172 Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology Vol. 1, No.

2, 172-187, July 2003 / Copyright 2003 Japan Concrete Institute

Linear Logarithmic Model for Concrete Creep

I. Formulation and Evaluation
Mrten Larson1 and Jan-Erik Jonasson2

Received 30 November 2002, accepted 10 April 2003

Abstract
Control of thermal cracking in young concrete is of great importance to ensure a desired service lifetime and function of
a structure. Young concrete is here defined as the period up to approximately 100 days after casting. Making reliable
predictions about thermal stresses, and thereby cracking risks, the creep behaviour forms an important part of the mate-
rial modelling. Up until now few studies have been made to investigate how different creep modelling influences calcu-
lated thermal stresses. Existing creep models for young concrete are often pure mathematical expressions with no direct
relation to the material behaviour and thereby complicated to understand and use in a more practical context.
In this paper a new basic creep model primarily aimed for early age purposes is outlined. The formulation with its
model parameters, which have an easy to understand meaning in the material behaviour, is based on piece-wise linear
curves in logarithm of time and therefore denoted the Linear Logarithmic Model (LLM). Comparison with experimental
creep data and other more commonly used creep formulations for young concrete is made to achieve an opinion about
the accuracy of the new model. The new model is a flexible and robust formulation that can model the behaviour of
both young and mature concrete. The robustness enables it to make reliable creep modelling with very few test data.
Another advantage with the LLM formulation is that the appearance of negative relaxation in linear viscoelastic
modelling is very small and negligible with respect to thermal stresses. This means that the original formulation may be
used directly in a thermal stress analysis for young concrete without any adjustment for negative relaxation.
The LLM formulation shows very good agreement directly with experimental creep data and indirectly with meas-
ured thermal stresses, whereby the formulation has been used to model the viscoelastic behaviour of the concrete. The
formulation also has the best correlation with experimental data compared to other commonly used creep models that
have been analysed in this paper.

