Staphylococcus aureus Minor skin infections: such 1. Protective as pimples, impetigo, boils, cellulitis, a. microcapsule folliculitis, carbuncles, scalded skin syndrome, b. Protein A: binds IgG and abscesses. c. Coagulase: fibrin formation around organism Life-threatening diseases such as pneumonia, d. hemolysins meningitis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, toxic e. leukocidins shock syndrome, bacteremia, and sepsis. f. penicillinase 2. Tissue-Destroying a. hyaluronidase b. staphylokinase (lysis of clots) c. lipase Staphylococcus epidermidis Intravascular devices (prosthetic heart 1. Protective valves, shunts, etc.) but also commonly occur a. polysaccharide capsule (adherence to prosthetic in prosthetic joints, catheters, and large devices) wounds. Catheter infections along with * high antibiotic resistance catheter-induced UTIs lead to serious inflammation and pus secretion. Staphylococcus saprophyticus Leading cause of cystitis in young women. Shares many clinical features of urinary tract infection caused by Escherichia coli, but differs in pathogenesis, seasonal variation, and geographic distribution. Streptococcus pneumoniae Most common cause of community-acquired 1. capsule (83 serotypes) pneumonia (CAP), bacterial meningitis, bacteremia, and otitis media, as well as an important cause of sinusitis, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis,peritonitis, and endocarditis. Streptococcus pyrogenes (group A) Pharyngitis, scarlet fever (rash), impetigo, 1. M-protein (adherence factor, antiphagocytic, cellulitis, or erysipelas. Invasive infections can antigenic) result in necrotizing fasciitis, myositis and 2. lipoteichoic acid (adherence factor) streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. 3. steptokinase 4. hyaluronidase 5. DNAase 6. Anti-C5a peptidase Steptococcus agalactiae A cause of postpartum infection and as the most common cause of neonatal sepsis. This organism is also causes infection in nonpregnant adults. Enterococci (group D) Most often associated with bacteremia, with or 1. extracellular dextran helps bind to heart valves without endocarditis. Other less-common (high intrinsic resistance) infections involving group D streptococci include urinary tract infections, meningitis, neonatal sepsis,spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, septic arthritis, and vertebral osteomyelitis. Streptococcus viridans Most serious Viridans infections occur when the bacteria enters other regions of the body. For example, if Viridans gets into the bloodstream it can cause endocarditis (infection of the inner lining of the heart) Clostridium tetani Generalized rigidity and convulsive spasms of 1. flagella (H-Ag (+)) skeletal muscles. The muscle stiffness usually involves the jaw (lockjaw) and neck and then becomes generalized. Clostridium botulinum Causes flaccid paralysis of muscles. 1. flagella (H-Ag (+)) Clostridium perfringes Food poisoning enteritis necroticans or pig-bel 1. non-motile disease Clostridium difficile Causes an infectious diarrhea called C. difficile 1. flagella (H-Ag (+)) associated diarrhea(CDAD). Bacillus anthracis Causes Anthrax disease and can result 1. unique protein capsule (polymer of -D-glutamic in pneumonia, blood infection, and death. acid: antiphagocytic 2. non-motile 3. virulence depends on acquiring 2 plasmids; one carries gene for protein capsule, other carries gene for exotoxin Listeria monocytogenes Can manifest itself 1. flagella (H-Ag (+)) as sepsis,meningitis, encephalitis, intrauterine 2. hemolysin infections and spontaneous abortions in a. heat labile pregnant women. b. antigenic GRAM NEGATIVE DISEASE CAUSED VIRULENCE FACTORS Salmonella species (zoonotic: turtles, chicken, uncooked eggs) Salmonella typhi Shigella dysenteriae Klebsiella pneumoniae Escherichia Coli Vibrio cholera Campylobacter jejuni Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacteroides fragilis Neisseria Meningitidis Neisseria gonorrhoeae Hemophilus influenzae Hemophilus dureyi Bordetella pertussis Legionella pneumophilia Salmonella species Salmonella typhi Shigella dysenteriae Klebsiella pneumoniae Hemophilus influenzae Hemophilus dureyi Bordetella pertussis Legionella pneumophilia Salmonella species Salmonella typhi Shigella dysenteriae Klebsiella pneumoniae Escherichia Coli