3.26 7.85 -1.69 -0.90 5.59 -1.41 1.80 3.03
-4.60 -1.10 5.10 -5.78 -3.43 8.12 -4.60 -1.10 5.10 -3.25 1.55 1.65
-4.27 -1.02 4.84 -4.08 -3.88 8.14 -4.27 -1.02 4.84 -4.48 2.24 1.08
-1.41 -0.82 5.37 -0.27 -3.69 7.86 -1.41 -0.82 5.37 -2.70 2.46 2.54
-1.74 -0.89 5.63 -1.97 -3.24 7.84 -1.74 -0.89 5.63 -1.47 1.78 3.12
-4.65 -1.11 5.09 -4.80 -3.42 8.13 -4.65 -1.11 5.09 -4.48 1.52 1.61
183
Appendix I
-4.22 -1.03 4.81 -4.04 -3.91 8.15 -4.22 -1.03 4.81 -4.42 2.26 0.99
-1.36 -0.80 5.39 -1.26 -3.70 7.85 -1.36 -0.80 5.39 -1.47 2.50 2.58
-1.78 -0.88 5.66 -2.01 -3.21 7.82 -1.78 -0.88 5.66 -1.53 1.76 3.21
-4.70 -1.12 5.07 -3.81 -3.40 8.14 -4.70 -1.12 5.07 -5.71 1.48 1.58
-4.17 -1.03 4.78 -4.01 -3.93 8.17 -4.17 -1.03 4.78 -4.36 2.28 0.90
-1.31 -0.79 5.40 -2.24 -3.71 7.84 -1.31 -0.79 5.40 -0.24 2.54 2.62
-1.83 -0.88 5.69 -2.04 -3.18 7.81 -1.83 -0.88 5.69 -1.60 1.74 3.30
-4.75 -1.13 5.06 -2.82 -3.39 8.15 -4.75 -1.13 5.06 -6.94 1.44 1.54
-4.12 -1.04 4.74 -3.97 -3.96 8.18 -4.12 -1.04 4.74 -4.29 2.30 0.81
-1.26 -0.78 5.41 -3.23 -3.72 7.83 -1.26 -0.78 5.41 0.99 2.58 2.66
-1.88 -0.87 5.73 -2.08 -3.15 7.80 -1.88 -0.87 5.73 -1.66 1.72 3.38
-4.80 -1.15 5.05 -1.84 -3.38 8.16 -4.80 -1.15 5.05 -8.17 1.40 1.50
-4.07 -1.04 4.71 -3.93 -3.99 8.19 -4.07 -1.04 4.71 -4.23 2.32 0.72
-1.21 -0.77 5.42 -4.22 -3.73 7.82 -1.21 -0.77 5.42 2.22 2.62 2.70
-1.93 -0.87 5.76 -2.12 -3.13 7.78 -1.93 -0.87 5.76 -1.72 1.70 3.47
-4.85 -1.16 5.04 -0.85 -3.37 8.17 -4.85 -1.16 5.04 -9.40 1.36 1.46
-4.02 -1.05 4.67 -3.89 -4.02 8.21 -4.02 -1.05 4.67 -4.17 2.34 0.63
-1.16 -0.75 5.43 -5.20 -3.75 7.81 -1.16 -0.75 5.43 3.45 2.66 2.74
-1.98 -0.86 5.80 -2.16 -3.10 7.77 -1.98 -0.86 5.80 -1.79 1.68 3.56
-4.90 -1.17 5.03 0.14 -3.36 8.18 -4.90 -1.17 5.03 -10.63 1.32 1.42
-3.97 -1.06 4.64 -3.86 -4.05 8.22 -3.97 -1.06 4.64 -4.10 2.36 0.55
-1.11 -0.74 5.44 -6.19 -3.76 7.79 -1.11 -0.74 5.44 4.68 2.70 2.78
-2.03 -0.86 5.83 -2.20 -3.07 7.76 -2.03 -0.86 5.83 -1.85 1.66 3.65
-4.95 -1.18 5.01 1.13 -3.35 8.19 -4.95 -1.18 5.01 -11.86 1.28 1.38
-3.92 -1.06 4.61 -3.82 -4.07 8.23 -3.92 -1.06 4.61 -4.04 2.38 0.46
-1.06 -0.73 5.46 -7.17 -3.77 7.78 -1.06 -0.73 5.46 5.91 2.74 2.81
-2.08 -0.85 5.86 -2.23 -3.04 7.74 -2.08 -0.85 5.86 -1.91 1.64 3.74
-5.00 -1.19 5.00 2.11 -3.34 8.20 -5.00 -1.19 5.00 -13.09 1.24 1.34
-3.87 -1.07 4.57 -3.78 -4.10 8.24 -3.87 -1.07 4.57 -3.98 2.40 0.37
-1.01 -0.72 5.47 -8.16 -3.78 7.77 -1.01 -0.72 5.47 7.14 2.78 2.85
-2.13 -0.84 5.90 -2.27 -3.01 7.73 -2.13 -0.84 5.90 -1.98 1.62 3.83
-5.04 -1.21 4.99 3.10 -3.32 8.21 -5.04 -1.21 4.99 -14.32 1.20 1.30
-3.82 -1.07 4.54 -3.74 -4.13 8.26 -3.82 -1.07 4.54 -3.91 2.42 0.28
-0.96 -0.71 5.48 -9.15 -3.79 7.76 -0.96 -0.71 5.48 8.37 2.82 2.89
-2.18 -0.84 5.93 -2.31 -2.99 7.72 -2.18 -0.84 5.93 -2.04 1.60 3.92
-5.02 -1.22 4.98 3.43 -3.31 8.23 -5.02 -1.22 4.98 -14.65 1.16 1.27
-3.78 -1.08 4.50 -3.71 -4.16 8.27 -3.78 -1.08 4.50 -3.86 2.44 0.19
-0.98 -0.69 5.49 -9.48 -3.80 7.75 -0.98 -0.69 5.49 8.70 2.86 2.93
-2.23 -0.83 5.97 -2.34 -2.96 7.71 -2.23 -0.83 5.97 -2.09 1.58 4.00
-4.92 -1.23 4.97 3.12 -3.30 8.24 -4.92 -1.23 4.97 -14.08 1.12 1.23
-3.74 -1.08 4.47 -3.67 -4.19 8.28 -3.74 -1.08 4.47 -3.82 2.46 0.10
-1.08 -0.68 5.50 -9.17 -3.81 7.74 -1.08 -0.68 5.50 8.13 2.90 2.97
-2.26 -0.83 6.00 -2.38 -2.93 7.69 -2.26 -0.83 6.00 -2.14 1.56 4.09
-4.82 -1.23 4.98 2.80 -3.29 8.23 -4.82 -1.23 4.98 -13.51 1.11 1.26
-3.70 -1.08 4.48 -3.64 -4.18 8.28 -3.70 -1.08 4.48 -3.77 2.45 0.14
-1.18 -0.68 5.52 -8.85 -3.80 7.73 -1.18 -0.68 5.52 7.56 2.89 3.00
-2.30 -0.83 6.01 -2.41 -2.92 7.69 -2.30 -0.83 6.01 -2.18 1.55 4.13
-4.72 -1.22 4.99 2.49 -3.30 8.22 -4.72 -1.22 4.99 -12.94 1.15 1.30
-3.66 -1.08 4.52 -3.61 -4.15 8.26 -3.66 -1.08 4.52 -3.73 2.43 0.23
-1.28 -0.69 5.51 -8.54 -3.79 7.74 -1.28 -0.69 5.51 6.99 2.85 2.96
-2.34 -0.83 5.98 -2.44 -2.95 7.70 -2.34 -0.83 5.98 -2.22 1.57 4.04
-4.63 -1.21 5.00 2.17 -3.32 8.21 -4.63 -1.21 5.00 -12.37 1.19 1.34
184
Appendix I
-3.63 -1.07 4.55 -3.57 -4.12 8.25 -3.63 -1.07 4.55 -3.69 2.41 0.31
-1.38 -0.71 5.49 -8.22 -3.78 7.76 -1.38 -0.71 5.49 6.42 2.81 2.93
-2.38 -0.84 5.95 -2.48 -2.98 7.71 -2.38 -0.84 5.95 -2.27 1.59 3.95
-4.53 -1.19 5.01 1.86 -3.33 8.20 -4.53 -1.19 5.01 -11.80 1.23 1.38
-3.59 -1.07 4.58 -3.54 -4.09 8.24 -3.59 -1.07 4.58 -3.64 2.39 0.40
-1.48 -0.72 5.48 -7.91 -3.77 7.77 -1.48 -0.72 5.48 5.85 2.77 2.89
-2.42 -0.84 5.91 -2.51 -3.00 7.73 -2.42 -0.84 5.91 -2.31 1.61 3.86
-4.43 -1.18 5.03 1.54 -3.34 8.19 -4.43 -1.18 5.03 -11.23 1.27 1.42
-3.55 -1.06 4.62 -3.51 -4.06 8.23 -3.55 -1.06 4.62 -3.60 2.37 0.49
-1.58 -0.73 5.47 -7.59 -3.76 7.78 -1.58 -0.73 5.47 5.28 2.73 2.85
-2.45 -0.85 5.88 -2.54 -3.03 7.74 -2.45 -0.85 5.88 -2.35 1.63 3.77
-4.33 -1.17 5.04 1.23 -3.35 8.18 -4.33 -1.17 5.04 -10.66 1.31 1.46
-3.51 -1.06 4.65 -3.47 -4.04 8.21 -3.51 -1.06 4.65 -3.56 2.35 0.58
-1.67 -0.74 5.46 -7.28 -3.75 7.79 -1.67 -0.74 5.46 4.71 2.69 2.81
-2.49 -0.86 5.84 -2.58 -3.06 7.75 -2.49 -0.86 5.84 -2.40 1.65 3.68
-4.23 -1.16 5.05 0.91 -3.36 8.16 -4.23 -1.16 5.05 -10.09 1.35 1.49
-3.48 -1.05 4.69 -3.44 -4.01 8.20 -3.48 -1.05 4.69 -3.52 2.33 0.67
-1.77 -0.75 5.45 -6.96 -3.74 7.80 -1.77 -0.75 5.45 4.14 2.65 2.77
-2.53 -0.86 5.81 -2.61 -3.09 7.76 -2.53 -0.86 5.81 -2.44 1.67 3.60
-4.13 -1.15 5.06 0.60 -3.37 8.15 -4.13 -1.15 5.06 -9.53 1.39 1.53
-3.44 -1.04 4.72 -3.41 -3.98 8.19 -3.44 -1.04 4.72 -3.47 2.31 0.76
-1.87 -0.77 5.43 -6.65 -3.72 7.81 -1.87 -0.77 5.43 3.57 2.61 2.73
-2.57 -0.87 5.78 -2.64 -3.12 7.78 -2.57 -0.87 5.78 -2.48 1.69 3.51
-4.04 -1.13 5.07 0.28 -3.38 8.14 -4.04 -1.13 5.07 -8.96 1.43 1.57
-3.40 -1.04 4.75 -3.37 -3.95 8.17 -3.40 -1.04 4.75 -3.43 2.29 0.85
-1.97 -0.78 5.42 -6.33 -3.71 7.82 -1.97 -0.78 5.42 3.00 2.57 2.69
-2.61 -0.87 5.74 -2.68 -3.14 7.79 -2.61 -0.87 5.74 -2.52 1.71 3.42
-3.94 -1.12 5.09 -0.03 -3.39 8.13 -3.94 -1.12 5.09 -8.39 1.46 1.61
-3.36 -1.03 4.79 -3.34 -3.92 8.16 -3.36 -1.03 4.79 -3.39 2.27 0.93
-2.07 -0.79 5.41 -6.02 -3.70 7.83 -2.07 -0.79 5.41 2.43 2.53 2.65
-2.64 -0.88 5.71 -2.71 -3.17 7.80 -2.64 -0.88 5.71 -2.57 1.73 3.33
-3.84 -1.11 5.10 -0.35 -3.41 8.12 -3.84 -1.11 5.10 -7.82 1.50 1.65
-3.32 -1.03 4.82 -3.31 -3.90 8.15 -3.32 -1.03 4.82 -3.34 2.25 1.02
-2.17 -0.80 5.40 -5.70 -3.69 7.84 -2.17 -0.80 5.40 1.86 2.49 2.62
-2.68 -0.88 5.67 -2.74 -3.20 7.82 -2.68 -0.88 5.67 -2.61 1.75 3.24
-3.74 -1.10 5.11 -0.66 -3.42 8.11 -3.74 -1.10 5.11 -7.25 1.54 1.69
-3.29 -1.02 4.86 -3.27 -3.87 8.13 -3.29 -1.02 4.86 -3.30 2.23 1.11
-2.26 -0.82 5.39 -5.39 -3.68 7.85 -2.26 -0.82 5.39 1.30 2.45 2.58
-2.72 -0.89 5.64 -2.78 -3.23 7.83 -2.72 -0.89 5.64 -2.65 1.77 3.15
-3.64 -1.08 5.12 -0.98 -3.43 8.10 -3.64 -1.08 5.12 -6.68 1.58 1.73
-3.25 -1.02 4.89 -3.24 -3.84 8.12 -3.25 -1.02 4.89 -3.26 2.21 1.20
-2.36 -0.83 5.37 -5.07 -3.67 7.87 -2.36 -0.83 5.37 0.73 2.41 2.54
-2.76 -0.90 5.61 -2.81 -3.26 7.84 -2.76 -0.90 5.61 -2.70 1.79 3.06
-3.54 -1.07 5.13 -1.29 -3.44 8.09 -3.54 -1.07 5.13 -6.11 1.62 1.77
-3.21 -1.01 4.92 -3.21 -3.81 8.11 -3.21 -1.01 4.92 -3.21 2.19 1.29
-2.46 -0.84 5.36 -4.76 -3.66 7.88 -2.46 -0.84 5.36 0.16 2.37 2.50
-2.79 -0.90 5.57 -2.84 -3.28 7.86 -2.79 -0.90 5.57 -2.74 1.81 2.98
-3.45 -1.06 5.15 -1.61 -3.45 8.08 -3.45 -1.06 5.15 -5.54 1.66 1.80
-3.17 -1.00 4.96 -3.17 -3.79 8.09 -3.17 -1.00 4.96 -3.17 2.17 1.38
-2.56 -0.85 5.35 -4.44 -3.64 7.89 -2.56 -0.85 5.35 -0.41 2.34 2.46
-2.83 -0.91 5.54 -2.88 -3.31 7.87 -2.83 -0.91 5.54 -2.78 1.83 2.89
-3.35 -1.05 5.16 -1.92 -3.46 8.06 -3.35 -1.05 5.16 -4.97 1.70 1.84
185
Appendix I
-3.13 -1.00 4.99 -3.14 -3.76 8.08 -3.13 -1.00 4.99 -3.13 2.15 1.47
-2.66 -0.86 5.34 -4.13 -3.63 7.90 -2.66 -0.86 5.34 -0.98 2.30 2.42
-2.87 -0.91 5.50 -2.91 -3.34 7.88 -2.87 -0.91 5.50 -2.83 1.85 2.80
-3.25 -1.04 5.17 -2.24 -3.47 8.05 -3.25 -1.04 5.17 -4.40 1.74 1.88
-3.10 -0.99 5.03 -3.11 -3.73 8.07 -3.10 -0.99 5.03 -3.08 2.13 1.56
-2.76 -0.88 5.33 -3.81 -3.62 7.91 -2.76 -0.88 5.33 -1.55 2.26 2.38
-2.91 -0.92 5.47 -2.94 -3.37 7.90 -2.91 -0.92 5.47 -2.87 1.87 2.71
-3.15 -1.02 5.18 -2.55 -3.49 8.04 -3.15 -1.02 5.18 -3.83 1.78 1.92
-3.06 -0.99 5.06 -3.07 -3.70 8.05 -3.06 -0.99 5.06 -3.04 2.11 1.64
-2.85 -0.89 5.31 -3.50 -3.61 7.92 -2.85 -0.89 5.31 -2.12 2.22 2.35
-2.95 -0.92 5.44 -2.98 -3.39 7.91 -2.95 -0.92 5.44 -2.91 1.89 2.62
-3.05 -1.01 5.19 -2.87 -3.50 8.03 -3.05 -1.01 5.19 -3.26 1.82 1.96
-3.02 -0.98 5.10 -3.04 -3.67 8.04 -3.02 -0.98 5.10 -3.00 2.09 1.73
-2.95 -0.90 5.30 -3.18 -3.60 7.93 -2.95 -0.90 5.30 -2.69 2.18 2.31
-2.98 -0.93 5.40 -3.01 -3.42 7.92 -2.98 -0.93 5.40 -2.96 1.91 2.53
-1.00 5.21 -3.51 8.02 -1.00 5.21 1.86 2.00
-0.98 5.13 -3.65 8.03 -0.98 5.13 2.07 1.82
-0.91 5.29 -3.59 7.94 -0.91 5.29 2.14 2.27
-0.94 5.37 -3.45 7.94 -0.94 5.37 1.93 2.44
-0.99 5.22 -3.52 8.01 -0.99 5.22 1.90 2.04
-0.97 5.16 -3.62 8.01 -0.97 5.16 2.05 1.91
-0.93 5.28 -3.58 7.95 -0.93 5.28 2.10 2.23
-0.94 5.33 -3.48 7.95 -0.94 5.33 1.95 2.35
-0.97 5.23 -3.53 8.00 -0.97 5.23 1.94 2.07
-0.96 5.20 -3.59 8.00 -0.96 5.20 2.03 2.00
-0.94 5.27 -3.57 7.97 -0.94 5.27 2.06 2.19
-0.95 5.30 -3.51 7.96 -0.95 5.30 1.97 2.27
-0.96 5.24 -3.54 7.99 -0.96 5.24 1.98 2.11
-0.96 5.23 -3.56 7.99 -0.96 5.23 2.01 2.09
-0.95 5.25 -3.55 7.98 -0.95 5.25 2.02 2.15
-0.95 5.27 -3.53 7.98 -0.95 5.27 1.99 2.18
-5.04 -1.23 4.47 -16.63 -4.19 7.69 -5.04 -1.23 4.47 -16.23 1.11 0.10
-0.96 -0.68 6.01 10.58 -2.92 8.28 -0.96 -0.68 6.01 10.28 2.90 4.13
Maxima and minima
186
Appendix I
Load Group 4
C12 C13 C14 C12 C13 C14 C12 C13 C14 C12 C13 C14
9.04 -15.58 -15.03 -4.48 -18.36 -12.06 9.04 -15.58 -15.03 22.43 -12.82 -17.97
19.70 -15.54 -14.99 20.04 -18.34 -12.01 19.70 -15.54 -14.99 19.36 -12.75 -17.95
8.85 -15.59 -15.04 22.31 -18.40 -12.10 8.85 -15.59 -15.04 -4.50 -12.81 -17.96
-1.81 -15.64 -15.08 -2.20 -18.42 -12.15 -1.81 -15.64 -15.08 -1.42 -12.88 -17.99
9.04 -15.57 -15.02 -3.36 -18.32 -12.02 9.04 -15.57 -15.02 21.33 -12.83 -17.99
19.41 -15.44 -14.90 19.74 -18.27 -11.87 19.41 -15.44 -14.90 19.08 -12.63 -17.91
8.85 -15.61 -15.05 21.20 -18.44 -12.13 8.85 -15.61 -15.05 -3.40 -12.80 -17.95
-1.52 -15.74 -15.17 -1.90 -18.50 -12.28 -1.52 -15.74 -15.17 -1.15 -13.00 -18.02
9.04 -15.56 -15.00 -2.25 -18.29 -11.98 9.04 -15.56 -15.00 20.23 -12.85 -18.00
19.12 -15.34 -14.82 19.44 -18.19 -11.73 19.12 -15.34 -14.82 18.81 -12.51 -17.88
8.85 -15.62 -15.07 20.09 -18.48 -12.17 8.85 -15.62 -15.07 -2.29 -12.78 -17.94
-1.23 -15.84 -15.25 -1.60 -18.57 -12.42 -1.23 -15.84 -15.25 -0.87 -13.13 -18.06
9.03 -15.54 -14.99 -1.14 -18.25 -11.95 9.03 -15.54 -14.99 19.12 -12.86 -18.01
18.83 -15.24 -14.73 19.14 -18.12 -11.59 18.83 -15.24 -14.73 18.53 -12.38 -17.84
8.85 -15.63 -15.08 18.98 -18.51 -12.21 8.85 -15.63 -15.08 -1.19 -12.77 -17.92
-0.95 -15.94 -15.34 -1.30 -18.65 -12.56 0.95 -15.94 -15.34 -0.60 -13.25 -18.09
9.03 -15.53 -14.98 -0.03 -18.21 -11.91 9.03 -15.53 -14.98 18.02 -12.87 -18.02
18.54 -15.14 -14.64 18.83 -18.04 -11.46 18.54 -15.14 -14.64 18.26 -12.26 -17.80
8.85 -15.64 -15.09 17.86 -18.55 -12.25 8.85 -15.64 -15.09 -8.18 -12.76 -17.91
-0.66 -16.04 -15.43 -1.00 -18.72 -12.70 0.66 -16.04 -15.43 -0.32 -13.37 -18.13
9.03 -15.52 -14.97 1.08 -18.17 -11.87 9.03 -15.52 -14.97 16.91 -12.89 -18.04
18.26 -15.04 -14.56 18.53 -17.96 -11.32 18.26 -15.04 -14.56 17.98 -12.13 -17.77
8.85 -15.65 -15.10 16.75 -18.59 -12.28 8.85 -15.65 -15.10 1.02 -12.74 -17.90
-0.37 -16.14 -15.51 -0.70 -18.80 -12.84 0.37 -16.14 -15.51 -4.61 -13.50 -18.17
9.03 -15.51 -14.95 2.20 -18.14 -11.83 9.03 -15.51 -14.95 15.81 -12.90 -18.05
17.97 -14.94 -14.47 18.23 -17.89 -11.18 17.97 -14.94 -14.47 17.71 -12.01 -17.73
8.86 -15.67 -15.12 15.64 -18.63 -12.32 8.86 -15.67 -15.12 2.13 -12.73 -17.89
-0.08 -16.24 -15.60 -0.40 -18.87 -12.98 0.08 -16.24 -15.60 0.23 -13.62 -18.20
9.03 -15.49 -14.94 3.31 -18.10 -11.80 9.03 -15.49 -14.94 14.70 -12.91 -18.06
17.68 -14.84 -14.38 17.93 -17.81 -11.04 17.68 -14.84 -14.38 17.43 -11.89 -17.69
8.86 -15.68 -15.13 14.53 -18.67 -12.36 8.86 -15.68 -15.13 3.23 -12.72 -17.88
0.21 -16.34 -15.69 -0.10 -18.95 -13.11 0.21 -16.34 -15.69 0.50 -13.74 -18.24
9.03 -15.48 -14.93 4.42 -18.06 -11.76 9.03 -15.48 -14.93 13.60 -12.93 -18.07
17.39 -14.74 -14.30 17.63 -17.74 -10.90 17.39 -14.74 -14.30 17.15 -11.76 -17.66
8.86 -15.69 -15.14 13.42 -18.70 -12.40 8.86 -15.69 -15.14 4.34 -12.71 -17.86
0.49 -16.44 -15.78 0.20 -19.03 -13.25 0.49 -16.44 -15.78 0.78 -13.87 -18.28
9.03 -15.47 -14.92 5.53 -18.02 -11.72 9.03 -15.47 -14.92 12.49 -12.94 -18.08
17.10 -14.64 -14.21 17.33 -17.66 -10.76 17.10 -14.64 -14.21 16.88 -11.64 -17.62
8.86 -15.70 -15.15 12.31 -18.74 -12.43 8.86 -15.70 -15.15 5.44 -12.69 -17.85
0.78 -16.54 -15.86 0.51 -19.10 -13.39 0.78 -16.54 -15.86 1.05 -13.99 -18.31
9.03 -15.46 -14.90 6.64 -17.98 -11.68 9.03 -15.46 -14.90 11.39 -12.95 -18.10
16.82 -14.54 -14.12 17.03 -17.59 -10.63 16.82 -14.54 -14.12 16.60 -11.51 -17.59
8.86 -15.72 -15.17 11.19 -18.78 -12.47 8.86 -15.72 -15.17 6.55 -12.68 -17.84
1.07 -16.64 -15.95 0.81 -19.18 -13.53 1.07 -16.64 -15.95 1.33 -14.12 -18.35
9.02 -15.44 -14.89 7.75 -17.95 -11.65 9.02 -15.44 -14.89 10.28 -12.96 -18.11
16.53 -14.44 -14.03 16.73 -17.51 -10.49 16.53 -14.44 -14.03 16.33 -11.39 -17.55
8.86 -15.73 -15.18 10.08 -18.82 -12.51 8.86 -15.73 -15.18 7.65 -12.67 -17.83
1.36 -16.74 -16.04 1.11 -19.25 -13.67 1.36 -16.74 -16.04 1.61 -14.24 -18.39
9.02 -15.43 -14.88 8.87 -17.91 -11.61 9.02 -15.43 -14.88 9.18 -12.98 -18.12
187
Appendix I
16.24 -14.34 -13.95 16.43 -17.43 -10.35 16.24 -14.34 -13.95 16.05 -11.27 -17.51
8.86 -15.74 -15.19 8.97 -18.86 -12.55 8.86 -15.74 -15.19 8.76 -12.65 -17.81
1.65 -16.84 -16.12 1.41 -19.33 -13.81 1.65 -16.84 -16.12 1.88 -14.36 -18.42
9.02 -15.42 -14.87 9.98 -17.87 -11.57 9.02 -15.42 -14.87 8.07 -12.99 -18.13
15.95 -14.24 -13.86 16.13 -17.36 -10.21 15.95 -14.24 -13.86 15.78 -11.14 -17.48
8.86 -15.75 -15.20 7.86 -18.89 -12.58 8.86 -15.75 -15.20 9.86 -12.64 -17.80
1.93 -16.94 -16.21 1.71 -19.41 -13.94 1.93 -16.94 -16.21 2.16 -14.49 -18.46
9.02 -15.41 -14.86 11.09 -17.83 -11.53 9.02 -15.41 -14.86 6.97 -13.00 -18.15
15.67 -14.14 -13.77 15.83 -17.28 -10.07 15.67 -14.14 -13.77 15.50 -11.02 -17.44
8.87 -15.77 -15.22 6.75 -18.93 -12.62 8.87 -15.77 -15.22 10.96 -12.63 -17.79
2.22 -17.04 -16.30 2.01 -19.48 -14.08 2.22 -17.04 -16.30 2.43 -14.61 -18.49
9.02 -15.39 -14.84 12.20 -17.79 -11.50 9.02 -15.39 -14.84 5.87 -13.02 -18.16
15.38 -14.04 -13.69 15.53 -17.21 -9.94 15.38 -14.04 -13.69 15.23 -10.89 -17.40
8.87 -15.78 -15.23 5.64 -18.97 -12.66 8.87 -15.78 -15.23 12.07 -12.61 -17.78
2.51 -17.14 -16.38 2.31 -19.56 -14.22 2.51 -17.14 -16.38 2.71 -14.74 -18.53
9.02 -15.38 -14.83 13.31 -17.76 -11.46 9.02 -15.38 -14.83 4.76 -13.03 -18.17
15.09 -13.94 -13.60 15.23 -17.13 -9.80 15.09 -13.94 -13.60 14.95 -10.77 -17.37
8.87 -15.79 -15.24 4.52 -19.01 -12.69 8.87 -15.79 -15.24 13.17 -12.60 -17.76
2.80 -17.24 -16.47 2.61 -19.63 -14.36 2.80 -17.24 -16.47 2.98 -14.86 -18.57
9.02 -15.37 -14.82 14.43 -17.72 -11.42 9.02 -15.37 -14.82 3.66 -13.04 -18.18
14.80 -13.84 -13.51 14.93 -17.05 -9.66 14.80 -13.84 -13.51 14.68 -10.65 -17.33
8.87 -15.80 -15.25 3.41 -19.05 -12.73 8.87 -15.80 -15.25 14.28 -12.59 -17.75
3.08 -17.34 -16.56 2.91 -19.71 -14.50 3.08 -17.34 -16.56 3.26 -14.98 -18.60
9.02 -15.36 -14.81 15.54 -17.68 -11.39 9.02 -15.36 -14.81 2.55 -13.06 -18.20
14.51 -13.74 -13.42 14.63 -16.98 -9.52 14.51 -13.74 -13.42 14.40 -10.52 -17.29
8.87 -15.82 -15.26 2.30 -19.08 -12.77 8.87 -15.82 -15.26 15.38 -12.58 -17.74
3.37 -17.44 -16.65 3.21 -19.78 -14.63 3.37 -17.44 -16.65 3.53 -15.11 -18.64
9.02 -15.35 -14.79 16.65 -17.64 -11.35 9.02 -15.35 -14.79 1.45 -13.07 -18.21
14.23 -13.64 -13.34 14.33 -16.90 -9.38 14.23 -13.64 -13.34 14.13 -10.40 -17.26
8.87 -15.83 -15.28 1.19 -19.12 -12.81 8.87 -15.83 -15.28 16.49 -12.56 -17.73
3.66 -17.54 -16.73 3.51 -19.86 -14.77 3.66 -17.54 -16.73 3.81 -15.23 -18.68
9.01 -15.33 -14.78 17.76 -17.60 -11.31 9.01 -15.33 -14.78 0.34 -13.08 -18.22
13.94 -13.54 -13.25 14.02 -16.83 -9.24 13.94 -13.54 -13.25 13.85 -10.27 -17.22
8.87 -15.84 -15.29 0.08 -19.16 -12.84 8.87 -15.84 -15.29 17.59 -12.55 -17.71
3.95 -17.64 -16.82 3.81 -19.94 -14.91 3.95 -17.64 -16.82 4.08 -15.36 -18.71
9.01 -15.32 -14.77 18.09 -17.57 -11.27 9.01 -15.32 -14.77 8.17 -13.09 -18.23
13.68 -13.44 -13.16 13.76 -16.75 -9.11 13.68 -13.44 -13.16 13.60 -10.15 -17.19
8.87 -15.85 -15.30 -0.26 -19.20 -12.88 8.87 -15.85 -15.30 17.93 -12.54 -17.70
4.21 -17.74 -16.91 4.08 -20.01 -15.05 4.21 -17.74 -16.91 4.33 -15.48 -18.75
9.01 -15.31 -14.76 17.64 -17.53 -11.24 9.01 -15.31 -14.76 0.45 -13.11 -18.24
13.45 -13.34 -13.08 13.52 -16.68 -8.97 13.45 -13.34 -13.08 13.38 -10.03 -17.15