1. Introduction One type of severe cracking in the early age of the

1.1 Early age thermal cracking
The service lifetime and function of a concrete structure
does to a large extent depend on the curing conditions
during the very early stages of the concretes hardening
process, which has been shown by for example Tuutti
(1982), Fagerlund (1996), Nilsson et al. (1997) and
Raupach and Dauberschmidt (2002). Cracks that appear
at these early ages may lead to an increased deteriora-
tion of the concrete accelerating corrosion of the em-
bedded reinforcement, which by time may reduce the
bearing capacity of a structure. A lot of structures, like
for example immersed tunnels, dams or sewerage plants,
do for functional reasons, in this context primarily to
prevent flowing through, also require a solid and ho-
mogenous concrete to withstand high external or inter-
nal pressures from liquids or gases.
1
Ph.D., Department of Civil and Mining Engineering,
Division of Structural Engineering, Lule University of
Technology, Sweden
E-mail: marten.larson@ncc.se
2
Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Mining
Engineering, Division of Structural Engineering, Lule
University of Technology, Sweden
concrete is caused by restrained volume changes related
to heat of hydration and shrinkage which has been stud-
ied by a wide range of researchers (see for example
Lfquist 1946, Baant and Chern 1985c, Emborg 1989,
Jonasson 1994, Sato et al. 1994, Tanabe and Ishikawa
1994, Yamazaki 1994, Tanabe 1998, Gutsch 1998,
Westman 1999, Groth 2000, Larson 2000, Hedlund
2000, Aristaghes and Guimbal 2001, Bosnjak and Kan-
stad 2001, Atcin 2002, Laube and Gutsch 2002,
Schachinger et al. 2002). Early age thermal cracking in
concrete structures can according to e.g. Emborg and
Bernander (1994) mainly be related to following four
factors:
the temperature development in the structure
autogenous shrinkage of concrete with low water-
to-binder ratios
the mechanical behaviour of the young concrete
the restraint to which the structure is subjected
The denotation young concrete is here used for the
period up to approximately 100 days. All factors will be
dependent on the development of the concrete maturity,
which is related to the exothermic chemical reaction
between cement and water (hydration process). During
the hydration process the concrete expands whereby
compressive stresses arise if the structure is prohibited
to deform freely. As the rate of the hydration abates the
 M. Larson and J. Jonasson / Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology Vol. 1, No. 2, 172-187, 2003
temperature gradually falls and the concrete structure
starts to contract causing increasing tensile stresses. If
the concrete tensile deformation capacity is exceeded
the high tensile stresses may lead to failure causing
cracks, often permanent, through the structure.
A prerequisite for calculations of self-induced stresses,
and thereby estimations of cracking risks, is that follow-
ing concrete properties are known and modelled in a
correct way:
heat of hydration
temperature influence on the hardening process
thermal dilatation
shrinkage
creep and relaxation
strength development
fracturing mechanics (non-linear stress-strain be-
haviour at high tensile stresses)
When applying mathematical models for creep and
shrinkage of young concrete the total strain tot that
evolves self-induced stresses during the hydration proc-
ess may for a uniaxial case be regarded as the sum of
stress independent and stress dependent strains as (see
further e.g. Baant and Wittmann 1982, Baant 1988
and Baant and Xi 1999)
Stress independent Stress dependent
tot = [ ] + [
vol visc + fract + rest ] (1)
where vol is a volumetric strain related to tem-
perature and shrinkage, [-]
visc is strain due to viscoelastic behaviour
(creep and relaxation), [-]
fract is strain related to fracturing mechan-
ics, [-]
rest is strain related to restraint , [-]
1.2 How creep influences thermal stresses
There exist numerous methods to model the creep be-
haviour in young concrete (see for example Trost 1967,
Baant 1972, Baant and Wu 1974, Baant and Panula
1978, Baant and Wittmann 1982, Baant and Chern
1985a and 1985b, Baant 1988, Emborg 1989, Kanstad
1990, Baant and Xi 1999, Westman 1999, De Schutter
2001, Gutsch 2001, Pane and Hansen 2001, Sakata et al.
2001, Zi and Baant 2001 or Hagihara et al. 2002).
Many of these models are complex mathematical for-
mulations including sets of parameters that have no di-
rect relation to the material behaviour and thereby are
complicated to understand and use in a more practical
context. Besides, several of the formulations also have
some dependency among the free parameters, which
means that they will give different solutions depending
on the start position of the free parameters and/or on the
amount of test data available in the regression procedure.
Modelling of creep at early ages has been treated by
many authors, but very seldom in respect of how creep
influences self-induced stresses. Westman (1999) and
Bosnjak (2000) have shown that thermal stresses can
173
not be calculated with acceptable accuracy without a
correct consideration of the creep behaviour. According
to Bosnjak (2000) and Atrushi et al. (2001), creep de-
creases an elastically induced stress in the order of 40-
50% for a fully restrained concrete specimen. Westman
(1999) states that the early age behaviour during the
first three days after load application is the most crucial
part of the modelled creep response when computing
thermal stresses whereas the modelled creep behaviour
after this period is less important. Bosnjak (2000) shows
on the other hand that a correct prediction of creep dur-
ing the entire hardening period of the concrete is neces-
sary for reliable stress calculations.
Some linear constitutive relations with and without
history integrals for calculation of thermal stresses re-
quire relaxation data instead of creep (see for example
Trost 1967, Baant and Wittmann 1982, Baant 1988 or
Larson 2000). An important presumption when estab-
lishing a relaxation function, from a known creep func-
tion or data from tests, is that tensile stresses can not
develop after long time when a compressive strain has
been applied, i.e. negative relaxation values can not
appear. Consequently, all creep models have to be
checked and, if necessary, adjusted for negative relaxa-
tion, which not always has been the case.
1.3 Existing formulations of creep functions for
early age concrete
It has been common in the past to formulate creep func-
tions from the loading age of about 2 days or more and
regard them as representative for young concrete. A
famous and well working family of creep formulas in
this group are designed as
1
J (t load , t 0 ) = (1 + F (tload , t 0 )) (2)
E0
where E 0 is an infinite modulus of elasticity which is
constant and formally valid for tload 0.
The most famous functions F (tload , t0 ) are the
following
DPL: Double Power Law (Baant and Osman, 1976)
TPL: Triple Power Law
F (tload , t0 ) =
(Baant, 1977 and Baant and Chern, 1985a)
LDPL: Log Double Power Law
(Baant and Chern, 1985b)
All of these functions have been frequently used by
researchers when modelling concrete behaviour, but in
the original form none of them are able to reflect very
early age concrete behaviour, i.e. loading ages below 2
days. Different researchers have solved that in different
ways. Emborg (1989) and later Westman (1999) added
separate functions for short durations at very early ages
to the TPL. These models are denoted Modified Triple
Power Law (MTPL). MTPL works well, but involves a
lot of (about 15) free parameters to be determined. Kan-
stad (2000) substitutes the parameter E 0 with a general
174 M. Larson and J. Jonasson / Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology Vol. 1, No. 2, 172-187, 2003
function E0 (t0 ) using the DPL, and then determines the
free parameters in comparison with creep tests, which
here is denoted Modified Double Power Law (MDPL).
Pane and Hansen (2001) start from the LDPL and sub-
stitute E0 with a general function E0 (t0 ) and replace
the power function for the loading age with a more gen-
eral function, which here is denoted Modified Log
Power Law (MLPL). In both these later cases (MDPL
and MLPL) the static elastic modulus E0 (t0 ) is not ex-
plicitly defined or taken care of in a consistent way in
the formulation. This creates a formal discrepancy, al-
though the formulation might work well apparently,
especially if very short load durations are not analysed
carefully.
2. Objectives and scope
This paper will focus on the creep behaviour of harden-
ing concrete and how the choice of model influences the
calculated thermal stress development. The main objec-
tive is to formulate a new basic creep model whereby
following preconditions shall be fulfilled:
I. The model shall include the behaviour of both
young and mature concrete in one formulation with the
same accuracy at all loading ages and load durations.
II. The model shall in its own formulation have the
shape of the actual material behaviour enabling a reli-
able modelling with few test data.
III. All model parameters shall be well recognized in
the creep behaviour, i.e. every parameter must have a
meaning easy to understand in the material behaviour.
IV. The appearance of negative relaxation (stress re-
versed values) in linear viscoelastic modelling has to
vanish or become practically negligible with respect to
thermal stresses.
V. The new creep model shall have the same (or bet-
ter) correlation to experimental data as other more com-
monly used creep formulations.
3. Laboratory tests
3.1 Creep tests
The comparison of creep formulations is performed
based on results from creep tests performed by Westman
(1999) and Hedlund (2000) at Lule University of
Technology, LTU, in Sweden. The cement type used in
the concrete mix is given in Table 1 together with some
Table 1 Some mix parameters of the tested concrete.
Concrete w0 / C C [kg/m3]
LTU66 0.34 490
LTU66 is the denotation used at Lule University of Technology (Hedlund, 2000). w0 is the mixing water content
and C is the cement content. The cement is Degerhamn Std P from Cementa AB.
other identifying mix parameters. This test series is cho-
sen as it has several loading ages at early ages.
The deformation of sealed cylindrical specimen was
measured under constant compression, which was less
than approximately 40 % of the compressive strength at
loading. This implies a linear behaviour with deforma-
tions assumed to be proportional to applied stress. Load
independent deformations, such as shrinkage and ther-
mal dilatation, were measured simultaneously on
unloaded companion specimens stored under the same
curing conditions.
The total time dependent deformation (t , t0 ) under
compression may be expressed by a compliance formu-
lation as
(t , t 0 ) = J (t load , t 0 ) c (t 0 ) (3)
where J (tload , t0 ) is the creep compliance defined as
the response at time duration tload = t t0 . t is time
after mixing with stress (t0 ) acting since loading age
t0 .
The creep compliance J (tload , t0 ) was determined
from the test results as the difference per unit stress be-
tween the loaded and unloaded specimen and thus con-
sidered as the single effect of the applied stress. As the
temperature was kept constant (at about 20 C) in these
tests and the specimens were sealed (i.e. no exchange of
water with the environment), by definition, basic creep
is considered.
3.2 Stress tests
Thermal stress tests have been performed by Westman
(1999) and Hedlund (2000) at LTU in Sweden. The
fresh concrete specimen, constituting a 1 m long beam
with a square cross section of 150 mm, is placed in a
rather stiff steel frame and by regulation forced to
100 % restraint. One end of the specimen is fixed into
the frame while the other is free to deform in its longi-
tudinal direction. The length of the specimen is kept
constant throughout the test by means of a servo-
hydraulic cylinder connected to the free end of the
specimen. The force from the cylinder is directly pro-
portional to the stress inside the concrete specimen.
The deformations that give rise to self-induced
stresses in a hardening concrete are mainly related to
temperature and shrinkage. An authentic temperature
development inside the specimen, which here corre-
sponds to the temperature that would occur in a 0.7 m
Cement type Air [%]
CEM I 52.5 BV LA SR 4.6
 M. Larson and J. Jonasson / Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology Vol. 1, No. 2, 172-187, 2003 175

