Chemistry Chapter 4 Form 4Part I

Form 4 Chemistry: Chapter 4 (Group 18 & 1)

Elements from the same group have same chemical properties. But, the physical properties change
gradually down the group. xD

1. Atomic Radius (+) xD

number of shells occupied by electrons
=D

2. Melting / Boiling Points (+)

Very low melting & boiling point because they're single atoms held together by weak Van der Waal's
Forces of attraction. Only a small amount of heat energy required to overcome this forces of attraction.

Van der Waal atom

Group 1 xD
 Atomic size Van der Waal's force
/ Melting/Boiling point

~ Non-metal M/B.P ~ ~~~ =P

3. Density (+)
Very low densities. =D
Increase down the group Relative Atomic Mass Volume Relative
Atomic Mass Density
Group 1 17 Density

P/S Essay
xD

Chemical Properties___
> NOT reactive (inert)
chemical reaction stable duplet/octet electron arrangement
Chlorine electron arrangement 2.8.7 8 valence electron
7 electron 2.8.8 Sodium
2.8.1 electron Electron 2.8
shell electron

noble gases 2 8 valence electron

electron shellOutermost Occupied Shell electron
electron donate/receive electrons

> Electron Arrangement =P

Electron Arrangement shell occupied by electron
Shell 2 electrons 8 8
8
Argon2.8.8 Krypton electron arrangement
[_._._.8]
[2.8._.8] < 2 8
Krypton [2.8.18.8]
^ 8 18 6 Shell
18 3 32 2.8.18.32.18.8

> Exists as single atoms > Monoatomic

form bond donate / gain / share electron atom
single atomsxD

Broken /

[ Low M/B. Point ] Noble gases are made up of single atoms held together by weak Van der Waal's
forces of attraction. Only a small amount of heat energy required to overcome the forces of attraction
during melting/boiling.
[ Increase of M/B. P down the group ] When the atomic size of noble gases increases, the Van der Waal's
forces of attraction among the atoms become stronger. More heat energy is required to overcome the
stronger forces of attraction during melting/boiling.
[ Unreactive ] The electron arrangement (duplet/octet) are very stable because the outermost occupied
shells are full with electrons. These elements do not receive, donate or share electrons, so they are
stable. [ donatereceive share ]

65 Post >_<

1. Melting / Boiling Points (-)

Decrease down the group.
atom Force Metallic Bonding Atom Nucleus
Atomic radius nucleus Metallic Bond
less heat is required to overcome the forces of attraction between particles. xD

Metal Melting/Boiling point xD

2. Density (+)
Atomic mass Volume

Less dense than water: Li, Na, K

Denser than water: Rb, Cs, Fr

3. Atomic radius (+)

Number of shells xD
4. Hardness (-)
Chemical Properties___
> Similar among all elements in group 1
Element Valence electron Chemical reaction Valence Electron

> Reactivity (+)

Reactivity measured by: The ease of its atom to lose its single valence electron to achieve a stable octet
arrangement.
Electron
Electrons Shells

< Forever Alone

Element SodiumSodium Electron Arrangement 2.8.1
Valence Electron Occupied Shell Electron
7 Sodium Electron donate 2
Occupied shell 2.8 Neon Sodium Sodium ionNa+
atom

< Neutral Atom proton & electron +'ve charged proton -

've charged electron Charge Atom
Electron Proton Electron +'ve charge

~
Reactivity increases down Group 1.

Nucleus Valence Electron Atomic Radius Nucleus

Valence Electron Forces of attraction
Nucleus Valence Electron Valence Electron

[ The decrease in M/B. P ] The atomic size increases down the group, and the metalic bond between the
atoms become weaker. So, less heat is required to overcome the forces of attraction.
[ The increase in reactivity ] The atomic size increases down the group. Therefore, when going down
group 1, the single valence electron in the outermost occupied shell becomes further away from the
nucleus. Hence, the attraction between the nucleus & the valence electron become weaker. Therefore
it's easier for the atom to donate the single valence electron to form a positive ion.

P/S Group 1 elements must be kept in Paraffin Oil because they're very very reactive!
P/S II Valence Electron Valence
> Reactions
Group 1 ReactWater, Oxygen & Halogen(Chlorine)

melting point boiling point

compound boiling melting point
state phsical state type of particles,
boiling melting point range b/m point
solid liquid gas .

