Mitosis G2
RNA synthesis (in lesser amounts)
Type of cell division
Occurs in body cells
Produces daughter cells that are
exactly like each other
Interphase
G1
Growth of cells
o Nucleus enlarges
o Cytoplasm increases in amount
Signals necessary for cell division
are received
Synthesis of enzymes for DNA
synthesis
Synthesis of proteins that
o Initiate DNA synthesis
o Trigger cell division
Chromatin fully extended,
therefore, not distinguishable
S The nuclear lamina depolymerizes
Synthesis of DNA
Synthesis of histones
Maturation of daughter centrioles
RNA synthesis
Synthesis of DNA polymerase
Synthesis of RNAs needed for the
degeneration of nuclear membrane
Separation of daughter centrioles in
pairs
Synthesis of RNAs needed to direct
the synthesis of proteins necessary for
mitosis
GO
May be ragarded as an extension of
interphase
Entered into by cells that
o Will differentiate or specialize
o Are metabolically active but will not
replicate anymore
Ex. Muscles, nerves brain, heart, and
eyes
Prophase
Nuclear membrane starts to
disintegrate
Nucleolus starts to disappear
Chromosomes start to condense
Spindle fibers start to form
Centrosomes start to move on
opposite poles
What else lead to the disintegration of
the nuclear membrane?
The nuclear membranes are
fragmented into vesicles by enzymes
The nuclear pore complexes
disassociate/disassemble
What about the nucleolus?
Nucleolus
A region of the interphase nucleus
Contains many of the genes that code
for rRNAs
During prophase the chromosomes separate
from one another, and so the nucleolus
disappears.
True or False? During mitosis the
nucleus disintegrates. (answer)
The nuclear membrane starts to
disintegrate
Nucleolus starts to disappear
Chromosomes start to condense
Spindle fibers start to form
Centrosomes start to move on
opposite poles
What is the difference between
chromosomes and chromatin?
Chromatin
Long, thin, uncoiles structures found
inside the nucleus
Chromosomes
Compact, thick
Coiles structures seen prominently
during cell division
The condense form of chromatin
Chromatin/Chromosomes
Composed of nucleosomes complex
formed by the DNA double helix
packaged by special proteins
(histones)
True or false? Chromatin and
chromosomes are both made of
nucleic acid. (answer)
Which will most likely occur in pair?
A. Chromatin
B. Chromosomes
True or false? Chromatins and
chromosomes are the same. (answer)
Soindle fibers start to form
3 kinds
o Astral position spindle in cell
o Polar separate 2 poles
o Kinetochore attached to
kinetochore
Whats the difference between a
centrosome and a centriole?
Centrosomes
Region in the cell near the nucleus
consisting of 2 centrioles at right
angles to each other
Responsible for the formation of
microtubules
May also be reffered to as the
Microtubules organizing centers
(MTOCs)
Centrioles
Used to form cilium and flagellum
Organize the centrosome
Prometaphase
Nuclear membrane completely breaks
down
Chromosomes continue to call and
supercoil
Polar microtubules continue to push
centrosomes apart
Chromosomes start to move towards
the metaphase plate
Two kinetochores on each pair of
sister chromatids attach to
kinetochore microtubules from
opposite poles and start pushing the
centrosomes

Whats the difference between
kinetochore and centromere?
Kinetochore
Is a protein complex
Centromere
Is constricted region found on a
chromosome with highly specialized,
repetitive DNA sequences
Kinetochore that are associated with
centromeres have the ability to bind
microtubules and depolarize them
during cell division
Centromeres cannot bind the
microtubules
Metaphase
Chromosomes are at their thickest
and shortest
Chromosomes are aligned at the
metaphase plate at random
Anaphase
Spindle fibers shorten and pull the
chromosomes towards the opposite
pole of the cell
Sister chromatids are separated from
each other
What causes the change in the shape
of the cell?
Spindle fibers not attached to
chromosomes interact and lengthen
to push the poles of the cell apart,
forcing the cell into an oval shape
This is the start of cytokinesis
What is cytokinesis?
When does it start?
Cytokinesis
Starts with the arrival of the
chromosomes on opposite poles
This is evidenced by what structure?
Cytokinesis
Evidenced by the presence of a
cleavage furrow
How does it happen?
Cytokinesis
Microfilaments attach to the plasma
membrane and form ring around the
equator of the cell
The ring contracts and constricts the
cells equator
Eventually, it is constricted and the
cell is divided into new daughter cells
 In plants, an additional structure
called cell wall is found. This makes it
impossible to divide the cell into 2 by
just pinching the cell at the middle
part
Instead, a carbohydrate-filled vesicles,
which bud off the golgi complex, line
up along the cells equator between
the two nuclei. The vesicles then fuse
producing a cell plate

Telophase
Reorganization stage of cell division.
(Why?)

Meiosis
Involves 2 successive divisions
meiosis I and II
Occurs in gametes
Reduce the amount of chromosomes
into half

Prophase I
Leptotene
Zygotene
Bivalents consists of two
Pachytene chromosomes (each one consisting of
Diplotene two chromatids) bound together at
Diakinesis certain points; each chromosome
comes from a different parent.
Zygotene
Polarity
Synapsis
o Formation of bivalent/tetrad
o Formaton of synaptonemal complex
 When synapsing occurs, the
chromosomes do not lie side by side
but rather on top of each other with a
protein called the synaptonemal
complex holding them together.
Pachytene
Crossing-over
o Involves an exchange of biological
information
Diplotene
Dissolving and breaking down of the
synaptonemal complex
Homologous chromosomes start
moving apart
Diakinesis
The chiasmata move along the length
of each structure until they reach the
ends of the chromosomes
(terminalization).
Promethaphase I
How do the events in prometa I differ
from the events in the prometa of
mitosis?
One kinetochore forms per
chromosome rather than one per
chromatid
The chromosomes are in their
bivalent form
Methaphase I
Bivalents align at the metaphase plate
Orientation is random
What is the implication of random
arrangement?
Since the parenta homologues are on
each side, this mean that there is a 50-
50 chance for the daughter cells to get
either the mothers or fathers
homologue for each chromosome
Anaphase I
Chiasmata separate
Chromosomes separate with sister
chromatids and move to opposite
poles
Are the cells now haploid or diploid?
Are the chromosomes now reduced
into half? (answer)
Why is there a need for the cell to
undergo 2nd division? (answer)
 George Gregor Mendel
Father of Genetics
Born on either 20th or 22nd July
1851 to 1853: studied zoology,
botany, chemistry, and physics ate the
University of Vienna
Probably due to health reasons
(epilepsia?), did not finish his studies
at the University of Vienna
1843-1854: became a member of the
Zoologica-Botanical Society of Austria
and has published two scientific
treatises in this scientific organization
The Augustinian Convent
The Mendel Memorial
Mendel holds his hands out
protectively over marble pea plants
Rather more moving is the fact that
the plants growing at the foot of the
plinth are Pisum sativum
The previous photograph of the whole
garden was taken from just beside
this statue
Why Green Peas?
Easy to grow and hybridize
Self fertilizing and is easy to
crossbreed experimentally
Reproduce well and grow to maturity
in a single season
Has a number of contrasting traits
Easy to procure and handle