Chapter 3

20162016
bee

1
 3.1

(1)

20
21 , 22016
1
2 3 , 20.1 , 21.414

2 2 , 2
(2)

20162016

3.1.1
an n a
n a
n z }| {
a = a a a
an a n n a
320 20 3
20 3

1.
(1) 53 54 5
(2) (53 )4 5
(3) 33 73 (3 7)3

(1) 53 54 = (5 5 5) (5 5 5 5) = 53+4 = 57
(2) (53 )4 = 53 53 53 53 = 534 = 512
(3) 33 73 = (3 7)3 = 213

2
 3.1 3

a m, n
(1) am an = am+n
(2) (am )n = amn
(3) an bn = (ab)n

(1) am an am+n
(2) (am )n n amn
(3) an bn (ab)n

3.1.2

2.

(1) 3 3 = 3 ( 3)2 = 3

(2) 2 2 2 = 2 ( 2)3 = 2
3 3 3 3

(3) 7 7 7 7 7 = 7 ( 7)5 = 7
5 5 5 5 5 5

a > 0 n
a ( a n ) xn = a

n
n a
z }| {
n
a a a = a
n n

() 3 2 x3 = 2

( 2)3 = 2 2 1.260 x3 = 2
3 3

n a xn = a n

n a

( n a)n = a

4 Chapter 3

3.

(1) 2 3 2 2
4 3
(2) 2 (3) 3


(1) 2 3 = 2 3 = 6

(2) 2 4 2 = 22 4 2 = 4 4 2 = 4 8
4

(3) 2 3 3 =
23
23
32
32 = 6 8 9 = 72
6

(1) ( 2 3)2 = ( 2)2 ( 3)2 = 2 3 2 3 = 2 3 = 6

3 2 2 3 n a b = a b
3 3 n n
3=

2 2 = 2 = ( 2 2) ( 2 2) 2 = 2 2 = 22
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
(2)

2 2 = 2 = ( 2 2 2) ( 2 2 2)
6 6 6 6 6 6
(3)

2 = 6 2 6 2 6 2 =
23
23

3 3 3 3 3 3 = 3 = ( 6 3 6 3) ( 6 3 6 2) ( 6 3 6 3)

3 3 = 6 3 6 3 =
32
32

n a = nm am

2 3 3 = 23 32 = 6 8 9 = 6 72
23 32

m a b = mn an bm = an bm
n nm mn

a, b m, n

a b= ab
n n
(1) n

(2) n a = nm am

(3) m a b = mn an bm = an bm
n nm mn
 3.1 5

1. ( )2
3 5 1 3 1
(1) ( 2) ( 2) (2) ( ) (3) ( 6)4 ( )4
3 2
2.
3
12
(1) 4 8 4 32 (2) 3 36 6 (3)
2
( )m
3. n
a =
n
am

4. (1) (2)

3.1.3


a0 = 1a1 =
1
1
a a n = n
a

an
(1) an = a0+n = a0 an a0 = = 1
an
1
(2) 1 = a0 = a(n)+n = an an an = n
a
1 1
n 1
n 1
(3) a = a = a n = (a ) a = a
n n n

nk
m
( a) = a = amk
n n m

m
nk mk
a n = ( n a)m = n am = amk =a nk
6 Chapter 3

a m, n, k
(1) a0 = 1
1
(2) a1 =
1 a
(3) a n n
= a
m
nk mk
n
(4) a n = am == amk = a nk

(1) a0 1 a0 = 1

(2) an n a n a
1
() an =
an

a 1 n a
(3) n n

1 1
a a n = n a
n
m mk
n am a n =a nk

4. ( 3)
1 1 1 1
(1) 2 3 = 2 2 3 2 = (2 3) 2 = 6 2 = 6
1 1 2 1 3
(2) 2 2 = 2 2 2 4 = 2 4 2 4 = 2 4 = 23 = 8
4 4 4

1 1 3 2 1 1 1
(3) 2 3 = 2 2 3 3 = 2 6 3 6 = (23 ) 6 (32 ) 6 = (8 9) 6 = 72
3 6

n
a a > 0 n a a 0
()
 3.1 7

a, b m, n, p, q m, p 0
q
n n
+ pq
(1) a m a p = a m
n q nq
(2) (a m ) p = a mp
n n n
(3) (a m ) (b m ) = (ab) m

1.

2.