8.88 -15.86 -15.31 0.19 -19.24 -12.92 8.88 -15.86 -15.31 17.49 -12.52 -17.69
4.44 -17.84 -16.99 4.32 -20.09 -15.19 4.44 -17.84 -16.99 4.56 -15.60 -18.79
9.01 -15.34 -14.78 17.20 -17.55 -11.28 9.01 -15.34 -14.78 0.88 -13.15 -18.25
13.22 -13.36 -13.10 13.28 -16.69 -9.02 13.22 -13.36 -13.10 13.15 -10.06 -17.16
8.88 -15.89 -15.34 0.64 -19.25 -12.97 8.88 -15.89 -15.34 17.05 -12.56 -17.70
4.67 -17.86 -17.02 4.55 -20.11 -15.24 4.67 -17.86 -17.02 4.78 -15.64 -18.79
9.00 -15.35 -14.80 16.75 -17.58 -11.32 9.00 -15.35 -14.80 1.32 -13.13 -18.24
12.99 -13.46 -13.19 13.05 -16.77 -9.16 12.99 -13.46 -13.19 12.92 -10.19 -17.19
8.88 -15.88 -15.33 1.09 -19.22 -12.93 8.88 -15.88 -15.33 16.61 -12.57 -17.71
4.90 -17.76 -16.93 4.79 -20.03 -15.10 4.90 -17.76 -16.93 5.01 -15.52 -18.76
9.00 -15.36 -14.81 16.30 -17.62 -11.36 9.00 -15.36 -14.81 1.76 -13.12 -18.23
188
Appendix I
12.76 -13.56 -13.28 12.81 -16.84 -9.29 12.76 -13.56 -13.28 12.70 -10.31 -17.23
8.89 -15.87 -15.32 1.54 -19.18 -12.89 8.89 -15.87 -15.32 16.18 -12.59 -17.72
5.13 -17.66 -16.85 5.03 -19.95 -14.96 5.13 -17.66 -16.85 5.24 -15.39 -18.72
9.00 -15.37 -14.82 15.85 -17.66 -11.40 9.00 -15.37 -14.82 2.19 -13.11 -18.22
12.52 -13.66 -13.37 12.58 -16.92 -9.43 12.52 -13.66 -13.37 12.47 -10.44 -17.27
8.89 -15.86 -15.31 1.98 -19.14 -12.86 8.89 -15.86 -15.31 15.74 -12.60 -17.73
5.36 -17.56 -16.76 5.26 -19.88 -14.82 5.36 -17.56 -16.76 5.46 -15.27 -18.68
8.99 -15.39 -14.83 15.41 -17.70 -11.43 8.99 -15.39 -14.83 2.63 -13.09 -18.20
12.29 -13.76 -13.45 12.34 -17.00 -9.57 12.29 -13.76 -13.45 12.25 -10.56 -17.30
8.89 -15.84 -15.29 2.43 -19.10 -12.82 8.89 -15.84 -15.29 15.30 -12.61 -17.75
5.59 -17.46 -16.67 5.50 -19.80 -14.68 5.59 -17.46 -16.67 5.69 -15.15 -18.65
8.99 -15.40 -14.85 14.96 -17.73 -11.47 8.99 -15.40 -14.85 3.07 -13.08 -18.19
12.06 -13.86 -13.54 12.10 -17.07 -9.71 12.06 -13.86 -13.54 12.02 -10.68 -17.34
8.90 -15.83 -15.28 2.88 -19.06 -12.78 8.90 -15.83 -15.28 14.87 -12.63 -17.76
5.82 -17.36 -16.59 5.73 -19.73 -14.54 5.82 -17.36 -16.59 5.91 -15.02 -18.61
8.99 -15.41 -14.86 14.51 -17.77 -11.51 8.99 -15.41 -14.86 3.50 -13.07 -18.18
11.83 -13.96 -13.63 11.87 -17.15 -9.85 11.83 -13.96 -13.63 11.79 -10.81 -17.38
8.90 -15.82 -15.27 3.33 -19.03 -12.74 8.90 -15.82 -15.27 14.43 -12.64 -17.77
6.06 -17.26 -16.50 5.97 -19.65 -14.41 6.06 -17.26 -16.50 6.14 -14.90 -18.58
8.98 -15.42 -14.87 14.06 -17.81 -11.55 8.98 -15.42 -14.87 3.94 -13.05 -18.17
11.60 -14.06 -13.71 11.63 -17.22 -9.98 11.60 -14.06 -13.71 11.57 -10.93 -17.41
8.90 -15.81 -15.26 3.77 -18.99 -12.71 8.90 -15.81 -15.26 13.99 -12.65 -17.78
6.29 -17.16 -16.41 6.21 -19.57 -14.27 6.29 -17.16 -16.41 6.37 -14.77 -18.54
8.98 -15.43 -14.88 13.62 -17.85 -11.58 8.98 -15.43 -14.88 4.38 -13.04 -18.15
11.37 -14.16 -13.80 11.40 -17.30 -10.12 11.37 -14.16 -13.80 11.34 -11.06 -17.45
8.91 -15.79 -15.24 4.22 -18.95 -12.67 8.91 -15.79 -15.24 13.56 -12.66 -17.80
6.52 -17.06 -16.33 6.44 -19.50 -14.13 6.52 -17.06 -16.33 6.59 -14.65 -18.50
8.98 -15.45 -14.90 13.17 -17.89 -11.62 8.98 -15.45 -14.90 4.82 -13.03 -18.14
11.14 -14.26 -13.89 11.16 -17.38 -10.26 11.14 -14.26 -13.89 11.12 -11.18 -17.48
8.91 -15.78 -15.23 4.67 -18.91 -12.63 8.91 -15.78 -15.23 13.12 -12.68 -17.81
6.75 -16.96 -16.24 6.68 -19.42 -13.99 6.75 -16.96 -16.24 6.82 -14.53 -18.47
8.97 -15.46 -14.91 12.72 -17.92 -11.66 8.97 -15.46 -14.91 5.25 -13.02 -18.13
10.91 -14.36 -13.98 10.92 -17.45 -10.40 10.91 -14.36 -13.98 10.89 -11.30 -17.52
8.92 -15.77 -15.22 5.12 -18.87 -12.59 8.92 -15.77 -15.22 12.68 -12.69 -17.82
6.98 -16.86 -16.15 6.91 -19.35 -13.85 6.98 -16.86 -16.15 7.05 -14.40 -18.43
8.97 -15.47 -14.92 12.27 -17.96 -11.70 8.97 -15.47 -14.92 5.69 -13.00 -18.12
10.68 -14.46 -14.06 10.69 -17.53 -10.54 10.68 -14.46 -14.06 10.66 -11.43 -17.56
8.92 -15.76 -15.21 5.56 -18.84 -12.56 8.92 -15.76 -15.21 12.24 -12.70 -17.83
7.21 -16.76 -16.06 7.15 -19.27 -13.72 7.21 -16.76 -16.06 7.27 -14.28 -18.39
8.97 -15.48 -14.93 11.83 -18.00 -11.73 8.97 -15.48 -14.93 6.13 -12.99 -18.10
10.44 -14.56 -14.15 10.45 -17.60 -10.67 10.44 -14.56 -14.15 10.44 -11.55 -17.59
8.92 -15.74 -15.19 6.01 -18.80 -12.52 8.92 -15.74 -15.19 11.81 -12.72 -17.85
7.44 -16.66 -15.98 7.39 -19.20 -13.58 7.44 -16.66 -15.98 7.50 -14.15 -18.36
8.96 -15.50 -14.95 11.38 -18.04 -11.77 8.96 -15.50 -14.95 6.56 -12.98 -18.09
10.21 -14.66 -14.24 10.22 -17.68 -10.81 10.21 -14.66 -14.24 10.21 -11.68 -17.63
8.93 -15.73 -15.18 6.46 -18.76 -12.48 8.93 -15.73 -15.18 11.37 -12.73 -17.86
7.67 -16.56 -15.89 7.62 -19.12 -13.44 7.67 -16.56 -15.89 7.72 -14.03 -18.32
8.96 -15.51 -14.96 10.93 -18.08 -11.81 8.96 -15.51 -14.96 7.00 -12.96 -18.08
9.98 -14.76 -14.32 9.98 -17.75 -10.95 9.98 -14.76 -14.32 9.99 -11.80 -17.67
8.93 -15.72 -15.17 6.91 -18.72 -12.44 8.93 -15.72 -15.17 10.93 -12.74 -17.87
7.90 -16.46 -15.80 7.86 -19.04 -13.30 7.90 -16.46 -15.80 7.95 -13.91 -18.28
8.96 -15.52 -14.97 10.48 -18.11 -11.85 8.96 -15.52 -14.97 7.44 -12.95 -18.07
189
Appendix I
9.75 -14.86 -14.41 9.74 -17.83 -11.09 9.75 -14.86 -14.41 9.76 -11.92 -17.70
8.93 -15.71 -15.16 7.35 -18.68 -12.41 8.93 -15.71 -15.16 10.50 -12.76 -17.88
8.13 -16.36 -15.72 8.09 -18.97 -13.16 8.13 -16.36 -15.72 8.18 -13.78 -18.25
8.95 -15.53 -14.98 10.04 -18.15 -11.88 8.95 -15.53 -14.98 7.87 -12.94 -18.06
9.52 -14.96 -14.50 9.51 -17.91 -11.23 9.52 -14.96 -14.50 9.53 -12.05 -17.74
8.94 -15.69 -15.14 7.80 -18.65 -12.37 8.94 -15.69 -15.14 10.06 -12.77 -17.90
8.37 -16.26 -15.63 8.33 -18.89 -13.02 8.37 -16.26 -15.63 8.40 -13.66 -18.21
8.95 -15.55 -15.00 9.59 -18.19 -11.92 8.95 -15.55 -15.00 8.31 -12.92 -18.04
9.29 -15.06 -14.58 9.27 -17.98 -11.37 9.29 -15.06 -14.58 9.31 -12.17 -17.78
8.94 -15.68 -15.13 8.25 -18.61 -12.33 8.94 -15.68 -15.13 9.62 -12.78 -17.91
8.60 -16.16 -15.54 8.57 -18.82 -12.89 8.60 -16.16 -15.54 8.63 -13.53 -18.18
8.95 -15.56 -15.01 9.14 -18.23 -11.96 8.95 -15.56 -15.01 8.75 -12.91 -18.03
9.06 -15.16 -14.67 9.04 -18.06 -11.50 9.06 -15.16 -14.67 9.08 -12.30 -17.81
8.94 -15.67 -15.12 8.70 -18.57 -12.29 8.94 -15.67 -15.12 9.19 -12.79 -17.92
8.83 -16.06 -15.46 8.80 -18.74 -12.75 8.83 -16.06 -15.46 8.85 -13.41 -18.14
-15.57 -15.02 -18.27 -12.00 -15.57 -15.02 -12.90 -18.02
-15.26 -14.76 -18.13 -11.64 -15.26 -14.76 -12.42 -17.85
-15.66 -15.11 -18.53 -12.26 -15.66 -15.11 -12.81 -17.93
-15.96 -15.37 -18.66 -12.61 -15.96 -15.37 -13.29 -18.10
-15.58 -15.03 -18.30 -12.03 -15.58 -15.03 -12.89 -18.01
-15.36 -14.85 -18.21 -11.78 -15.36 -14.85 -12.54 -17.88
-15.64 -15.09 -18.49 -12.22 -15.64 -15.09 -12.82 -17.94
-15.86 -15.28 -18.59 -12.47 -15.86 -15.28 -13.16 -18.07
-15.60 -15.04 -18.34 -12.07 -15.60 -15.04 -12.87 -17.99
-15.46 -14.93 -18.29 -11.92 -15.46 -14.93 -12.67 -17.92
-15.63 -15.08 -18.46 -12.18 -15.63 -15.08 -12.83 -17.96
-15.76 -15.19 -18.51 -12.33 -15.76 -15.19 -13.04 -18.03
-15.61 -15.06 -18.38 -12.11 -15.61 -15.06 -12.86 -17.98
-15.56 -15.02 -18.36 -12.06 -15.56 -15.02 -12.79 -17.96
-15.62 -15.07 -18.42 -12.14 -15.62 -15.07 -12.85 -17.97
-15.66 -15.11 -18.44 -12.20 -15.66 -15.11 -12.92 -17.99
-1.81 -17.86 -17.02 -4.48 -20.11 -15.24 -1.81 -17.86 -17.02 -8.18 -15.64 -18.79
19.70 -13.34 -13.08 22.31 -16.68 -8.97 19.70 -13.34 -13.08 22.43 -10.03 -17.15
Maxima and minima
190
Appendix I
Load Group 5
C12 C13 C14 C12 C13 C14 C12 C13 C14 C12 C13 C14
-2.36 -11.53 7.88 -13.15 -13.75 10.24 -2.36 -11.53 7.88 13.76 -8.21 4.33
3.19 -11.49 7.87 3.47 -13.73 10.25 3.19 -11.49 7.87 2.78 -8.14 4.31
4.02 -11.51 7.90 14.77 -13.74 10.25 4.02 -11.51 7.90 -12.05 -8.15 4.39
-1.54 -11.55 7.91 -1.85 -13.77 10.25 -1.54 -11.55 7.91 -1.07 -8.23 4.41
-2.52 -11.56 7.85 -12.41 -13.76 10.24 -2.52 -11.56 7.85 12.28 -8.27 4.27
3.13 -11.43 7.83 3.40 -13.69 10.25 3.13 -11.43 7.83 2.74 -8.05 4.20
4.17 -11.48 7.93 14.03 -13.74 10.26 4.17 -11.48 7.93 -10.56 -8.09 4.45
-1.48 -11.60 7.95 -1.78 -13.81 10.25 -1.48 -11.60 7.95 -1.03 -8.31 4.51
-2.67 -11.59 7.82 -11.68 -13.77 10.23 -2.67 -11.59 7.82 10.80 -8.33 4.21
3.08 -11.38 7.79 3.33 -13.65 10.25 3.08 -11.38 7.79 2.70 -7.97 4.10
4.33 -11.45 7.96 13.30 -13.73 10.27 4.33 -11.45 7.96 -9.08 -8.03 4.50
-1.42 -11.66 7.99 -1.71 -13.84 10.25 -1.42 -11.66 7.99 -0.98 -8.40 4.62
-2.83 -11.62 7.79 -10.94 -13.78 10.22 -2.83 -11.62 7.79 9.32 -8.39 4.15
3.02 -11.32 7.75 3.26 -13.62 10.24 3.02 -11.32 7.75 2.65 -7.88 4.00
4.48 -11.42 7.99 12.56 -13.72 10.28 4.48 -11.42 7.99 -7.60 -7.97 4.56
-1.36 -11.72 8.03 -1.64 -13.88 10.25 -1.36 -11.72 8.03 -0.94 -8.49 4.72
-2.98 -11.65 7.76 -10.21 -13.79 10.21 -2.98 -11.65 7.76 7.83 -8.45 4.10
2.96 -11.26 7.71 3.19 -13.58 10.24 2.96 -11.26 7.71 2.61 -7.80 3.90
4.64 -11.39 8.02 11.83 -13.71 10.29 4.64 -11.39 8.02 -6.12 -7.91 4.62
-1.30 -11.77 8.07 -1.57 -13.92 10.25 -1.30 -11.77 8.07 -0.89 -8.57 4.82
-3.13 -11.68 7.74 -9.48 -13.80 10.20 -3.13 -11.68 7.74 6.35 -8.51 4.04
2.90 -11.21 7.67 3.12 -13.54 10.24 2.90 -11.21 7.67 2.56 -7.71 3.79
4.79 -11.36 8.04 11.09 -13.70 10.30 4.79 -11.36 8.04 -4.64 -7.85 4.68
-1.24 -11.83 8.11 -1.50 -13.96 10.26 -1.24 -11.83 8.11 -0.85 -8.66 4.93
-3.29 -11.71 7.71 -8.74 -13.81 10.19 -3.29 -11.71 7.71 4.87 -8.57 3.98
2.84 -11.15 7.63 3.05 -13.50 10.24 2.84 -11.15 7.63 2.52 -7.62 3.69
4.94 -11.33 8.07 10.36 -13.69 10.30 4.94 -11.33 8.07 -3.16 -7.79 4.74
-1.18 -11.89 8.15 -1.43 -14.00 10.26 -1.18 -11.89 8.15 -0.80 -8.74 5.03
-3.44 -11.73 7.68 -8.01 -13.82 10.18 -3.44 -11.73 7.68 3.39 -8.63 3.92
2.78 -11.10 7.59 2.98 -13.46 10.24 2.78 -11.10 7.59 2.48 -7.54 3.59
5.10 -11.31 8.10 9.63 -13.68 10.31 5.10 -11.31 8.10 -1.67 -7.73 4.80
-1.12 -11.94 8.19 -1.36 -14.04 10.26 -1.12 -11.94 8.19 -0.76 -8.83 5.13
-3.60 -11.76 7.65 -7.27 -13.82 10.18 -3.60 -11.76 7.65 1.91 -8.69 3.86
2.72 -11.04 7.54 2.91 -13.43 10.24 2.72 -11.04 7.54 2.43 -7.45 3.48
5.25 -11.28 8.13 8.89 -13.67 10.32 5.25 -11.28 8.13 -0.19 -7.67 4.85
-1.06 -12.00 8.24 -1.29 -14.07 10.26 -1.06 -12.00 8.24 -0.72 -8.92 5.23
-3.75 -11.79 7.63 -6.54 -13.83 10.17 -3.75 -11.79 7.63 0.42 -8.75 3.80
2.66 -10.98 7.50 2.84 -13.39 10.24 2.66 -10.98 7.50 2.39 -7.36 3.38
5.41 -11.25 8.15 8.16 -13.66 10.33 5.41 -11.25 8.15 1.29 -7.61 4.91
-1.00 -12.06 8.28 -1.22 -14.11 10.26 -1.00 -12.06 8.28 -0.67 -9.00 5.34
-3.90 -11.82 7.60 -5.80 -13.84 10.16 -3.90 -11.82 7.60 -1.06 -8.81 3.75
2.60 -10.93 7.46 2.77 -13.35 10.24 2.60 -10.93 7.46 2.34 -7.28 3.28
5.56 -11.22 8.18 7.42 -13.66 10.34 5.56 -11.22 8.18 2.77 -7.55 4.97
-0.94 -12.11 8.32 -1.15 -14.15 10.26 -0.94 -12.11 8.32 -0.63 -9.09 5.44
-4.06 -11.85 7.57 -5.07 -13.85 10.15 -4.06 -11.85 7.57 -2.54 -8.87 3.69
2.54 -10.87 7.42 2.70 -13.31 10.23 2.54 -10.87 7.42 2.30 -7.19 3.17
5.71 -11.19 8.21 6.69 -13.65 10.35 5.71 -11.19 8.21 4.26 -7.50 5.03
-0.88 -12.17 8.36 -1.08 -14.19 10.26 -0.88 -12.17 8.36 -0.58 -9.17 5.54
-4.21 -11.88 7.54 -4.34 -13.86 10.14 -4.21 -11.88 7.54 -4.02 -8.93 3.63
191
Appendix I
2.48 -10.81 7.38 2.63 -13.27 10.23 2.48 -10.81 7.38 2.25 -7.11 3.07
5.87 -11.16 8.24 5.95 -13.64 10.36 5.87 -11.16 8.24 5.74 -7.44 5.09
-0.82 -12.23 8.40 -1.01 -14.23 10.26 -0.82 -12.23 8.40 -0.54 -9.26 5.65
-4.37 -11.91 7.51 -3.60 -13.87 10.13 -4.37 -11.91 7.51 -5.51 -8.99 3.57
2.42 -10.76 7.34 2.56 -13.23 10.23 2.42 -10.76 7.34 2.21 -7.02 2.97
6.02 -11.13 8.27 5.22 -13.63 10.36 6.02 -11.13 8.27 7.22 -7.38 5.15
-0.76 -12.28 8.44 -0.94 -14.26 10.26 -0.76 -12.28 8.44 -0.49 -9.35 5.75
-4.52 -11.93 7.49 -2.87 -13.88 10.12 -4.52 -11.93 7.49 -6.99 -9.05 3.51
2.36 -10.70 7.30 2.49 -13.20 10.23 2.36 -10.70 7.30 2.17 -6.93 2.86
6.18 -11.10 8.29 4.48 -13.62 10.37 6.18 -11.10 8.29 8.70 -7.32 5.20
-0.70 -12.34 8.48 -0.87 -14.30 10.27 -0.70 -12.34 8.48 -0.45 -9.43 5.85
-4.67 -11.96 7.46 -2.13 -13.89 10.12 -4.67 -11.96 7.46 -8.47 -9.11 3.45
2.30 -10.64 7.26 2.42 -13.16 10.23 2.30 -10.64 7.26 2.12 -6.85 2.76
6.33 -11.08 8.32 3.75 -13.61 10.38 6.33 -11.08 8.32 10.18 -7.26 5.26
-0.64 -12.40 8.52 -0.80 -14.34 10.27 -0.64 -12.40 8.52 -0.41 -9.52 5.96
-4.83 -11.99 7.43 -1.40 -13.90 10.11 -4.83 -11.99 7.43 -9.95 -9.17 3.40
2.24 -10.59 7.22 2.35 -13.12 10.23 2.24 -10.59 7.22 2.08 -6.76 2.66
6.48 -11.05 8.35 3.02 -13.60 10.39 6.48 -11.05 8.35 11.66 -7.20 5.32
-0.58 -12.45 8.56 -0.73 -14.38 10.27 -0.58 -12.45 8.56 -0.36 -9.61 6.06
-4.98 -12.02 7.40 -0.66 -13.90 10.10 -4.98 -12.02 7.40 -11.43 -9.23 3.34
2.18 -10.53 7.18 2.28 -13.08 10.23 2.18 -10.53 7.18 2.03 -6.67 2.56
6.64 -11.02 8.38 2.28 -13.59 10.40 6.64 -11.02 8.38 13.15 -7.14 5.38
-0.52 -12.51 8.60 -0.66 -14.42 10.27 -0.52 -12.51 8.60 -0.32 -9.69 6.16
-5.13 -12.05 7.38 0.07 -13.91 10.09 -5.13 -12.05 7.38 -12.91 -9.29 3.28
2.12 -10.47 7.14 2.21 -13.04 10.23 2.12 -10.47 7.14 1.99 -6.59 2.45
6.79 -10.99 8.40 1.55 -13.58 10.41 6.79 -10.99 8.40 14.63 -7.08 5.44
-0.46 -12.57 8.64 -0.59 -14.45 10.27 -0.46 -12.57 8.64 -0.27 -9.78 6.27
-5.29 -12.08 7.35 0.81 -13.92 10.08 -5.29 -12.08 7.35 -14.40 -9.35 3.22
2.06 -10.42 7.10 2.14 -13.01 10.22 2.06 -10.42 7.10 1.94 -6.50 2.35
6.94 -10.96 8.43 0.81 -13.58 10.42 6.94 -10.96 8.43 16.11 -7.02 5.50
-0.40 -12.62 8.68 -0.52 -14.49 10.27 -0.40 -12.62 8.68 -0.23 -9.86 6.37
-5.44 -12.11 7.32 1.54 -13.93 10.07 -5.44 -12.11 7.32 -15.88 -9.41 3.16
2.00 -10.36 7.06 2.07 -12.97 10.22 2.00 -10.36 7.06 1.90 -6.42 2.25
7.10 -10.93 8.46 0.08 -13.57 10.42 7.10 -10.93 8.46 17.59 -6.96 5.55
-0.34 -12.68 8.72 -0.45 -14.53 10.27 -0.34 -12.68 8.72 -0.18 -9.95 6.47
-5.37 -12.13 7.29 1.88 -13.94 10.06 -5.37 -12.13 7.29 -16.20 -9.47 3.10
1.94 -10.30 7.02 2.01 -12.93 10.22 1.94 -10.30 7.02 1.85 -6.33 2.14
7.02 -10.90 8.49 -0.26 -13.56 10.43 7.02 -10.90 8.49 17.92 -6.90 5.61
-0.29 -12.74 8.76 -0.39 -14.57 10.27 -0.29 -12.74 8.76 -0.14 -10.04 6.57
-5.07 -12.16 7.26 1.83 -13.95 10.05 -5.07 -12.16 7.26 -15.37 -9.53 3.05
1.89 -10.25 6.98 1.95 -12.89 10.22 1.89 -10.25 6.98 1.80 -6.24 2.04
6.72 -10.88 8.52 -0.21 -13.55 10.44 6.72 -10.88 8.52 17.09 -6.84 5.67
-0.23 -12.79 8.80 -0.33 -14.61 10.28 -0.23 -12.79 8.80 -0.09 -10.12 6.68
-4.76 -12.18 7.28 1.78 -13.96 10.06 -4.76 -12.18 7.28 -14.54 -9.56 3.09
1.84 -10.27 6.99 1.89 -12.90 10.22 1.84 -10.27 6.99 1.76 -6.28 2.08
6.42 -10.90 8.53 -0.16 -13.56 10.44 6.42 -10.90 8.53 16.25 -6.87 5.71
-0.18 -12.81 8.82 -0.27 -14.62 10.28 -0.18 -12.81 8.82 -0.04 -10.16 6.72
-4.46 -12.15 7.31 1.72 -13.95 10.07 -4.46 -12.15 7.31 -13.71 -9.50 3.15
1.78 -10.32 7.03 1.83 -12.94 10.22 1.78 -10.32 7.03 1.71 -6.36 2.19
6.12 -10.92 8.51 -0.11 -13.57 10.44 6.12 -10.92 8.51 15.42 -6.93 5.66
-0.12 -12.76 8.78 -0.21 -14.58 10.28 -0.12 -12.76 8.78 0.01 -10.07 6.62
-4.16 -12.13 7.34 1.67 -13.94 10.07 -4.16 -12.13 7.34 -12.87 -9.44 3.21
192
Appendix I
1.73 -10.38 7.07 1.77 -12.98 10.23 1.73 -10.38 7.07 1.66 -6.45 2.29
5.82 -10.95 8.48 -0.05 -13.58 10.43 5.82 -10.95 8.48 14.59 -6.99 5.60
-0.07 -12.70 8.74 -0.16 -14.54 10.28 -0.07 -12.70 8.74 0.06 -9.98 6.51
-3.86 -12.10 7.37 1.62 -13.93 10.08 -3.86 -12.10 7.37 -12.04 -9.38 3.26
1.67 -10.44 7.12 1.71 -13.02 10.23 1.67 -10.44 7.12 1.61 -6.53 2.39
5.51 -10.98 8.45 0.00 -13.59 10.42 5.51 -10.98 8.45 13.76 -7.05 5.54
-0.02 -12.64 8.70 -0.10 -14.51 10.27 -0.02 -12.64 8.70 0.10 -9.90 6.41
-3.55 -12.07 7.39 1.57 -13.93 10.09 -3.55 -12.07 7.39 -11.21 -9.32 3.32
1.62 -10.49 7.16 1.66 -13.06 10.23 1.62 -10.49 7.16 1.56 -6.62 2.50
5.21 -11.01 8.42 0.05 -13.60 10.41 5.21 -11.01 8.42 12.92 -7.11 5.48
0.04 -12.59 8.66 -0.04 -14.47 10.27 0.04 -12.59 8.66 0.15 -9.81 6.31
-3.25 -12.04 7.42 1.52 -13.92 10.10 -3.25 -12.04 7.42 -10.38 -9.26 3.38
1.56 -10.55 7.20 1.60 -13.09 10.23 1.56 -10.55 7.20 1.51 -6.71 2.60
4.91 -11.04 8.40 0.10 -13.61 10.40 4.91 -11.04 8.40 12.09 -7.17 5.42
0.09 -12.53 8.62 0.02 -14.43 10.27 0.09 -12.53 8.62 0.20 -9.72 6.21
-2.95 -12.01 7.45 1.46 -13.91 10.11 -2.95 -12.01 7.45 -9.55 -9.20 3.44
1.51 -10.61 7.24 1.54 -13.13 10.23 1.51 -10.61 7.24 1.46 -6.79 2.70
4.61 -11.07 8.37 0.15 -13.61 10.39 4.61 -11.07 8.37 11.26 -7.23 5.36
0.15 -12.47 8.58 0.08 -14.39 10.27 0.15 -12.47 8.58 0.25 -9.64 6.10
-2.65 -11.98 7.48 1.41 -13.90 10.12 -2.65 -11.98 7.48 -8.71 -9.14 3.50
1.45 -10.66 7.28 1.48 -13.17 10.23 1.45 -10.66 7.28 1.42 -6.88 2.80
4.30 -11.10 8.34 0.21 -13.62 10.38 4.30 -11.10 8.34 10.43 -7.29 5.31
0.20 -12.42 8.54 0.14 -14.35 10.27 0.20 -12.42 8.54 0.30 -9.55 6.00
-2.35 -11.95 7.50 1.36 -13.89 10.13 -2.35 -11.95 7.50 -7.88 -9.08 3.56
1.40 -10.72 7.32 1.42 -13.21 10.23 1.40 -10.72 7.32 1.37 -6.97 2.91
4.00 -11.12 8.31 0.26 -13.63 10.38 4.00 -11.12 8.31 9.60 -7.35 5.25
0.26 -12.36 8.50 0.20 -14.31 10.27 0.26 -12.36 8.50 0.35 -9.47 5.90
-2.04 -11.93 7.53 1.31 -13.88 10.13 -2.04 -11.93 7.53 -7.05 -9.02 3.61
