1- I wish, its high / about time:

A- Expressing wishes:
SITUATION WISH
I do not play the flute I wish I played the flute
1) Present Wish ( Present Simple ) (-) ( Simple Past ) (+)
( Regret about
a present situation ) I am poor. I wish I were not poor.
( Present Simple ) (+) ( Subjunctive ) (-)
I went to see him. I wish I had not gone to see him.
( Simple Past ) (+) ( Past Perfect ) (-)
I did not write to him. I wish I had written to him.
2) Past Wish
( Simple Past ) (-) ( Past Perfect ) (+)
( Regret about a past I was sick. I wish I had not been sick.
situation ) ( Simple Past ) (+) ( Past Perfect ) (-)

3) Future Wish He will stay in France. I wish he would not stay in France.
( F. Simple ) (+) ( Conditional Present ) (-)
( Desire for a change in They will not find it. I wish they would find it.
the near future ) ( F. Simple ) (-) ( Conditional Present ) (+)

B- Its high / about time

The rule: It high/ about time + present simple (it is the right time to do something)
Eg : Its high time for our country to take measures to stop corruption.///Its time to prepare yourself for the exams.
It high/ about time + past simple (this action should be done before now)
Eg : Its high time the bad leaders went to jail.///Its high time governments fought corruption.
2- had better/ had better not (Expressing advice)
Had better = should = ought to
The rule: had better / had better not + the verb (infinitive without "to") without to
Eg : youd better visit the doctor. Hed better not smoke.
3- so+adjective+that
eg : -The music is so loud that I can't sleep.
-The meal was so good that we decided to have dinner at the same restaurant again tonight.
4- such+noun phrase +that
e.g : - Don has such a big house that I actually got lost on the way to the bathroom.
- Shelly has such beautiful eyes that she got a job as a make-up model.
5. Provided/providing that/so long as/as long as +present simple, future simple (will/wont+verb(infinitive))
Eg : -Providing that you work hard, you will succeed.///Youll succeed providing that you work hard.
-As long as it trains, we wont go out. ////We wont go out as long as it trains.
6- Connectors/link words
A- Though=although/in spite of=despite
eg : -He wore shorts though it was snowing./// Though It was snowing, he wore shorts.
-We need to leave now although he's not here yet./// Although he is not here yet, we need to leave now.
-The pipes did not freeze in spite of the cold temperature./// In spite of the cold weather, the pipes did not freeze.
-People were out and about despite the bad weather./// Despite the bad weather, people were out and about.
B- Because=since=as////due to=owing to=because of
eg -Schools were closed because of the snow./// Due to the cold temperature, the pipes froze.///
Owing to the bad weather, mail service way delayed.
-Schools were closed because it twas snowing.//Since it was snowing, schools were closed.
C- Consequently=as a result= as a consequence=so
-It was sunny. Consequently, we had to wear sunscreen.////It was bright. As a result, we had to wear sun glasses to drive.
The weather was delightful. As a consequence, we went hiking.
D- Both..and/neithernor/either..or.. / not only ... but also
Rule: *Both+1st difference+and+2nd difference. E.g : He likes the movie He recommends the movie= he both likes and recommends the movie.
*Neither+1st difference+nor+2nd difference. Eg: The plot wasnt believable. The plot wasnt engaging. =The plot was neither believable
nor engaging.
*Either+1st difference+or+2nd difference. Eg : the actors tried to overplay their roles. The actors tried to underplay their roles. = The
actors tried to either overplay or underplay their roles.
*not only ... but also Eg : She is not only clever, but also hard-working.
E. After/As soon as/Before/Until/When
Rule:-After/As soon as/When+past perfect, past simple. Eg : After he had arrived, he did his homework.
Past perfect past simple
-Past perfect+before/until+past simple. Eg : He had arrived before he did homework.
F. In order to=so as to=to+ verb (stem) (expressing purpose)
eg : He works hard. He wants to succeed. He works hard in order to succeed.
 7-Conditionals: Summary
conditional Example Rule

zero conditional(type 0) If you heat ice, it melts. If+present simple, present simple

If it rains, I will stay at home.

first conditional(type 1) If+present simple, will/wont+verb(infinitive)
Youll get good marks if you revise well.