3.1.4


2
2

2 2
21.414

5. 2 1.414
(1) 21.414

(2) 21.414 2 2

(3) 21.414

2
(4) 2


1000
1414
(1) 21.414 = 21414 = (
1000
2)

(2) 2 > 1.414 2 2 > 21.414
(3) 21.414 2.6647

2
(4) 2 21.414 21.415 21.414

2 2 2 ( 2 1.414213562373)

2 2
21.4142 2.6651
8 Chapter 3

21.414 1000 2 1414 1000 2
1000 2 1 ()

2 1.0006934
1000

1 ()

1. 3 1.73205

3
(1) 2
(2) 21.732

(3) 21.732 2 3

(4) 3 1.73205 21.732 21.7321 2 3

3.1.5

1 1
20 , 2 2 , 21 1 2
2
1
() = 0.1 1 2 10
10
20 , 20.1 , 20.2 , , 20.9 , 21

1 2
1 2 2x

2x
 3.1 9

3.1.6
n

(1) an = a a a
(2) a0 = 1
1
(3) an = ()
an
1
(4) a n = n a n ( n )

(5) b (b = 2x )
(6)

6.
( )6
1 2
(1) ( 7)4 ( 7)5 (2) 6 12 (
3 3 3
(3) 3
)
4

4 5 4 5
(1) ( 3 7)4 ( 3 7)5 = 7 3 7 3 =7 3
+ 3 = 73 = 343
1 1 7 5
6 12 = (2 3) (22 3) 3
3
(2) 2 3 =2 6 6
( )6
1 2 1 1 1
(3) ) = (4 3 )26 = 44 = 4
=
(34 4 256

(5)

3
10 Chapter 3

3.1.7

7. Beaufort scale

3
V = 0.836 B 2

V B
9

3
B = 9 V = 0.836 9 2 = 0.836 ( 9)3 = 0.836 33 = 22.572
22.6 /

8. 1987 50
r ( r )
(1) 1999 r
(2) 1999 60 2011

(1) 1987 1999 12 1999
50 r12
(2) 1999 60 50 r12 = 60 r12 = 1.2
1999 2011 12 2011
60 r12 = 60 1.2 = 72

8
2011 10 31 70

r12 = 1.2 r = 1.2 1.015
12

1.5%2011 1.1%
 3.1 11

9.
0.7 128

a
a0.7 a0.7 = 128 = 27
a0.7 = (a0.1 )7 = 27 a0.1 = 2 (a0.1 )10 = 210 a = 1024
1024

9 0.7

12 Chapter 3

t
t

10. -131 8 -131 128
-131 20

1
8
2
20 5 1 4 5 8 1
= ( )3 = < < = ( )2
128 32 2 32 32 32 2
3 20

t
t

11. 1 a (
a + 1 )
1
3 106 4 8 106 a
2

1
3 4 3 x
2
a + 1 = x2
8 106
= x3 x3 = 8 x = 2
106
a + 1 = 22 = 4 a = 3

t 2
11

 3.1 13

3.1.8

1. a > 0 a + a1 = 3
1
(1) a2 + a2 (2) a3 + a3
1
(3) a 2 + a 2

(1) (a + a1 )2 = a2 + 2a a1 + a2 = a2 + a2 + 2

a2 + a2 = (a + a1 )2 2 = 32 2 = 7

(2) (a + a1 )3 = a3 + 3a2 a1 + 3a a2 + a3 = a3 + a3 + 3(a + a1 )

a3 + a3 = (a + a1 )3 3(a + a1 ) = 33 3 3 = 18
1
)2 = a + a1 + 2 = 3 + 5 = 5
1
(3) (a 2 + a 2

1 1
a 2 + a 2 = 5 ( 5 )

a5x + ax
2. a > 0 a3x = 5
a2x a4x

a5x + ax (a5x + ax ) ax a6x + 1 52 + 1 65
4x
= 4x
= 3x
= 1
=
a a
2x (a a ) a
2x x a a
3x 55 12

2 5
3. x, y 53x = 9, 477y = 243
x y

2 5 1 1
53x = 9, 477y = 243 53 = 9 x , 477 = 243 y
x y
1 2 1 5
53 = (32 ) x =3 x , 477 = (35 ) y =3 y
53 1 2 5
= 3 x y = 32 = 3 x y = 2
2 5 2 5

477 9 x y

4. 150.75
(1) 6 7 (2) 7 8 (3) 8 9 (4) 9 10 (5) 10 11

14 Chapter 3

5.

(1) (3)0 (2) (3)2 (3) (3) 2
(4) 3 2
(5) 30.3

6.

(2) ( 3)2 = 3 (2)3 = 23 (2)4 = 24
3
(1) (3)2 = 3 (3) (4) 3

(2)5 = 25
3 3
(5)

7.
8 9
2
(2) 16x = 8 x = (4) 5 210 = 1010
3
(1) 2 (3) ( 3) 2 = 3 3
16
(5) 10010 > 10100

8.
4 ( 5)2
(1) 3 3
3
(2) (25) 0
(3)
( 5)4
101.1 100.9 2
(4) 2 (6) 64 8
5
20 212 (5) 3
101.2

(7) ( 5 2)3 ( 5 + 2)3