POWER ELECTRONICS DC-AC CONVERTERS

DC-AC CONVERTERS
Applications: DC-AC Converters with
Speed control of induction motors variable frequency
Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS)
Frequency variators
Mobile power supplies
Induction heating
Electronic Balasts
Active filters, etc
Renuable energy sources
Single stage inverters
Half bridge Full Bridge
S1 S1 S3
+
vI/2
- iO + iO
carga vI carga
- + + -
vO - vO
+
vI/2 S2 S4
S2
-

IST-DEEC 2007
Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges
POWER ELECTRONICS DC-AC CONVERTERS

Full Bridge Single Stage Inverter basic principle

S1 S3
vO
VI S1S4
S1S4
+ iO
vI carga T/2 S2S3 T t
+ -
- vO
S2 S4

iO
Load R
0<t<T/2 vO=VI
iO=VI/R T/2 T
t
T/2 <t<T vO=-VI
iO=-VI/R

Load RL iO
iO1 iO1
0<t<T/2 vO=VI
iO1=Ae(-R/L)t +VI/R T/2 iO2 T
t
T/2 <t<T vO=-VI
iO2= Be(-R/L)(t-T/2) -VI/R

IST-DEEC 2007 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges

POWER ELECTRONICS DC-AC CONVERTERS

Calcutation of integration constants Load RL

iO1=Ae(-R/L)t +VI/R
iO2= Be(-R/L)(t-T/2) -VI/R
iO1(0)= iO2(T) (1)
Steady State Conditions iO1(T/2)= iO2(T/2) (2)

(1) iO1(0)= A+ VI/R =Be(-R/L)T/2 - VI/R= iO2(T)

(2) iO1(T/2)= A e(-R/L)T/2+ VI/R =B-VI/R= iO2(T/2)

de (1) e (2) A=-B (3)

de (1) e (3) A+A e(-R/L)T/2 =-2VI/R
A[1+ e(-R/L)T/2 ]=-2VI/R A=-2VI/R[1/(1+ e(-R/L)T/2)]

B=2VI/R[1/(1+ e(-R/L)T/2)]
IST-DEEC 2007 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges
POWER ELECTRONICS DC-AC CONVERTERS

Other Load Tipes vO

VI
S1 S3 S1S4
S1S4
iO T/2 T
+ R S2S3 t
vI +
C
-
- S2 L S4
vO iO iO1
w w0

RLC Load iO2 t

T/2 T

0<t<T/2 vO=VI
iO1=e(-R/2L)t (Acos wrt+Bcoswrt) iO1 w w0
vC1=e(-R/2L)t (C cos wrt+D coswrt)+ VI iO

T/2 <t<T vO=-VI T

t
T/2
iO2= e(-R/2L)(t-T/2) [(-A)cos wrt+(-B)coswt] iO2
vC2=e(-R/2L)(t-T/2) [(-C) cos wt+(-D) coswt)]- VI

IST-DEEC 2007 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges

POWER ELECTRONICS DC-AC CONVERTERS

One Pulse Modulation

vO
S1 S3 VI
S1S4 S1S4 1
+ iO
vI carga
T/2 S2S3
- S2
+
vO S4
- T t
vO
VI
S1S4 S1S4
T/2 T
1 Full wave (two levels) 2
d p
S2S3
2p
t
D1 S3
p-d

D2 S4
vO an sin nwt bn cos nwt
n 1 n 1 iO Depends on the load
2
2 4VI 1
an
2 vo sin nwt d wt
0
n
bn 0
No power Control
4VI 1 vOrms VI
vo sin nwt
n 1 n

IST-DEEC 2007 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges

POWER ELECTRONICS DC-AC CONVERTERS
One pulse Modulation vO
VI
S1 S3 S1S4 S1S4 1
iO T/2 S2S3
vI
+
carga
T t
-
- +
vO vO
S2
S4 VI S1S4 S1S4
T/2 T
2
d
p
S2S3 2p t
Three Levels S1 S3
2 S2 S4