thick wall, is achieved by blowing temperate air around
the specimen. The shrinkage arises in the specimen it-
self due to the fact that fresh, then gradually hardening,
concrete is used in the test.
4. Description of basic creep models
4.1 New basic creep formulation
To formulate a modulus of elasticity E (t0 ) based on
creep tests a quasi-instantaneous elastic deformation
have to be defined by the choice of an elastic time
duration t0 , which gives
1 rameters ( t0 and t1 ):
J (t load , t 0 ) = + J (t load , t 0 )
E (t 0 )
with
1 modulus of elasticity
E (t 0 ) =
J (t 0 , t 0 )
where J (tload , t0 ) is the creep part associated with the
definition of the elastic modulus in Eq. (5).
The time duration defining the elastic modulus may
be chosen within 0 < t0 0.01 d (Neville et al., 1983),
and here is the definition from Westman (1999) chosen
as
t 0 = 0.001 d
The basic assumption of the new formulation is that
the compliance development J (tload , t0 ) is described
by piece-wise linear curves in logarithm of time span
after loading tload . In the simplest application there are
only two linear curves (see for instance Baant and Wu
1974, Jonasson 1977 and Persson 1998) according to:
I. Linear curve with inclination a1 from tload = t0
to tload = t1 , which here is called short-term creep.
II. Linear curve with inclination a2 from tload = t1
and further on, which here is called long-term creep.
The principles outlined above are illustrated in Fig. 1.
A description of the creep behaviour with two linear
curves for each loading age will according to Fig. 1
need the following functions ( J 0 , a1 and a2 ) and pa-
(4)
J 0 or E = 1 J 0 modulus of elasticity
t0 load duration for definition of
(5) t1 limit between short-term and long-
term creep
a1 inclination (or logarithmic creep
rate) of short-term creep
a2 inclination (or logarithmic creep
rate) of long-term creep
The limit for practical application between short-term
and long-term creep t1 is chosen as a typical value
from evaluation of creep tests, which is further dis-
cussed in section 5.2.
The inclinations a1 and a 2 of the linear curves in Fig.
(6) 1 are defined by

For engineering purposes it is very convenient to dJ

ai =
have simple, robust and easy to understand expressions d (log(t load ) ) for i = 1, 2 (7)
where the parameters of the expression describes the
actual behaviour of the studied concrete property. In the where the denotation log is used as an equivalent de-
following a creep formulation fulfilling those needs is notation for 10log.
described. The formulation is based on piece-wise linear The integral form of Eq. (7) is expressed as
curves in logarithm of time and is therefore hereafter
denoted the Linear Logarithmic Model (LLM). J = J i 1 + ai (log(t load ) log(t i 1 ) ) for i = 1, 2 (8)

J which is the solution of Eq. (7) with two start values

1 ( J i 1 and ti 1 ) and the inclination ( ai ) known. How-
a2 ever, it is very easy to add as many linear curves as
wanted and maintain the technique outlined in Eqs. (7)
1 and (8).
a1 The increase in creep compliance may now, based on
J1
Eq. (8), be described as
J0
J (tload , t0 )
I II tload for
a1 (t0 ) log
t0 t0 tload < t1
= (9)
t0 t1 tload t1 tload
a1 (t0 ) log t + a2 (t0 ) log t for tload t1
(Logarithmic scale) 0 1

