:

1:
F=500kN.
,
,
B =24kN/m3.

1-1: :
N11 = (F + G1 )
G1 = 0.5 0.5 3 24 = 18 kN
N11 = (500 + 18 ) = 518 kN
N11 518 10 3
11 = = = 2.07 MPa
A1 0 .5 0 .5

2-2:
N 22 = (F + G1 + G2 )
G2 = 1.0 1.0 0.75 24 = 18 kN
N 22 = (500 + 18 + 18 ) = 536 kN
N 2 2 536 10 3
22 = = = 0.536 MPa
A2 1 .0 1 .0

. -
 2:
.
q1=40kN/m, q2=35kN/m
q3=25kN/m.
16 kN/m3, a
24 kN/m3.
: 25cm 38cm.
:
- doz=0.8 MPa
- doz=1.8 MPa
- doz=0.2 MPa

.
) )

. -
 :

.

:
G1 = 0.25 2.7 16 = 10.80 kN
G2 = 0.25 2.7 16 = 10.80 kN
G3 = 0.38 2.7 16 = 16.41kN
G 4 = 0.38 3.0 16 = 18.24 kN
G5 = (1.40 0.45 + 0.90 0.45) 24 = 24.84 kN

:

q1 40 10 3
1 = = = 0.16 MPa < doz
A1 0.25 1

q1 + G1 + q 2 ( 40 + 10.8 + 35) 10 3
2 = = = 0.343 MPa < doz
A1 0.25 1

q1 + G1 + q 2 + G2 + q 2 ( 40 + 10.8 + 35 + 10.8 + 35) 10 3

3 = = = 0.346 MPa < doz
A2 0.38 1

q1 + G1 + q 2 + G2 + q 2 + G3 + q 2 ( 40 + 10.8 2 + 35 3 + 16.41) 10 3
4 = =
A2 0.38 1
4 = 0.482 MPa < doz
q1 + G1 + q 2 + G2 + q 2 + G3 + q 2 + G4 + q 3
5 = =
A2
( 40 + 10.8 2 + 35 3 + 16.41 + 18.24 + 25) 10 3
=
0.38 1
5 = 0.595 MPa < doz
q1 + G1 + q 2 + G2 + q 2 + G3 + q 2 + G4 + q 3 + G5
6 = =
A3
( 40 + 10.8 2 + 35 3 + 16.41 + 18.24 + 25 + 24.84) 10 3
=
1 .4 1
6 = 0.179 MPa < doz

,
. . )

.

. -
 3: 5cm 30cm
. 32 kN,
0.03cm,
0.0015cm.
.

:

:
D x 0.0015
x = = = 0.0003 cm / cm
D 5

:
L 0.03
z = = = 0.001cm / cm
L 30

:
x 0.0003
= = = 0 .3
z 0.001

:
F 32 32 32
= = 2
= 2
= = 1.63 kN / cm 2 = 16.3 MPa
A d 5 19.625
4 4

:
1.63
E= = = 1630 kN / cm 2 = 16300 MPa
z 0.001

. -
 4:
F=480kN.
.
,
G=160kN.

d=10cm
a = 4m
b = 2m
E = 2 . 105 MPa

:

:
:

Z = 0 F S1 = 0
Y = 0 G S 2 S3 = 0
b
M = 0
B F a +G
2
+ S3 b = 0

480 4 + 160 1 + S3 2 = 0
S 3 = 1040 kN
S 2 = 160 + 1040 = 880 kN
S1 = 480 kN

d2

: = 78.6 cm 2
A=
4

:
N1 S1 480 10 3
1 = = = = 61 MPa
A A 78.6 10 4
N1 l 1 0.48 2
l 1 = = = 0.00061m = 0.61mm
E A 2 10 5 0.00786
N S 880 10 3
2 = 2 = 2 = = 112.5 MPa
A A 78.6 10 4
N2 l 2 0.88 2
l 2 = = = 0.00105m = 1.05mm
E A 2 10 5 0.00786
N3 S3 1040 10 3
3 = = = = 133 MPa
A A 78.6 10 4
N3 l 3 1.040 2
l 3 = = = 0.00123m = 1.23mm
E A 2 10 5 0.00786

:
. -
 BB1 = = l 12 + l 22 = 1.21mm

5:
F.
F ,
doz = 150 MPa .
(1=8cm2 2=12cm2)
=2 . 105 MPa.