1.35 -10.78 7.36 1.36 -13.25 10.23 1.35 -10.78 7.36 1.32 -7.05 3.01
3.70 -11.15 8.28 0.31 -13.64 10.37 3.70 -11.15 8.28 8.76 -7.41 5.19
0.31 -12.30 8.46 0.25 -14.28 10.27 0.31 -12.30 8.46 0.40 -9.38 5.79
-1.74 -11.90 7.56 1.25 -13.87 10.14 -1.74 -11.90 7.56 -6.22 -8.96 3.67
1.29 -10.83 7.40 1.31 -13.28 10.24 1.29 -10.83 7.40 1.27 -7.14 3.11
3.40 -11.18 8.26 0.36 -13.65 10.36 3.40 -11.18 8.26 7.93 -7.47 5.13
0.37 -12.25 8.42 0.31 -14.24 10.27 0.37 -12.25 8.42 0.44 -9.29 5.69
-1.44 -11.87 7.59 1.20 -13.86 10.15 -1.44 -11.87 7.59 -5.38 -8.90 3.73
1.24 -10.89 7.44 1.25 -13.32 10.24 1.24 -10.89 7.44 1.22 -7.22 3.22
3.10 -11.21 8.23 0.42 -13.66 10.35 3.10 -11.21 8.23 7.10 -7.53 5.07
0.42 -12.19 8.38 0.37 -14.20 10.26 0.42 -12.19 8.38 0.49 -9.21 5.59
-1.14 -11.84 7.62 1.15 -13.85 10.16 -1.14 -11.84 7.62 -4.55 -8.84 3.79
1.18 -10.95 7.48 1.19 -13.36 10.24 1.18 -10.95 7.48 1.17 -7.31 3.32
2.79 -11.24 8.20 0.47 -13.67 10.34 2.79 -11.24 8.20 6.27 -7.59 5.01
0.47 -12.13 8.33 0.43 -14.16 10.26 0.47 -12.13 8.33 0.54 -9.12 5.48
-0.83 -11.81 7.64 1.10 -13.85 10.17 -0.83 -11.81 7.64 -3.72 -8.78 3.85
1.13 -11.00 7.52 1.13 -13.40 10.24 1.13 -11.00 7.52 1.12 -7.40 3.42
2.49 -11.27 8.17 0.52 -13.68 10.33 2.49 -11.27 8.17 5.43 -7.65 4.96
0.53 -12.08 8.29 0.49 -14.12 10.26 0.53 -12.08 8.29 0.59 -9.03 5.38
-0.53 -11.78 7.67 1.04 -13.84 10.18 -0.53 -11.78 7.67 -2.89 -8.72 3.91
1.07 -11.06 7.56 1.07 -13.44 10.24 1.07 -11.06 7.56 1.08 -7.48 3.53
2.19 -11.30 8.14 0.57 -13.69 10.32 2.19 -11.30 8.14 4.60 -7.71 4.90
0.58 -12.02 8.25 0.55 -14.09 10.26 0.58 -12.02 8.25 0.64 -8.95 5.28
-0.23 -11.75 7.70 0.99 -13.83 10.19 -0.23 -11.75 7.70 -2.06 -8.66 3.96
193
Appendix I
1.02 -11.12 7.60 1.01 -13.48 10.24 1.02 -11.12 7.60 1.03 -7.57 3.63
1.89 -11.33 8.12 0.63 -13.69 10.32 1.89 -11.33 8.12 3.77 -7.77 4.84
0.64 -11.96 8.21 0.60 -14.05 10.26 0.64 -11.96 8.21 0.69 -8.86 5.17
0.07 -11.73 7.73 0.94 -13.82 10.19 0.07 -11.73 7.73 -1.22 -8.60 4.02
0.96 -11.17 7.64 0.95 -13.51 10.24 0.96 -11.17 7.64 0.98 -7.66 3.73
1.58 -11.35 8.09 0.68 -13.70 10.31 1.58 -11.35 8.09 2.94 -7.83 4.78
0.69 -11.91 8.17 0.66 -14.01 10.26 0.69 -11.91 8.17 0.74 -8.78 5.07
0.37 -11.70 7.76 0.89 -13.81 10.20 0.37 -11.70 7.76 -0.39 -8.55 4.08
0.91 -11.23 7.68 0.90 -13.55 10.24 0.91 -11.23 7.68 0.93 -7.74 3.84
1.28 -11.38 8.06 0.73 -13.71 10.30 1.28 -11.38 8.06 2.11 -7.89 4.72
0.75 -11.85 8.13 0.72 -13.97 10.26 0.75 -11.85 8.13 0.78 -8.69 4.97
0.68 -11.67 7.78 0.83 -13.80 10.21 0.68 -11.67 7.78 0.44 -8.49 4.14
0.86 -11.29 7.73 0.84 -13.59 10.25 0.86 -11.29 7.73 0.88 -7.83 3.94
0.98 -11.41 8.03 0.78 -13.72 10.29 0.98 -11.41 8.03 1.27 -7.95 4.66
0.80 -11.79 8.09 0.78 -13.93 10.26 0.80 -11.79 8.09 0.83 -8.60 4.87
-11.64 7.81 -13.79 10.22 -11.64 7.81 -8.43 4.20
-11.34 7.77 -13.63 10.25 -11.34 7.77 -7.91 4.04
-11.44 8.01 -13.73 10.28 -11.44 8.01 -8.01 4.61
-11.74 8.05 -13.89 10.25 -11.74 8.05 -8.52 4.76
-11.61 7.84 -13.78 10.23 -11.61 7.84 -8.37 4.26
-11.40 7.81 -13.67 10.25 -11.40 7.81 -8.00 4.14
-11.47 7.98 -13.74 10.27 -11.47 7.98 -8.07 4.55
-11.68 8.01 -13.86 10.25 -11.68 8.01 -8.43 4.66
-11.58 7.87 -13.77 10.24 -11.58 7.87 -8.31 4.31
-11.45 7.85 -13.70 10.25 -11.45 7.85 -8.09 4.25
-11.50 7.95 -13.75 10.26 -11.50 7.95 -8.13 4.49
-11.62 7.97 -13.82 10.25 -11.62 7.97 -8.35 4.56
-11.55 7.89 -13.77 10.25 -11.55 7.89 -8.25 4.37
-11.51 7.89 -13.74 10.25 -11.51 7.89 -8.17 4.35
-11.53 7.92 -13.76 10.26 -11.53 7.92 -8.19 4.43
-11.57 7.93 -13.78 10.25 -11.57 7.93 -8.26 4.45
-5.44 -12.81 6.98 -13.15 -14.62 10.05 -5.44 -12.81 6.98 -16.20 -10.16 2.04
7.10 -10.25 8.82 14.77 -12.89 10.44 7.10 -10.25 8.82 17.92 -6.24 6.72
Maxima and minima
194
Appendix I
Load Group 6
C12 C13 C14 C12 C13 C14 C12 C13 C14 C12 C13 C14
3.82 -7.08 -6.42 -9.60 -9.84 -3.47 3.82 -7.08 -6.42 17.31 -4.30 -9.39
8.58 -7.06 -6.41 8.92 -9.85 -3.44 8.58 -7.06 -6.41 8.24 -4.26 -9.38
3.88 -7.09 -6.43 17.25 -9.87 -3.50 3.88 -7.09 -6.43 -9.56 -4.28 -9.37
-0.88 -7.11 -6.44 -1.27 -9.87 -3.53 -0.88 -7.11 -6.44 -0.49 -4.33 -9.37
3.82 -7.08 -6.42 -8.50 -9.81 -3.44 3.82 -7.08 -6.42 16.19 -4.32 -9.41
8.45 -7.02 -6.37 8.78 -9.83 -3.35 8.45 -7.02 -6.37 8.12 -4.19 -9.40
3.88 -7.09 -6.43 16.15 -9.90 -3.53 3.88 -7.09 -6.43 -8.45 -4.26 -9.35
-0.75 -7.15 -6.48 -1.13 -9.89 -3.62 -0.75 -7.15 -6.48 -0.38 -4.40 -9.36
3.81 -7.07 -6.41 -7.40 -9.78 -3.41 3.81 -7.07 -6.41 15.08 -4.35 -9.43
8.33 -6.97 -6.33 8.64 -9.81 -3.27 8.33 -6.97 -6.33 8.01 -4.12 -9.41
3.88 -7.09 -6.44 15.05 -9.93 -3.56 3.88 -7.09 -6.44 -7.33 -4.24 -9.33
-0.63 -7.19 -6.52 -0.99 -9.91 -3.71 -0.63 -7.19 -6.52 -0.26 -4.47 -9.34
3.81 -7.07 -6.41 -6.30 -9.75 -3.38 3.81 -7.07 -6.41 13.96 -4.37 -9.45
8.20 -6.93 -6.30 8.50 -9.79 -3.18 8.20 -6.93 -6.30 7.90 -4.05 -9.43
3.89 -7.10 -6.44 13.94 -9.97 -3.59 3.89 -7.10 -6.44 -6.22 -4.22 -9.31
-0.50 -7.24 -6.55 -0.85 -9.93 -3.79 -0.50 -7.24 -6.55 -0.15 -4.53 -9.33
3.81 -7.06 -6.40 -5.19 -9.72 -3.35 3.81 -7.06 -6.40 12.85 -4.39 -9.47
8.07 -6.88 -6.26 8.36 -9.77 -3.09 8.07 -6.88 -6.26 7.78 -3.98 -9.44
3.89 -7.10 -6.45 12.84 -10.00 -3.62 3.89 -7.10 -6.45 -5.10 -4.20 -9.29
-0.38 -7.28 -6.59 -0.71 -9.95 -3.88 -0.38 -7.28 -6.59 -3.62 -4.60 -9.31
3.80 -7.06 -6.40 -4.09 -9.69 -3.32 3.80 -7.06 -6.40 11.73 -4.41 -9.49
7.95 -6.84 -6.22 8.22 -9.75 -3.00 7.95 -6.84 -6.22 7.67 -3.91 -9.45
3.90 -7.11 -6.45 11.74 -10.02 -3.65 3.90 -7.11 -6.45 -3.99 -4.18 -9.27
-0.25 -7.33 -6.63 -0.57 -9.97 -3.97 -0.25 -7.33 -6.63 7.75 -4.67 -9.30
3.80 -7.05 -6.39 -2.99 -9.66 -3.29 3.80 -7.05 -6.39 10.62 -4.43 -9.51
7.82 -6.79 -6.18 8.08 -9.72 -2.92 7.82 -6.79 -6.18 7.55 -3.85 -9.47
3.90 -7.11 -6.46 10.64 -10.06 -3.68 3.90 -7.11 -6.46 -2.88 -4.16 -9.25
-0.12 -7.37 -6.67 -0.43 -9.99 -4.06 -0.12 -7.37 -6.67 0.19 -4.74 -9.29
3.80 -7.05 -6.39 -1.89 -9.63 -3.26 3.80 -7.05 -6.39 9.51 -4.45 -9.53
7.69 -6.75 -6.15 7.94 -9.70 -2.83 7.69 -6.75 -6.15 7.44 -3.78 -9.48
3.90 -7.12 -6.46 9.54 -10.09 -3.71 3.90 -7.12 -6.46 -1.76 -4.14 -9.23
0.00 -7.42 -6.70 -0.29 -10.01 -4.15 0.00 -7.42 -6.70 0.31 -4.81 -9.27
3.79 -7.04 -6.38 -0.79 -9.60 -3.23 3.79 -7.04 -6.38 8.39 -4.47 -9.55
7.57 -6.70 -6.11 7.80 -9.68 -2.74 7.57 -6.70 -6.11 7.33 -3.71 -9.50
3.91 -7.12 -6.47 8.44 -10.12 -3.74 3.91 -7.12 -6.47 -0.65 -4.12 -9.21
0.13 -7.46 -6.74 -0.16 -10.04 -4.23 0.13 -7.46 -6.74 0.42 -4.88 -9.26
3.79 -7.04 -6.38 0.31 -9.57 -3.21 3.79 -7.04 -6.38 7.28 -4.49 -9.57
7.44 -6.66 -6.07 7.67 -9.66 -2.65 7.44 -6.66 -6.07 7.21 -3.64 -9.51
3.91 -7.13 -6.47 7.33 -10.15 -3.77 3.91 -7.13 -6.47 0.47 -4.10 -9.19
0.26 -7.51 -6.78 -0.02 -10.06 -4.32 0.26 -7.51 -6.78 0.53 -4.95 -9.24
3.78 -7.03 -6.37 1.42 -9.54 -3.18 3.78 -7.03 -6.37 6.16 -4.51 -9.59
7.31 -6.61 -6.04 7.53 -9.64 -2.56 7.31 -6.61 -6.04 7.10 -3.57 -9.52
3.91 -7.13 -6.48 6.23 -10.18 -3.80 3.91 -7.13 -6.48 1.58 -4.08 -9.17
0.38 -7.55 -6.81 0.12 -10.08 -4.41 0.38 -7.55 -6.81 0.65 -5.02 -9.23
3.78 -7.03 -6.37 2.52 -9.51 -3.15 3.78 -7.03 -6.37 5.05 -4.53 -9.61
7.19 -6.57 -6.00 7.39 -9.62 -2.48 7.19 -6.57 -6.00 6.99 -3.50 -9.54
3.92 -7.14 -6.48 5.13 -10.21 -3.83 3.92 -7.14 -6.48 2.70 -4.05 -9.15
0.51 -7.60 -6.85 0.26 -10.10 -4.50 0.51 -7.60 -6.85 0.76 -5.08 -9.22
3.78 -7.02 -6.36 3.62 -9.48 -3.12 3.78 -7.02 -6.36 3.93 -4.55 -9.63
195
Appendix I
7.06 -6.52 -5.96 7.25 -9.60 -2.39 7.06 -6.52 -5.96 6.87 -3.43 -9.55
3.92 -7.14 -6.48 4.03 -10.24 -3.86 3.92 -7.14 -6.48 3.81 -4.03 -9.13
0.64 -7.64 -6.89 0.40 -10.12 -4.58 0.64 -7.64 -6.89 0.87 -5.15 -9.20
3.77 -7.02 -6.36 4.72 -9.45 -3.09 3.77 -7.02 -6.36 2.82 -4.57 -9.65
6.93 -6.48 -5.93 7.11 -9.58 -2.30 6.93 -6.48 -5.93 6.76 -3.36 -9.57
3.93 -7.15 -6.49 2.93 -10.27 -3.89 3.93 -7.15 -6.49 4.93 -4.01 -9.10
0.76 -7.69 -6.92 0.54 -10.14 -4.67 0.76 -7.69 -6.92 0.99 -5.22 -9.19
3.77 -7.01 -6.35 5.82 -9.42 -3.06 3.77 -7.01 -6.35 1.70 -4.59 -9.67
6.81 -6.43 -5.89 6.97 -9.56 -2.21 6.81 -6.43 -5.89 6.64 -3.30 -9.58
3.93 -7.15 -6.49 1.83 -10.30 -3.92 3.93 -7.15 -6.49 6.04 -3.99 -9.08
0.89 -7.73 -6.96 0.68 -10.16 -4.76 0.89 -7.73 -6.96 1.10 -5.29 -9.17
3.76 -7.01 -6.35 6.93 -9.39 -3.03 3.76 -7.01 -6.35 0.59 -4.62 -9.69
6.68 -6.39 -5.85 6.83 -9.54 -2.13 6.68 -6.39 -5.85 6.53 -3.23 -9.59
3.93 -7.16 -6.50 0.72 -10.33 -3.95 3.93 -7.16 -6.50 7.16 -3.97 -9.06
1.02 -7.78 -7.00 0.82 -10.18 -4.85 1.02 -7.78 -7.00 1.22 -5.36 -9.16
3.76 -7.00 -6.35 8.03 -9.36 -3.00 3.76 -7.00 -6.35 -0.53 -4.64 -9.71
6.55 -6.34 -5.81 6.69 -9.52 -2.04 6.55 -6.34 -5.81 6.42 -3.16 -9.61
3.94 -7.16 -6.50 -0.38 -10.36 -3.98 3.94 -7.16 -6.50 8.27 -3.95 -9.04
1.14 -7.82 -7.04 0.96 -10.20 -4.94 1.14 -7.82 -7.04 1.33 -5.43 -9.14
3.76 -7.00 -6.34 9.13 -9.33 -2.97 3.76 -7.00 -6.34 -1.64 -4.66 -9.73
6.43 -6.30 -5.78 6.55 -9.50 -1.95 6.43 -6.30 -5.78 6.30 -3.09 -9.62
3.94 -7.17 -6.51 -1.48 -10.39 -4.00 3.94 -7.17 -6.51 9.39 -3.93 -9.02
1.27 -7.87 -7.07 1.10 -10.22 -5.02 1.27 -7.87 -7.07 1.44 -5.50 -9.13
3.75 -6.99 -6.34 10.23 -9.30 -2.94 3.75 -6.99 -6.34 -2.76 -4.68 -9.75
6.30 -6.26 -5.74 6.41 -9.48 -1.86 6.30 -6.26 -5.74 6.19 -3.02 -9.64
3.94 -7.17 -6.51 -2.58 -10.42 -4.03 3.94 -7.17 -6.51 10.50 -3.91 -9.00
1.40 -7.91 -7.11 1.24 -10.24 -5.11 1.40 -7.91 -7.11 1.56 -5.57 -9.12
3.75 -6.99 -6.33 11.33 -9.27 -2.91 3.75 -6.99 -6.33 -3.87 -4.70 -9.77
6.17 -6.21 -5.70 6.27 -9.45 -1.77 6.17 -6.21 -5.70 6.08 -2.95 -9.65
3.95 -7.18 -6.52 -3.68 -10.45 -4.06 3.95 -7.18 -6.52 11.62 -3.89 -8.98
1.52 -7.96 -7.15 1.38 -10.26 -5.20 1.52 -7.96 -7.15 1.67 -5.64 -9.10
3.75 -6.99 -6.33 12.43 -9.24 -2.88 3.75 -6.99 -6.33 -4.99 -4.72 -9.79
6.05 -6.17 -5.67 6.13 -9.43 -1.69 6.05 -6.17 -5.67 5.96 -2.88 -9.66
3.95 -7.18 -6.52 -4.79 -10.48 -4.09 3.95 -7.18 -6.52 12.73 -3.87 -8.96
1.65 -8.00 -7.18 1.52 -10.28 -5.29 1.65 -8.00 -7.18 1.78 -5.70 -9.09
3.75 -6.98 -6.32 12.77 -9.21 -2.85 3.75 -6.98 -6.32 -5.32 -4.74 -9.81
5.93 -6.12 -5.63 6.01 -9.41 -1.60 5.93 -6.12 -5.63 5.86 -2.81 -9.68
3.95 -7.19 -6.53 -5.12 -10.51 -4.12 3.95 -7.19 -6.53 13.06 -3.85 -8.94
1.76 -8.04 -7.22 1.64 -10.31 -5.37 1.76 -8.04 -7.22 1.89 -5.77 -9.07
3.75 -6.98 -6.32 12.33 -9.18 -2.82 3.75 -6.98 -6.32 -4.87 -4.76 -9.83
5.83 -6.08 -5.59 5.90 -9.39 -1.51 5.83 -6.08 -5.59 5.76 -2.74 -9.69
3.95 -7.19 -6.53 -4.68 -10.54 -4.15 3.95 -7.19 -6.53 12.62 -3.83 -8.92
1.87 -8.09 -7.26 1.75 -10.33 -5.46 1.87 -8.09 -7.26 1.99 -5.84 -9.06
3.76 -6.99 -6.33 11.89 -9.18 -2.85 3.76 -6.99 -6.33 -4.42 -4.78 -9.82
5.73 -6.09 -5.60 5.80 -9.39 -1.54 5.73 -6.09 -5.60 5.66 -2.77 -9.68
3.94 -7.20 -6.54 -4.25 -10.54 -4.19 3.94 -7.20 -6.54 12.17 -3.85 -8.92
1.97 -8.10 -7.27 1.85 -10.33 -5.49 1.97 -8.10 -7.27 2.08 -5.86 -9.05
3.76 -6.99 -6.33 11.46 -9.21 -2.88 3.76 -6.99 -6.33 -3.97 -4.76 -9.80
5.63 -6.13 -5.64 5.69 -9.42 -1.63 5.63 -6.13 -5.64 5.57 -2.84 -9.67
3.94 -7.20 -6.54 -3.81 -10.51 -4.16 3.94 -7.20 -6.54 11.72 -3.87 -8.94
2.07 -8.06 -7.23 1.96 -10.31 -5.41 2.07 -8.06 -7.23 2.18 -5.80 -9.07
3.77 -7.00 -6.34 11.02 -9.24 -2.91 3.77 -7.00 -6.34 -3.53 -4.74 -9.78
196
Appendix I
5.53 -6.18 -5.68 5.58 -9.44 -1.72 5.53 -6.18 -5.68 5.47 -2.90 -9.66
3.93 -7.19 -6.54 -3.37 -10.48 -4.13 3.93 -7.19 -6.54 11.27 -3.89 -8.96
2.17 -8.01 -7.20 2.07 -10.29 -5.32 2.17 -8.01 -7.20 2.28 -5.73 -9.08
3.77 -7.00 -6.34 10.59 -9.27 -2.94 3.77 -7.00 -6.34 -3.08 -4.72 -9.76
5.43 -6.22 -5.71 5.48 -9.46 -1.81 5.43 -6.22 -5.71 5.37 -2.97 -9.64
3.93 -7.19 -6.53 -2.94 -10.45 -4.10 3.93 -7.19 -6.53 10.82 -3.91 -8.98
2.27 -7.97 -7.16 2.17 -10.27 -5.23 2.27 -7.97 -7.16 2.37 -5.66 -9.09
3.78 -7.01 -6.35 10.15 -9.30 -2.97 3.78 -7.01 -6.35 -2.63 -4.70 -9.74
5.32 -6.27 -5.75 5.37 -9.48 -1.89 5.32 -6.27 -5.75 5.28 -3.04 -9.63
3.92 -7.18 -6.53 -2.50 -10.42 -4.07 3.92 -7.18 -6.53 10.37 -3.93 -9.00
2.37 -7.92 -7.12 2.28 -10.25 -5.14 2.37 -7.92 -7.12 2.47 -5.59 -9.11
3.78 -7.01 -6.35 9.71 -9.33 -3.00 3.78 -7.01 -6.35 -2.18 -4.68 -9.72
5.22 -6.31 -5.79 5.26 -9.50 -1.98 5.22 -6.31 -5.79 5.18 -3.11 -9.61
3.92 -7.18 -6.52 -2.07 -10.39 -4.04 3.92 -7.18 -6.52 9.93 -3.95 -9.02
2.48 -7.88 -7.08 2.39 -10.22 -5.06 2.48 -7.88 -7.08 2.57 -5.52 -9.12
3.79 -7.02 -6.36 9.28 -9.36 -3.03 3.79 -7.02 -6.36 -1.73 -4.66 -9.70
5.12 -6.36 -5.83 5.16 -9.52 -2.07 5.12 -6.36 -5.83 5.08 -3.18 -9.60
3.91 -7.17 -6.52 -1.63 -10.36 -4.01 3.91 -7.17 -6.52 9.48 -3.97 -9.04
2.58 -7.83 -7.05 2.49 -10.20 -4.97 2.58 -7.83 -7.05 2.66 -5.45 -9.14
3.79 -7.02 -6.36 8.84 -9.39 -3.06 3.79 -7.02 -6.36 -1.28 -4.64 -9.68
5.02 -6.40 -5.86 5.05 -9.54 -2.16 5.02 -6.40 -5.86 4.99 -3.25 -9.59
3.91 -7.17 -6.51 -1.19 -10.33 -3.98 3.91 -7.17 -6.51 9.03 -3.99 -9.06
2.68 -7.79 -7.01 2.60 -10.18 -4.88 2.68 -7.79 -7.01 2.76 -5.38 -9.15
3.80 -7.03 -6.37 8.40 -9.42 -3.09 3.80 -7.03 -6.37 -0.83 -4.62 -9.66
4.92 -6.45 -5.90 4.94 -9.56 -2.25 4.92 -6.45 -5.90 4.89 -3.32 -9.57
3.90 -7.16 -6.51 -0.76 -10.30 -3.95 3.90 -7.16 -6.51 8.58 -4.01 -9.08
2.78 -7.74 -6.97 2.71 -10.16 -4.79 2.78 -7.74 -6.97 2.86 -5.31 -9.16
3.80 -7.03 -6.37 7.97 -9.45 -3.12 3.80 -7.03 -6.37 -0.39 -4.60 -9.64
4.82 -6.49 -5.94 4.84 -9.58 -2.33 4.82 -6.49 -5.94 4.79 -3.39 -9.56
3.90 -7.16 -6.50 -0.32 -10.27 -3.92 3.90 -7.16 -6.50 8.13 -4.04 -9.10
2.88 -7.70 -6.94 2.81 -10.14 -4.70 2.88 -7.70 -6.94 2.95 -5.25 -9.18
3.81 -7.04 -6.38 7.53 -9.48 -3.15 3.81 -7.04 -6.38 6.19 -4.58 -9.62
4.71 -6.54 -5.97 4.73 -9.60 -2.42 4.71 -6.54 -5.97 4.70 -3.46 -9.54
3.89 -7.15 -6.50 0.12 -10.24 -3.89 3.89 -7.15 -6.50 7.68 -4.06 -9.12
2.98 -7.65 -6.90 2.92 -10.12 -4.62 2.98 -7.65 -6.90 3.05 -5.18 -9.19
3.81 -7.04 -6.38 7.10 -9.51 -3.18 3.81 -7.04 -6.38 0.51 -4.55 -9.60
4.61 -6.58 -6.01 4.62 -9.62 -2.51 4.61 -6.58 -6.01 4.60 -3.52 -9.53
3.89 -7.15 -6.49 0.55 -10.21 -3.86 3.89 -7.15 -6.49 7.24 -4.08 -9.14
3.09 -7.61 -6.86 3.02 -10.10 -4.53 3.09 -7.61 -6.86 3.15 -5.11 -9.21
3.82 -7.05 -6.39 6.66 -9.55 -3.21 3.82 -7.05 -6.39 0.96 -4.53 -9.58
4.51 -6.63 -6.05 4.52 -9.64 -2.60 4.51 -6.63 -6.05 4.50 -3.59 -9.52
3.88 -7.15 -6.49 0.99 -10.18 -3.83 3.88 -7.15 -6.49 6.79 -4.10 -9.16
3.19 -7.57 -6.83 3.13 -10.08 -4.44 3.19 -7.57 -6.83 3.24 -5.04 -9.22
3.82 -7.05 -6.39 6.22 -9.58 -3.24 3.82 -7.05 -6.39 1.41 -4.51 -9.56
4.41 -6.67 -6.08 4.41 -9.66 -2.68 4.41 -6.67 -6.08 4.41 -3.66 -9.50
3.88 -7.14 -6.48 1.43 -10.15 -3.80 3.88 -7.14 -6.48 6.34 -4.12 -9.18
3.29 -7.52 -6.79 3.24 -10.06 -4.35 3.29 -7.52 -6.79 3.34 -4.97 -9.23
3.83 -7.05 -6.40 5.79 -9.61 -3.27 3.83 -7.05 -6.40 1.86 -4.49 -9.54
4.31 -6.72 -6.12 4.30 -9.69 -2.77 4.31 -6.72 -6.12 4.31 -3.73 -9.49
3.87 -7.14 -6.48 1.86 -10.12 -3.77 3.87 -7.14 -6.48 5.89 -4.14 -9.20
3.39 -7.48 -6.75 3.34 -10.04 -4.27 3.39 -7.48 -6.75 3.44 -4.90 -9.25
3.83 -7.06 -6.40 5.35 -9.64 -3.30 3.83 -7.06 -6.40 2.30 -4.47 -9.52
197
Appendix I
4.20 -6.76 -6.16 4.20 -9.71 -2.86 4.20 -6.76 -6.16 4.21 -3.80 -9.47
3.87 -7.13 -6.47 2.30 -10.09 -3.74 3.87 -7.13 -6.47 5.44 -4.16 -9.22
3.49 -7.43 -6.71 3.45 -10.02 -4.18 3.49 -7.43 -6.71 3.53 -4.83 -9.26
3.84 -7.06 -6.41 4.92 -9.67 -3.33 3.84 -7.06 -6.41 2.75 -4.45 -9.50
4.10 -6.80 -6.20 4.09 -9.73 -2.95 4.10 -6.80 -6.20 4.12 -3.87 -9.46
3.86 -7.13 -6.47 2.73 -10.06 -3.71 3.86 -7.13 -6.47 4.99 -4.18 -9.24
3.59 -7.39 -6.68 3.56 -10.00 -4.09 3.59 -7.39 -6.68 3.63 -4.76 -9.28
3.84 -7.07 -6.41 4.48 -9.70 -3.36 3.84 -7.07 -6.41 3.20 -4.43 -9.48
4.00 -6.85 -6.23 3.98 -9.75 -3.04 4.00 -6.85 -6.23 4.02 -3.94 -9.45
3.86 -7.12 -6.46 3.17 -10.03 -3.68 3.86 -7.12 -6.46 4.55 -4.20 -9.26
3.70 -7.34 -6.64 3.66 -9.98 -4.00 3.70 -7.34 -6.64 3.73 -4.69 -9.29
3.85 -7.07 -6.41 4.04 -9.73 -3.39 3.85 -7.07 -6.41 3.65 -4.41 -9.46
3.90 -6.89 -6.27 3.88 -9.77 -3.12 3.90 -6.89 -6.27 3.92 -4.01 -9.43
3.85 -7.12 -6.46 3.61 -10.00 -3.65 3.85 -7.12 -6.46 4.10 -4.22 -9.28
3.80 -7.30 -6.60 3.77 -9.96 -3.91 3.80 -7.30 -6.60 3.82 -4.63 -9.30
-7.08 -6.42 -9.76 -3.42 -7.08 -6.42 -4.39 -9.44
-6.94 -6.31 -9.79 -3.21 -6.94 -6.31 -4.07 -9.42
-7.11 -6.45 -9.97 -3.62 -7.11 -6.45 -4.24 -9.30
-7.25 -6.57 -9.93 -3.83 -7.25 -6.57 -4.56 -9.32
-7.08 -6.42 -9.79 -3.44 -7.08 -6.42 -4.37 -9.42
-6.98 -6.34 -9.81 -3.30 -6.98 -6.34 -4.14 -9.40
-7.11 -6.45 -9.94 -3.59 -7.11 -6.45 -4.26 -9.32
-7.21 -6.53 -9.91 -3.74 -7.21 -6.53 -4.49 -9.33
-7.09 -6.43 -9.82 -3.47 -7.09 -6.43 -4.35 -9.40
-7.03 -6.38 -9.83 -3.39 -7.03 -6.38 -4.21 -9.39
-7.10 -6.44 -9.91 -3.56 -7.10 -6.44 -4.28 -9.34
-7.16 -6.49 -9.89 -3.65 -7.16 -6.49 -4.42 -9.35
-7.09 -6.43 -9.85 -3.50 -7.09 -6.43 -4.33 -9.38
-7.07 -6.42 -9.85 -3.47 -7.07 -6.42 -4.28 -9.38
-7.10 -6.44 -9.88 -3.53 -7.10 -6.44 -4.31 -9.36
-7.12 -6.46 -9.87 -3.56 -7.12 -6.46 -4.35 -9.36
-0.88 -8.10 -7.27 -9.60 -10.54 -5.49 -0.88 -8.10 -7.27 -9.56 -5.86 -9.83
8.58 -6.08 -5.59 17.25 -9.18 -1.51 8.58 -6.08 -5.59 17.31 -2.74 -8.92
Maxima and minima
198
Appendix I
Normal stresses in columns C32,C33,C34