Fig. 1 Illustration of creep development as two linear With t0 and t1 fixed and E or J 0 known, the addi-
curves in logarithmic time scale for a specific loading tional needed information is the inclinations a1 and a2 .
age t0 (I = short-term creep and II = long-term creep). The fundamental properties of these inclinations are
176 M. Larson and J. Jonasson / Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology Vol. 1, No. 2, 172-187, 2003

shown in Fig. 2, which are to be evaluated for individ-

ual mixes or as general functions for groups of mixes J
with similar behaviour. The inclinations can be mod- t0 < (t0)age
elled by means of following expression
t0 = (t0)age
t t nai
ai (t 0 ) = a min
i (
+ a max
i a min
i ) exp 0 s
t
(10)
ai
for i = 1, 2 t0 > (t0)age

where nai and tai are model parameters and ts is the

apparent setting time when the concrete alters from an
almost liquid to a solid phase. t0 t1 t2 tload
As can be seen in Fig. 2 the inclinations a1 and a2
(Logarithmic scale)
will actually visualise the creep behaviour of the con-
crete with a large creep rate at early loading ages which Fig. 3 Illustration of adjustment for negative relaxation
rapidly decreases to more or less constant values as the with three linear curves in logarithmic time scale.
concrete hardens. The appearance of a1 > a2 at very
early ages is required as one part of the technique to
reduce the appearance of negative relaxation values (see (9), which is outlined in Fig. 3 and may be described as
further below).
As previously mentioned some constitutive relations J (tload , t0 )
for calculation of thermal stresses require relaxation
t
data instead of creep whereby it is important to check a1 (t 0 ) log load
for t0 tload < t1
that the used creep model does not cause negative re- t 0

laxation values. The models within this study will, as t t
also several other methods, result in negative relaxation a1 (t 0 ) log 1 + a 2 (t 0 ) log load
(11)
values at early loading ages in combination with long t 0 t1
load durations. One way of eliminating this phenome- for t1 tload < t2 and for tload t2 if t0 > (t0 ) age
non is to choose a certain age of loading (t0 ) age and a =
certain load duration (tload ) age as limit values (Emborg t t
a1 (t0 ) log 1 + a2 (t0 ) log 2
1989). The adjustment is then made in such a way that
0 t t1

for t0 < (t0 ) age and tload > (tload ) age all creep curves t
parallel to that of t0 = (t0 ) age . This procedure is here + a2 ((t0 ) age ) log load
applied to all studied creep models, which means that t2
negative relaxation values will be avoided in practical for t load t 2 if t 0 (t 0 ) age
applications.
In the LLM creep formulation the adjustment is per- 4.2 Power law creep formulations
formed by introducing an additional linear curve in Eq.
The existing power formulations (Eq. 2) are here formu-
lated for the use at very early ages in a consistent way,
simply by using the exact original formulation and in-
troducing the denotation elastic modulus for the load
duration t0 . This is in general described by

1 1
a1 J (tload , t0 ) = + ( F (tload , t0 ) F0 (t0 , t0 ) )
ai E (t0 ) E0 (12)
a2
For the DPL from Baant and Osman (1976) the
consistent formulation with an elastic modulus is

J (tload , t0 )
(13)
ts
t0
28 d
=
1
( )(
+ ref ( t0 ) + ( tload ) ( t0 )
E (t0 ) Eref
m n n
)
Fig. 2 Fundamental behaviour of function a1 and a2 in
the creep formula presented in Eqs. (7) to (10). where ref , , m and n are free parameters to be de-
 M. Larson and J. Jonasson / Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology Vol. 1, No. 2, 172-187, 2003 177

termined by regression when comparing calculated and
tested creep values. Eref is a reference modulus of elas-
ticity, which in this study has been chosen as the value
at 28 days of age. t0 is the loading age for definition
of modulus of elasticity, earlier discussed when intro-
ducing Eqs. (4) to (6).
A problem with the DPL is that it gives too high final
slope of the calculated long term creep curves giving
raise to negative relaxation values and an improved
model called the Log Double Power Law (LDPL) was
therefore introduced by Baant and Chern (1985b):
In for example Byfors (1980), Gutsch (1998) and
Bjntegaard (1999) comprehensive testing of the
modulus of elasticity from very early ages has been
made. All results show the same tendency with a very
rapid (linear in logarithmic time scale) development of
the E-modulus which then abrupt flats out to a much
slower increase (Fig. 4).
The modulus of elasticity at time t0 equivalent age
may be modelled as
E (t 0 ) = E ref E (t 0 ) (16)

J (tload , t0 ) =
1 0
+
E0 E0
(( )
ln 1 + 1 ( t0 ) + ( tload )
m n
) (14)
where Eref is a reference value, which here is chosen as
the modulus of elasticity at 28 days age.
If the concept of describing the material behaviour by
in which 0 , 1 , , m and n are model parameters. piece-wise linear curves in logarithm of time described
By introducing a general function, m2 (t0 ) , instead of in section 4.1 is introduced, E may with denotations
the power function for the loading age, 1 (t0 ) m + , according to Fig. 4 be expressed as
the consistent formulation with an elastic modulus
based on Eq. (14) becomes 0 for t0 < ts

b1 log ( t0 ts ) for ts t0 < t B
1 + m2 ( t0 ) ( tload )m3 E (t0 ) = (17)
b1 log ( t B ts ) + b2 log ( t0 t B )
1 for t B t0 < 28 d
J ( tload , t0 ) = + m1 log (15)
E (t 0 ) 1 + m ( t ) ( t )m3 1 for t0 28 d
2 0 0

with m1 , m2 (t0 ) and m3 as model parameters. A commonly used expression for the modulus of elas-
ticity is the equation given in CEB-FIP MC90 whereby
One small change has been introduced in Eq. (15) E , here modified by introducing the apparent setting
compared with Eq. (14) as log, i.e. 10log, is used instead time ts , may be expressed as
of ln. This only means that the model parameters have
different numerical values. The formulation in Eq. (15)
0.5
t t
is here denoted Log Power Law (LPL). E (t 0 ) = exp s 1 1 / 0 s