If I won the lottery, I would buy a car.

second conditional(type 2) If+past simple, would/wouldnt+verb(inf)
If I were you, I would apologise.

third conditional(type 3) If I had won the lottery, I would have bought a car. If+past perfect, would have+past participle

8. Unless= If.not
Eg :-If he doesnt help us, we can not succeed.
-If he revises his lessons, he will get good marks.
-If he had money, he would travel.
-If he didnt hurry, he would lose the train.
Unless he helps us, we cannot succeed.
Unless he revises his lessons, he will not get good marks.
Unless he had money, he would not travel.
Unless he hurried, he would lose the train.

9. ACTIVE AND PASSIVE TENSES CHART

SIMPLE PRESENT and SIMPLE PAST The active object becomes the passive subject.
(am/is/are + past participle )(was/were + past participle)

Active: Simple Present Passive: Simple Present

The movie fascinates me. I am fascinated by the movie.
The movie bores Jack. Jack is bored by the movie.
The movie surprises them. They are surprised by the movie.

Active: Simple Past Passive: Simple Past

The movie bored me. I was bored by the movie.
The movie fascinated Jack. Jack was fascinated by the movie.
The movie surprised them. They were surprised by the movie.

PRESENT and PAST CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE)

Passive form: (am/is/are + being + past participle)(was/were + being + past participle)

Active: Present Continuous Passive: Present Continuous

I am helping Shannon. Shannon is being helped by me.
June is helping Su and Ling. Su and Ling are being helped by June.

Active: Past Continuous Passive: Past Continuous

I was cleaning the bathroom. The bathroom was being cleaned by me.
They were cleaning the bedroom. The bedroom was being cleaned by them.
Susan was cleaning the kitchen and patio. The kitchen and patio were being cleaned by Susan.

PRESENT PERFECT, PAST PERFECT and FUTURE PERFECT

(have/has been + past participle) (had been + past participle)

Active: Present Perfect Passive: Present Perfect

I have mailed the gift. The gift has been mailed by me.
Jack has mailed the gifts. The gifts have been mailed by Jack.

Active: Past Perfect Passive: Past Perfect

Steven Spielberg had directed the movie. The movie had been directed by Steven Spielberg.
Penny Marshall had directed those movies. The movies had been directed by Penny Marshall.

Active: Future Perfect Passive: Future Perfect

John will have finished the project next month. The project will have been finished by next month.
 FUTURE TENSES
Passive forms: (will + be + past participle) (is/are going to be + past participle)

Active: Future with WILL Passive: Future with WILL

I will mail the gift. The gift will be mailed by me.
Jack will mail the gifts. The gifts will be mailed by Jack.

Active: Future with GOING TO Passive: Future with GOING TO

I am going to make the cake. The cake is going to be made by me.
Sue is going to make two cakes. Two cakes are going to be made by Sue.

PRESENT / FUTURE MODALS

The passive form follows this pattern: modal + be + past participle

Active: WILL / WON'T (WILL NOT) Passive: WILL / WON'T (WILL NOT)
Sharon will invite Tom to the party. Tom will be invited to the party by Sharon.
Sharon won't invite Jeff to the party. Jeff won't be invited to the party by Sharon.
(Sharon will not invite Jeff to the party.) (Jeff will not be invited to the party by Sharon.)

Active: CAN / CAN'T (CAN NOT) Passive: CAN / CAN'T (CAN NOT)
Mai can foretell the future. The future can be foretold by Mai.
Terry can't foretell the future. The future can't be foretold by Terry.
(Terry cannot foretell the future.) (The future can not be foretold by Terry.)