Load Group 2
C32 C33 C34 C32 C33 C34 C32 C33 C34 C32 C33 C34
-11.16 -4.80 9.79 6.57 -2.05 -22.83 10.16 -13.94 -7.82 16.48 -22.38 -3.08
-20.43 -4.82 9.70 19.98 -2.01 -22.69 14.40 -13.89 -7.78 18.38 -22.31 -3.06
-17.90 -4.81 9.77 15.88 -2.02 -22.80 6.40 -13.96 -7.84 6.09 -22.43 -3.13
-8.63 -4.79 9.86 2.47 -2.07 -22.94 2.16 -14.01 -7.89 4.19 -22.50 -3.15
-11.33 -4.78 9.81 6.80 -2.07 -22.85 10.04 -13.91 -7.79 16.17 -22.33 -3.02
-20.01 -4.86 9.53 19.35 -1.95 -22.45 13.95 -13.76 -7.67 17.84 -22.11 -2.98
-17.73 -4.83 9.75 15.65 -2.00 -22.78 6.53 -13.99 -7.87 6.40 -22.49 -3.19
-9.05 -4.75 10.03 3.09 -2.12 -23.18 2.62 -14.14 -7.99 4.72 -22.70 -3.24
-11.50 -4.76 9.83 7.03 -2.10 -22.88 9.91 -13.89 -7.77 15.85 -22.27 -2.97
-19.59 -4.89 9.36 18.73 -1.89 -22.20 13.49 -13.64 -7.57 17.31 -21.92 -2.89
-17.56 -4.85 9.73 15.42 -1.98 -22.75 6.65 -14.01 -7.90 6.71 -22.54 -3.24
-9.47 -4.72 10.20 3.72 -2.18 -23.42 3.07 -14.26 -8.10 5.26 -22.89 -3.32
-11.67 -4.74 9.84 7.26 -2.12 -22.90 9.79 -13.86 -7.74 15.54 -22.22 -2.92
-19.17 -4.93 9.19 18.10 -1.83 -21.96 13.04 -13.51 -7.46 16.77 -21.72 -2.81
-17.39 -4.87 9.71 15.18 -1.95 -22.73 6.78 -14.04 -7.92 7.03 -22.59 -3.30
-9.89 -4.68 10.36 4.35 -2.24 -23.67 3.53 -14.39 -8.20 5.80 -23.09 -3.41
-11.84 -4.73 9.86 7.49 -2.14 -22.93 9.66 -13.84 -7.72 15.22 -22.16 -2.86
-18.74 -4.97 9.03 17.47 -1.77 -21.72 12.58 -13.39 -7.35 16.23 -21.53 -2.72
-17.22 -4.88 9.70 14.95 -1.93 -22.70 6.90 -14.06 -7.95 7.34 -22.65 -3.35
-10.31 -4.64 10.53 4.97 -2.30 -23.91 3.98 -14.51 -8.31 6.33 -23.28 -3.49
-12.01 -4.71 9.88 7.72 -2.17 -22.95 9.54 -13.81 -7.69 14.91 -22.11 -2.81
-18.32 -5.00 8.86 16.85 -1.71 -21.47 12.13 -13.26 -7.25 15.70 -21.33 -2.63
-17.05 -4.90 9.68 14.72 -1.91 -22.68 7.03 -14.09 -7.97 7.66 -22.70 -3.41
-10.73 -4.61 10.70 5.60 -2.36 -24.16 4.44 -14.64 -8.42 6.87 -23.48 -3.58
-12.17 -4.69 9.90 7.96 -2.19 -22.98 9.41 -13.79 -7.67 14.60 -22.06 -2.75
-17.90 -5.04 8.69 16.22 -1.66 -21.23 11.67 -13.14 -7.14 15.16 -21.14 -2.55
-16.88 -4.92 9.66 14.49 -1.88 -22.65 7.16 -14.11 -8.00 7.97 -22.76 -3.46
-11.15 -4.57 10.87 6.22 -2.42 -24.40 4.89 -14.76 -8.52 7.41 -23.67 -3.66
-12.34 -4.67 9.92 8.19 -2.21 -23.00 9.29 -13.76 -7.64 14.28 -22.00 -2.70
-17.48 -5.07 8.53 15.60 -1.60 -20.99 11.22 -13.01 -7.03 14.62 -20.94 -2.46
-16.71 -4.94 9.64 14.26 -1.86 -22.63 7.28 -14.14 -8.02 8.28 -22.81 -3.51
-11.58 -4.54 11.03 6.85 -2.48 -24.64 5.34 -14.89 -8.63 7.94 -23.87 -3.75
-12.51 -4.66 9.94 8.42 -2.24 -23.02 9.16 -13.74 -7.62 13.97 -21.95 -2.64
-17.06 -5.11 8.36 14.97 -1.54 -20.74 10.77 -12.88 -6.93 14.09 -20.75 -2.38
-16.54 -4.95 9.62 14.03 -1.84 -22.60 7.41 -14.16 -8.05 8.60 -22.86 -3.57
-12.00 -4.50 11.20 7.48 -2.53 -24.89 5.80 -15.01 -8.74 8.48 -24.06 -3.84
-12.68 -4.64 9.96 8.65 -2.26 -23.05 9.03 -13.71 -7.59 13.66 -21.90 -2.59
-16.64 -5.14 8.19 14.34 -1.48 -20.50 10.31 -12.76 -6.82 13.55 -20.55 -2.29
-16.38 -4.97 9.60 13.80 -1.81 -22.58 7.53 -14.19 -8.07 8.91 -22.92 -3.62
-12.42 -4.47 11.37 8.10 -2.59 -25.13 6.25 -15.14 -8.84 9.02 -24.26 -3.92
-12.85 -4.62 9.97 8.88 -2.28 -23.07 8.91 -13.68 -7.57 13.34 -21.84 -2.53
-16.22 -5.18 8.02 13.72 -1.42 -20.25 9.86 -12.63 -6.71 13.01 -20.36 -2.20
-16.21 -4.99 9.58 13.56 -1.79 -22.55 7.66 -14.22 -8.10 9.23 -22.97 -3.68
-12.84 -4.43 11.53 8.73 -2.65 -25.37 6.71 -15.27 -8.95 9.56 -24.45 -4.01
-13.02 -4.60 9.99 9.11 -2.31 -23.10 8.78 -13.66 -7.54 13.03 -21.79 -2.48
-15.80 -5.22 7.86 13.09 -1.36 -20.01 9.40 -12.51 -6.61 12.47 -20.16 -2.12
199
Appendix I
-16.04 -5.01 9.57 13.33 -1.77 -22.53 7.78 -14.24 -8.12 9.54 -23.02 -3.73
-13.26 -4.39 11.70 9.35 -2.71 -25.62 7.16 -15.39 -9.06 10.09 -24.65 -4.09
-13.19 -4.58 10.01 9.35 -2.33 -23.12 8.66 -13.63 -7.52 12.71 -21.73 -2.43
-15.37 -5.25 7.69 12.47 -1.31 -19.77 8.95 -12.38 -6.50 11.94 -19.97 -2.03
-15.87 -5.02 9.55 13.10 -1.74 -22.51 7.91 -14.27 -8.15 9.85 -23.08 -3.79
-13.68 -4.36 11.87 9.98 -2.77 -25.86 7.62 -15.52 -9.16 10.63 -24.84 -4.18
-13.32 -4.57 10.03 9.53 -2.35 -23.15 8.58 -13.61 -7.49 12.51 -21.68 -2.37
-15.14 -5.29 7.52 12.12 -1.25 -19.52 8.70 -12.26 -6.40 11.65 -19.77 -1.95
-15.74 -5.04 9.53 12.92 -1.72 -22.48 7.98 -14.29 -8.17 10.06 -23.13 -3.84
-13.92 -4.32 12.04 10.33 -2.83 -26.11 7.86 -15.64 -9.27 10.91 -25.04 -4.27
-13.42 -4.56 10.07 9.66 -2.36 -23.21 8.56 -13.65 -7.52 12.41 -21.74 -2.39
-15.09 -5.28 7.57 12.04 -1.26 -19.59 8.67 -12.30 -6.42 11.62 -19.83 -1.96
-15.64 -5.04 9.57 12.78 -1.73 -22.55 8.00 -14.33 -8.20 10.16 -23.19 -3.86
-13.97 -4.32 12.08 10.40 -2.84 -26.17 7.89 -15.68 -9.29 10.94 -25.10 -4.28
-13.51 -4.58 10.06 9.80 -2.34 -23.19 8.54 -13.67 -7.54 12.31 -21.79 -2.44
-15.04 -5.24 7.73 11.97 -1.32 -19.83 8.64 -12.42 -6.53 11.59 -20.03 -2.05
-15.54 -5.02 9.59 12.65 -1.76 -22.57 8.03 -14.30 -8.17 10.25 -23.14 -3.80
-14.01 -4.35 11.91 10.47 -2.78 -25.93 7.93 -15.55 -9.19 10.97 -24.90 -4.20
-13.61 -4.60 10.04 9.94 -2.32 -23.16 8.51 -13.70 -7.57 12.21 -21.85 -2.50
-14.99 -5.21 7.90 11.90 -1.37 -20.08 8.60 -12.55 -6.63 11.56 -20.22 -2.14
-15.45 -5.00 9.61 12.51 -1.78 -22.60 8.05 -14.28 -8.15 10.35 -23.08 -3.75
-14.06 -4.39 11.75 10.54 -2.72 -25.68 7.96 -15.43 -9.08 11.00 -24.71 -4.11
-13.71 -4.61 10.02 10.07 -2.29 -23.14 8.49 -13.72 -7.59 12.12 -21.90 -2.55
-14.94 -5.17 8.07 11.83 -1.43 -20.32 8.57 -12.67 -6.74 11.54 -20.42 -2.22
-15.35 -4.98 9.63 12.37 -1.80 -22.62 8.08 -14.25 -8.12 10.45 -23.03 -3.69
-14.11 -4.42 11.58 10.61 -2.66 -25.44 8.00 -15.30 -8.97 11.03 -24.51 -4.02
-13.80 -4.63 10.00 10.21 -2.27 -23.11 8.46 -13.75 -7.62 12.02 -21.96 -2.61
-14.89 -5.14 8.24 11.76 -1.49 -20.56 8.54 -12.80 -6.85 11.51 -20.61 -2.31
-15.25 -4.97 9.65 12.24 -1.83 -22.64 8.10 -14.23 -8.10 10.55 -22.98 -3.64
-14.16 -4.46 11.41 10.69 -2.60 -25.20 8.03 -15.18 -8.87 11.06 -24.32 -3.94
-13.90 -4.65 9.98 10.34 -2.25 -23.09 8.44 -13.77 -7.64 11.92 -22.01 -2.66
-14.85 -5.10 8.40 11.69 -1.55 -20.81 8.50 -12.92 -6.95 11.48 -20.81 -2.39
-15.16 -4.95 9.67 12.10 -1.85 -22.67 8.13 -14.20 -8.07 10.65 -22.92 -3.59
-14.21 -4.50 11.24 10.76 -2.54 -24.95 8.06 -15.05 -8.76 11.09 -24.12 -3.85
-14.00 -4.67 9.96 10.48 -2.22 -23.07 8.42 -13.80 -7.67 11.82 -22.06 -2.72
-14.80 -5.07 8.57 11.62 -1.61 -21.05 8.47 -13.05 -7.06 11.45 -21.00 -2.48
-15.06 -4.93 9.68 11.97 -1.87 -22.69 8.15 -14.18 -8.05 10.74 -22.87 -3.53
-14.26 -4.53 11.08 10.83 -2.49 -24.71 8.10 -14.93 -8.66 11.12 -23.93 -3.77
-14.09 -4.68 9.94 10.61 -2.20 -23.04 8.39 -13.82 -7.69 11.72 -22.12 -2.77
-14.75 -5.03 8.74 11.54 -1.67 -21.29 8.43 -13.17 -7.17 11.42 -21.20 -2.57
-14.96 -4.91 9.70 11.83 -1.90 -22.72 8.17 -14.15 -8.02 10.84 -22.82 -3.48
-14.31 -4.57 10.91 10.90 -2.43 -24.46 8.13 -14.80 -8.55 11.15 -23.73 -3.68
-14.19 -4.70 9.93 10.75 -2.18 -23.02 8.37 -13.85 -7.72 11.63 -22.17 -2.82
-14.70 -5.00 8.90 11.47 -1.73 -21.54 8.40 -13.30 -7.27 11.39 -21.39 -2.65
-14.87 -4.90 9.72 11.70 -1.92 -22.74 8.20 -14.13 -8.00 10.94 -22.76 -3.42
-14.36 -4.60 10.74 10.97 -2.37 -24.22 8.16 -14.68 -8.44 11.18 -23.54 -3.60
-14.29 -4.72 9.91 10.88 -2.15 -22.99 8.34 -13.87 -7.74 11.53 -22.22 -2.88
-14.65 -4.96 9.07 11.40 -1.78 -21.78 8.37 -13.42 -7.38 11.36 -21.59 -2.74
-14.77 -4.88 9.74 11.56 -1.94 -22.77 8.22 -14.10 -7.97 11.04 -22.71 -3.37
-14.41 -4.64 10.58 11.04 -2.31 -23.98 8.20 -14.55 -8.34 11.21 -23.34 -3.51
-14.38 -4.74 9.89 11.02 -2.13 -22.97 8.32 -13.90 -7.77 11.43 -22.28 -2.93
-14.60 -4.92 9.24 11.33 -1.84 -22.03 8.33 -13.55 -7.48 11.33 -21.78 -2.82
200
Appendix I
-14.67 -4.86 9.76 11.43 -1.97 -22.79 8.25 -14.08 -7.95 11.14 -22.65 -3.31
-14.45 -4.67 10.41 11.12 -2.25 -23.73 8.23 -14.43 -8.23 11.24 -23.15 -3.42
-14.48 -4.75 9.87 11.15 -2.11 -22.94 8.29 -13.92 -7.79 11.33 -22.33 -2.99
-14.55 -4.89 9.41 11.26 -1.90 -22.27 8.30 -13.67 -7.59 11.30 -21.98 -2.91
-14.58 -4.84 9.78 11.29 -1.99 -22.82 8.27 -14.05 -7.92 11.23 -22.60 -3.26
-14.50 -4.71 10.24 11.19 -2.19 -23.49 8.27 -14.30 -8.12 11.27 -22.95 -3.34
-4.77 9.85 -2.08 -22.92 -13.95 -7.82 -22.39 -3.04
-4.85 9.57 -1.96 -22.51 -13.80 -7.70 -22.17 -2.99
-4.83 9.80 -2.01 -22.84 -14.02 -7.90 -22.55 -3.20
-4.75 10.07 -2.14 -23.25 -14.17 -8.02 -22.76 -3.25
-4.79 9.83 -2.06 -22.89 -13.97 -7.84 -22.44 -3.10
-4.82 9.74 -2.02 -22.76 -13.92 -7.80 -22.37 -3.08
-4.81 9.81 -2.04 -22.87 -14.00 -7.87 -22.49 -3.15
-4.78 9.91 -2.08 -23.00 -14.05 -7.91 -22.56 -3.17
-20.43 -5.29 7.52 2.47 -2.84 -26.17 2.16 -15.68 -9.29 4.19 -25.10 -4.28
-8.63 -4.32 12.08 19.98 -1.25 -19.52 14.40 -12.26 -6.40 18.38 -19.77 -1.95
Maxima and minima
201
Appendix I
Load Group 3
C32 C33 C34 C32 C33 C34 C32 C33 C34 C32 C33 C34
-13.33 -0.07 6.92 8.68 -2.55 -23.36 7.99 -9.22 -10.69 18.60 -22.88 -3.61
-20.79 -0.11 6.84 22.88 -2.50 -23.22 14.04 -9.17 -10.63 21.28 -22.80 -3.59
-16.28 -0.07 6.91 17.94 -2.53 -23.34 8.02 -9.22 -10.70 8.15 -22.94 -3.67
-8.83 -0.04 6.99 3.74 -2.57 -23.48 1.96 -9.27 -10.76 5.46 -23.01 -3.69
-13.40 -0.07 6.92 8.91 -2.57 -23.38 7.97 -9.21 -10.68 18.28 -22.83 -3.55
-20.35 -0.18 6.70 22.19 -2.43 -22.96 13.60 -9.08 -10.50 20.69 -22.60 -3.48
-16.22 -0.08 6.91 17.71 -2.51 -23.31 8.04 -9.23 -10.71 8.47 -22.99 -3.72
-9.26 0.03 7.13 4.43 -2.65 -23.74 2.41 -9.36 -10.89 6.06 -23.22 -3.79
-13.46 -0.07 6.92 9.14 -2.59 -23.40 7.95 -9.20 -10.67 17.96 -22.77 -3.50
-19.92 -0.24 6.55 21.51 -2.36 -22.69 13.16 -8.99 -10.38 20.09 -22.39 -3.38
-16.16 -0.08 6.91 17.48 -2.48 -23.29 8.06 -9.24 -10.72 8.78 -23.05 -3.78
-9.69 0.10 7.28 5.11 -2.72 -24.00 2.85 -9.45 -11.02 6.65 -23.43 -3.90
-13.52 -0.07 6.92 9.36 -2.61 -23.43 7.93 -9.19 -10.66 17.64 -22.71 -3.44
-19.49 -0.31 6.41 20.82 -2.29 -22.43 12.72 -8.89 -10.25 19.49 -22.18 -3.28
-16.09 -0.08 6.91 17.26 -2.46 -23.27 8.08 -9.25 -10.73 9.10 -23.10 -3.83
-10.13 0.16 7.42 5.80 -2.79 -24.26 3.29 -9.55 -11.15 7.25 -23.64 -4.00
-13.58 -0.06 6.93 9.59 -2.64 -23.45 7.91 -9.18 -10.65 17.32 -22.66 -3.39
-19.05 -0.38 6.26 20.13 -2.22 -22.17 12.27 -8.80 -10.12 18.90 -21.97 -3.18
-16.03 -0.08 6.90 17.03 -2.44 -23.24 8.10 -9.26 -10.74 9.42 -23.16 -3.89
-10.56 0.23 7.57 6.49 -2.86 -24.52 3.73 -9.64 -11.27 7.85 -23.84 -4.10
-13.65 -0.06 6.93 9.82 -2.66 -23.47 7.89 -9.17 -10.64 17.00 -22.60 -3.33
-18.62 -0.45 6.12 19.45 -2.15 -21.91 11.83 -8.71 -9.99 18.30 -21.76 -3.07
-15.97 -0.09 6.90 16.80 -2.42 -23.22 8.11 -9.27 -10.75 9.74 -23.21 -3.95
-10.99 0.30 7.71 7.17 -2.93 -24.78 4.18 -9.73 -11.40 8.44 -24.05 -4.20
-13.71 -0.06 6.93 10.05 -2.68 -23.50 7.88 -9.16 -10.63 16.69 -22.55 -3.27
-18.19 -0.52 5.97 18.76 -2.07 -21.65 11.39 -8.62 -9.86 17.70 -21.56 -2.97
-15.90 -0.09 6.90 16.57 -2.40 -23.20 8.13 -9.28 -10.76 10.06 -23.27 -4.00
-11.43 0.37 7.86 7.86 -3.00 -25.04 4.62 -9.82 -11.53 9.04 -24.26 -4.31
-13.77 -0.06 6.94 10.27 -2.70 -23.52 7.86 -9.15 -10.63 16.37 -22.49 -3.22
-17.75 -0.58 5.83 18.08 -2.00 -21.39 10.95 -8.52 -9.73 17.11 -21.35 -2.87
-15.84 -0.09 6.89 16.35 -2.37 -23.17 8.15 -9.29 -10.77 10.37 -23.32 -4.06
-11.86 0.44 8.00 8.54 -3.07 -25.30 5.06 -9.92 -11.66 9.64 -24.47 -4.41
-13.83 -0.06 6.94 10.50 -2.72 -23.54 7.84 -9.14 -10.62 16.05 -22.44 -3.16
-17.32 -0.65 5.68 17.39 -1.93 -21.13 10.50 -8.43 -9.61 16.51 -21.14 -2.76
-15.78 -0.09 6.89 16.12 -2.35 -23.15 8.17 -9.30 -10.78 10.69 -23.38 -4.11
-12.29 0.50 8.15 9.23 -3.15 -25.56 5.50 -10.01 -11.79 10.23 -24.68 -4.51
-13.90 -0.05 6.94 10.73 -2.75 -23.57 7.82 -9.13 -10.61 15.73 -22.38 -3.11
-16.89 -0.72 5.53 16.71 -1.86 -20.87 10.06 -8.34 -9.48 15.91 -20.93 -2.66
-15.72 -0.09 6.89 15.89 -2.33 -23.13 8.19 -9.31 -10.79 11.01 -23.43 -4.17
-12.73 0.57 8.29 9.91 -3.22 -25.82 5.95 -10.10 -11.92 10.83 -24.88 -4.61
-13.96 -0.05 6.94 10.95 -2.77 -23.59 7.80 -9.12 -10.60 15.41 -22.33 -3.05
-16.45 -0.79 5.39 16.02 -1.79 -20.61 9.62 -8.24 -9.35 15.32 -20.72 -2.56
-15.65 -0.10 6.89 15.67 -2.31 -23.10 8.21 -9.32 -10.80 11.33 -23.49 -4.23
-13.16 0.64 8.44 10.60 -3.29 -26.08 6.39 -10.20 -12.04 11.43 -25.09 -4.72
-14.02 -0.05 6.95 11.18 -2.79 -23.61 7.78 -9.11 -10.59 15.10 -22.27 -3.00
-16.02 -0.86 5.24 15.34 -1.72 -20.35 9.18 -8.15 -9.22 14.72 -20.52 -2.46
-15.59 -0.10 6.88 15.44 -2.29 -23.08 8.23 -9.33 -10.81 11.65 -23.54 -4.28
-13.59 0.71 8.59 11.28 -3.36 -26.35 6.83 -10.29 -12.17 12.02 -25.30 -4.82
-14.09 -0.05 6.95 11.41 -2.81 -23.64 7.76 -9.10 -10.58 14.78 -22.22 -2.94
202
Appendix I
-15.59 -0.92 5.10 14.65 -1.64 -20.09 8.74 -8.06 -9.09 14.12 -20.31 -2.35
-15.53 -0.10 6.88 15.21 -2.27 -23.06 8.25 -9.34 -10.81 11.96 -23.60 -4.34
-14.03 0.78 8.73 11.97 -3.43 -26.61 7.27 -10.38 -12.30 12.62 -25.51 -4.92
-14.14 -0.04 6.95 11.59 -2.83 -23.66 7.76 -9.09 -10.57 14.57 -22.16 -2.88
-15.35 -0.99 4.95 14.27 -1.57 -19.83 8.49 -7.97 -8.96 13.81 -20.10 -2.25
-15.47 -0.10 6.88 15.03 -2.24 -23.03 8.25 -9.35 -10.82 12.17 -23.65 -4.39
-14.26 0.84 8.88 12.35 -3.50 -26.87 7.51 -10.47 -12.43 12.94 -25.72 -5.03
-14.20 -0.03 6.99 11.73 -2.85 -23.73 7.78 -9.11 -10.60 14.48 -22.23 -2.90
-15.31 -0.98 4.99 14.19 -1.59 -19.90 8.46 -7.99 -9.00 13.77 -20.16 -2.27
-15.42 -0.09 6.92 14.89 -2.26 -23.10 8.23 -9.38 -10.86 12.27 -23.72 -4.41
-14.31 0.86 8.91 12.43 -3.52 -26.94 7.55 -10.50 -12.46 12.97 -25.78 -5.05
-14.25 -0.03 6.99 11.87 -2.83 -23.71 7.80 -9.12 -10.61 14.38 -22.28 -2.96
-15.26 -0.91 5.14 14.12 -1.66 -20.16 8.42 -8.08 -9.12 13.74 -20.37 -2.38
-15.36 -0.08 6.92 14.75 -2.28 -23.13 8.21 -9.37 -10.85 12.36 -23.66 -4.36
-14.35 0.79 8.77 12.50 -3.45 -26.68 7.59 -10.41 -12.33 13.01 -25.57 -4.94
-14.30 -0.03 6.98 12.00 -2.80 -23.68 7.82 -9.13 -10.62 14.28 -22.34 -3.02
-15.22 -0.84 5.28 14.04 -1.73 -20.42 8.38 -8.18 -9.25 13.70 -20.58 -2.48
-15.31 -0.08 6.92 14.62 -2.30 -23.15 8.19 -9.36 -10.84 12.46 -23.61 -4.30
-14.39 0.73 8.62 12.58 -3.38 -26.41 7.63 -10.31 -12.20 13.04 -25.36 -4.84
-14.36 -0.03 6.98 12.14 -2.78 -23.66 7.84 -9.14 -10.63 14.19 -22.39 -3.07
-15.18 -0.77 5.43 13.96 -1.80 -20.68 8.34 -8.27 -9.38 13.67 -20.79 -2.58