(18)
In Pane and Hansen (2001) the corresponding 28 ts

formulation to Eq. (15) was used with m2 ( t0 ) ( t0 ) 3
m

0, and from Eq. (15) it is easily seen that in such a case

where s is a model parameter.
for tload = t0 the last term in Eq. (15) does not vanish.
The modulus of elasticity can also be expressed ac-
The TPL is not used here as the number of model pa-
cording to Freiesleben (1977) whereby E may be ex-
rameters is too large for a clear overview of the influ-
pressed as
ence of all individual parameters (see further Emborg
1989 and Westman 1999).
1

5. Comparison with previous models b2

1
5.1 Modulus of elasticity
There exist many models to describe the development of
the modulus of elasticity where some models require E
more test data than others to reproduce a reliable mate-
rial behaviour (see for example Byfors 1980, CEB-FIP
MC90, Gutsch 1998, Kanstad 1990, Almeida 2002 or b1
Schachinger et al. 2002). Kanstad et al. (1999), among
others, have shown that models using the concept of 1
apparent setting time t s will be more robust against the
consequences of insufficient amount of experimental 0
ts tB 28 d
data. It is also obvious that different models fitted to few t0
tests results by regression will find different curvatures (Logarithmic scale)
that match the experimental data. It would therefore be
very beneficial to have a model that in its own formula- Fig. 4 Illustration of E-modulus development by means
tion has the shape of the actual material behaviour. of E as two linear curves in logarithmic time scale.
178 M. Larson and J. Jonasson / Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology Vol. 1, No. 2, 172-187, 2003

45 45
40 40
35 35
30 30
E [GPa]

E [GPa]
25 25
Measured Measured
20 20
Not used
15 Eq. (17) 15
Eq. (17)
10 Eq. (18) 10
Eq. (18)
5 5
Eq. (19) Eq. (19)
0 0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
t 0 [d] t 0 [d]
(a) (b)

Fig. 5 Measured modulus of elasticity according to Byfors (1980) compared to calculated development by means of Eqs.
(16) to (19). In (a) all data have been used in the regression while in (b) only data after 1 day.

thermal stresses are based on the LTU66 concrete mix-

E
E (t 0 ) = exp (19)
Eref t0
where and are model parameters. The concept of
apparent setting time ts is not used in this expression.
The models described in Eqs. (16) to (19) are, by
means of regression, fitted to the results from a compre-
hensive test programme performed by Byfors (1980)
giving the curves presented in Fig. 5 (a) and (b). As can
be seen in (a) models described by Eqs. (17) and (19)
will give a close description of the material behaviour
while model according to Eq. (18) do not catch the rapid
change in E-modulus development at early ages.
If measured values up until 1 day of age is left out as
shown in Fig. 5 (b), the models will behave quite differ-
ently. It can now be noticed that the models expressed
by Eqs. (17) and (18) are able to calculate the develop-
ment of the E-modulus better than the model described
by Eq. (19) if there is a lack of data during the very
early ages. This mostly due to the fact that the concept
of apparent setting time is used in those models which
here has been fixed to 0.25 days equivalent age correlat-
ing with experiences from the wide range of tests given
in Westman (1999) and Hedlund (2000). The new for-
mulation with straight lines in logarithmic time scale
according to Eq. (17) will be the most robust one if
there is a lack of data. It also seems to be able to de-
scribe the rapid E-modulus development at early ages
better than the other models.
5.2 Creep compliance
5.2.1 General
The comparison of creep models and their influence on
ture presented in Table 1. Following models describing
the creep compliance J (tload , t0 ) are analysed:
Linear Logarithmic Model I (LLM I) described by
Eqs. (4) and (9) in which E (t0 ) is expressed with
Eqs. (16) and (17).
Linear Logarithmic Model II (LLM II) described
by Eqs. (4) and (9) in which E (t0 ) is expressed
with Eqs. (16) and (18).
Double Power Law (DPL) described by Eq. (13)
in which E (t0 ) is expressed with Eqs. (16) and
(18).
Log Power Law (LPL) described by Eq. (15) in
which E (t0 ) is expressed with Eqs. (16) and (18).
All models are by regression analysis fitted, as will be
presented below, to the measured creep compliance
from concrete LTU66 and the obtained model parame-
ters are given in Table 2. The calculated creep compli-
ance adjusted for negative relaxation is shown in Fig. 6
and the unadjusted compliance is given in Fig. 7. The
error of the studied models compared to the measured
data may be characterized by a coefficient of variation
J , which for the creep compliance is defined as
1
1 M
2
J = ( J i , meas J i , calc )
2
J (0.001 d, t0 ) 2 (20)
M i =1
for each data set
where J i ( i = 1, . . . M ) are regularly chosen data
points, measured and calculated, with equal spacing in
log-time scale, and M = number of data points for each
loading age. A summary of the obtained variation coef-
ficients for the studied models is given in Table 3. The
coefficients of variation for adjusted and unadjusted
 M. Larson and J. Jonasson / Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology Vol. 1, No. 2, 172-187, 2003 179

Table 2 Model parameters for concrete LTU66.