=30o

:

:
:

Z = 0 ; A + S sin = 0
z 1

Y = 0 ; A + S cos + S F = 0
y 1 2

M = 0;
A

S 2 10 S1 cos 30 5 + F 7.5 = 0
F 1.5 = S 2 2 + S1 0.866

:
:

l 1
= = 1.1547 l 1
cos 30
l 2
= l 2 = 2 = 2 1.1547 l 1 = 2.3094 l 1
10 5

S1 l 1 S1 3.464 S2 l 2 S2 3
l 1 = = ; l 2 = =
E A1 E 8 10 4 E A2 E 12 10 4

S2 3 S 3.464
4
= 2.3094 1
E 12 10 E 8 10 4

. -
 S 2 = 3.992 S1

1.5F
S1 = = 0.16949F
8.85

S 2 = 0.6766F

:
S1 0.16949F
1 = 150 MPa = 150 F = 0.708 MN = 700kN
A1 8 10 4

S2 0.6766F
2 = 150 MPa = 150 F = 0.266 MN = 266kN
A2 12 10 4

: F = 260kN

. -
 6:
=5cm2.
=2 . 105 MPa
().

F1=40 kN
F2=60 kN
F3=20 kN

:

:

:
N 0 1 = F1 = 40 kN
N12 = F1 + F2 = 40 + 60 = 100 kN
N 2 A = F1 + F2 F3 = 40 + 60 20 = 80 kN

:
N 40 10 3
01 = 0 1 = = 80 MPa
A1 5 10 4
N12 100 10 3
12 = = = 200 MPa
A1 5 10 4
N1 A 80 10 3
1 A = = = 160 MPa
A1 5 10 4

:
N 0 1 l 1 0.040 1
l 1 = = 5
= 4 10 4 m = 0.4 mm
E A1 2 10 0.0005
N l 0.100 1
l 2 = 12 2 = = 1 10 3 m = 1.0 mm
E A1 2 10 5 0.0005
N l 0.080 2
l 3 = 2 A 3 = 5
= 1.6 10 3 m = 1.6 mm
E A1 2 10 0.0005

= l 1 + l 2 + l 3 = 0.4 + 1.0 + 1.6 = 3.0 mm

. -
 7:
h=4m. , ,
F=200 kN.
d1=2cm d2=2.5cm =2 . 105 MPa.
.

:

:

Y = 0 ; S 1 = S 2 = F / 2 = 100 kN

2
d1
A1 = = 3.14 cm 2
4
2
d2
A2 = = 4.9 cm 2
4

:
N1 100 10 3
1 = = = 318.5 MPa
A1 3.14 10 4
N 2 100 10 3
2 = = = 204.1 MPa
A2 4.9 10 4

:

S1 l 1 0 .1 4
l 1 = = = 0.0064m
E A1 2 10 3.14 10 4
5

S2 l 2 0 .1 4
l 2 = = = 0.004m
E A2 2 10 4.9 10 4
5

= (l 1 + l 2 ) / 2 = (6.4 + 4 ) / 2 = 5.2 mm

. -
 8: F=250 kN
.
( )

a=20cm
b=2cm
F=250kN
b=2 . 104 MPa
c=2 . 105 MPa

:
Y = 0 ; Fb + Fc = F = 250 kN Fb = F Fc = 250 Fc

:
l c = l b -

Fc h F h
= b
E c Ac E b Ab
Fc
=
(F Fc )
E c Ac E b Ab

Ac = b 2 = 4cm 2

Ab = a 2 b 2 = 396 cm 2

Fc 0.25 Fc
=
2 10 5 4 10 4 2 10 4 396 10 4
Fc = 0.023 kN

Fb = 0.227 kN

Fc 23 10 3
c = = = 57.5 MPa
Ac 4 10 4

Fb 227 10 3
b = = = 5.73 MPa
Ab 396 10 4

. -
 9: =6mm.