Active: MAY / MAY NOT Passive: MAY / MAY NOT

Her company may give Katya a new office.
The lazy students may not do the homework.
MIGHT / MIGHT NOT
Her company might give Katya a new office.
The lazy students might not do the homework.
Katya may be given a new office by her company.
The homework may not be done by the lazy students.
MIGHT / MIGHT NOT
Katya might be given a new office by her company.
The homework might not be done by the lazy students.

Active: SHOULD / SHOULDN'T Passive: SHOULD / SHOULDN'T

Students should memorize English verbs. English verbs should be memorized by students.
Children shouldn't smoke cigarettes. Cigarettes shouldn't be smoked by children.

Active: OUGHT TO Passive: OUGHT TO

Students ought to learn English verbs. English verbs ought to be memorized by students.
(negative ought to is rarely used)

Active: HAD BETTER / HAD BETTER NOT Passive: HAD BETTER / HAD BETTER NOT
Students had better practice English every day. English had better be practiced every day by students.
Children had better not drink whiskey. Whiskey had better not be drunk by children.

Active: MUST / MUST NOT Passive: MUST / MUST NOT

Tourists must apply for a passport to travel abroad. A passport to travel abroad must be applied for.
Customers must not use that door. That door must not be used by customers.

Active: HAS TO / HAVE TO

Passive: HAS TO / HAVE TO
She has to practice English every day.
English has to be practiced every day.
Sara and Miho have to wash the dishes every day.
The dishes have to be washed by them every day.
DOESN'T HAVE TO/ DON'T HAVE TO
DOESN'T HAVE TO/ DON'T HAVE TO
Maria doesn't have to clean her bedroom every day.
Her bedroom doesn't have to be cleaned every day.
The children don't have to clean their bedrooms every day.
Their bedrooms don't have to be cleaned every day.
10.Reported Speech
Direct Speech Indirect Speech

simple present: He said, I go to school every day. simple past: He said (that) he went to school every day.

simple past : He said, I went to school every day. past perfect: He said (that) he had gone to school every day.

present perfect : He said, I have gone to school every day. past perfect :He said (that) he had gone to school every day.

present progressive: He said, I am going to school every day. past progressive: He said (that) he was going to school every day.

future (will):He said, I will go to school every day. would + verb name: He said (that) he would go to school every day.

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

auxiliary + verb name simple past

He said, Do you go to school every day? He asked me if I went to school every day.*
He said, Where do you go to school? He asked me where I went to school.

Imperative: He said, Go to school every day. Infinitive: He said to go to school every day.

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

Can: He said, I can go to school every day. Could: He said (that) he could go to school every day.

May: He said, I may go to school every day.

Might: He said (that) he might go to school every day.
Might: He said, I might go to school every day.

Must: He said, I must go to school every day.

Had to: He said (that) he had to go to school every day.
Have to: He said, I have to go to school every day.

Should: He said, I should go to school every day. Should: He said (that) he should go to school every day.

Ought to: He said, I ought to go to school every day. Ought to: He said (that) he ought to go to school every day.
Expressions of time if reported on a different day
Direct Speech Indirect/Reported speech
This That
Today That day
These Those
Now Then
Ago Before
Here There
Next The following
Tomorrow The next day/the following day
Yesterday The day before/the previous day
10.Quantifiers with countable and uncountable nouns
With Uncountable Nouns With Both With Countable Nouns
How much? How much? or How many? How many?
a little/little no/none a few/few
a bit (of) not any a number (of)
some (any) several
a great deal of a lot of a large number of
a large amount of plenty of a great number of
a large quantity of lots of a majority of