Melting point solid liquid 0C Boiling point

liquid gas 100C
Type of particle atomsmolecules ions atoms
copper metal particles copper atoms Noble gases(Group 18)
monoatomic gases, atoms helium atoms
Molecules covalent compounds diatomic gases oxygen,hydrogen,
nitrogen -gen XD Group 17 Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine diatomic
moleculesCovalent compounds carbon dioxide
Ions ionic compound sodium chloride sodium ions, Na+ Chloride ions,
Cl-
Range temperature-time graph
melting pointboiling point XD

van der waals forces , attraction forces , eletostatic forces ,

?
Attraction force atoms molecules ^^
during melting boiling"heat energy used to
overcome forces between particles"
Van der Waals forces molecules attraction force carbon
dioxide moleculescarbon oxygen = covalent bond carbon dioxide
molecules forces Van der Waals' forceBoiling/melting
break covalent bond overcome Van der Waals' forces
O=C=O ......... O=C=O
relative molecular mass Van der Waals' forces Van der Waals' forces
boiling point
Van der Waals' forces covalent compounds molecules noble gases

Electrostatic force ionic bond positively charge and negatively charge

force sodium chloridesodium chlorine electron positively charge
sodium ion, Na+ negatively charged chloride ion, Cl- oppositely charged ions
electrostatic forces trivia metallic bonding electrostatic
force SPM XD

Chemistry Chapter 4 Form 4Part II

Form 4 Chemistry: Chapter 4 (Group 17 & Period 3)

P/S Astatine Chlorine Bromine Iodine

1. Melting & Boiling Point (+)

Van der Waal's force overcome the
forces of attraction Room Temperature & PressureFluorine & Chlorine
Bromine Volatile LiquidIodine

2. Poisonous
Halogens
Fluorine > Dangerously reactive
F & Cl gas, Br vapour > Poisonous
Iodine vapour > Harmful to the respiratory system
Astatine > Radioactive

- Must be handled in fume chamber- safety goggles

- Dilute Sodium Thiosulphate Liquid Bromine

3. Density (+)

> Exists as diatomic molecules [Covalent Bond]

 < Covalent Bond
Halogen 7 Valence Electron Stable octet
arrangement Electron Chlorine
Chlorine Electron
8 Valence Electron Octet electron
arrangement
[ Each atom contributes one electron for sharing ]

Halogens atom Molecule ~

Chemical Properties__
> Reactivity (-)
Halogens 7 Valence Electron 7
React attract 1x electron into the outermost occupied shell gain electron
Electronegative donate electron Group 1 Electropositive
Halogen Electronegative

Sodium Electron Cl Sodium Electron

Sodium Electron Electron Chlorine~
Chlorine Outermost Occupied Shell 8 Electron Octet
Arrangement Argon

negatively-charged electron Electron(-) Proton(+)

Chlorine negatively charged ion Cl-/Chloride Ion

Reactivity decreases down Group 17.

Atomic size Nucleus shell
Electron outermost occupied shell
Reactivity

P/S Nucleus Electron Van der Waal's force / Metallic Bond

Forces of attraction

[ The decrease in reactivity down the group ] When going down Group 17, the atomic size of
halogens increases. Thus, the outermost occupied shell of each halogen atom becomes further
away from the nucleus. Therefore, the strength to attract one electron into the outermost
occupied shell by the nucleus becomes weaker. This causes the reactivity to decrease.

> Reactions =3=

Litmus paper Litmus paper then turn colourless/bleaches

HOCl/HOBr Bleaching properties O HCl HBr
 properties Acid

Iodine is sparingly soluble & doesn't show any bleaching properties.

Iodine Litmus paper
almost not a bleaching agent

P/S Extra OCl/OBr ClO/BrO Ion

O Cl
______

The reaction of halogen with sodium hydroxide solution is kinda different from what we learnt
last year. Last year it is acid (eg. HCl) + Alkaline while this year it is halogen (eg. Cl only~ No 'H')
+ Alkaline.
I got confuse at first xD

Chlorate (I) = Cl O Chlorate (V) = Cl O3

salt

> Production of Chlorine Gas

Direct chlorine gas into ... set up Chlorine

Chemical reaction Chlorine

Bromine Iodine Chlorine gas
conical flask Potassium permanganate hydrochloric acid
Chemical reaction Chlorine gas

[ Potassium Permanganate + Hydrochloric Acid ]

^ ~ Chlorine gas

> Absorption of Excess Halogen Gases

Chlorine gas Bromine / Iodine vapour
Sodium Hydroxide
 xD

Carbon dioxide Sodium Hydroxide

~

filter funnel gas supply

Combustion Tube NaOH

P/S Soda Lime Absorb the poisonous Cl/Br gas and I

vapour

>__<

Group
Period
Sorry bout the pic! It's too big even if I arrange the elements horizontally >_< This one is
complicated =x

Note: Argon is excluded from anything related to reactivity, because she is trapped in the light
bulb & can never get out!

