2017 1 65

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mi jiu and cai contrasted note that cai
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2
The adverbis
contrary to and is often used to express
that something happened late slowly or with
difficulty

2
The adverb ci indi-
cates that the occurrence of an action or situation
is later than the speaker may have expected. That
lateness is perceived by the speaker and is not
necessarily objective. ci never takes the
particle le whether or not in pertains to
an action or situation in the past

10 301

2013

M. 247- 253379380. // Liu

6. YuehuaPan Wenyu & Gu Wei 2001 Practical
Modern Chinese GrammarM. BeijingThe Commer

cial Press247-253379
380.

1999 M.

103- 114. //Lu Jianming & Ma Zhen

1999 A Collection of Articles on Functional Words in
Modern ChineseM. BeijingYuwen Press103-114.
1997
J. 3. //Shao Jingmin 1997 On the bal
ance of semantic features and syntax from the perspec
tive of adverbcai
J. Chinese Language Learning

3.
2014 J.

4. //Yang Rongxiang & Li Shaohua 2014

Classification of time adverbs revisitedJ. Chinese

Teaching in the World4.

2003 A.
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C.
167- 176. //Zhang Baosheng 2003 Subjectivity
of the adverbcai
A. In Studies of the Chinese Lan
guageed. The Studies of Chinese GrammerVol. 12
C. BeijingThe Commercial Press167-176.
1996 J.

3. // Zhang Yisheng 1996 The sentence

structure and collocation of adverbcaiin Mandarin

ChineseJ. Chinese Language Learning3.

2004 J.
1. //Zhou Xiaobing 2004 Identification and ex
2005 J . amination of learning difficulty levels J. Chinese
1. //Chen Limin 2005 Onjiuandcai
J. Teaching in the World1.
Contemporary Linguistics1. 2009 M.

2015 J. 77- 79. //Zhou Xiaobing 2009
6. //Jin Lixin 2015 On some The Guidance of Teaching Chinese to Speakers of Other
problems about jiu and cai in Mandarin ChineseJ. Languages2nd Edition
M. GuangzhouSun Yat-sen
Language Teaching and Linguistic Studies6. University Press77-79.
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2001 4.

7
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The Analysis of the Co-occurrence Error Concerning caias an Adverb of

Time and leas a Sentence Final Particle
Zhou Xiaobing1Bo Wei2
1. Base for International Chinese Teaching Materials Developing and Teacher Training/School of Foreign Languages
Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou Guangdong 510275 China 2. Department of Chinese
Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou Guangdong 510275 China
Key wordscaileco-occurrence errorL1 transferpedagogical grammar
Abstract This study employs a corpus-based approach to analyze the co-occurrence error and its causes. It suggests that
the non-occurrence explanation of caias an adverb of time and leas a sentence final particle has operational prob
lem in teaching Chinese as a second language. This study explores features of co-occurrence error among different L 1 includ
ing EnglishRussianKoreanJapaneseThai and Vietnameseand then puts forward that the co-occurrence error is not
universal for all learners. Thereforecaias an adverb of time should be treated differently in the instruction of grammar
according to different L1.

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