-15.26 -0.08 6.92 14.48 -2.32 -23.17 8.17 -9.35 -10.83 12.55 -23.55 -4.25
-14.44 0.66 8.48 12.66 -3.30 -26.15 7.67 -10.22 -12.08 13.08 -25.16 -4.74
-14.41 -0.04 6.98 12.28 -2.76 -23.64 7.86 -9.15 -10.64 14.09 -22.45 -3.13
-15.13 -0.70 5.57 13.89 -1.87 -20.94 8.30 -8.36 -9.51 13.63 -21.00 -2.68
-15.20 -0.08 6.93 14.34 -2.35 -23.20 8.15 -9.34 -10.82 12.65 -23.50 -4.19
-14.48 0.59 8.33 12.73 -3.23 -25.89 7.71 -10.13 -11.95 13.11 -24.95 -4.64
-14.46 -0.04 6.98 12.42 -2.74 -23.61 7.88 -9.16 -10.65 13.99 -22.50 -3.18
-15.09 -0.63 5.72 13.81 -1.95 -21.20 8.26 -8.46 -9.64 13.60 -21.20 -2.79
-15.15 -0.07 6.93 14.20 -2.37 -23.22 8.13 -9.33 -10.81 12.75 -23.44 -4.14
-14.52 0.52 8.19 12.81 -3.16 -25.63 7.75 -10.04 -11.82 13.14 -24.74 -4.53
-14.51 -0.04 6.97 12.55 -2.72 -23.59 7.90 -9.17 -10.66 13.90 -22.56 -3.24
-15.05 -0.57 5.86 13.73 -2.02 -21.46 8.22 -8.55 -9.77 13.56 -21.41 -2.89
-15.10 -0.07 6.93 14.07 -2.39 -23.24 8.11 -9.32 -10.80 12.84 -23.39 -4.08
-14.57 0.45 8.04 12.89 -3.09 -25.37 7.79 -9.94 -11.69 13.18 -24.53 -4.43
-14.57 -0.04 6.97 12.69 -2.69 -23.57 7.92 -9.18 -10.67 13.80 -22.61 -3.30
-15.00 -0.50 6.01 13.66 -2.09 -21.72 8.18 -8.64 -9.89 13.53 -21.62 -2.99
-15.05 -0.07 6.93 13.93 -2.41 -23.26 8.09 -9.31 -10.79 12.94 -23.33 -4.02
-14.61 0.39 7.90 12.97 -3.02 -25.11 7.83 -9.85 -11.56 13.21 -24.32 -4.33
-14.62 -0.04 6.97 12.83 -2.67 -23.54 7.94 -9.19 -10.68 13.71 -22.67 -3.35
-14.96 -0.43 6.15 13.58 -2.16 -21.98 8.14 -8.73 -10.02 13.49 -21.83 -3.09
-14.99 -0.07 6.94 13.79 -2.43 -23.29 8.07 -9.30 -10.78 13.03 -23.28 -3.97
-14.65 0.32 7.75 13.04 -2.95 -24.85 7.87 -9.76 -11.43 13.25 -24.12 -4.22
-14.67 -0.05 6.96 12.97 -2.65 -23.52 7.96 -9.20 -10.69 13.61 -22.72 -3.41
-14.92 -0.36 6.30 13.50 -2.23 -22.24 8.10 -8.83 -10.15 13.46 -22.04 -3.20
-14.94 -0.07 6.94 13.65 -2.45 -23.31 8.05 -9.29 -10.77 13.13 -23.22 -3.91
-14.70 0.25 7.61 13.12 -2.87 -24.59 7.91 -9.66 -11.31 13.28 -23.91 -4.12
-14.73 -0.05 6.96 13.10 -2.63 -23.50 7.98 -9.21 -10.70 13.51 -22.78 -3.46
-14.87 -0.29 6.44 13.43 -2.30 -22.50 8.06 -8.92 -10.28 13.42 -22.24 -3.30
-14.89 -0.06 6.94 13.52 -2.48 -23.33 8.03 -9.28 -10.76 13.23 -23.17 -3.86
-14.74 0.18 7.46 13.20 -2.80 -24.33 7.95 -9.57 -11.18 13.32 -23.70 -4.02
-14.78 -0.05 6.96 13.24 -2.61 -23.47 7.99 -9.22 -10.70 13.42 -22.83 -3.52
203
Appendix I
-14.83 -0.23 6.59 13.35 -2.37 -22.76 8.02 -9.01 -10.41 13.39 -22.45 -3.40
-14.83 -0.06 6.95 13.38 -2.50 -23.36 8.01 -9.27 -10.75 13.32 -23.11 -3.80
-14.78 0.11 7.32 13.27 -2.73 -24.07 7.98 -9.48 -11.05 13.35 -23.49 -3.92
-0.05 6.96 -2.59 -23.45 -9.23 -10.71 -22.89 -3.58
-0.16 6.73 -2.45 -23.02 -9.11 -10.54 -22.66 -3.51
-0.06 6.95 -2.52 -23.38 -9.26 -10.74 -23.05 -3.74
0.05 7.17 -2.66 -23.81 -9.39 -10.92 -23.28 -3.81
-0.06 6.95 -2.56 -23.43 -9.24 -10.72 -22.94 -3.63
-0.09 6.88 -2.52 -23.29 -9.20 -10.66 -22.87 -3.61
-0.06 6.95 -2.54 -23.40 -9.25 -10.73 -23.00 -3.69
-0.02 7.03 -2.59 -23.55 -9.29 -10.79 -23.08 -3.71
-20.79 -0.99 4.95 3.74 -3.52 -26.94 1.96 -10.50 -12.46 5.46 -25.78 -5.05
-8.83 0.86 8.91 22.88 -1.57 -19.83 14.04 -7.97 -8.96 21.28 -20.10 -2.25
Maxima and minima
204
Appendix I
Load Group 4
C32 C33 C34 C32 C33 C34 C32 C33 C34 C32 C33 C34
-7.85 -5.15 13.09 -3.83 6.61 -13.65 13.47 -14.29 -4.52 6.08 -13.72 6.10
-17.97 -5.17 12.99 3.52 6.60 -13.57 16.86 -14.24 -4.49 1.92 -13.70 6.06
-16.35 -5.17 13.06 5.91 6.64 -13.61 7.95 -14.32 -4.55 -3.88 -13.77 6.06
-6.24 -5.15 13.16 -1.44 6.65 -13.69 4.55 -14.38 -4.58 0.28 -13.79 6.10
-8.07 -5.12 13.11 -3.57 6.57 -13.68 13.30 -14.26 -4.49 5.80 -13.68 6.14
-17.55 -5.19 12.81 3.35 6.56 -13.46 16.40 -14.10 -4.39 1.84 -13.60 6.01
-16.13 -5.20 13.04 5.65 6.68 -13.58 8.12 -14.36 -4.59 -3.60 -13.81 6.02
-6.65 -5.13 13.34 -1.27 6.69 -13.80 5.01 -14.52 -4.68 0.36 -13.89 6.15
-8.29 -5.10 13.14 -3.30 6.54 -13.72 13.12 -14.23 -4.45 5.52 -13.64 6.19
-17.13 -5.21 12.63 3.18 6.52 -13.35 15.94 -13.96 -4.30 1.77 -13.51 5.97
-15.91 -5.22 13.01 5.38 6.71 -13.54 8.30 -14.39 -4.62 -3.32 -13.85 5.97
-7.07 -5.11 13.52 -1.11 6.73 -13.91 5.47 -14.66 -4.78 0.43 -13.98 6.19
-8.51 -5.07 13.17 -3.04 6.50 -13.76 12.95 -14.19 -4.42 5.24 -13.60 6.23
-16.72 -5.23 12.45 3.02 6.48 -13.23 15.48 -13.82 -4.20 1.69 -13.41 5.92
-15.70 -5.25 12.98 5.12 6.75 -13.50 8.47 -14.42 -4.65 -3.04 -13.89 5.93
-7.48 -5.09 13.70 -0.94 6.77 -14.03 5.93 -14.80 -4.87 0.51 -14.08 6.24
-8.73 -5.05 13.19 -2.77 6.47 -13.79 12.77 -14.16 -4.39 4.96 -13.56 6.27
-16.30 -5.25 12.28 2.85 6.44 -13.12 15.02 -13.67 -4.10 1.61 -13.32 5.88
-15.48 -5.27 12.96 4.85 6.78 -13.47 8.65 -14.45 -4.68 -2.76 -13.93 5.89
-7.90 -5.07 13.87 -0.77 6.81 -14.14 6.39 -14.94 -4.97 0.59 -14.17 6.28
-8.94 -5.02 13.22 -2.51 6.43 -13.83 12.60 -14.13 -4.36 4.68 -13.52 6.31
-15.89 -5.27 12.10 2.69 6.39 -13.01 14.56 -13.53 -4.01 1.54 -13.23 5.83
-15.26 -5.30 12.93 4.59 6.82 -13.43 8.82 -14.48 -4.72 -2.48 -13.97 5.84
-8.32 -5.05 14.05 -0.61 6.86 -14.25 6.85 -15.08 -5.07 0.66 -14.27 6.33
-9.16 -5.00 13.24 -2.25 6.40 -13.87 12.42 -14.10 -4.32 4.40 -13.47 6.36
-15.47 -5.30 11.92 2.52 6.35 -12.89 14.10 -13.39 -3.91 1.46 -13.13 5.79
-15.04 -5.32 12.91 4.33 6.86 -13.39 9.00 -14.52 -4.75 -2.20 -14.02 5.80
-8.73 -5.03 14.23 -0.44 6.90 -14.37 7.31 -15.22 -5.16 0.74 -14.36 6.37
-9.38 -4.98 13.27 -1.98 6.36 -13.90 12.25 -14.06 -4.29 4.11 -13.43 6.40
-15.06 -5.32 11.74 2.36 6.31 -12.78 13.64 -13.25 -3.81 1.39 -13.04 5.74
-14.82 -5.35 12.88 4.06 6.89 -13.36 9.17 -14.55 -4.78 -1.91 -14.06 5.76
-9.15 -5.01 14.41 -0.28 6.94 -14.48 7.77 -15.36 -5.26 0.82 -14.45 6.41
-9.60 -4.95 13.30 -1.72 6.32 -13.94 12.07 -14.03 -4.26 3.83 -13.39 6.44
-14.64 -5.34 11.57 2.19 6.27 -12.67 13.18 -13.11 -3.72 1.31 -12.94 5.70
-14.60 -5.37 12.85 3.80 6.93 -13.32 9.35 -14.58 -4.81 -1.63 -14.10 5.72
-9.56 -4.99 14.58 -0.11 6.98 -14.59 8.23 -15.50 -5.35 0.89 -14.55 6.46
-9.82 -4.93 13.32 -1.45 6.29 -13.98 11.90 -14.00 -4.23 3.55 -13.35 6.48
-14.22 -5.36 11.39 2.03 6.23 -12.55 12.72 -12.97 -3.62 1.23 -12.85 5.65
-14.39 -5.40 12.83 3.53 6.96 -13.28 9.52 -14.61 -4.85 -1.35 -14.14 5.67
-9.98 -4.97 14.76 0.05 7.02 -14.71 8.69 -15.64 -5.45 0.97 -14.64 6.50
-10.03 -4.90 13.35 -1.19 6.25 -14.01 11.72 -13.97 -4.19 3.27 -13.31 6.53
-13.81 -5.38 11.21 1.86 6.19 -12.44 12.26 -12.83 -3.53 1.16 -12.75 5.61
-14.17 -5.42 12.80 3.27 7.00 -13.25 9.69 -14.65 -4.88 -1.07 -14.18 5.63
-10.39 -4.94 14.94 0.22 7.06 -14.82 9.15 -15.78 -5.55 1.05 -14.74 6.55
-10.25 -4.88 13.37 -0.92 6.22 -14.05 11.55 -13.93 -4.16 2.99 -13.27 6.57
-13.39 -5.40 11.03 1.70 6.14 -12.33 11.80 -12.69 -3.43 1.08 -12.66 5.56
-13.95 -5.45 12.78 3.00 7.03 -13.21 9.87 -14.68 -4.91 -0.79 -14.23 5.59
-10.81 -4.92 15.12 0.38 7.11 -14.93 9.61 -15.92 -5.64 1.12 -14.83 6.59
-10.47 -4.85 13.40 -0.66 6.18 -14.09 11.37 -13.90 -4.13 2.71 -13.22 6.61
205
Appendix I
-12.98 -5.42 10.86 1.53 6.10 -12.21 11.34 -12.55 -3.33 1.00 -12.56 5.52
-13.73 -5.47 12.75 2.74 7.07 -13.17 10.04 -14.71 -4.95 -0.51 -14.27 5.55
-11.22 -4.90 15.29 0.55 7.15 -15.05 10.07 -16.06 -5.74 1.20 -14.93 6.64
-10.64 -4.83 13.43 -0.47 6.15 -14.12 11.27 -13.87 -4.09 2.51 -13.18 6.65
-12.74 -5.44 10.68 1.43 6.06 -12.10 11.10 -12.41 -3.24 0.97 -12.47 5.48
-13.56 -5.50 12.72 2.55 7.10 -13.14 10.15 -14.74 -4.98 -0.31 -14.31 5.50
-11.46 -4.88 15.47 0.65 7.19 -15.16 10.32 -16.20 -5.84 1.23 -15.02 6.68
-10.76 -4.83 13.47 -0.35 6.16 -14.16 11.22 -13.91 -4.12 2.40 -13.21 6.67
-12.69 -5.44 10.73 1.40 6.08 -12.13 11.07 -12.45 -3.26 0.98 -12.50 5.49
-13.45 -5.50 12.77 2.43 7.12 -13.17 10.20 -14.79 -5.00 -0.20 -14.34 5.52
-11.51 -4.88 15.52 0.68 7.21 -15.19 10.35 -16.24 -5.86 1.22 -15.05 6.70
-10.87 -4.85 13.45 -0.23 6.20 -14.12 11.18 -13.94 -4.15 2.29 -13.26 6.63
-12.64 -5.42 10.90 1.37 6.12 -12.25 11.04 -12.59 -3.36 0.99 -12.60 5.54
-13.33 -5.47 12.80 2.31 7.09 -13.21 10.24 -14.75 -4.97 -0.08 -14.30 5.56
-11.56 -4.90 15.34 0.71 7.17 -15.08 10.38 -16.10 -5.76 1.21 -14.96 6.65
-10.99 -4.88 13.42 -0.11 6.24 -14.08 11.13 -13.98 -4.18 2.17 -13.30 6.59
-12.59 -5.40 11.08 1.34 6.16 -12.36 11.01 -12.73 -3.45 1.00 -12.69 5.58
-13.21 -5.45 12.82 2.19 7.05 -13.24 10.29 -14.72 -4.93 0.03 -14.26 5.60
-11.61 -4.92 15.16 0.74 7.12 -14.97 10.41 -15.96 -5.66 1.20 -14.86 6.61
-11.11 -4.90 13.40 0.01 6.27 -14.05 11.09 -14.01 -4.21 2.06 -13.34 6.54
-12.54 -5.38 11.26 1.31 6.20 -12.47 10.97 -12.87 -3.55 1.01 -12.78 5.62
-13.10 -5.42 12.85 2.07 7.01 -13.28 10.33 -14.69 -4.90 0.14 -14.22 5.65
-11.66 -4.94 14.99 0.77 7.08 -14.85 10.44 -15.82 -5.57 1.19 -14.77 6.56
-11.22 -4.92 13.37 0.14 6.31 -14.01 11.04 -14.04 -4.25 1.95 -13.38 6.50
-12.49 -5.36 11.44 1.28 6.24 -12.59 10.94 -13.02 -3.64 1.02 -12.88 5.67
-12.98 -5.40 12.88 1.95 6.98 -13.32 10.38 -14.66 -4.87 0.25 -14.17 5.69
-11.72 -4.96 14.81 0.80 7.04 -14.74 10.48 -15.68 -5.47 1.18 -14.68 6.52
-11.34 -4.95 13.34 0.26 6.34 -13.97 11.00 -14.07 -4.28 1.83 -13.42 6.46
-12.44 -5.34 11.61 1.24 6.29 -12.70 10.91 -13.16 -3.74 1.03 -12.97 5.71
-12.86 -5.37 12.90 1.82 6.94 -13.35 10.42 -14.62 -4.84 0.37 -14.13 5.73
-11.77 -4.99 14.63 0.84 7.00 -14.63 10.51 -15.54 -5.38 1.17 -14.58 6.47
-11.46 -4.97 13.32 0.38 6.38 -13.94 10.95 -14.10 -4.31 1.72 -13.46 6.41
-12.38 -5.32 11.79 1.21 6.33 -12.81 10.88 -13.30 -3.84 1.04 -13.07 5.76
-12.74 -5.35 12.93 1.70 6.91 -13.39 10.46 -14.59 -4.80 0.48 -14.09 5.77
-11.82 -5.01 14.45 0.87 6.96 -14.51 10.54 -15.40 -5.28 1.16 -14.49 6.43
-11.57 -5.00 13.29 0.50 6.41 -13.90 10.91 -14.14 -4.35 1.61 -13.51 6.37
-12.33 -5.29 11.97 1.18 6.37 -12.93 10.85 -13.44 -3.93 1.05 -13.16 5.80
-12.63 -5.32 12.95 1.58 6.87 -13.43 10.51 -14.56 -4.77 0.59 -14.05 5.82
-11.87 -5.03 14.28 0.90 6.91 -14.40 10.57 -15.26 -5.18 1.15 -14.39 6.39
-11.69 -5.02 13.27 0.62 6.45 -13.86 10.86 -14.17 -4.38 1.50 -13.55 6.33
-12.28 -5.27 12.15 1.15 6.41 -13.04 10.82 -13.58 -4.03 1.06 -13.26 5.85
-12.51 -5.30 12.98 1.46 6.84 -13.46 10.55 -14.53 -4.74 0.71 -14.01 5.86
-11.92 -5.05 14.10 0.93 6.87 -14.29 10.60 -15.12 -5.09 1.14 -14.30 6.34
-11.81 -5.05 13.24 0.74 6.48 -13.83 10.82 -14.20 -4.41 1.38 -13.59 6.29
-12.23 -5.25 12.32 1.12 6.45 -13.15 10.79 -13.72 -4.12 1.08 -13.35 5.89
-12.39 -5.27 13.01 1.34 6.80 -13.50 10.60 -14.49 -4.71 0.82 -13.97 5.90
-11.97 -5.07 13.92 0.96 6.83 -14.17 10.63 -14.98 -4.99 1.13 -14.20 6.30
-11.93 -5.07 13.21 0.86 6.52 -13.79 10.78 -14.23 -4.44 1.27 -13.63 6.24
-12.18 -5.23 12.50 1.09 6.50 -13.27 10.76 -13.86 -4.22 1.09 -13.45 5.94
-12.28 -5.25 13.03 1.22 6.77 -13.54 10.64 -14.46 -4.67 0.93 -13.92 5.95
-12.02 -5.09 13.74 0.99 6.79 -14.06 10.66 -14.84 -4.89 1.12 -14.11 6.25
-12.04 -5.10 13.19 0.98 6.55 -13.75 10.73 -14.27 -4.48 1.16 -13.67 6.20
206
Appendix I
-12.13 -5.21 12.68 1.06 6.54 -13.38 10.72 -14.00 -4.32 1.10 -13.54 5.98
-12.16 -5.22 13.06 1.10 6.73 -13.57 10.69 -14.43 -4.64 1.04 -13.88 5.99
-12.08 -5.11 13.57 1.02 6.75 -13.95 10.69 -14.70 -4.80 1.11 -14.01 6.21
-5.12 13.16 6.59 -13.72 -14.30 -4.51 -13.71 6.16
-5.19 12.86 6.58 -13.49 -14.14 -4.41 -13.64 6.03
-5.20 13.08 6.70 -13.61 -14.40 -4.61 -13.84 6.03
-5.13 13.39 6.71 -13.83 -14.56 -4.70 -13.92 6.16
-5.15 13.14 6.62 -13.68 -14.33 -4.54 -13.76 6.12
-5.17 13.03 6.62 -13.61 -14.28 -4.51 -13.73 6.07
-5.17 13.11 6.66 -13.64 -14.36 -4.57 -13.80 6.07
-5.15 13.21 6.66 -13.72 -14.42 -4.61 -13.82 6.12
-17.97 -5.50 10.68 -3.83 6.06 -15.19 4.55 -16.24 -5.86 -3.88 -15.05 5.48
-6.24 -4.83 15.52 5.91 7.21 -12.10 16.86 -12.41 -3.24 6.08 -12.47 6.70
Maxima and minima
207
Appendix I
Load Group 5
C32 C33 C34 C32 C33 C34 C32 C33 C34 C32 C33 C34
-11.76 3.94 7.83 -9.40 11.31 -8.66 9.57 -5.20 -9.78 0.51 -9.02 11.08
-18.44 3.90 7.76 -5.33 11.28 -8.62 16.39 -5.16 -9.71 -6.93 -9.02 11.01
-13.10 3.95 7.83 0.57 11.35 -8.62 11.20 -5.20 -9.78 -9.22 -9.06 11.05
-6.41 3.98 7.90 -3.50 11.38 -8.66 4.38 -5.24 -9.85 -1.79 -9.06 11.12
-11.77 3.94 7.83 -9.12 11.27 -8.71 9.59 -5.20 -9.78 0.25 -8.99 11.12
-18.00 3.82 7.63 -5.25 11.18 -8.58 15.95 -5.08 -9.57 -6.75 -8.98 10.89
-13.08 3.95 7.84 0.29 11.39 -8.58 11.18 -5.21 -9.78 -8.96 -9.10 11.01
-6.85 4.07 8.04 -3.59 11.47 -8.71 4.81 -5.32 -9.99 -1.96 -9.10 11.24
-11.79 3.93 7.82 -8.84 11.22 -8.75 9.62 -5.20 -9.77 -0.02 -8.95 11.16
-17.56 3.74 7.49 -5.16 11.09 -8.54 15.52 -5.01 -9.44 -6.58 -8.94 10.78
-13.06 3.95 7.84 0.01 11.43 -8.54 11.15 -5.21 -9.79 -8.70 -9.13 10.98
-7.29 4.15 8.17 -3.67 11.57 -8.75 5.25 -5.40 -10.12 -2.13 -9.14 11.35
-11.81 3.93 7.82 -8.56 11.18 -8.79 9.64 -5.19 -9.77 -0.28 -8.92 11.19
-17.13 3.66 7.36 -5.08 10.99 -8.49 15.08 -4.93 -9.30 -6.41 -8.90 10.66
-13.04 3.96 7.85 -0.28 11.47 -8.49 11.12 -5.21 -9.79 -8.43 -9.17 10.94
-7.73 4.23 8.31 -3.75 11.66 -8.79 5.69 -5.48 -10.26 -2.30 -9.18 11.47
-11.83 3.92 7.81 -8.28 11.14 -8.84 9.67 -5.19 -9.77 -0.54 -8.88 11.23
-16.69 3.58 7.22 -5.00 10.90 -8.45 14.64 -4.85 -9.16 -6.24 -8.86 10.55
-13.03 3.96 7.85 -0.56 11.52 -8.45 11.10 -5.22 -9.79 -8.17 -9.20 10.90
-8.17 4.31 8.44 -3.84 11.76 -8.84 6.13 -5.56 -10.40 -2.48 -9.22 11.58
-11.85 3.92 7.81 -8.00 11.10 -8.88 9.70 -5.19 -9.77 -0.81 -8.85 11.27
-16.25 3.49 7.08 -4.91 10.80 -8.41 14.20 -4.77 -9.02 -6.07 -8.82 10.43
-13.01 3.97 7.85 -0.84 11.56 -8.41 11.07 -5.22 -9.80 -7.91 -9.24 10.87
-8.61 4.39 8.58 -3.92 11.86 -8.88 6.56 -5.64 -10.54 -2.65 -9.26 11.70
-11.86 3.91 7.81 -7.71 11.06 -8.92 9.72 -5.18 -9.76 -1.07 -8.81 11.30
-15.81 3.41 6.95 -4.83 10.70 -8.36 13.77 -4.69 -8.89 -5.89 -8.78 10.32
-12.99 3.97 7.86 -1.12 11.60 -8.36 11.05 -5.22 -9.80 -7.64 -9.27 10.83
-9.04 4.47 8.72 -4.00 11.95 -8.92 7.00 -5.72 -10.67 -2.82 -9.30 11.82
-11.88 3.91 7.80 -7.43 11.01 -8.96 9.75 -5.18 -9.76 -1.34 -8.78 11.34
-15.37 3.33 6.81 -4.75 10.61 -8.32 13.33 -4.61 -8.75 -5.72 -8.74 10.20
-12.97 3.98 7.86 -1.40 11.64 -8.32 11.02 -5.23 -9.80 -7.38 -9.31 10.79
-9.48 4.56 8.85 -4.09 12.05 -8.96 7.44 -5.80 -10.81 -2.99 -9.35 11.93