,
, =2 . 105 MPa, =3cm2, =30 .

:

:
X =0
F1 sin F3 sin = 0 F1 = F3
Y = 0
2F1 cos + F2 = 0 F2 = 2F1 cos = 1.73F1

:

l 1
= l 2 + y = l 2 +
cos
F1 l 1 F2 l 2 l
l 1 = l 2 = l1 = 2
EA EA cos
F2 3 F1 3
0.6 10 3 = 5 4
+
2 10 3 10 2 10 3 10 4 cos 2
5

F1 = F3 = 3.9 kN ; F2 = 6.75 kN

F1 3.9 10 3
1 = 3 = = = 13 MPa ;
A 3 10 4
F2 6.75 10 3
2 = = = 22.5 MPa
A 3 10 4

. -
 10: =1mm.
, F=150kN,
=2 . 104 MPa, 1=400cm2, 2=200cm2, t=40o, l1=1.5m, l2=1.0m, t=1.25 .
10-5.

:
l t = t t (l 1 + l 2 ) = 1.25 mm > = 1mm
,

,
.

:
Y = 0 A F + B = 0 A = B F

:
l 1 + l 2 + l t =

B l 2 ( B + F ) l 1
+ + t t (l 1 + l 2 ) =
E A2 E A1

B 1
+
( B + 0.15) 1.5 + 1.25 10 5 40 2.5 = 0.001
4
2 10 0.02 2 10 4 0.04

B = 0.121MN = 121kN
A = 121 150 = 29 kN

A 29 10 3
1 = = = +0.725 MPa ;
A1 0.04
B 121 10 3
2 = = = 6.05 MPa
A2 0.02
B l2 0.121 1
l B C = + t t l 2 = 4
+ 1.25 10 5 40 1 = 0.1975mm
E A2 2 10 0.02
(F B ) l 1 0.029 1.5
l C A = + t t l 1 = 4
+ 1.25 10 5 40 1.5 = 0.8025mm
E A1 2 10 0.04
l B C + l C A = 0.1975 + 0.8025 = 1mm

. -
 11:
.
=2mm.
. =2.105 MPa, 1=2=10cm2, =2m.

:

:

:

M A = 0;
S 2 a S1 2a = 0
S 2 = 2S1

:
( l 1 0.707 ) : 2a = [( l 2 ) 0.707] : a

0.707 l 1 = 2 0.707( l 2 )

S1 l 1 4 S1
l 1 = =
EA EA
S l 2 S2
l 2 = 2 2 =
EA EA
4 S1 2 (2S1 )
0.707 = 2 0.707
EA EA

S1 = 0.0665 MN = 66.5 kN

S 2 = 2S1 = 0.133 MN = 133kN

. -
 12: F=2.0kN l=6.0m
d=3.0mm.
: 2=4.0mm,
3=6.0mm. ,
. E = 2 10 5 MPa .

, F.

)
Y =0 N 1 + N 2 + N 3 = F = 2 10 3 MN (1)

)
,

l1 = l 2 + 2 (2)
N l
l1 = l 3 3 (3) l =
EA

N1 l N 2 l
= + 0.004
EA EA
N1 l N 3 l
= 0.006
EA EA
EA d 2 0.003 2
N 1 = N 2 + 0.004 A= = = 7.06858 10 6 m 2
l 4 4
EA EA
N1 = N 3 0.006 = 0.2356193 MN / m
l l

N 2 = N 1 9.42477 10 4
N 3 = N 1 + 1.41371 10 3

N1
N 1 = 0.509587 10 3 MN = 0.509587 kN 1 = = 72.092 MPa
A
N
N 2 = 0.43289 kN 2 = 2 = 61.24 MPa
A
N
N 3 = 1.923294 kN 3 = 3 = 272.09 MPa
A
. -