Examples:
Countable nouns Uncountable nouns
Books-schools-bags-tables-classes-teachers- Sugar-milk-money-water-courage-knowledge-oil-..
pupils..
*Pronunciation
1-Word stress rules:
1. Stress on first (1st) syllable in most two(2) syllable nouns : PRESent, EXport, CHIna, Table
2. Stress on last syllable in most two (2) syllable verbs : to preSENT, to exPORT, to deCIDE, to beGIN
3. Stress on first (1st) syllable in most three (3) syllable verbs :ADvertise, PUBlicise
4. Stress on penultimate syllable (2nd from end) in words ending in : ic, -ics, -sion, and tion :
GRAPHic, geoGRAPHic, geoLOGic, reVIsion, eMIssion, Ethics, staTIStics, meCHAnics, intoNAtion, vioLAtion,
5. Stress on ante-penultimate syllable (3rd from end) in words ending in :-cy, -ty, -phy, -al and gy :
deMOcracy, huMAnity, phoTOgraphy, geOLogy, CRItical, geoLOGical
2-Silent Letters
B : climb, numb, plumb, comb, thumb, tomb, Woo Lacombe, crumb, debt, doubt, subtle
C : acquit, victual, Jacques, acquire, czar, indict, Connecticut, muscle, scissors, Tucson
D : grandson, handkerchief, sandwich, handsome, landscape, Windsor, Wednesday
G : gnash, reign, align, champagne, diaphragm, gnaw, intaglio
GH : though, light, high, , ghost, fight, night, through
H : hour, honest, honour, hurrah, Pooh, khaki, Gandhi, heir, Birmingham, exhaust, Thames, exhibition
K : know, knead, knot, knife, knickers, knell, knight, Knox, Knowles, blackguard, knock
L : salmon, psalm, almond, would, should, calf, half, folk, yolk, Colne, Norfolk, chalk, calm, talk
N : autumn, solemn, condemn, damn, hymn, monsieur, column, chimney
P : psychiatrist, corps, pneumonia, pseudo, ptomaine, psychology, ptomaine, coup, receipt, Thompson
R : myrrh, butter, finger, garden, here, are,(in British English all r's are 'silent' before consonants as in card or before
silence as in car)
S : island, isle, viscount, apropos, aisle, debris, bourgeois, Illinois, Basle, bourgeois, fracas
T : asthma, listen, castle, soften, often
W : sword, greensward, answer, Greenwich, Norwich, write, two, wrist, writ, whore, whole
3-English pronunciation rules - sounds
*- Final s
A. The final s is pronounced /S/ after the voiceless sounds:/p/:hopes, /t/:puts, /k/:works, /f/:beliefs, laughs, //:months
B. The final s is pronounced / /IZ/ after the sounds:/s/:passes, places, /z/:erases, sizes, //=sh: finishes, /t/=ch: watches,
/d/: judges, pages
C. The final s is pronounced /Z/ after the voiced sounds:/b/:robs, /d/: reads, /g/:bags, /l/: travels, /m/: homes, /n/:cleans, /v/:drives,
/r/:clears, and after all vowel sounds: plays, employees, flees, goes, news
*- Final ed
A. The final ed is pronounced /t/ after the voiceless sounds: /p/: hoped, /k/: worked, /s/: passed, //=sh: washed, /t/=ch:
matched and /f/: laughed
B. The final ed is pronounced /Id/ after the two sounds: /t/ and /d/: wanted; committed, wounded, handed....
C. The final ed is pronounced /d/ after the voiced sounds: /b/:robbed, /g/: bogged, /l/: travelled, /m/:screamed, /n/:cleaned,
/r/:cleared, /v/:saved ,/ d/:managed, /z/: sized and after all vowel sounds : played, employed, tried, flowed, skied