-11.90 3.91 7.80 -7.15 10.97 -9.01 9.77 -5.18 -9.76 -1.60 -8.74 11.38
-14.93 3.25 6.68 -4.66 10.51 -8.28 12.89 -4.53 -8.61 -5.55 -8.70 10.09
-12.96 3.98 7.87 -1.69 11.68 -8.28 10.99 -5.23 -9.80 -7.12 -9.34 10.76
-9.92 4.64 8.99 -4.17 12.14 -9.01 7.88 -5.88 -10.95 -3.17 -9.39 12.05
-11.92 3.90 7.79 -6.87 10.93 -9.05 9.80 -5.17 -9.75 -1.86 -8.71 11.41
-14.50 3.17 6.54 -4.58 10.42 -8.24 12.45 -4.45 -8.47 -5.38 -8.66 9.97
-12.94 3.99 7.87 -1.97 11.73 -8.24 10.97 -5.23 -9.81 -6.85 -9.38 10.72
-10.36 4.72 9.12 -4.25 12.24 -9.05 8.31 -5.96 -11.09 -3.34 -9.43 12.16
-11.93 3.90 7.79 -6.59 10.89 -9.09 9.83 -5.17 -9.75 -2.13 -8.67 11.45
-14.06 3.09 6.40 -4.50 10.32 -8.19 12.02 -4.37 -8.33 -5.20 -8.62 9.86
-12.92 3.99 7.87 -2.25 11.77 -8.19 10.94 -5.24 -9.81 -6.59 -9.41 10.68
-10.80 4.80 9.26 -4.34 12.34 -9.09 8.75 -6.04 -11.23 -3.51 -9.47 12.28
-11.95 3.89 7.79 -6.30 10.85 -9.14 9.85 -5.17 -9.75 -2.39 -8.64 11.48
-13.62 3.00 6.27 -4.42 10.22 -8.15 11.58 -4.29 -8.20 -5.03 -8.58 9.74
-12.90 3.99 7.88 -2.53 11.81 -8.15 10.92 -5.24 -9.81 -6.32 -9.45 10.65
-11.24 4.88 9.40 -4.42 12.43 -9.13 9.19 -6.11 -11.36 -3.68 -9.51 12.39
-11.97 3.89 7.78 -6.02 10.80 -9.18 9.88 -5.16 -9.75 -2.65 -8.60 11.52
208
Appendix I
-13.18 2.92 6.13 -4.33 10.13 -8.11 11.14 -4.21 -8.06 -4.86 -8.54 9.63
-12.89 4.00 7.88 -2.81 11.85 -8.11 10.89 -5.24 -9.81 -6.06 -9.48 10.61
-11.67 4.97 9.53 -4.50 12.53 -9.18 9.62 -6.19 -11.50 -3.85 -9.55 12.51
-12.00 3.88 7.78 -5.83 10.76 -9.22 9.91 -5.16 -9.74 -2.85 -8.57 11.56
-12.94 2.84 6.00 -4.30 10.03 -8.07 10.90 -4.13 -7.92 -4.76 -8.50 9.51
-12.86 4.00 7.89 -3.01 11.89 -8.06 10.86 -5.25 -9.82 -5.87 -9.52 10.58
-11.91 5.05 9.67 -4.54 12.62 -9.22 9.86 -6.27 -11.64 -3.96 -9.59 12.62
-12.03 3.91 7.81 -5.71 10.79 -9.24 9.95 -5.18 -9.78 -2.97 -8.58 11.59
-12.90 2.86 6.03 -4.30 10.06 -8.08 10.86 -4.15 -7.96 -4.73 -8.51 9.54
-12.82 4.02 7.92 -3.12 11.93 -8.08 10.82 -5.27 -9.85 -5.75 -9.54 10.61
-11.95 5.07 9.70 -4.53 12.66 -9.24 9.91 -6.29 -11.67 -3.99 -9.60 12.65
-12.06 3.91 7.82 -5.60 10.84 -9.19 9.99 -5.18 -9.78 -3.09 -8.62 11.55
-12.86 2.94 6.17 -4.31 10.16 -8.12 10.82 -4.23 -8.09 -4.69 -8.55 9.66
-12.79 4.02 7.92 -3.24 11.88 -8.12 10.78 -5.26 -9.85 -5.63 -9.50 10.65
-12.00 4.99 9.57 -4.52 12.56 -9.19 9.95 -6.21 -11.54 -4.02 -9.56 12.54
-12.10 3.91 7.82 -5.49 10.88 -9.15 10.02 -5.19 -9.78 -3.21 -8.65 11.52
-12.82 3.03 6.30 -4.32 10.26 -8.17 10.78 -4.31 -8.23 -4.66 -8.60 9.78
-12.76 4.02 7.91 -3.35 11.84 -8.17 10.74 -5.26 -9.85 -5.51 -9.46 10.68
-12.04 4.91 9.43 -4.51 12.47 -9.15 9.99 -6.14 -11.40 -4.05 -9.52 12.42
-12.13 3.92 7.82 -5.38 10.92 -9.11 10.06 -5.19 -9.79 -3.33 -8.69 11.48
-12.78 3.11 6.44 -4.33 10.35 -8.21 10.74 -4.39 -8.37 -4.63 -8.64 9.89
-12.72 4.01 7.91 -3.46 11.80 -8.21 10.71 -5.26 -9.84 -5.38 -9.43 10.72
-12.08 4.82 9.29 -4.50 12.37 -9.11 10.03 -6.06 -11.26 -4.08 -9.48 12.31
-12.17 3.92 7.83 -5.26 10.96 -9.06 10.10 -5.19 -9.79 -3.45 -8.72 11.44
-12.74 3.19 6.57 -4.34 10.45 -8.25 10.69 -4.47 -8.51 -4.60 -8.68 10.00
-12.69 4.01 7.90 -3.57 11.76 -8.25 10.67 -5.25 -9.84 -5.26 -9.39 10.75
-12.12 4.74 9.16 -4.49 12.27 -9.06 10.07 -5.98 -11.12 -4.12 -9.44 12.19
-12.20 3.93 7.83 -5.15 11.00 -9.02 10.14 -5.20 -9.79 -3.57 -8.76 11.41
-12.69 3.27 6.71 -4.35 10.54 -8.29 10.65 -4.55 -8.65 -4.57 -8.72 10.12
-12.65 4.00 7.90 -3.69 11.72 -8.29 10.63 -5.25 -9.84 -5.14 -9.36 10.79
-12.16 4.66 9.02 -4.48 12.18 -9.02 10.11 -5.90 -10.99 -4.15 -9.40 12.08
-12.24 3.93 7.84 -5.04 11.05 -8.98 10.17 -5.20 -9.79 -3.69 -8.80 11.37
-12.65 3.35 6.85 -4.36 10.64 -8.34 10.61 -4.63 -8.78 -4.53 -8.76 10.24
-12.62 4.00 7.90 -3.80 11.67 -8.34 10.59 -5.25 -9.84 -5.02 -9.32 10.83
-12.20 4.58 8.89 -4.47 12.08 -8.98 10.15 -5.82 -10.85 -4.18 -9.36 11.96
-12.27 3.94 7.84 -4.92 11.09 -8.94 10.21 -5.20 -9.80 -3.81 -8.83 11.34
-12.61 3.43 6.98 -4.37 10.74 -8.38 10.57 -4.71 -8.92 -4.50 -8.80 10.35
-12.58 3.99 7.89 -3.91 11.63 -8.38 10.55 -5.25 -9.83 -4.90 -9.29 10.86
-12.24 4.50 8.75 -4.46 11.98 -8.94 10.20 -5.74 -10.71 -4.21 -9.32 11.85
-12.31 3.94 7.84 -4.81 11.13 -8.89 10.25 -5.21 -9.80 -3.93 -8.87 11.30
-12.57 3.52 7.12 -4.38 10.83 -8.42 10.53 -4.79 -9.06 -4.47 -8.84 10.47
-12.55 3.99 7.89 -4.02 11.59 -8.42 10.52 -5.24 -9.83 -4.78 -9.25 10.90
-12.28 4.41 8.61 -4.45 11.89 -8.89 10.24 -5.66 -10.57 -4.25 -9.28 11.73
-12.34 3.95 7.85 -4.70 11.17 -8.85 10.29 -5.21 -9.80 -4.06 -8.90 11.26
-12.53 3.60 7.25 -4.39 10.93 -8.47 10.49 -4.87 -9.20 -4.44 -8.88 10.58
-12.51 3.99 7.88 -4.14 11.55 -8.47 10.48 -5.24 -9.83 -4.66 -9.22 10.94
-12.32 4.33 8.48 -4.44 11.79 -8.85 10.28 -5.58 -10.43 -4.28 -9.24 11.62
-12.38 3.95 7.85 -4.59 11.21 -8.81 10.33 -5.21 -9.81 -4.18 -8.94 11.23
-12.49 3.68 7.39 -4.40 11.02 -8.51 10.45 -4.95 -9.33 -4.41 -8.92 10.70
-12.48 3.98 7.88 -4.25 11.51 -8.51 10.44 -5.24 -9.83 -4.54 -9.18 10.97
-12.37 4.25 8.34 -4.43 11.70 -8.81 10.32 -5.50 -10.30 -4.31 -9.20 11.50
-12.41 3.95 7.86 -4.47 11.26 -8.77 10.36 -5.22 -9.81 -4.30 -8.97 11.19
209
Appendix I
-12.45 3.76 7.53 -4.41 11.12 -8.55 10.40 -5.03 -9.47 -4.37 -8.96 10.81
-12.44 3.98 7.88 -4.36 11.47 -8.55 10.40 -5.23 -9.82 -4.42 -9.15 11.01
-12.41 4.17 8.21 -4.42 11.60 -8.76 10.36 -5.42 -10.16 -4.34 -9.16 11.39
3.96 7.86 11.30 -8.72 -5.22 -9.81 -9.01 11.15
3.84 7.66 11.22 -8.59 -5.11 -9.61 -9.00 10.93
3.97 7.87 11.42 -8.59 -5.23 -9.82 -9.11 11.04
4.09 8.07 11.50 -8.72 -5.34 -10.02 -9.12 11.27
3.96 7.86 11.34 -8.68 -5.22 -9.81 -9.04 11.12
3.92 7.80 11.31 -8.64 -5.18 -9.75 -9.04 11.04
3.97 7.87 11.38 -8.64 -5.23 -9.82 -9.08 11.08
4.01 7.93 11.41 -8.68 -5.26 -9.88 -9.08 11.16
-18.44 2.84 6.00 -9.40 10.03 -9.24 4.38 -6.29 -11.67 -9.22 -9.60 9.51
-6.41 5.07 9.70 0.57 12.66 -8.06 16.39 -4.13 -7.92 0.51 -8.50 12.65
Maxima and minima
210
Appendix I
Load Group 6
C32 C33 C34 C32 C33 C34 C32 C33 C34 C32 C33 C34
-14.11 6.89 5.05 2.86 3.93 -16.48 7.21 -2.26 -12.55 12.78 -16.40 3.26
-19.44 6.84 5.00 13.08 3.95 -16.38 15.39 -2.23 -12.47 11.49 -16.35 3.25
-12.62 6.90 5.07 12.40 3.96 -16.45 11.68 -2.25 -12.54 2.61 -16.45 3.22
-7.30 6.95 5.12 2.18 3.95 -16.56 3.49 -2.28 -12.63 3.90 -16.49 3.23
-14.05 6.87 5.04 3.11 3.90 -16.52 7.31 -2.27 -12.56 12.48 -16.35 3.31
-18.99 6.73 4.88 12.70 3.96 -16.21 14.96 -2.17 -12.32 11.19 -16.21 3.27
-12.68 6.92 5.09 12.15 3.99 -16.42 11.57 -2.24 -12.54 2.91 -16.49 3.17
-7.74 7.05 5.24 2.57 3.94 -16.73 3.92 -2.34 -12.78 4.20 -16.64 3.21
-13.99 6.85 5.02 3.36 3.87 -16.55 7.42 -2.27 -12.57 12.18 -16.30 3.36
-18.55 6.63 4.76 12.31 3.96 -16.03 14.53 -2.12 -12.16 10.90 -16.07 3.28
-12.75 6.93 5.10 11.90 4.02 -16.39 11.47 -2.23 -12.53 3.20 -16.54 3.12
-8.19 7.16 5.36 2.95 3.93 -16.91 4.35 -2.39 -12.93 4.49 -16.78 3.20
-13.93 6.84 5.01 3.61 3.84 -16.58 7.52 -2.28 -12.58 11.89 -16.26 3.41
-18.10 6.52 4.64 11.93 3.97 -15.86 14.10 -2.06 -12.01 10.60 -15.93 3.30
-12.81 6.95 5.12 11.66 4.05 -16.36 11.36 -2.22 -12.52 3.50 -16.59 3.07
-8.64 7.26 5.48 3.33 3.93 -17.08 4.78 -2.45 -13.09 4.78 -16.92 3.18
-13.87 6.82 4.99 3.86 3.81 -16.61 7.63 -2.29 -12.59 11.59 -16.21 3.46
-17.65 6.42 4.52 11.55 3.97 -15.68 13.68 -2.01 -11.86 10.31 -15.78 3.32
-12.87 6.97 5.13 11.41 4.08 -16.33 11.25 -2.22 -12.51 3.80 -16.64 3.02
-9.09 7.37 5.60 3.72 3.92 -17.26 5.21 -2.50 -13.24 5.08 -17.06 3.16
-13.81 6.81 4.98 4.11 3.78 -16.64 7.73 -2.30 -12.60 11.29 -16.16 3.51
-17.20 6.31 4.40 11.16 3.98 -15.51 13.25 -1.95 -11.70 10.01 -15.64 3.33
-12.93 6.98 5.15 11.16 4.11 -16.30 11.15 -2.21 -12.50 4.09 -16.68 2.98
-9.53 7.48 5.72 4.10 3.92 -17.43 5.64 -2.56 -13.40 5.37 -17.20 3.15
-13.74 6.79 4.96 4.36 3.76 -16.67 7.84 -2.31 -12.61 11.00 -16.11 3.55
-16.76 6.20 4.29 10.78 3.99 -15.33 12.82 -1.90 -11.55 9.72 -15.50 3.35
-12.99 7.00 5.17 10.91 4.14 -16.27 11.04 -2.20 -12.49 4.39 -16.73 2.93
-9.98 7.58 5.84 4.48 3.91 -17.61 6.06 -2.61 -13.55 5.67 -17.35 3.13
-13.68 6.77 4.94 4.60 3.73 -16.70 7.95 -2.32 -12.62 10.70 -16.07 3.60
-16.31 6.10 4.17 10.40 3.99 -15.16 12.39 -1.84 -11.39 9.42 -15.36 3.37
-13.05 7.01 5.18 10.66 4.17 -16.24 10.94 -2.19 -12.48 4.69 -16.78 2.88
-10.43 7.69 5.96 4.87 3.91 -17.78 6.49 -2.67 -13.70 5.96 -17.49 3.11
-13.62 6.76 4.93 4.85 3.70 -16.73 8.05 -2.32 -12.63 10.40 -16.02 3.65
-15.86 5.99 4.05 10.01 4.00 -14.98 11.96 -1.79 -11.24 9.13 -15.21 3.39
-13.12 7.03 5.20 10.41 4.20 -16.21 10.83 -2.18 -12.47 4.98 -16.83 2.83
-10.87 7.79 6.08 5.25 3.90 -17.96 6.92 -2.72 -13.86 6.26 -17.63 3.10
-13.56 6.74 4.91 5.10 3.67 -16.76 8.16 -2.33 -12.64 10.11 -15.97 3.70
-15.42 5.89 3.93 9.63 4.00 -14.81 11.53 -1.73 -11.09 8.84 -15.07 3.40
-13.18 7.05 5.21 10.16 4.23 -16.17 10.73 -2.17 -12.46 5.28 -16.87 2.78
-11.32 7.90 6.20 5.64 3.89 -18.13 7.35 -2.78 -14.01 6.55 -17.77 3.08
-13.50 6.72 4.90 5.35 3.64 -16.79 8.26 -2.34 -12.64 9.81 -15.92 3.75
-14.97 5.78 3.81 9.25 4.01 -14.63 11.11 -1.68 -10.93 8.54 -14.93 3.42
-13.24 7.06 5.23 9.91 4.26 -16.14 10.62 -2.17 -12.45 5.58 -16.92 2.73
-11.77 8.01 6.32 6.02 3.89 -18.31 7.78 -2.83 -14.17 6.85 -17.91 3.06
-13.44 6.71 4.88 5.60 3.61 -16.82 8.37 -2.35 -12.65 9.51 -15.88 3.80
-14.52 5.67 3.69 8.86 4.01 -14.46 10.68 -1.62 -10.78 8.25 -14.79 3.44
-13.30 7.08 5.24 9.67 4.29 -16.11 10.52 -2.16 -12.44 5.87 -16.97 2.69
-12.22 8.11 6.44 6.40 3.88 -18.48 8.21 -2.89 -14.32 7.14 -18.06 3.04
-13.37 6.69 4.86 5.85 3.58 -16.86 8.47 -2.36 -12.66 9.22 -15.83 3.84
211
Appendix I
-14.07 5.57 3.57 8.48 4.02 -14.28 10.25 -1.57 -10.62 7.95 -14.65 3.45
-13.36 7.09 5.26 9.42 4.32 -16.08 10.41 -2.15 -12.44 6.17 -17.02 2.64
-12.66 8.22 6.56 6.79 3.88 -18.66 8.63 -2.94 -14.47 7.44 -18.20 3.03
-13.34 6.68 4.85 6.04 3.55 -16.89 8.56 -2.37 -12.67 9.02 -15.78 3.89
-13.83 5.46 3.45 8.26 4.02 -14.10 10.01 -1.51 -10.47 7.80 -14.50 3.47
-13.39 7.11 5.28 9.23 4.35 -16.05 10.32 -2.14 -12.43 6.37 -17.06 2.59
-12.91 8.32 6.68 7.00 3.87 -18.83 8.87 -3.00 -14.63 7.59 -18.34 3.01
-13.35 6.71 4.88 6.16 3.55 -16.93 8.63 -2.38 -12.71 8.91 -15.83 3.89
-13.79 5.49 3.48 8.21 4.03 -14.15 9.97 -1.52 -10.51 7.79 -14.55 3.47
-13.39 7.14 5.31 9.10 4.35 -16.10 10.25 -2.15 -12.47 6.48 -17.11 2.59
-12.94 8.35 6.71 7.05 3.88 -18.88 8.92 -3.01 -14.67 7.60 -18.39 3.01
-13.35 6.72 4.89 6.29 3.58 -16.90 8.70 -2.37 -12.70 8.80 -15.87 3.84
-13.76 5.60 3.60 8.16 4.02 -14.33 9.92 -1.58 -10.66 7.78 -14.69 3.45
-13.39 7.12 5.29 8.97 4.32 -16.13 10.18 -2.16 -12.48 6.58 -17.06 2.64
-12.98 8.25 6.59 7.10 3.88 -18.71 8.96 -2.95 -14.52 7.60 -18.24 3.03
-13.35 6.74 4.91 6.42 3.61 -16.87 8.77 -2.36 -12.69 8.70 -15.92 3.80
-13.72 5.70 3.72 8.11 4.02 -14.50 9.88 -1.63 -10.82 7.77 -14.83 3.44
-13.39 7.11 5.27 8.85 4.29 -16.16 10.11 -2.17 -12.48 6.69 -17.01 2.69
-13.02 8.14 6.47 7.15 3.89 -18.53 9.01 -2.90 -14.36 7.61 -18.10 3.04
-13.35 6.76 4.93 6.55 3.64 -16.84 8.84 -2.35 -12.68 8.59 -15.97 3.75
-13.68 5.81 3.84 8.06 4.01 -14.68 9.83 -1.69 -10.97 7.77 -14.98 3.42
-13.38 7.09 5.26 8.72 4.26 -16.19 10.04 -2.18 -12.49 6.79 -16.97 2.73
-13.05 8.04 6.35 7.20 3.89 -18.36 9.05 -2.84 -14.21 7.62 -17.96 3.06
-13.35 6.77 4.94 6.68 3.67 -16.81 8.91 -2.35 -12.68 8.49 -16.02 3.70
-13.65 5.92 3.96 8.01 4.01 -14.85 9.78 -1.74 -11.13 7.76 -15.12 3.40
-13.38 7.08 5.24 8.59 4.23 -16.22 9.97 -2.19 -12.50 6.90 -16.92 2.78
-13.09 7.93 6.23 7.25 3.90 -18.18 9.10 -2.79 -14.05 7.63 -17.82 3.08
-13.36 6.79 4.96 6.80 3.70 -16.78 8.98 -2.34 -12.67 8.38 -16.06 3.65
-13.61 6.02 4.08 7.96 4.00 -15.03 9.74 -1.80 -11.28 7.75 -15.26 3.39
-13.38 7.06 5.23 8.46 4.20 -16.25 9.90 -2.20 -12.51 7.01 -16.87 2.83
-13.13 7.82 6.11 7.31 3.90 -18.00 9.15 -2.73 -13.90 7.64 -17.68 3.10
-13.36 6.80 4.97 6.93 3.73 -16.75 9.05 -2.33 -12.66 8.28 -16.11 3.60
-13.57 6.13 4.19 7.91 3.99 -15.20 9.69 -1.85 -11.43 7.74 -15.40 3.37
-13.38 7.04 5.21 8.34 4.18 -16.28 9.83 -2.20 -12.52 7.11 -16.82 2.88
-13.17 7.72 5.99 7.36 3.91 -17.83 9.19 -2.68 -13.75 7.65 -17.53 3.11
-13.36 6.82 4.99 7.06 3.76 -16.72 9.12 -2.32 -12.65 8.17 -16.16 3.55
-13.54 6.23 4.31 7.86 3.99 -15.38 9.65 -1.91 -11.59 7.73 -15.54 3.35
-13.38 7.03 5.19 8.21 4.15 -16.32 9.76 -2.21 -12.53 7.22 -16.78 2.93
-13.20 7.61 5.87 7.41 3.92 -17.65 9.24 -2.62 -13.59 7.66 -17.39 3.13
-13.36 6.84 5.00 7.19 3.79 -16.69 9.20 -2.31 -12.64 8.06 -16.21 3.51
-13.50 6.34 4.43 7.81 3.98 -15.55 9.60 -1.96 -11.74 7.72 -15.69 3.33
-13.38 7.01 5.18 8.08 4.12 -16.35 9.69 -2.22 -12.54 7.32 -16.73 2.98
-13.24 7.51 5.75 7.46 3.92 -17.48 9.28 -2.57 -13.44 7.66 -17.25 3.15
-13.36 6.85 5.02 7.31 3.82 -16.66 9.27 -2.30 -12.63 7.96 -16.25 3.46
-13.46 6.45 4.55 7.76 3.98 -15.73 9.56 -2.02 -11.90 7.71 -15.83 3.32
-13.37 7.00 5.16 7.95 4.09 -16.38 9.62 -2.23 -12.55 7.43 -16.68 3.02
-13.28 7.40 5.63 7.51 3.93 -17.30 9.33 -2.51 -13.28 7.67 -17.11 3.16
-13.37 6.87 5.04 7.44 3.85 -16.62 9.34 -2.30 -12.62 7.85 -16.30 3.41
-13.42 6.55 4.67 7.71 3.97 -15.90 9.51 -2.07 -12.05 7.71 -15.97 3.30
-13.37 6.98 5.15 7.82 4.06 -16.41 9.55 -2.24 -12.56 7.53 -16.63 3.07
-13.31 7.29 5.51 7.56 3.93 -17.13 9.37 -2.46 -13.13 7.68 -16.96 3.18
-13.37 6.88 5.05 7.57 3.88 -16.59 9.41 -2.29 -12.61 7.75 -16.35 3.36
212
Appendix I
-13.39 6.66 4.79 7.66 3.97 -16.08 9.46 -2.13 -12.20 7.70 -16.11 3.28
-13.37 6.96 5.13 7.70 4.03 -16.44 9.48 -2.25 -12.57 7.64 -16.59 3.12
-13.35 7.19 5.39 7.61 3.94 -16.95 9.42 -2.40 -12.97 7.69 -16.82 3.20
6.90 5.07 3.91 -16.56 -2.28 -12.60 -16.40 3.31
6.76 4.91 3.96 -16.25 -2.18 -12.36 -16.25 3.27
6.95 5.12 4.00 -16.47 -2.25 -12.58 -16.54 3.17
7.08 5.27 3.94 -16.78 -2.35 -12.82 -16.68 3.22
6.92 5.08 3.94 -16.53 -2.27 -12.59 -16.44 3.26
6.87 5.03 3.96 -16.43 -2.24 -12.51 -16.40 3.25
6.93 5.10 3.97 -16.50 -2.26 -12.58 -16.49 3.22
6.98 5.15 3.95 -16.60 -2.29 -12.67 -16.54 3.23
-19.44 5.46 3.45 2.18 3.55 -18.88 3.49 -3.01 -14.67 2.61 -18.39 2.59
-7.30 8.35 6.71 13.08 4.35 -14.10 15.39 -1.51 -10.47 12.78 -14.50 3.89
Maxima and minima
213
Appendix I
Buckling analysis for columns (Abaqus results)