> Across Period 3...

Period 3 3 shells occupied with electrons
 Proton number Valence Electron
Number of Valence Electron
6 Solid Gas

x Atomic Radius (-)

Nucleus Valence Electron
Neutral atom Proton Electronproton number
Electron occupied shells Nucleus
Proton Positive charge negatively-charged Electron

- Proton number increases across Period 3, this causes the positive charge of nucleus increase.
- The Attraction by the nucleus on the electrons become stronger.
- Electrons are pulled closer to the nucleus across period.
- Therefore, atomic size decreases.
Chemistry Chapter 4 Form 4Part III

[Part I | Part II | Part III | Part IV ]

x Electronegativity (+)
Atomic Radius Proton Nucleus Positive charge
Atomic Radius Atomic Radius
Electron

Na Electron Electron
Na Cl Cl Cl Nucleus

Electronegativity Electron The strength to attract

electrons towards its nucleus Valence Electron
Electron

- The increase in positive charge

- The decrease in atomic size
- Nucleus has more strength to attract electron
- Easier to attract valence electrons to its outermost occupied shell

Oxides of Period 3 Elements

Argon Elements Oxygen Oxide

Sodium Oxide | Magnesium Oxide | Aluminium Oxide

Silicon(IV) oxide | Phosphorus Pentaoxide | Sulphur Dioxide | Dichlorine Heptoxide
P/S Oxide FormulaEquation
>_<

Oxide

Basic Oxide Alkaline Acid Produce only salt +

water Neutralisation Oxide Basic Oxide

Acidic Oxide Alkali Produce only salt + water

Amphoteric Oxide neutralize Acid Alkaliproduce salt + water

xD

Oxide Test pH
Acidic Alkaline Assume pH
7 Oxide Sodium Hydroxide NaOH Nitric Acid HNO3
React

MgAlSi Dissolve in water

Universal Indicator pH test solubility in NaOH/HNO3
Sodium > Strong Alkali
Magnesium > Weak Alkali
Phosphorus/Sulphur > Acid
Chlorine > Strong acid

Aluminium Oxide Acid Alkali react

Aluminium forms Amphoteric Oxide.
 react with acid Basic Oxide exhibit metallic properties
react with alkaline Acidic Oxideexhibit non-metallic propertiesAluminium
Basic Acidic Semi-metallic properties

Formulas = =

Formula of oxide ><

P/S Balance Equation

Formula Balanced equation

P/S II Semi-metal/Metalloid SiliconSilicon Semi-

metal Oxide Acidic Alumium Metal Amphoteric Oxide
Oxide Semi-metallic properties Basic/Amphoteric/Acidic
 Oxide Basic Acidic Properties metallic

Metalloid/Semi-metal > Silicon!

Silicon & Germanium Semi-metal Metal & Non-metal Properties

> Weak conductor of electricity, but conductivity increase when temperature rises.
> Doped with Boron/Phosphorus to become a semiconductor

Semiconductor industry DiodsTransistorMicrochip Screw

TV
Silicon

P/S Metalloid Semi-metal

Metalloid
Chemistry Chapter 4 Form 4Part IV

[ Part I | Part III | Part IV ]

Transition ElementsxD

* Zinc Group 12 Boiling/melting point

Transition Elements Group 3 12

Template Transition Element

Zinc Melting point 420CBoiling point 900C Transition
metal

1. Form Coloured Compounds

- They form coloured compounds in crystal state & coloured ions in aqueous solution.
Copper(II) Sulphate

- Transition Elements
> The presence of transition elements in precious gemstones Amethyst/Sapphire/Ruby

2. Variable Oxidation States

- Cations +/2+/3+ oxidation state

Copper (I) Ion: Cu+

Copper (II) Ion: Cu2+
Iron (II) Ion: Fe2+
Iron (III) Ion: Fe3+

P/S Ionic Compound Transition Element

Oxidation State Copper

3. Form Complex Ions

- Transition elements will form complex ions Ions ~~~~~~~~Extra
Complex Ion Ion Cation Anion Formula

- Hexacyanoferrat(III) ion > [Fe(CN)6]3- ><

4. Acts as a Catalyst
- Catalyst > A chemical to speed up reaction & are highly specific. (Think enzymes in bio =P)
- Catalyst Positive Catalyst Negative Catalyst
Assume Positive Catalyst

- Transition Elements Industrial Catalyst to produce chemicals at a faster rate & lower cost.
Compound melting point

Lab Catalyst
 >w<
Concept =D