ZND Model: Detonation Structure

Generally, molecular collisions that equilibrate P and

translational energy precede chemical reactions
Planar Detonations and Detonation Characteristic momentum transfer collision < 1 ns
Characteristic chemical reactions > O(1 s)
Structure
Suggests detonation is
leading shock followed
by reaction zone
AE/ME 6766: Combustion Shock raises P and T
M goes subsonic
Wenting Sun Autoignition after
delay
Heat release, T , P , x
like deflagration shock
1 2
Induction zone reaction zone

Weak Detonations Weak Detonations

Look at path on Rayleigh Hugoniot

After leading shock wave,
flow reduced to subsonic
To achieve weak
detonation, flow must
reaccelerate to M2>1
If induction/reaction zones
only have heat release
To go from d to e, need negative heat release
Would violate 2nd law (endothermic reactions)
heat addition (q>0 always drives toward M=1)
3 4
 Chapman-Jouget Detonations CJ Detonation Equations
No weak (unallowed), strong (unstable) detonation Find detonation wave speed, D=u1 and product
properties ( 2/ 1, P2/P1, T2/T1, u2)
CJ constraint u2 a2
P2 / 2
2 2 R
Mass D u2 2 T2
1 1 MW2

Rayleigh 1 P1 P2 1 P1
1/ 1 1/ 2 M 22 2
1 1
2 1 1 1 2 P2
Only leaves Chapman-Jouget solution
C-J detonation is planar detonation solution 2 1 2 1
For strong detonation, P2/P1>>1 1
We have constraint to add to 5 conservation and state 1 2 2
equations: M2=1 6 eqs., 6 unknowns 2 1 R
D 2 T2 D ( 2 , MW2 , T2 )
5 2 MW2 6

CJ Detonation Equations Example: H2-air CJ Detonation

Virial, P.G. P2 T2 MW2

P1
2
T1 MW1
298 K, 1 atm
1

In above equations, still need product composition

to get 2, MW2, and T2
High P, T assume products in chem. equilibrium
Small changes in radical populations/pollutants will
not change product properties significantly
Hugoniot 1 1 1
h2 h1 P2 P1
2 1 2

1 2 1 RT2
e2 e1 P P12
2 2 2 P2 2 2 2 MW2
Guess P2, T2; find Yi2 2/ 1 D, P2/P1 T2: iterate 7 8
 Detonation Limits 3D Detonation Structure

298 K, 1 atm

steady, self-
sustained
detonation if
mixture is too
rich or too lean
Not equil. issue
Kinetics,
losses
9 10

Front Propagation Experimental Evidence

Smoke foil records triple point tracks

24 mm

11 34 mm 12
From: Timmes, et al., The Astrophysical Journal, 543:938-954, 2000
Triple Point Region

13