AISC Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (2005), E3
Material properties

Columns C1
C11 C12 C13 C14
diameter D [mm] 260 200 165 165
thickness t [mm] 8 8 7 7
area A [cm] 63.33 48.25 34.75 34.75

moment of inertia I=
4
(
Routside
4
Rinside
4
) [cm ]
4
5,033 2,227 1,086 1,086
I
radius of gyration r= [cm] 8.91 6.79 5.59 5.59
A
length of member L [m] 4.20 2.10 2.26 2.32
effective length factor K [-] 2 2 2 2
2 E
Fe =
K L
2
elastic critical buckling stress [kN/cm] 23.34 54.24 31.72 30.10

r
K L Fy
criterion 4.17 or > 4.17 [-] 3.87 2.54 3.32 3.41
r E
*)
flexural bucking stress Fcr [kN/cm] 20.47 26.99 22.22 21.67

load group [-] LG 2 LG 3 LG 4 LG 4
c
capacity [-] 1.00 0.62 0.90 0.86
Fcr
*) F cr = 0 . 877 Fe
for 3/17 :
Fy

for 9/12, 8/11 and 10/13: F cr = 0 . 658 Fe
Fy

214
Appendix I
Columns C3
C31 C32 C33 C34
diameter D [mm] 150 150 140 140
area A [cm] 31.45 31.45 29.25 29.25

4
(
Routside
4
Rinside
4
) [cm ]
4
806 806 649 649
I
A
unbraced length of member L [m] 2.60 1.30 1.41 1.45
2 E
Fe =
K L
2

r
K L Fy
criterion 4.17 or > 4.17 [-] 4.22 2.11 2.46 2.53
r E
Fy

flexural bucking stress F cr = 0 . 658 Fe
F y [kN/cm] 16.66 29.38 27.45 27.05

load group [-] LG3 LG3 LG3 LG3
c
capacity [-] 0.96 0.71 0.94 1.00
Fcr
215
Appendix I
Buckling analysis for columns (Rstab results)