LLM DPL LPL
E ref [GPa] 42.72 I, II E ref [GPa] 42.72 E ref [GPa] 42.72
b1 [1/log] 1.01 I s [-] 0.22 s [-] 0.22
b2 [1/log] 0.20 I t 0 [d] 0.001 t 0 [d] 0.001
t B [d] 1.33 I ref [-] 1.27 m1 [1/GPa log] 23.41
s [-] 0.22 II [d] 0 m2min [ d m3 ] 1
t 0 [d] 0.001 I, II m [-] 0.60 m max
2 [d m3
] 1000
t1 [d] 0.1 I, II n [-] 0.14 t m 2 [d] 0.38
-12
a1min [10 /Pa log] 0.1 I, II (t 0 ) age [d] 10 nm 2 [-] 3.86
amax -12
[10 /Pa log] 60 I, II (t load ) age [d] 10 m3 [-] 1
1

t a1 [d] 0.28 I, II (t 0 ) age [d] -

na1 [-] 1.19 I, II (t load ) age [d] -
a 2min [10-12/Pa log] 5.00 I, II
a 2max [10-12/Pa log] 30 I, II
t a 2 [d] 0.30 I, II
na 2 [-] 0.37 I, II
(t 0 ) age [d] 2 I, II
(t load ) age [d] 10 I, II
Note: The unit [log] is used as an abbreviation to [10log-unit].

Table 3 Variation coefficients (Eq. 20) for the studied models.

t 0 [d] M LLM I LLM II DPL LPL

0.62 8 0.20 0.25 0.40 0.23
0.75 8 0.09 0.07 0.07 0.06
0.83 11 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.12
1 11 0.07 0.13 0.21 0.05
2 12 0.05 0.05 0.15 0.04
4 10 0.08 0.07 0.03 0.07
7 11 0.08 0.09 0.06 0.09
1 N
J = J
N i =1 0.09 0.10 0.14 0.10
Note: M = number of load durations per loading age and N = number of loading ages.

formulation, with respect to negative relaxation, are
practically identical due to the fact that the adjustment
in question mostly lay outside the measured data range.
5.2.2 Modulus of elasticity
As a first evaluation step for all studied methods, an E-
modulus model is fitted to the measured instantaneous
deformation. 1 J (0.001 d, t 0 ) . The calculated E-
modulus development E (t0 ) and the measured values
from concrete LTU66 are shown in Fig. 8. As can be
seen the model according to Eq. (18) has, as previously
also shown, difficulties describing the rapid change in
the E-modulus development at early ages. The new for-
mulation given by Eq. (17) has in this case the best cor-
relation to the experimental data.
5.2.3 Linear logarithmic model LLM
In the new basic creep LLM model the inclinations a1
and a2 give the increase in creep compliance
J (tload , t0 ) , and they are determined from the meas-
ured compliance as shown in Fig. 9. The development
of the inclinations as a function of the loading age t0 is
modelled with Eq. (10). It seems possible to set the limit
between short-term and long-term creep t1 as a con-
stant value, which in this study has been chosen to be
0.1 days. The end values of short-term creep a1 give
consistent results if they are set to 6010-12/(Palog-unit)
as a maximum ( a1max ) and 0.110-12/(Palog-unit) as a
180 M. Larson and J. Jonasson / Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology Vol. 1, No. 2, 172-187, 2003

LLM I LLM II
0.62 0.62
0.75 0.75
140 0.83 140 0.83
1 1
120 2 120 2
4 4
100 7 100 7

J [10 /Pa]
J [10 /Pa]

80 80

-12
-12

60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
t load [d] t load [d]
DPL LPL
0.62 0.62
0.75 0.75
140 0.83 140 0.83
1 1
120 2 120 2
4 4
100 7 100 7
J [10 /Pa]
J [10 /Pa]

80 80
-12
-12

60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
t load [d] t load [d]
Fig. 6 Measured and calculated creep compliance at different loading ages (days) for concrete LTU66 with adjustment for
negative relaxation. Note that LPL does not need any adjustment.

minimum ( a1min ). Regarding the long-term creep a 2 the uncertainties in the evaluation (see a2 at t0 = 0.62 and
maximum end value should be significantly smaller 0.75 days in Fig. 9 (b) but as the formulation parameter
than that for short-term creep and here a maximum a2 has a physical meaning of creep rate it is easy to sort
value ( a2max ) of 3010-12/(Pa log-unit) gives sound re- out and exclude these values from the evaluation. This
sults. The minimum end value ( a2min ) will however vary is done here and is one important advantage of the pre-
depending on the modulus of elasticity at 28 days age sent creep formulation.
Eref , which is further described in Larson and Jonasson The LLM formulations will also result in negative re-
(2003) and Larson (2002). These experiences can to- laxation values but not near as extent as for DPL (or
gether with Eq. (6) be summarised as TPL). Just a minor adjustment is needed by introducing
the limit values (t0 ) age = 2 days and (tload ) age = 10 days
t0 0.001 d = days in Eq. (11).
t1 0.1 d = days The LLM model has been applied to the following
-12 two formulations of the elastic modulus:

max
a1 60 10 /(Pa log-unit) (21) LLM I: E-modulus according to Eq. (17), which also
amin
0.1 -12
10 /(Pa log-unit) is a linear-logarithmic model of the devel-
1
opment of the elastic modulus.
a max
2 30 10-12/(Pa log-unit) LLM II: E-modulus according to Eq. (18) from CEB-
FIP MC90.
When a creep test is too short there might be some As can be seen in Table 3 the LLM formulations
 M. Larson and J. Jonasson / Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology Vol. 1, No. 2, 172-187, 2003 181