4-Basic Syllable Rules

1. To find the number of syllables:
-count the vowels in the word,
-subtract any silent vowels,(like the silent "e" at the end of a word or the second vowel when two vowels a together in a
syllable)
---subtract one vowel from every diphthong, (diphthongs only count as one vowel sound.)
---the number of vowels sounds left is the same as the number of syllables.
The number of syllables that you hear when you pronounce a word is the same as the number of vowels sounds heard. For
example:
The word "came" has 2 vowels, but the "e" is silent, leaving one vowel sound and one syllable.
The word "outside" has 4 vowels, but the "e" is silent and the "ou" is a diphthong which counts as only one sound,
so this word has only two vowels sounds and therefore, two syllables.
2. Divide before the consonant before an "-le" syllable.
When you have a word that has the old-style spelling in which the "-le" sounds like "-el", divide before the consonant before the "-
le". For example: "a/ble", "fum/ble", "rub/ble" "mum/ble" and "thi/stle". The only exceptions to this are "ckle" words like
"tick/le".
Examples :
One syllable Two syllables Three syllables Four syllables Five syllables
Day-write-came- Divide-handed-today-able- Important-exception- Education-geology- Communication-
hand-nice-word rubble-visit-honey. consonant-revising uncountable-activity geological-educational
5-Words that rhyme/ sound the same.
Examples: wife-life, thin-chin, pie-eye, bed-head, seven-heaven, nine-fine, city-pretty, barrow-narrow, bright-night, day-play, cry-
fly
 ENGLISH IRREGULAR VERBS
Base form Past simple Past Base form Past simple Past Base form Past Past
participle participle simple participle
awake woke awoken freeze froze frozen sing sang sung
be was, were been get got gotten sink sank sunk
bear bore born give gave given sit sat sat
beat beat beat go went gone sleep slept slept
become became become grow grew grown slide slid slid
begin began begun hang hung hung sow sowed sowed
bend bent bent hear heard heard speak spoke spoken
bet bet bet hide hid hidden speed sped sped
bid bid/bade bid hit hit hit spend spent spent
bind bound bound hold held held spill spilled/ spilled/
bite bit bitten hurt hurt hurt split split split
bleed bled bled keep kept kept spread spread spread
blow blew blown kneel knelt knelt spring sprang/ sprung
break broke broken knit knit knit stand stood stood
breed bred bred know knew know steal stole stolen
bring brought brought lay laid laid stick stuck stuck
broadcast broadcast broadcast lead led led sting stung stung
build built built leap leaped/ leaped/ stink stank stunk
burn burned/burnt burned learn learned learned/ strike struck struck
burst burst burst leave left left strive strove striven
buy bought bought lend lent lent swear swore sworn
cast cast cast let let let sweep swept swept
catch caught caught lie lay lain swim swam swum
choose chose chosen light lighted/lit lighted swing swung swung
come came come lose lost lost take took taken
cost cost cost make made made teach taught taught
creep crept crept mean meant meant tear tore torn
cut cut cut meet met met tell told told
deal dealt dealt misspell misspelt misspelled/ think thought thought
dig dug dug mistake mistook mistaken thrive thrived/ thrived
dive dived/dove dived pay paid paid/ throw threw thrown
do did done put put put thrust thrust thrust
draw drew drawn read read read understand understood understood
dream dreamed/ dreamed/ rid rid rid upset upset upset
drive drove driven ride rode ridden wake woke woken
drink drank drunk ring rang rung wear wore worn
eat ate eaten rise rose risen weave weaved/ weaved/
fall fell fallen run ran run wed wed wed
feed fed fed say said said weep wept wept
feel felt felt see saw seen wind wound wound
fight fought fought seek sought sought win won won
find found found sell sold sold withhold withheld withheld
fit fit fit send sent sent withstand withstood withstood
flee fled fled set set set wring wrung wrung
fling flung flung sew sewed sewed/sewn write wrote written
fly flew flown shake shook shaken
forbid forbade forbidden shave shaved shaved/
forget forgot forgotten shine shone shone
forego forewent foregone shoot shot shot
forgive forgave forgiven show showed showed/
forsake forsook forsaken shut shut shut
*Making opposites keeping the same root by adding prefixes: (il-, im-, un-, ir-, dis-, in-)
word opposite
Honest Dishonest word opposite
Approve Disapprove Responsible irresponsible
Agree Disagree Appear disappear
prepared Unprepared Common uncommon
Legal Illegal Formal informal
Moral immoral Teacher: Ms KOBI Naima Possible impossible
fair unfair active inactive