AISC Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (2005), E3
Material properties

Columns C1
C11 C12 C13 C14
diameter D [mm] 260 200 165 165
area A [cm] 63.33 48.25 34.75 34.75

4
(
Routside
4
Rinside
4
) [cm ]
4
5,033 2,227 1,086 1,086
I
A
length of member L [m] 4.20 2.10 2.26 2.32
2 E
Fe =
K L
2

r
K L Fy
criterion 4.17 or > 4.17 [-] 3.87 2.54 3.32 3.41
r E
*)
flexural bucking stress Fcr [kN/cm] 20.47 26.99 22.22 21.67

load group [-] LG2 LG 3 LG 4 LG 4
c
capacity [-] 0.29 0.32 0.85 0.93
Fcr
*) F cr = 0 . 877 Fe
for 3/17 :
Fy

for 9/12, 8/11 and 10/13: F cr = 0 . 658 Fe
Fy

216
Appendix I
Columns C3
C31 C32 C33 C34
diameter D [mm] 150 150 140 140
area A [cm] 31.45 31.45 29.25 29.25

4
(
Routside
4
Rinside
4
) [cm ]
4
806 806 649 649
I
A
unbraced length of member L [m] 2.60 1.30 1.41 1.45
2 E
Fe =
K L
2

r
K L Fy
criterion 4.17 or > 4.17 [-] 4.22 2.11 2.46 2.53
r E
Fy

flexural bucking stress F cr = 0 . 658 Fe
F y [kN/cm] 16.66 29.38 27.45 27.05

load group [-] LG3 LG 5 LG2 LG3
c
capacity [-] 0.47 0.21 0.66 0.67
Fcr
217
Appendix J
Appendix J
Comparison of SMB and RStab
SMB input file

BOXGIRDER
TORSION AND DISTORTION
18,11,10,1
1,1,1
1 ,0.000 ,0.00,0.00 ,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0
2 ,100.000 ,0.00,0.00 ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
3 ,200.000 ,0.00,0.00 ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
4 ,300.000 ,0.00,0.00 ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
5 ,400.000 ,0.00,0.00 ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
6 ,500.000 ,0.00,0.00 ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
7 ,600.000 ,0.00,0.00 ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
8 ,700.000 ,0.00,0.00 ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
9 ,800.000 ,0.00,0.00 ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
10 ,900.000 ,0.00,0.00 ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
11 ,1000.000,0.00,0.00 ,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0
1,427.63,376494.,1773000.,730129.,56720000.,276031500.,99.792
1,21000.,8100.
1 ,1 ,1 ,2 ,0,1,1,0,0.00
2 ,1 ,2 ,3 ,0,1,1,0,0.00
3 ,1 ,3 ,4 ,0,1,1,0,0.00
4 ,1 ,4 ,5 ,0,1,1,0,0.00
5 ,1 ,5 ,6 ,0,1,1,0,0.00
6 ,1 ,6 ,7 ,0,1,1,0,0.00
7 ,1 ,7 ,8 ,0,1,1,0,0.00
8 ,1 ,8 ,9 ,0,1,1,0,0.00
9 ,1 ,9 ,10 ,0,1,1,0,0.00
10 ,1 ,10 ,11 ,0,1,1,0,0.00
1
0,1
4,100.,2.65
218
Appendix J
SMB output file

BOXGIRDER
TORSION AND DISTORSION
C O N T R O L I N F O R M A T I O N
HALF BAND WIDTH = 18

NUMBER OF NODAL POINTS = 11
NUMBER OF ELEMENTS = 10
PRINTING CODE = 1
EQ.0 NO PRINTING
EQ.1 PRINTING DISPLACEMENT IN MEMBER(LOCAL) COORDINATES
B E A M E L E M E N T D A T A
NUMBER OF BEAMS = 10
NUMBER OF SECTIONAL PROPERTIES = 1
NUMBER OF MATERIAL PROPERTIES = 1
NUMBER OF MAX. ELEMENT LOADS = 1
N O D A L P O I N T I N P U T D A T A
COORDINATE OF JOINTS BOUNDARY CONDITION OF NODES

JOINT X-COORDI Y-COORDI Z-COORDI X-D Y-D Z-D Z-ROT Y-ROT
BE BEPRM THE THEPRM
1 .000E .000E .000E 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 0
2 .100E .000E .000E 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0
3 .200E .000E .000E 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0
4 .300E .000E .000E 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0
5 .400E .000E .000E 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0
6 .500E .000E .000E 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0
7 .600E .000E .000E 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0
8 .700E .000E .000E 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0
9 .800E .000E .000E 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0
10 .900E .000E .000E 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0
11 .100E .000E .000E 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 0
ELEMENT SECTIONAL PROPERTIES

SECTION AREA INERTIA INERTIA TORSION WRARPING
DIST-WARPING DIST-STIFF
NUMBER A IY IZ TC WC
DWC DKD
1 .428E .376E .177E .730E .567E .276E .998E
219
Appendix J
ELEMENT MATERIAL PROPERTIES

MATERIAL YOUNG*S RIGIDITY
NUMBER MODULUS MODULUS
1 .210E .810E
MEMBER DESIGNATION
ELEMENT NODE NODE NODE SECTIONAL MATERIAL
DIAPHRAGM DIAPHRAGM
NUMBER JJ JK KK NUMBER NUMBER
TYPE STIFFNESS
1 1 2 0 1 1
0 .000E
2 2 3 0 1 1
0 .000E
3 3 4 0 1 1
0 .000E
4 4 5 0 1 1
0 .000E
5 5 6 0 1 1
0 .000E
6 6 7 0 1 1
0 .000E
7 7 8 0 1 1
0 .000E
8 8 9 0 1 1
0 .000E
9 9 10 0 1 1
0 .000E
10 10 11 0 1 1
0 .000E
S T A T I C A N A L Y S I S -------L O A D I N G C A S E N O.
1
LOADING CONTROL DATA

NUMBER OF JOINT LOADING(GLOBAL COORD.) = 0
NUMBER OF MEMBER LOADING(GLOBAL COORD.) = 1
TOTAL LOADING CASES IN EACH MEMBER

MEMBER Y-DISTANCE VALUE
4 .100E .265E
EQUIVALENT NODAL LOADS DUE TO DISTRIBUTED LOADS
MEMBER J AXL F J Y-SHR J Z-SHR J Z-MNT J Y-MNT J T TRQ J

BIMNT J T DIST J DBIMNT K AXL F K Y-SHR K Z-SHR K Z-MNT K Y-
MNT K T TRQ K BIMNT K T DIST K DBIMNT
1 .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E
.000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E
2 .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E
.000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E
3 .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E
.000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E
4 .000E .000E .132E .000E.221E .133E.135E .662E.110E .000E
.000E .133E .000E .221E .132E .135E .662E .110E
220
Appendix J
5 .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E
.000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E
6 .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E
.000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E
7 .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E
.000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E
8 .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E
.000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E
9 .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E
.000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E
10 .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E
.000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E
1
JOINT DISPLACEMENTS IN GLOBAL COORDINATES
JOINT X-DISPL Y-DISPL Z-DISPL Z-ROT Y-ROT BETA

BETAPRIM THETA THETAPRIM
1 .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E -.291E-05 .000E -
.123E-03
2 .000E .000E .206E-01 .000E -.373E-03 .291E-03 -.291E-05
.120E-01 -.116E-03
3 .000E .000E .665E-01 .000E -.505E-03 .583E-03 -.291E-05
.228E-01 -.967E-04
4 .000E .000E .114E .000E -.397E-03 .869E-03 -.259E-05
.309E-01 -.640E-04
5 .000E .000E .139E .000E -.104E-03 .936E-03 .125E-05
.352E-01 -.214E-04
6 .000E .000E .136E .000E .150E-03 .784E-03 .157E-05
.354E-01 .165E-04
7 .000E .000E .112E .000E .309E-03 .627E-03 .157E-05
.322E-01 .465E-04
8 .000E .000E .774E-01 .000E .374E-03 .470E-03 .157E-05
.264E-01 .691E-04
9 .000E .000E .407E-01 .000E .344E-03 .314E-03 .157E-05
.186E-01 .848E-04
10 .000E .000E .118E-01 .000E .219E-03 .157E-03 .157E-05
.962E-02 .941E-04
11 .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .000E .157E-05 .000E
.972E-04
1
MEMBER FORCES IN GLOBAL COORDINATES
MEMBER J AXL F J Y-SHR J Z-SHR J Z-MNT J Y-MNT J T TRQ

J BIMNT J T DIST J DBIMNT K AXL F K Y-SHR K Z-SHR K Z-
MNT K Y-MNT K T TRQ K BIMNT K T DIST K DBIMNT
1 .000E .000E -.190E .000E .390E -.172E .728E-10 -.745E
.000E .000E .000E .190E .000E -.200E .172E .202E-01 .751E
.747E
2 .000E .000E -.190E .000E .200E -.172E -.202E-01 -.751E -
.747E .000E .000E .190E .000E -.950E .172E .232E .769E
.151E
221
Appendix J
3 .000E .000E -.190E .000E .950E -.172E -.232E -.769E -.151E

.000E .000E .190E .000E .181E .172E .267E .796E .229E
4 .000E .000E -.190E .000E -.181E -.172E -.267E -.796E -.229E
.000E .000E -.749E .000E .238E -.928E .267E -.496E .244E
5 .000E .000E .749E .000E -.238E .928E -.267E .496E -.244E
.000E .000E -.749E .000E .163E -.928E .232E -.460E .196E
6 .000E .000E .749E .000E -.163E .928E -.232E .460E -.196E
.000E .000E -.749E .000E .886E -.927E .202E-01 -.426E .152E
7 .000E .000E .749E .000E -.886E .927E -.202E-01 .426E -
.152E .000E .000E -.749E .000E .137E -.927E .176E-04 -.397E
.111E
8 .000E .000E .749E .000E -.137E .927E -.176E-04 .397E -
.111E .000E .000E -.749E .000E -.612E -.927E .252E-07 -.374E
.723E
9 .000E .000E .749E .000E .612E .927E -.254E-07 .374E -
.723E .000E .000E -.749E .000E -.136E -.927E .998E-08 -.360E
.357E
10 .000E .000E .749E .000E .136E .927E -.101E-07 .360E -
.357E .000E .000E -.749E .000E -.211E -.927E -.873E-10 -.355E
.373E-08
STATIC A N A L Y S I S -------L O A D I N G C A S E N O. 1
SUPPORT REACTIONS IN GLOBAL COORDINATES
JOINT X-FORCE Y-FORCE Z-FORCE Z-MOMNT Y-MOMNT X-TORQUE

X-BIMNT X-DIST X-DISTBIMNT
1 .000E .000E -.190E .000E .390E -.172E .000E -.745E .000E
11 .000E .000E -.749E .000E -.211E -.927E .000E -.355E .000E
USED COMMON ARRAY FOR REAL A( ) 2790

USED COMMON ARRAY FOR INTEGER IA( ) 277
222
Appendix J
SMB Results
Displacements
node ux uy uz z y ' '

[mm] [mm] [mm] [mrad] [mrad] [mrad] [mrad] [mrad] [mrad]
1 0 0 0.000 0 0.000 0.000 -0.00291 0.00 -0.123
2 0 0 0.206 0 -0.373 0.291 -0.00291 12.0 -0.116
3 0 0 0.665 0 -0.505 0.583 -0.00291 22.8 -0.0967
4 0 0 1.140 0 -0.397 0.869 -0.00259 30.9 -0.064
5 0 0 1.390 0 -0.104 0.936 0.00125 35.2 -0.0214
6 0 0 1.360 0 0.15 0.784 0.00157 35.4 0.0165
7 0 0 1.120 0 0.309 0.627 0.00157 32.2 0.0465
8 0 0 0.774 0 0.374 0.47 0.00157 26.4 0.0691
9 0 0 0.407 0 0.344 0.314 0.00157 18.6 0.0848
10 0 0 0.118 0 0.219 0.157 0.00157 9.62 0.0941
11 0 0 0.000 0 0.000 0.000 0.00157 0.00 0.0972
Member Forces
El-J N Vy Vz Mz My T Bt Tdw Bd
[kN] [kN] [kN] [kNcm] [kNm] [kNm] [kNm] [kNm] [kNm]
1 0 0 -190.0 0 390.0 -172.0 7.28E-15 -74.5 0.0
2 0 0 -190.0 0 200.0 -172.0 -2.02E-06 -75.1 -74.7
3 0 0 -190.0 0 9.5 -172.0 -0.00232 -76.9 -151.0
4 0 0 -190.0 0 -181.0 -172.0 -2.67 -79.6 -229.0
5 0 0 74.9 0 -238.0 92.8 -2.67 49.6 -244.0
6 0 0 74.9 0 -163.0 92.8 -0.00232 46.0 -196.0
7 0 0 74.9 0 -88.6 92.7 -2.02E-06 42.6 -152.0
8 0 0 74.9 0 -13.7 92.7 -1.76E-09 39.7 -111.0
9 0 0 74.9 0 61.2 92.7 -2.54E-12 37.4 -72.3
10 0 0 74.9 0 136.0 92.7 -1.01E-12 36.0 -35.7
Reaction forces
node Fx Fy Fz Mz My MT X-BIMOM X-DIST X-DISTBI

[kN] [kN] [kN] [kNcm] [kNm] [kNm] [kNm] [kNm] [kNm]
1 0 0 -190.0 0 390.0 -172.0 0 -74.5 0
11 0 0 -74.9 0 -211.0 -92.7 0 -35.5 0
223
Appendix J
Displacements
-1 node
y [mrad]
-0,5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
0
0,5
1 2 3 4 5 node
6 7 8 9 10 11
0
uz [cm]
0,5
1
1,5
1 2 3 4 5 node
6 7 8 9 10 11
0
[mrad]
0,5
1
-0,004 node
' [mrad]
-0,002
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
0
0,002
1 2 3 4 5 node
6 7 8 9 10 11
0
[mrad]
20
40
-0,2 node
-0,1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
' [mrad]
0
0,1
0,2
224
Appendix J
Stress resultants
-300
-200
Vz [kN]
-100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0
100
600
400
My [kNm]
200
0
-200 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-400
200
moment [kNm]
100
Torsional
0
-100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-200
1
Bimoment [kNm]
0
Torsional
-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-2
-3
100
Distorsional moment
50
[kNm]
0
-50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-100
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Bimoment [[kNm]
-100
Distorstional
-200
-300
225
Appendix J
Maximum stresses using SMB

Flexural bending
bending normal stress My

b = z
Iy
benidng moment My = -181 kNm
4
moment of inertia w.r.t. y-axis Iy = 376,494 cm
distance to upper flange zu = -23.09 cm
distance to bottom flange zb = 47.76 cm
bending normal stresses b,u = 1.11 kN/cm

b,b = -2.30 kN/cm
Torsion
torsional shear stress T

t =
2 Ak t
torque T= -172 kNm
area under membrane Ak = 9947.27 cm
thickness t= 7 mm
maximum torsional shear stress t = -1.24 kN/cm
torsional warping normal stress Bt

tw = nt
Iw
torsional bimoment Bt = -2.67 kNm
6
torsional warping moment of inertia Iw = 56,720,000 cm
normalized warping function for torsion nt = 732.54 cm
maximum torsional warping normal stress tw = -0.34 kN/cm
Distortion
distortional warping shear stress Tdw

dw = S wc
I dw t
distortional warping moment Tdw = -79.6 kNm
6
distorsional warping moment of inertia Idw = 276,031,500 cm
4
warping statical moment of closed section Swc = 13,566 cm
maximum distortional warping shear stress dw = -0.56 kN/cm
226
Appendix J
Bd
distortional warping normal stress dw = nd
I dw
distortional bimoment Bd = -229 kNm
6
normalized warping function for distortion nd = 1,838 cm
maximum distortional warping normal stress dw = -15.25 kN/cm
M tb t
transverse bending normal stress tb =
I 2
transverse bending moment Mj = 28.80 kNm/m

4
moment of inertia I = Iw = 0.02858 cm /cm
thickness t = tw = 7.00 mm
distortional displacement = 30.90 mrad
maximum transverse bending normal stress tb = 10.90 kN/cm
Shear force
Vz S y
shear stress from vertical shear force t , max =
I y t min
shear force Vz = -190 kN

statical moment Sy = 2,882 cm
4
moment of inertia Iy = 376,494 cm
minimum thickness tmin = 7 mm
maximum maximum shear stress t,max = -2.08 kN/cm
227
Appendix J
Distribution of normal stresses (SMB)
Longitudinal normal stresses
benidng moment My = -181 kNm

moment of inertia w.r.t. y-axis Iy = 376,494 cm4
torsional bimoment Bt = -2.67 kNm

6
torsional warping moment of inertia Iw = 56,720,000 cm
distortional bimoment Bd = -229 kNm

6
Point z warping functions 1) stresses

[cm] [cm] [kN/cm]
nt nd b tw dw total
1 -23.09 -509 -1028 1.11 0.24 8.53 9.88
2 -23.09 611 -659 1.11 -0.29 5.47 6.29
3 47.76 -728 1838 -2.30 0.34 -15.25 -17.21
4 47.76 730 -1840 -2.30 -0.34 15.26 12.62
5 -23.09 -609 657 1.11 0.29 -5.45 -4.05
6 -23.09 511 1026 1.11 -0.24 -8.51 -7.64
1 2 5 6
3 4
Transverse bending normal stresses
Point t Mtb 1)
I tb
[mm] [mrad] [kNm/m] [cm4/cm] [kN/cm]
i 10 30.9 28.8 0.08333 5.34
j 7 30.9 28.8 0.02858 10.90
p 7 30.9 21.1 0.02858 7.98
q 7 30.9 21.1 0.02858 7.98
5.34
10.90
tb [kN/cm]
7.98
1)
values computed by Excel (Park) for the rectangular box girder,
228
Appendix J
229
Appendix J
Stresses by Rstab
Cross-sectional properties
area A= 427.63 cm
area under membrane Ak = 9947.24 cm
4
moment of inertia w.r.t. y-axis Iy = 376,494 cm
4
moment of inertia w.r.t. z-axis Iz = 1,773,000 cm
statical moment w.r.t. y-axis Sy = 2,882 cm
thicknesses tw = 7 mm
tb = 10 mm
z-distance to centroid zo = 23.09 cm

zu = 47.91 cm
y-distance to centroid y1 = 120 cm

y2 = 80 cm
yu = 63 cm
LF1: exzentrisch
Stresses for point A Z

Y
265.00
X
A
3.0
0
1.0 265.00
0
6.0
0
Stress resultants by Rstab
bending moment My = 180.64 kNm

torque T= -172.25 kNm
shear force Vz = 190.14 kN
230
Appendix J
normal stress
My
My
, = z ,
Iy
upper flange My,u = -1.11 kN/cm

bottom flange My,b = 2.30 kN/cm
Normal stress x [kN/cm]
231
Appendix J
shear stress
T
shear stress from torque
t =
2 Ak t
upper flange t,u = -0.87 kN/cm
bottom flange t,w = -1.24 kN/cm
shear stress from shear force Vz S y

V , max =
I y t min
V,max = -2.08 kN/cm
total shear stress max = t,w + V,max = -3.32 kN/cm
232
Appendix J
Displacements
Z
3.00 1.00 6.00
Y X
-1.4
max uz = 1.4 mm
Z X
3.00 1.00 6.00
max y = 0.5 mrad
233
Appendix K
Appendix K
Steel volume
Truss structure
Member cross-section area length volume

[cm] [m] [m]
upper chord pipe section 200/15 87.15 192.26 1.676

lower chord round bar 70 38.48 92.82 0.357
Truss girder
vertical bracespipe section 70/5 10.21 120.15 0.123

lateral bracespipe section 80/8.5 19.09 100.94 0.193
diagonal braces (spatial)
pipe section 100/8 23.11 229.38 0.530
diagonal braces (plane)
pipe section 90/9 22.89 137.55 0.315
Total 3.193
supporting
pylon Pipe section 400/25 294.43 31.11 0.916

tie rods truss round
- pylonbar 50 19.63 190.64 0.374
tie rods pylon round
- ground
bar 70 38.48 62.40 0.240
Total 1.530
Total steel volume 4.723
Box girder
Member cross-section area length volume

[cm] [m] [m]
1st arc 427.63 36.76 1.572

Trapezoidal box
Girder
mid span 427.63 21.40 0.915

2400/10/700/7/1600/1250
2nd arc 427.63 36.76 1.572
Total 4.059
C11 Pipe section 260/8 63.31 4.20 0.027

C12 Pipe section 200/8 48.24 4.20 0.020
C13 34.73 4.46 0.016
Pipe section 165/7
C14 34.73 4.51 0.016
columns
C31 31.44 2.60 0.008

Pipe section 150/7
C32 31.44 2.60 0.008
C33 29.24 2.90 0.008
Pipe section 140/7
C34 29.24 2.81 0.008
braces Pipe section 80/3 7.25 5.93 0.004
Total 0.115
Total steel volume 4.174
234
Digital Appendix (CD)
Digital Appendix (CD)

Data on the CD
3_Abaqus Abaqus files corresponding to Chapter 3

3_Matlab Matlab files corresponding to Chapter 3
4_Abaqus Abaqus files corresponding to Chapter 4

4_RStab RStab files corresponding to Chapter 4
5_Excel_Park Excel file for determination of sectional properties for SMB by

Dr. Park
5_RStab RStab files corresponding to Chapter 5
5_SMB SMB program and files corresponding to Chapter 5
235

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Design of a Curved Pedestrian

Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Technical University of

October 13th, 2009

Steel Structural Laboratory

List of Figures .............................................................................. VI

List of Tables ...............................................................................VIII

List of Symbols and Units ............................................................. IX

Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................ 12

1.1. Introduction ......................................................................................12

1.2. Scope and thesis organization ........................................................13

Chapter 2 Basic Considerations ................................................. 14

2.1. Objective ...........................................................................................14

2.2. Statical behavior due to curvature ..................................................15

Chapter 3 Design with Truss Girder ........................................... 17

3.1. Objective ...........................................................................................17

3.2. Previous Work ..................................................................................18

3.4. Model in Abaqus...............................................................................23

3.4.5. Results ...............................................................................................30

Chapter 4 Alternative Design ...................................................... 36

4.1. Overview ...........................................................................................36

4.3. Girder Design ...................................................................................40

4.4. Detailed Analysis using Abaqus .....................................................54

4.5. Bearings ............................................................................................65

Chapter 5 Influence of Torsion and Distortion............................. 82

5.1. General Information .........................................................................82

5.3. Evaluation of design using RStab ...................................................96

Chapter 6 Comparison of Structures .......................................... 97

6.1. Scope ................................................................................................97

6.2. Aspects .............................................................................................97

Literature .................................................................................... 102

Appendix A................................................................................. 105

Appendix B................................................................................. 108

Appendix C ................................................................................ 118

Appendix D ................................................................................ 129

Appendix E................................................................................. 132

Appendix F ................................................................................. 145

Appendix G ................................................................................ 149

Appendix H ................................................................................ 164

Appendix I .................................................................................. 178

Appendix J ................................................................................. 218

Appendix K................................................................................. 234

Digital Appendix (CD) ................................................................. 235

List of Symbols and Units

E, G, Youngs modulus, rigidity modulus, Poissons ratio

L, b, h general dimensions of the entire bridge (lengths, heights, widths)

s coordinate of center line

, normal and shear stress

in. inch 2.540000 cm

1.2. Scope and thesis organization

Figure 2-1:: Notations in plan view of the bridge

Figure 2-2:: Notations in side view of the bridge

Length of mid span: LM = 21.4 m

2.2. Statical behavior due to curvature

The design of curved bridges is more extensive compared to straight constructions.

Figure 2-3:: Transformation of torsional moment into axial forces

According to this fact the cross-section

Figure 2-5: Cross-section

Figure 2-6: Shear and Normal stresses

Commercial software developed by the Dlubal GmbH

3.2. Previous Work

3.2.1. Curved girder

Figure 3-2: Plan view of the truss girder (circular section)

Figure 3-3:: Notation of truss members