LLM I LLM II
0.62 0.62
0.75 0.75
140 0.83 140 0.83
1 1
120 2 120 2
4 4
100 7 100 7

J [10 /Pa]
J [10 /Pa]

80 80

-12
-12

60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
t load [d] t load [d]
DPL LPL
0.62 0.62
0.75 0.75
140 0.83 140 0.83
1 1
120 2 120 2
4 4
100 7 100 7
J [10 /Pa]

J [10 /Pa]

80 80
-12

-12

60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
t load [d] t load [d]
Fig. 7 Measured and calculated creep compliance at different loading ages (days) for concrete LTU66 without adjustment
for negative relaxation.

show good agreement with all loading ages except at the prerequisite of = 0 only a minor adjustment for nega-
youngest loading age 0.62 days. The LLM II formula- tive relaxation is needed by introducing the limit values
tion also have some difficulties describing the creep
development at the loading age 1 day, which is related 50
to the modelling of the E-modulus according to Eq. (18).
Both LLM formulations have, however, the overall best 45
correlation to the experimental data of the studied creep 40
models. 35
30
E [GPa]

5.2.4 Double power law DPL

The DPL is directly fitted to the measured compliance 25
by means of regression. To achieve a reasonable fit, the 20
youngest loading age 0.62 days has to be left out in the Eq. (17) Eq. (18)
regression analysis. The DPL creep formulation gives,
15 0.62 d 0.75 d
as previously mentioned, too high final slope of the cal- 10 0.83 d 1.00 d
culated long-term creep curves, which rapidly result in 5 2.00 d 4.00 d
negative relaxation values. If the model parameter is 7.00 d
0
set to 0 (zero) it is possible to markedly decrease the ts
high creep compliance at long load durations. However, 0 1 10 100
this action will reduce the accuracy of the short-term t 0 [d]
creep curves, which should have been better if all model
Fig. 8 Measured and calculated E-modulus development
parameters could be used in the regression. With this
for concrete LTU66.
182 M. Larson and J. Jonasson / Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology Vol. 1, No. 2, 172-187, 2003

0.62 d 60
140
0.75 d a1 Eq. (10)
120 50
0.83 d
a2 Eq. (10)

a [10 /Pa log-unit]

100 1d
J [10 /Pa]

40 a1
80 2d
-12

4d a2
60 30
Not used
7d

-12
40 20
a
20
a
0 10
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 0 ts
t load [d] 0.1 1 10 100
t 0 [d]
(a) (b)

Fig. 9 (a) Measured creep compliance and measured inclinations together with b) measured and calculated inclinations
for concrete LTU66.

(t0 ) age = 10 days and (tload ) age = 10 days. t t nm 2

Although one model parameter ( ) has been ne-
glected in the DPL model, it shows comparatively good
agreement with the measured data for all loading ages
except at the youngest loading age 0.62 days. The for-
mulation has the largest total variation of the studied
models (Table 3).
5.2.5 Log power law LPL
By keeping the model parameters m1 and m3 in the
LPL model constant, the parameter m2 may be retrieved
as a function of the loading age t0 when the LPL is
adopted to the measured creep compliance by means of
regression (Fig. 10). Following expression can be used
to model the development of m2 :
m2 (t0 ) = m2min + ( m2max m2min ) exp 0 s (22)
tm 2
in which m2min , m2max , nm 2 and t m 2 are model parame-
ters.
This creep formulation will not end up in negative re-
laxation values, due to the fact that all creep curves by
time will be parallel. This means that no adjustment for
negative relaxation is needed.
The LPL formulation shows very good agreement
with all measured creep values except at the youngest
loading age 0.62 days. The model has together with the
LLM formulations the best correlation to the experi-
mental data. It can however be seen that the LPL model
generates a considerably higher creep compliance out-
side the measured range than the other formulations.

5.3 Influence on thermal stresses

1000 The final verification and comparison of creep models is
m2 regression performed by studies of how different models described
800 in section 5.2 influences a calculated thermal stress de-
m2 Eq. (22) velopment. The theoretical results are compared to a
stress test described in section 3.2, which reproduces an
600
m 2 [d 3]

authentic stress development for concrete LTU66 at

-m

100% restraint with a temperature development given in

400 Fig. 11.
Stress calculations are performed as explained in Jon-
200 asson (1994) and Hedlund (2000) whereby material
models describing strength development, thermal dilata-
tion, shrinkage, creep/relaxation and non-linear stress-
0
ts strain behaviour at high tensile stresses have been
0.1 1 10 100 adopted to the behaviour of concrete LTU66. In this
t 0 [d] study only the modelling of creep according to section
5.2 is altered while all other parameters are kept con-
Fig. 10 Calculated model parameter m 2 for concrete stant.
LTU66.
 M. Larson and J. Jonasson / Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology Vol. 1, No. 2, 172-187, 2003 183

60 opment for concrete LTU66 at 100 % restraint is shown

whereby the creep behaviour has been expressed by
50 means of LLM I, LLM II, DPL and LPL with adjust-
ment for negative relaxation as described in section 5.2.
Temperature [C]