2 2
vO an sin nwt bn cos nwt
n 1 n 1 iO Depends on load

2
2 4VI n
an vo sin nwt d wt sin bn 0
2 n 2
2
4V I
V O 1h sin
2

2
1 2
vOrms V dwt V Power control by varying d
-
I I

2

IST-DEEC 2007 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges

POWER ELECTRONICS DC-AC CONVERTERS
Modulao por vrios impulsos
vO
VI 1
S1 S3

+ iO t
vI carga
+ - T/2 T
- S2 vO
S4
iO Depende da carga

1 Two Levels
vOrms VI

No power control variation of
vO an cos nwt bn sin nwt harmonic content
n 1 n 1

IST-DEEC 2007 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges

POWER ELECTRONICS DC-AC CONVERTERS

Carga RL One pulse modulation

vO(1h)
vO
S1 S3
VI 1
+ iO
vI - T/2 T
+
- S2 vO
S4
iO
S1S4 D2D3

D1D4 S2S3
vO an cos nwt bn sin nwt
n 1 n 1

Multi-pulse modulation
an b
iO cosnwt n n sin nwt n
n 1 Z n n 1 Z n
vO 2

Z n R 2 nwL
2 t

nwL iO
n tan 1
R

IST-DEEC 2007 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges

POWER ELECTRONICS DC-AC CONVERTERS

Full Bridge Inverters with low power factor loads

S1 S3 vO1h
VI iOiO1h
+ iO
vI t
+ -
- S2 vO T/2 T
d 2p
S4 p
p-d
f

If wL/R > p/w approximation to the first harmonic iO(t) IO1h sin (wt-)

VO1h 1 wL 2V 4VI
I O1 h
2
R 2 wL
1h tan
R
1h VO1h I
sin wt d wt

cos

The average power supplied I O1hVO1h

to the load is: P I O1hrmsVO1hrms cos cos
2

2
Load power control is made by 8VI
varying d or VI P cos2 cos
2
2 R 2 wL

IST-DEEC 2007 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges

POWER ELECTRONICS DC-AC CONVERTERS

Filtering S1 S3 S1 S3
iO
+ iO +
vI vI L=3mH
L=3mH - S2
+
vO -
- S2
+
vO -
S4 S4 C=2345mF
C=0

Time diagrams of load current and voltage

IST-DEEC 2007 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges

POWER ELECTRONICS DC-AC CONVERTERS

Power control in na active load (AC emf or AC generator)

S1 S3 vac vO1h v
O
VI p+q
+ iO v
vI + ac - p 2p
- S2 + vO - 2d t
S4
q

Power control by varying the angle beetween vO e vac (q) or the angle d
Power control with two degrees of freedom.

Example:
Calculate q e d so that the power delivered to the ac supply is 10kW. Consider that the
ac supply operates with unity power factor (vac in phase with iO1h).
(Vac=400V; VI=350V; L=10mH)

IST-DEEC 2007 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges

POWER ELECTRONICS DC-AC CONVERTERS

S1 S3 vac vO1h v
O
VI p+q
+ iO v
VO1h Vac
vI + ac - p 2p I O1h
- S2 + vO - 2d t jwL
S4
q

I O1hVac
As vac is in phase with iO1h the power is given by: P 10kW
2
And IO1h=50A. By choosing vac as the reference to measure the angles, it is possible to
write VO1h in function of d and q and proceed to its calculation

4V I
VO 1 h cos I VO1h Vac 50
O1 h
jwL

50
4VI cos e j Vac q=-25.2 e d=7.1
j wL
IST-DEEC 2007 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges
POWER ELECTRONICS DC-AC CONVERTERS

Cuurent fed inverter

S1 S3 vac iO1h
II iO
iO p+q
II +vac-
S1S2 S1S2
p 2p
S2 + vO - 2d S3S4 S2S3 t
S4
q

The average powerin the ac supply is :

T
1 I V
P vac.iO O1h ac cos
T0 2

2I 4II
IO1h I
sinwtdwt


cos

2 I I Vac
P cos cos

IST-DEEC 2007 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges

POWER ELECTRONICS DC-AC CONVERTERS

MODULAO SINUSOIDAL DE LARGURA DE IMPULSO

1
V controlo Tenso de controlo
fS

Portadora
V tri

t
VI

-VI
vO
Tenso de sada
IST-DEEC 2007 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges
POWER ELECTRONICS DC-AC CONVERTERS

MODULAO SINUSOIDAL DE LARGURA DE IMPULSO

Tenso de controlo V controlo
Modulao a dois nveis V controlo
Portadora
V tri
T A+
t
iO +
VI +
- A
VA
T A-
t

V controlo < V tri V controlo >V tri

TA- on TA+ off TA- off TA+ on

IST-DEEC 2007 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges

POWER ELECTRONICS DC-AC CONVERTERS

Vcontrol
indce de modulao de amplitude ma
Vtri
indce de modulao de frequncia fS
mf
f

VAo(h)/VI Harmnica fundamental

Harmnica frequncia da comutao

VAo=maVI

IST-DEEC 2007 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges

POWER ELECTRONICS DC-AC CONVERTERS

MODULAO SINUSOIDAL DE LARGURA DE IMPULSO

Tenso de controlo

Portadora

Modulao a trs nveis

Contedo harmnico metade do conseguido para a

modulao a 2 nveis para a mesma frequncia de
comutao.