40 The influence on thermal stresses due to different creep

models is relatively small. As can be seen in Table 4 the
30 stress calculations performed with a creep behaviour
modelled according to the LLM and DPL formulations
give the best correlation to the measured stress devel-
20
Measured opment. The LPL formulation, on the other hand, gives
Calculated lower stresses both in compression and in tension,
10 which may be related to a higher creep rate at long load
durations than the other formulations. This indicates that
0 the LPL will require longer creep tests than the other
0 2 4 6 8 formulations to make a more correct prediction of the
long-term creep behaviour.
Time [d] The importance of adjusting creep formulations for
the phenomenon of negative relaxation is shown in Fig.
Fig. 11 Measured and calculated temperature develop- 13 and Table 5 where the calculated stress development
ment for concrete LTU66. is compared to the measured stress development.
Here it can be seen that the DPL, unadjusted for
negative relaxation, will slightly overestimate the tensile
The difference between the measured and calculated
stress development in the contraction phase. The DPL
thermal stress due to differences in the studied models
has, as previously mentioned, already in its adoption to
may be characterized by a coefficient of variation
experimental creep data been adjusted in such a way
expressed as
that negative relaxation values should be avoided. If this
1
not had been the case significantly larger variation dur-
1 N max 2
= ( i ,meas i ,calc )2 meas ( ) ing both the expansion and contraction phase should
2
(23)
have appeared (see e.g. Larson 2000). The LLM formu-
N i =1
lations show, on the other hand, no influence on the cal-
for each data set culated stresses if they are adjusted or not.
Finally, the used stress test (Fig. 12 and 13) is too
where i ( i = 1, . . . N ) are regularly chosen data
short to alone give a complete picture of the importance
points with equal spacing in time and measmax
is the
of the negative relaxation phenomenon, but in general
maximum measured stress in compression and tension,
terms it is always better to avoid or to have negligible
respectively.
negative relaxation in connection to the creep formula-
In Fig. 12 the measured and calculated stress devel-
tion.

5 Measured 5 Measured
LLM I LLM I
4 4
LLM II LLM II
3 DPL 3 DPL
LPL LPL
Stress [MPa]

Stress [MPa]

2 2
1 1
0 0
-1 0 2 4 6 8
-1 0 2 4 6 8

-2 -2
-3 -3
Time [d] Time [d]
Fig. 12 Measured and calculated thermal stress devel- Fig. 13 Measured and calculated thermal stress devel-
opment for concrete LTU66 with creep formulations ad- opment for concrete LTU66 without adjustment for nega-
justed for negative relaxation. tive relaxation.
184 M. Larson and J. Jonasson / Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology Vol. 1, No. 2, 172-187, 2003
Table 4 Variation coefficients (Eq. 23) for the studied models with adjustment for negative relaxation.
Stress state N LLM I
Compression 27 0.05
Tension 42 0.05
Table 5 Variation coefficients (Eq. 5.8) for the studied models without adjustment for negative relaxation.
Stress state N LLM I
Compression 27 0.04
Tension 42 0.05
6. Conclusions
It can clearly be stated that the LLM (Linear Logarith-
mic Model) is a robust and, at the same time, flexible
formulation that can model the basic creep behaviour in
young concrete with good correlation to experimental
data. The denotation young concrete is here used for the
period up to approximately 100 days after casting.
Creep for mature concrete is not specifically evaluated
in this paper, but as the LLM formulation has a constant
creep rate in logarithmic time scale at high durations, it
is expected to take care of long-term creep in a good
manner.
The robustness of the LLM formulation enables a re-
liable modelling with very few test data. This due to the
fact that the creep is modelled with straight lines in
logarithmic time scale and the increase is given by age
dependent inclinations, which have an easy to under-
stand meaning in the material behaviour. The inclina-
tions will always follow the same trend with high values
at young ages, which then gradually decrease to con-
stant levels as the concrete hardens. This makes the
formulation exceptionally suitable as a prediction for-
mula where general inclination developments may be
used for different types of concrete.
Another advantage with the LLM formulation is that
the appearance of negative relaxation in linear viscoe-
lastic modelling is very small and negligible with re-
spect to thermal stresses. Consequently, the LLM for-
mulation may be used directly in thermal stress analyses
in young concrete without any adjustment for negative
relaxation.
Compared to the other studied models the LLM
formulation shows very good agreement to experimental
creep data and has the same, or better, correlation as the
other models. It probably also estimates a more reliable
development of the creep behaviour in young concrete
outside the measured creep data range compared with
the LPL formulation that has a marked fast increase in
creep compliance. This is indicated in the calculated
stresses, as both compression and tension stresses are
lower than the measured ones. However, stress calcula-
tions performed with the LLM and DPL formulations
show very good correlation to the measured thermal
stress development on condition that the DPL formula-
LLM II DPL LPL
0.05 0.04 0.11
0.05 0.06 0.08
LLM II DPL LPL
0.05 0.04 0.11
0.05 0.07 0.08
tion is adjusted for avoidance of negative relaxation.
Modelling creep with LLM and LPL results in no, or
very small, negative relaxation values and the calculated
stresses will consequently not be influenced. The DPL
formulation will, if it is used blindly, end up in acceler-
ating negative relaxation, which has a considerable im-
pact on the calculated stress. It is, as performed in this
study, possible to force the model to behave more prop-
erly in respect of long-term escalating creep by locking
one model parameter in the regression analysis. Once
again the importance of having robust models that in
their own formulation describe the material behaviour
can be stated. Too flexible models will give considera-
bly different solutions depending on how they are
adopted to the accessible amount of experimental data.
Acknowledgment
Financially the work has been supported by means from
the Swedish Agency for Innovation Systems (VIN-
NOVA), the Swedish Council for Engineering Sciences
(TFR), the Swedish Contractors Fund for Research and
Development (SBUF), the Swedish Council for Build-
ing Research (BFR) and NCC AB.
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