IST-DEEC 2007 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges

POWER ELECTRONICS DC-AC CONVERTERS

MODULAO SINUSOIDAL DE LARGURA DE IMPULSO

Exemplo: 1 - Que dispositivos devem ser usados?

2 - Determinar o valor apropriado da
S11 S12 funo de modulao M(t)?
VI=200V
+ iO VOef=120V (60 Hz) 3 - Determinar a funo de comando
vI de S1 (q11(t))?
+ -
- S21 vO ftri=720Hz
S22 4 - Determinar o ndice de modulao?
5 - Trace os diagramas da tenso e da
corrente na carga considerando
L/R=2ms?

1. Dispositivos bidireccionais em corrente, unidireccionais em tenso, IGBTs com diodo em antiparalelo

2. mt 2120 sin 2 60t 170 sin 2 60t

IST-DEEC 2007 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges

POWER ELECTRONICS DC-AC CONVERTERS

MODULAO SINUSOIDAL DE LARGURA DE IMPULSO

Exemplo: 3 - Determinar a funo de comando
S12 de S1 (q11(t))?
S11 VI=200V
4 - Determinar o ndice de modulao?
+ iO VOef=120V (60 Hz)
vI 5 - Trace os diagramas da tenso e da
+ -
- S21 vO ftri=720Hz
corrente na carga considerando
S22
L/R=2ms?

3. Construo da funo de comando

Comparar uma onda triangular a 720Hz

com a funo de modulao para produzir a
funo de comando (q11(t)).

q11(t)=q22(t) e q21(t) = q12(t)= 1-q11(t)

Vo(t)=(q11(t)xVI+q21(t) x 0) - (q12(t) xVI+q22(t) x 0) 4. O ndice de modulao :

Vo(t)=(q11(t)xVI+(1-q11(t)) x 0) - ((1-q11(t)) xVI+q22(t) x 0) 2VOef 170

m 0.85
VI 200
Vo(t)=(q11(t)xVI) ((1-q11(t)) xVI= (2q11(t) 1)xVI

IST-DEEC 2007 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges

POWER ELECTRONICS DC-AC CONVERTERS

5. A tenso de sada ser VO= (2q11(t)-1).VI(t)

A corrente na carga ser

L 1
2ms TS
R 720

A corrente na carga crescer

exponencialmente quando VO=VI e
decrescer exponencialmente
quando VO=-VI

IST-DEEC 2007 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges

POWER ELECTRONICS DC-AC CONVERTERS

Tenso na carga para uma frequncia da triangular de 6kHz e de 100Hz na funo de modulao

Espectro da tenso na carga para uma frequncia da triangular de 6kHz e de 100Hz na funo de
modulao

IST-DEEC 2007 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges

POWER ELECTRONICS DC-AC CONVERTERS

Tenso e corrente na carga para uma f triangular/f sada =500

Menor contedo harmnico, menores dimenses, menor rendimento

IST-DEEC 2007 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges

POWER ELECTRONICS DC-AC CONVERTERS
Tenso e corrente na carga para
Moduladora uma f triangular/f sada =20
onda quadrada

Tenso e corrente na carga para uma

f triangular/f sada =100

Moduladora
onda quadrada

IST-DEEC 2007 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges

POWER ELECTRONICS DC-AC CONVERTERS

Moduladora Tenso e corrente na carga para

onda sinusoidal uma f triangular/f sada =20

Tenso e corrente na carga para uma

Portadora
f triangular/f sada =100
triangular
Moduladora
onda sinusoidal

IST-DEEC 2007 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges

POWER ELECTRONICS DC-AC CONVERTERS

Moduladora onda Tenso e corrente na carga

contnua

Portadora
triangular

IST-DEEC 2007 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges