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Computational models for sandwich panels and shells

Ahmed K Noor and W Scott Burton


Center for Advanced Computational Technology, University of Virginia,
NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton VA 23681

Charles W Bert
School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering,
University of Oklahoma, Norman OK 73019-0601

The focus of this review is on the hierarchy of computational models for sandwich plates and
shells, predictor-corrector procedures, and the sensitivity of the sandwich response to variations
in the different geometric and material parameters. The literature reviewed is devoted to the fol-
lowing application areas: heat transfer problems; thermal and mechanical stresses (including
boundary layer and edge stresses); free vibrations and damping; transient dynamic response; bi-
furcation buckling, local buckling, face-sheet wrinkling and core crimping; large deflection and
postbuckling problems; effects of discontinuities (eg, cutouts and stiffeners), and geometric
changes (eg, tapered thickness); damage and failure of sandwich structures; experimental stud-
ies; optimization and design studies. Over 800 relevant references are cited in this review, and
another 559 references are included in a supplemental bibliography for completeness. Extensive
numerical results are presented for thermally stressed sandwich panels with composite face
sheets showing the effects of variation in their geometric and material parameters on the accu-
racy of the free vibration response, and the sensitivity coefficients predicted by eight different
modeling approaches (based on two-dimensional theories). The standard of comparison is taken
to be the analytic three-dimensional thermoelasticity solutions. Some future directions for re-
search on the modeling of sandwich plates and shells are outlined.

1 INTRODUCTION comb or web core); and expanded, high-density material in


corrugated form (eg, truss, hyperbolic paraboloid and corru-
Sandwich plates and shells are multilayered structures con-
gated sheet). Among the high-density materials used for the
sisting of one or more high-strength, stiff layers (facings),
core are aluminum, titanium, steel, and fibrous composites.
bonded to one or more low-density, flexible layers (core).
Typically, the face sheets are bonded to the core with adhe-
The facings provide the primary load carrying capability,
sives (see Fig 1). In the case of metallic core and face sheets,
while the core serves to transfer the load between the fac-
welding or brazing is used. The expanded application of fi-
ings. The concept of sandwich construction has been traced
brous composite materials has included the use of laminated
back to'the middle of the last century [Fairbairn (1849)], al-
composites as face sheets for sandwich structures. This re-
though the principles of sandwich construction may have
sults in lowering the thermal conductivity through the thick-
been applied much earlier. The wide introduction of the
ness, increasing the service temperature, and increasing the
sandwich concept in aircraft structures started at the begin-
strength at elevated temperature. Therefore, sandwich plates
ning of World War II. Sandwich panels and shells combine
light weight with high stiffness, high structural efficiency
and durability, and therefore, have been widely used in the
aerospace, shipbuilding, construction and other industries.
Early sandwich constructions used in aircraft structures had
their facings made of plywood, wood pulp fibers, and their
core made of cork, balsa wood, and synthetic materials such
as cellulose acetate. Later aircraft and spacecraft applications
had the faces and cores made of aluminum alloys, titanium
and stainless steel. A great variety of design configurations
have been used for sandwich cores. These include solid low-
density material (eg, solid foam, flex and syntactic film of
thermosetting resins containing lightweight fillers); ex-
panded, high-density material in cellular form (eg, honey- Fig 1. Sandwichpanel with honeycombcore and adhesivelayers.

Transmitted by Associate Editor Isaac Elishakoff


ASME Reprint No AMR186 $32
Appl Mech Rev vol 49, no 3, March 1996 155 1996 American Society of Mechanical Engineers

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156 Noor et al: Computational modes for sandwich panels and shells Appl Mech Rev vol 49, no 3, March 1996

and shells with composite face sheets are candidates for use and Reichard (1989); Olsson and Weissmann-Berman
in future high-speed aircraft, hypersonic aerospacecraft, and (! 992); and Zenkert (1993)]. Most of the early publications
spacecraft with stringent precision requirements (eg, com- on sandwich panels and shells were limited to sandwich con-
munication satellite antennas and reflectors of terrestrial struction with thin isotropic face sheets, and were largely
systems). concerned with predicting gross response characteristics
Three categories of sandwich construction can be identi- (average through-the-thickness displacements and rotations,
fied, namely: 1) ordinary sandwich, which consists of two vibration frequencies and buckling loads). The cited survey
outer facings surrounding a single lightweight core; 2) open- papers and monographs have not adequately described the
face sandwich, or semi-sandwich, which consists of only one diverse recent advances in sandwich plates and shells with
facing and a core; and 3) muitilayer sandwich, which con- multilayered composite face sheets.
sists of multiple cores and multiple facings. Some of the The present paper attempts to fill this void. Specifically,
sandwich concepts and core configurations are shown in Fig the objectives of the paper are to: a) classify the various
2. Ordinary sandwich structures, which are the focus of this computational models used for predicting the response of
survey, behave like l-beams. The outer face sheets (or skins) sandwich plates and shells; b) review the literature devoted
correspond to the flanges, and carry most of the direct com- to various problems of sandwich plates and shells; c) assess
pressive/tensile bending load. The lightweight core corre- the accuracy of the vibrational response predictions of sev-
sponds to the I-beam web. It supports the skins, increases the eral computational models of sandwich shells and plates; and
bending and torsional stiffnesses, and carries most of the d) identify future directions for research which have high po-
shear load. Modeling and analysis of multilayer sandwich tential for improving our predictive capabilities for the re-
structures have been studied by Bolotin (1963), Liaw and sponse and failure of sandwich plates and shells.
Little (1967), Azar (1968), and Chan and Foo (1977). Extensive numerical results are presented for the free vi-
A considerable body of literature exists on the modeling, brations of ordinary sandwich panels with laminated com-
analysis and design of sandwich panels and shells. Lists and posite face sheets. Both unstressed curved panels and ther-
reviews of the many contributions on the subject are given in mally stressed flat panels are considered. Perfect bonding is
monographs [Aiexandrov, Bryuker et al (1960); Allen assumed between the layers of the face sheets as well as be-
(1969); Plantema (1966); Kabulov and Babamuradov tween the face sheets and core. The individual layers of the
(1970); Grigolyuk and Chulkov (1973); Stamm and Witte face sheets are assumed to be homogeneous and orthotropic.
(1974); ll'Gamov, Ivanov et a! (1977); Bolotin and The core is modeled as an equivalent homogeneous or-
Novichkov (1980); ll'Gamov, Ivanov et al (1987); Eltyshev thotropic continuum. A vast amount of literature has been
(1981); Hoff (1986); Zenkert (1995)]; bibliographies and accumulated on the diverse aspects of sandwich plates and
survey papers [Solvey (1955); Garber (I 961 ); Bauer (1962); shells. The cited references are selected to illustrate the
Graziano (1962); Kurshin (1962); Foss (1962); Ha (1990); points discussed and are not necessarily the only significant
Habip (1964); Habip (1965); Vinson and Shore (I 965); Bert contributions on the subject. The discussion is kept, for the
and Egle (1969); Bert (1991a); Bert (1991b); Bert (1995); most part, on a descriptive level, and for all the mathematical
Bert and Francis (1974); Foral (1961); Vinson (1993b); and details, the reader is referred to the cited literature.
Yu (1989)]; conference proceedings and handbook [Olsson
2 HIERARCHY OF SANDWICH MODELS
Extensive work has been devoted to the develprnent of
computational models for studying the various phenomena
associated with the response, life, failure and performance of
sandwich panels and shells. The phenomena involved cover
a) open face sandwich d) corrugated cell core a wide range of length scales from local to global structural
response. Within each category has evolved a number of
models with several levels of sophistication, for each of the
core, face sheets and adhesive layers, as well as for the entire
sandwich structure. The modeling approaches used for sand-
wich panels and shells are reviewed in this section. Modeling
b) triangle tube core e) plastically formed
of the sandwich core and characterization of the sandwich
sandwich core properties is described in the succeeding section.
The modeling approaches used for sandwich panels and
shells can be divided into four categories: detailed models;
three-dimensional continuum models; two-dimensional plate
and shell models; and simplified models. The four categories
are described subsequently. Note that if each of the core,
face sheets and adhesive layers is modeled as a continuum,
c) multMayer tube core f) honeycomb cell core then from an analysis point of view, the sandwich structure
sandwich
is the same as a hybrid laminated structure.
Fig 2. Somesandwich conceptsand core configurations.

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Appl Mech Rev vol 49, no 3, March 1996 Noor et af. Computational modes for sandwich panels and shells 157

Detailed models. Three-dimensional detailed finite ele- tics of the three-dimensional continuum theory. However,
ment models of sandwich panels with honeycomb metallic except for Burton and Noor (1995), all the other shear cor-
core and laminated composite face sheets were presented by rection factors are calculated a priori and are, therefore,
Chamis, Aiello et al (1986); Chamis, Aiello et al (! 988); and functions of the lamination and sandwich parameters only.
Elspass and Flemming (1990). In these models the actual They do not account for the differences in the distribution of
geometry of the honeycomb core was represented; the adhe- the transverse shear strains in the thickness direction result-
sive layers on both sides of the core and the face sheet layers ing from different loading conditions.
were each treated as a single layer of homogeneous material. In discrete-layer models, the sandwich is divided into
Three-dimensional and quasi-three-dimensional con- three or more layers, and piecewise approximations are made
tinuum models. In these models the core and the face sheets for the response quantities in the thickness direction in each
(or each layer of them) are replaced by equivalent homoge- layer. The core and each face sheet can be treated as one
neous curvilinearly anisotropic continua. Analyses based on layer or divided into more layers. In general, the order of the
three-dimensional continuum models include the analytic governing equations in these theories is dependent on the
solutions presented by Burton and Noor (1994) and the finite number of layers of the sandwich. Most of the discrete-layer
element solutions of Hanagud, Chen et al (1985), Chamis, models reported in the literature are extensions of
Aieiio et al (1988), and Jeusette and Laschet (1990). In Grigolyuk's theory for three-layered sandwich shells with
quasi-three-dimensional models, dimensional reduction is isotropic face sheets based on piecewise linear approxima-
possible because of the special geometry and loading of the tion for the in-plane displacements, and constant transverse
structure (eg, axial symmetry, or relatively small spatial ex- displacements in the thickness direction [see, for example,
tent in one direction of the panel), but no a priori assump- Grigolyuk (1957), Grigolyuk and Chulkov (1966);
tions are made about the distribution of the different re- Grigolyuk and Chulkov (1973), Plantema (1966), Allen
sponse quantities in the thickness direction [see, for example, (1969), Monforton and lbrahim (1975), Kanematsu, Hirano
Bhimaraddi and Chandrashekhara (1984)]. et al (1988), Mukhopadhyay and Sierakowski (1990a),
Two-dimensional plate and shell models. Most of the Mukhopadhyay and Sierakowski (1990b), and Lee, Xavier et
two-dimensional sandwich plate and shell models presented al (1993)]. A few applications have been reported of discrete
in the literature are based on the method of hypotheses, in layer models with higher-order displacement approximations
which basic assumptions are made regarding the variation of through each layer [see, for example, Mushtari (1960), Chan
the displacement and/or stresses through the thickness. and Foo (1977), Gutierrez and Webber (I 980), Kutylowski
Several classifications have been proposed for two-dimen- and Myslecki (1991), Liu and Chen (1991), Lee, Xavier et al
sional plate and shell models [see, for example, Noor and (1993) and Paimushin (1990) and Paimushin (1993a),
Burton (1989), and Noor and Burton (1990)]; however, for lvanov and Paimushin (1994b), Orlov, Paimushin et al
the purpose of the present paper it is convenient to divide the (! 994), and lvanov and Paimushin ( 1995)].
two-dimensional models into the following three categories: The predictor-corrector procedures are iterational proc-
global approximation models; discrete layer models and pre- esses in which the information obtained in the first (predic-
dictor-corrector approaches. In the global approximation tor) phase of the analysis is used to correct key elements of
models the sandwich is replaced by an equivalent single- the computational model, and hence, improve the response
layer anisotropic plate or shell, and global through-the-thick- predictions. Two predictor-corrector procedures have been
ness approximations for the displacements, strains and/or developed by Noor, Burton et al (1994) for the analysis of
stresses are introduced. Consequently, the order of the laminated composite and sandwich structures. Both proce-
governing differential equations is independent of the num- dures use first-order shear deformation theory in the predic-
ber of layers in the face sheets and/or the core. Examples of tor phase, but differ in the elements of the computational
these theories are the first-order shear deformation theories model being corrected, namely: a) correcting the transverse
based on linear distribution of the in-plane displacements in shear stiffnesses; or b) correcting the thickness distribution
the thickness direction, and higher-order theories based on a of displacements and/or transverse stresses.
nonlinear distribution of the displacements and/or strains in The predictor phase in both procedures consists of using
the thickness direction. the two-dimensional plate or shell theory to calculate initial
Since in the first-order shear deformation theories, the estimates for the gross response characteristics of the struc-
transverse shear strains or stresses are assumed to be con- ture (vibration frequencies, buckling loads, average through-
stant within the thickness of the sandwich, correction factors the-thickness displacements and rotations), as well as in-
have to be used in order to adjust the transverse shear stiff- plane stresses. Then three-dimensional equilibrium equations
nesses. The range of validity of the first-order shear-defor- and constitutive relations are used to calculate the transverse
mation theory is strongly dependent on the factors used in shear and the transverse normal stresses and strains.
adjusting these stiffnesses. In the corrector phase, the first procedure calculates a
Several approaches have been proposed for calculating posteriori estimates of the composite correction factors and
the correction factors for laminated composites and sand- uses them to adjust the transverse shear stiffnesses of the
wich structures. Most of these approaches are based on structure. By contrast, the second procedure calculates a pos-
matching certain gross response characteristics, as predicted teriori the functional dependence of the displacement com-
by the first-order theory, with the corresponding characteris- ponents on the thickness coordinate. The corrected quantities

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158 Noor et al: Computational modes for sandwich panels and shells Appl Mech Rev vol 49. no 3. March 1996
Table I - References on effective core properties Table 2. References on thermal and mechanical stresses
Finite in sandwich plates and shells
Properties Experiments Analytical Element (including boundary layer and edge stresses)
Models Models I~ Cylindrical Doubly-
In-Plane 91,157, 208, 209, 97, 98. 157, 161,208, 97, 98 Model Plates and Beams Panels or Curved
210,432,689 209,210,291,295,301, Cylinders Panels
388,432, 765 Three-di- 68,87,88, 193,211,331, 87,88,331 87,88
Transverse 4, 10, 103,209, 327, 10, 97, 98, 103, 161, 97, 98, mensional 338, 547, 710
Shear 360, 403,408, 432, 209, 360, 379, 388, 432, 225 Quasi three- 18, 97, 98, 303,304, 305, 101,795
527,565,675, 688, 501,565,721,722, 727, dimensional 306, 307, 309, 525,586,
689, 782 728 635,677, 812, 813,816
Transverse 197,209, 403,408, 97, 98, 161,209, 379, 97, 98 First-order 44, 51, 52, 88, 143, 144, 88, 331 88
shear defer- 177, 196, 221,331,345,
Normal 519, 625,675.688, 388, 519, 625, 638, 764
mation 347,361,455,459, 460,
689 535, 547, 583,585, 63 I,
Heat 80, 209 169, 209, 271 I 632, 684, 715, 716
Conduction Higher-order ] 88, 331,345,347,459, 88, 331 88
460, 547, 710
are then used in conjunction with the three-dimensional
Three-layer 8, 9, 16, 17, 22, 24, 26, 37. 2, 8, 88, 2.8, 88,
equations to obtain 1setter estimates for the response quanti- (classical 46,68,85.88,105,106, 100,192, 136,
ties. Numerical experiments have shown that generally only sandwich 109 118,119,128,143, 245,246, 156,
one iteration is needed (in the correction phase) to obtain theory) 154 163,164,173,179, 292,293, 191,
221 231,241,242,251, 294,331, 192,
highly accurate response quantities. 261 262,263,267,268, 348,356, 239,
Simpl~ed Models. These are specialized models used for 292 293,294,297,306, 427,568, 292.
simulating a specific behavioral mode of the sandwich (eg, 308 311,329,330,331, 569,646, 293,
global buckling, or panel buckling, face sheet wrinkling, or 340 342,349,350,351, 692,712 356,
364 392,396,398,409, 445,
face dimpling). In general, these models are not capable of 424 433,434,447,448, 464,
simulating several behavioral modes. 463,485,486,487,488, 620,
Among the early simplified models reported in the litera- 489,507,508,524,552, 646,
ture are those representing the global bending of sandwiches 556,557,559,563,573, 658,
603,612,621,666,680, 692,
with weak core in which each of the face sheets is treated as 692,700,717,718,723, 771,
a membrane (with negligible bending and transverse shear 724,726,731,732,776, 778,
deformation); and the stress state in the core is assumed to be 780,798,800 779
antiplane (with negligible inplane stresses). Models based on Three-layer 88,117,184,185,187, 88,497, 88,232,
(higher-order 189,190,424,429,443, 644 233,
these assumptions can be considered as a subcategory of the sandwich 497,540,562,582 579,
discrete three-layer models, and include small deflection theory) 580,
theories of plates and shells [Libove and Batdorf (1948); 622,
Heft ( 1950); Reissner ( 1950); Stein and Mayers (1951 )]; and 644,
645,
large deflection theories of plates and shells [Reissner 646
(1948); and Wang (1952)]. Predictor- 88 88 88
Correcter
3 C H A R A C T E R I Z A T I O N OF Classical 143,221,341,457, 547 203 341
SANDWICH PROPERTIES Plate Theory
Others 1,150,159,205,526,621, 264,
The reliability of the response predictions of the various 647,761 665
computational models for sandwich plates and shells is criti- Experimental 24,32,44,86,128,159, 394 395
cally dependent on the accurate characterization of the prop- Studies 175,248,305,307,308,
erties of the face sheets, core and adhesive layers. A number 325,338,342,361,404,
433,441,442,461,479,
of procedures have been proposed to predict the effective 509,562,610,731,732,
properties of specific types of sandwich cores in terms of 798,800
their geometric and material characteristics. The procedures
vary in their level of sophistication and can be classified into Among the reported test methods for characterization of
the following categories: a) test methods and measuring core properties are those of Smallen and Roberts (1961);
techniques including NDE; b) analytical methods which in- Lifshitz (1983); Weissberg and Cioclia (1984); Feichtinger
clude mechanics of materials and other simplified models; (1989); and Adams and Maheri (1993). The analytical and
and c) discrete element methods. Most of the reported stud- simplified models exploit the spatially periodic structure of
ies focused on metallic and nonmetallic honeycomb cores. the core and provide expressions for the effective thermome-
However, the effective properties of some of the other core chanical, thermal and hygrai core properties in terms of the
configurations (eg, foam and corrugated sheets) have been geometric and material characteristics of a typical cell (or a
given in the literature. Table ! categorizes somereferences repeating element). Among these studies are those by Kelsey
in which effective in-plane, transverse shear, transverse nor- and Gellatly (1958); Chang and Ebcioglu (1961); Penzien
mal and thermal characteristics of the core are evaluated and Didriksson (! 964); EI-Sayed, Jones et al (1979); Gibson
using the aforementioned procedures. and Ashby (1982), Gibson, Ashby et al (1982); Fairbanks

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Appl Mech Rev vo149, no 3, March 1996 Noor et al: Computational modes for sandwich panels and shells 159
Table 3. References on free-vibrations Table 4. References on transient stresses, damping and viscoelastic
of sandwich plates and shells response in sandwich plates and shells
Plates Cylindrical Doubly- Plates Cylindri-
Model and Panels or Curved Model and cal Doubly-
Beams Cylinders Panels Beams Panels or Curved
Three-di- 516, 605, 710 Cylinders Panels
mensional First-order shear 223,435, 456, 624, 634 6
Quasi three- 677, 789 deformation
dimensional
Higher-order 343
First-order 112, 147,344, 378, 458, 516, 147, 148
shear defor- 583, 584, 614 Three-layer 19,45,49,66,76,115,123, 244,273, 13,136,
mation (classical sand- 151,247,313,337,353,368, 278,335, 155,
Higher-order 344, 449, 458, 516, 710 wich theory) 390,391,411,425,468,469, 676 200,
Three-layer 8,49,124,128,238,241,252, 2, 8, 201, 2,8,39, 473,494,591,592,593,594, 243,
(classical 253,255,257,258,259,260, 676 110,136, 595,636,656,660,673,806 735
sandwich 286,342,364,368,453,476, 249,250, Three-layer 40,237,279,367,510 588
theory) 481,500,508,554,555,575, 254,256, (higher-order
576,605,608,609,611,629, 450,483, sandwich
655,660,669,699,767,807 577,667, theory)
670,735, Experimental 5,65,133,287,368,425,435,
784 Studies 454,456,473,566,642,708,
Three-layer 296 808
(higher-order
sandwich
theo~) response with respect to each of the geometric and material
Predictor- 516 parameters of the sandwich. For sandwich panels subjected
Corrector
to thermal and mechanical loads sensitivity coefficients cal-
Experimental 65, 128, 342, 368, 453, 611, 201 64.613
Studies 614, 699, 767 culated using three-dimensional equivalent continuum elas-
ticity models were presented by Noor, Peters et a l (1994) for
(1982); Ueng (1983), Ueng. and Kim (1983); Gibson and plates and by Burton and Noor (1994) for curved sandwich
Ashby (1988); Bowles and Vannucci (1989); and Bhat and shells.
Wang (1990). Evans (1991) has shown that the equivalent Recently, a computational procedure has been developed
homogeneous material of a honeycomb with a re-entrant cell by Noor (1995) for evaluating the hierarchical sensitivity
geometry, such as a dovetail pattern has a negative Poisson's coefficients of laminated composite panels with respect to
ratio which results in a synclastic (dome-shape), rather than parameters associated with three different length scales,
anticlastic curvature of a fiat panel. The effective transverse namely: a) panel stiffnesses and thermal coefficients; b) ther-
shear moduli predicted by most of the analytic models are momechanical properties of individual layers; and c) con-
accurate in only some special cases. To alleviate this prob- stituent properties of the composite (viz, fiber, matrix and
lem, some studies replaced the simple mechanics of material interface properties). The procedure can be applied with any
models with detailed finite element models to obtain effec- of the two-dimensional global approximation models for
tive properties. These studies include the works of Ginty and laminated plates and shells. The same methodology can be
Endres (1986), Chamis, Aiello et a! (1986), Chamis, Aiello adapted to sandwich structures if the constituent properties
et a l (1988), Chang and Kao (1988), and Grediac (1993). include the geometric characteristics of the core layer and
the micromechanical model includes a procedure to evaluate
4 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS the effective core properties (see Fig 3).
Although considerable work has been devoted in recent
years to the development of efficient techniques for calculat-
ing the sensitivity of the structural response to variations in
Laminate) )
design variables, only a few applications have been made to
sandwich plates and shells. Herein sensitivity analysisrefers
to the evaluation of the derivatives of the different response
quantities with respect to the geometric and material parame-
ters of the structure. These derivatives are henceforth
referred to as sensitivity coefficients and are used for: a) as- {Ply) eL' ~T' h{/}' 0~1
sessing the effects of uncertainties in the geometric and ma-
terial parameters on the response of the sandwich structure;
b) predicting the changes in the structural response to
changes in the parameters; and c) guiding the development
of effective properties for the core and face sheets used in
two-dimensional computational models.
,o--,, [21
mstituents) % 'm' vf 11
Analytic sensitivity coefficients for the response can be
Fig 3. Hierarchical sensitivity coefficients for composite panels (or compo-
obtained by differentiating the governing equations for the
site face sheets of sandwich panels).

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160 Noor et al: Computational modes for sandwich panels and shells Appl Mech Rev vol 49, no 3, March 1996
Table 5. References on Bifurcation Buckling in sandwich plates and shells
a) Global buckling b) Local buckling, face-sheet wrinkling and core crimping
Cylindrical Doubly- Cylindrical Doubly-
Model Plates and Beams Panels or Curved Model Plates Panels or Curved
Cylinders Panels Cylinders Panels
Three- 281,331,516,517,682 331,713 Three- 768
dimensional dimensional
Quasi t h r e e - 141,272,282,677 38 Quasi three- 30, 36. 589, 677, 686, 788
dimensional dimensional
First-order 57,58, 142, 144, 331,478, 516, 111,142, First-order 144, 310
shear 518,626,664 283,331, shear
deformation 597,602, deformation
604 Three-layer 135,145,166,176,198,199, 145,158, 410
Hil~her-order 331,346, 516 331 (classical 204,219,220,302,310,311, 240,749,
Three-layer 8,16,22,27,31,49,73,77, 8,15,41, 8, 11, sandwich 336,409,465, 560,564, 641, 750,792
(classical 102,104,109,121,123,135, 50,60,139, 12, 13, theory) 650,686,738,740,741,742,.
sandwich 139,140,154,165,173,176, 140,158, 14, 29, 743,744,745,746,747,748,
theory) 199,207,218,220,241,275, 201,240, 60, 239, 755,773,792,793
277,281,282,316,317,318, 331,393, 324, Three-layer 265,414,562 234,
323,328,331,332,353,374, 423,427, 445, (higher-order 319,
380,381,382,383,385,386, 499,615, 544, sandwich 320
387,393,407,465,502,542, 616,627, 690, theory)
543,553,564,596,598,601, 657,691, 692, Classical 7, 89
609,627,641,650,651,652, 692,698, 796 Plate Theory
653,655,669,692,709,718, 703,704, Others 125,290,462,759,809,810
745,747,752, 755,780, 790, 711,762, Experimental 36,149,175,290,336,479, 206
791,799 811 Studies 561,562,641,770, 793, 810
Three-layer 99, 188,216, 320, 367, 414, 233,
(higher-order 540, 672, 734 234,
sandwich 319, alphabetically at the end under the heading, Additional Bibli-
theory) 320, ography.
534
Predictor- 516 5.1 Heat transfer problems
Corrector
Classical 3, 142, 384,600 7, 89, 142, Although extensive work has been devoted to the determina-
Plate Theory 203 tion of the heat transfer characteristics and thermal response
Experimental 31,32,58,77,323,325,357, 42,59,60, 28,42, of laminated anisotropic plates and shells [see, for example,
Studies 404,407,416,478,561,627, 137,201, 60,152 Noor and Burton (1992)], only a few studies have been re-
641,653,797 206,466,
627 ported on heat transfer in sandwich plates and shells. Most of
the reported studies on heat transfer and thermal modeling of
sandwich structures have focused on modeling heat transfer
5 R E V I E W OF A P P L I C A T I O N S R E P O R T E D parallel to the surface coordinate directions. Analytical for-
IN T H E L I T E R A T U R E mulas have been developed for representing the heat flow in
Many problems of sandwich panels and shells have been ad- honeycomb-core, corrugated core and cellular-framed plastic
dressed in the literature. For the benefit of the reader, the li- core of sandwich panels parallel to the surface coordinates of
terature devoted to ten classes of problems is categorized in the panel [Swann (1958), Swann (1959), Swarm and Pittman
Tables 2-7 and is briefly described subsequently. The ten (1961); Sauer and Nevins (1964); Kendall and Gonzales
classes of problems are: heat transfer problems; static ther- (1964); Minges (1966); Harding (1964); and Hammond
moelastic stress problems (including boundary layer and (1968)]. Experimentally measured thermal conductivities of
edge zone stresses); free vibrations and damping; transient graphite honeycomb are given by Borris, Caldweli et al
dynamic response; bifurcation buckling, local buckling, face (1989).
sheet wrinkling and core crimping; large deflection and post- Analytic expressions are given by Fairbanks (1982) for
buckling problems; effects of discontinuities and geometric the effective thermal conductivity of square-cell cores in the
changes; damage and failure of sandwich structures; experi- transverse direction. The formulation is based on a thermal
mental studies; and optimization and design studies. For model involving lineafized radiation and solid conduction
each of the ten categories, the model used in the analysis is only. An effective view-factor correlation is used which al-
identified in the table. A partial list of references on a lows a radiative conductance to be isolated as a component
number of topics of current interest on sandwich panels and acting in parallel with a solid conductance.
shells, not covered in the present survey, is given in Table 8.
Also, additional references not cited in the paper, on various 5.2 Thermomeehanical stress analysis
aspects of sandwich structures, are listed in Table 9. For con- Extensive literature is available on stress analysis of sand-
venience, the references in Table 9 are divided into groups wich plates and shells with various geometries and core con-
according to the topic and the publication date, and are listed figurations subjected to mechanical, thermal and hygromet-
ric Ioadings. A variety of computational models and analysis

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Appl Mech Rev vol 49, no 3, March 1996 Noor et al: Computational modes for sandwich panels and shells 161

Table 6. References on nonlinear and static postbuckling Table 7. References on the effects of holes, cutouts, stiffeners, ta-
responses in sandwich )lates and shells pered thickness and damage on sandwich plate and shell responses
Cylindrical Doubly-Curved Plates and Beams Cylindrical Doubly-
Model Plates and Beams Panels or Panels Attribute Panels or Curved
Cylinders Cylinders Panels
Three- 331,682 331 ] Edge Effect 9, 185, 186, 219, 241,267, 2,420 2
dimensional 309,525,526,586,606,635
Quasi three- 18,272,305,589,590 Joint 186,606
dimensional Taper 214,251,252,253,255, 294,568 110,256,
First-order 221,331,347,478,518, 331 6 257,258,259,260,263, 579,580,
shear 583,584,585,631 294,329,330,354,378, 613
deformation 433,452,453,490,551,
Higher-order 331,347 331 552,553,554,555,556,
Three-layer 16,17,26,109,221, 15,50,331, 11,12,13,14, 557,559,563,595,666,699
(classical 231,242,277,311,331, 646,692, 155,156,191, Holes 372, 373,701,802, 803,804 395, 729,
sandwich 340,351,392,409,434, 712,763 239,319,324, i 733
theory) 444,447,448,524,539, 410,445,446, Stiffeners 145, 186, 282, 325,326, 7, 50, 89, 62, 178,
564,573,619,648,656, 646,658,690, 468, 570, 578, 606, 111,145, 613
660,692,700,718,724, 692,778,779 673,788 296
780,807 Delamination 53,86,95,96,173,175, 217, 711
Three-layer 414, 562, 734 233,645,646 186,248,303,307,308,
(higher-order 310,311,312,357,366,
sandwich 367,370,371,439,505,
theory) 511,538,539,562,566,
Classical 221,341 341 682,797,812,813,816
Plate Theo~
Others 761 817 Table 8. Partial list of references on topics of current interest on
Experimental 149,305,478,562,648 sandwich panels covered in the present survey
Studies
Concept, Process 34,35,59,72,74,75,80,108,116,122,126,127,
techniques have been used in these studies. Table 2 gives a Development 129,131,146,160,171,172,180,192,202,226,
partial list of the references on thermomechanical stress and 276,322,352,363,389,397,399,400,401,421,
analysis of sandwich plates, cylindrical panels and shells, Application 422,428,437,484,509,541,545,549,550,567,
and doubly-curved panels. The computational models used 572,574,628,637,649,663,678,720,730,731,
in the cited studies include the simplified two-dimensional 732,737,774,775,785,787,794
Design and 3,5,7,23,25,31,33,71,84,90,94,116,130,
models in which the face sheets are treated as membranes; 132,134,135,143,144,145,153,170,176,183,
Optimization
the discrete three-layer model in which the extensional, 199,213,276,280,284,285,298,299,300,333,
bending and transverse shear effects of the face sheets and 334,359,365,372,375,401,402,405,406,418,
core are incorporated; first-order (Reissner-Bole'-Mindlin 438,457,472,475,492,504,520,521,522,523,
type) and higher-order global approximation models; quasi- 532,536,537,548,558,559,581,587,599,607,
617,618,627,628,640,649,661,662,671,679,
three-dimensional; and three-dimensional models. In most of 697,706,722,725,738,739,740,741,742,743,
the reported studies, perfect bonding is assumed between the 744,745,746,747,748,749,750,752,753,755,
core and face sheets and the core is replaced by an equiva- 756,769,772,787,801
lent homogeneous material. The analysis techniques used Plasticity 69,70,82,120,138,153,182,230,245,246,355,
include analytic and series solutions for plates with simple 369,376,379,380,418,428,440,467,470,471,
geometries and boundary conditions, asymptotic solutions 480,491,493,503,532,581,617,653,654,661,
664,665,705,719,721,722,725,727,728,736,
and numerical solutions (mostly finite elements). Analytic 757~766r781
and series solutions are presented for circular sandwich ImpactDamage 53,61,74,83,92,93,95,96,113,114,127,175,
plates [Kao (1970), Kao (1973), Gupta and Jain (1982), and Impact 186,194,212,215,222,227,228,247,248,310,
Gupta and Sharma (1982b)]; rectangular sandwich plates Tolerance 311,325,326,357,358,370,371,377,391,397,
[Monforton and lbrahim (1975)]; and circular cylindrical 412,417,419,425,436,451,474,479,503,505,
506,511,528,529,533,539,546,562,566,567,
shells [Holt and Webber (1982)]. 623,630,633,643,659,674,682,693,711,714,
Gfigolyuk and Kornev (1976) presented asymptotic ex- 730,737,786~812,813,816
pansions for the solution of sandwich plates and shells. The
small parameter in the expansions was selected to be the 5.3 Vibration and damping
transverse shear stiffness of the sandwich.
Interlayer slip between the core and face sheets (which Vibrations of sandwich plates and shells has been the subject
may occur in high temperature applications, due to the bond- of several investigations. Table 3 lists some of the references
ing flexibility and creep of adhesive under sustained loads on the subject. Early studies have neglected in-plane and ro-
and environmental effects), has been studied by Hussein tatory inertia. For homogeneous plates these effects are only
(1984a). In the cited reference, both experimental and finite important at high frequencies. However, as shown by Rao
element solutions were presented.

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162 Noor et at Computational modes for sandwich panels and shells Appl Mech Rev vo149, no 3, March 1996
Table 9. Additional references not cited in the paper.
Topic II Pre-1960 1960-1969 [ 1970-1979 [ 1980-1989
;andwich Platesand Beams
Static Loading
Torsion A-464 A-62,63,64
Lateral (transverse) A-545,558 A-292 o - o

Thermal Stresses A-37,98,280,469,470,471 A-17,46,210,261,262, A-219 A-40,43,52,72,186,257


282,517
Beams A-322 A-86,122,185,225,379, A-3,15,25,60,61,66,126, A-39,136,144,233,234,417,
459 267,268,346,380,381, 419,436,475,476,534
395,423,467,480
Vibrations
Plates A-399,547 A-2,16,34,58,75,121, A-33,53,68,69,70,97,99, A-77,78,101,170,171,172,
155,157,206,226,228, 100,150,154,168,200, 197,296,307,325,357,358,
243,288,332,350,394, 208,237,289,308,333, 389,390,421,433,434,527
405,412,503,516,548, 334,335,455,457,487,
549,550,552,553 489,501,502,544
Beams A-242,246,340 A-24,44,48,79,91,93, A-20,59,67,97,154,260, A-71,88,89,112,123,167,
147,169,209,214,337, 263,305,323,324,326, 181,201,202,244,287,364,
355,365,368,432,479, 327,329,336,338,345, 440,447,450,518,543
484 383,401,424,445,446,
448,457
Buckling
General & Wrinkling A-117,153,372,439,508, A-30.177,180,349 A-104,506 A-286
512
Uniaxial Loading A-47,114,151,211,272, A-I1,56,65,183,199, A-85,146,173,466
321,331,374,397,398, 217,281,533
462,463,514,532,546
In-PlaneShear A-279
Combined Loads A-36,42,240,241,269, A-179,298,465 A-295 o _ _

373,376
CompositeFacings A-523
Beams A-191 A-182 A-96,232 A-90,94,125.184,195

Large Deflections
Isotropic Facings A-14,220,485,486,496, A-103,218,219,224,362, A-363,418,420
497 507
CompositeFacings A..497 A-218,294
Misc. Topics
Isotropic Facings A-141,273,290,303,430, A-83,102,149,161,247, A-18,236,386,396,400, A-196,215,245,248,249,
542,545 271,536 488 250,299,415,438,509,522
CompositeFacings A-57,178,292,293,366, A-21,28,238,276,449, A-31,205,212,343,437,523
367,371,387,477 495,559
Finite Element A-27,84,85,87,124,188, A-45, 143
Analyses 198,237,351

and Nakra (1973), for sandwich plates they can be important [Lu, Killian et al (1979)]; rectangular plates consisting of al-
at relatively lower frequencies. ternate elastic and viscoelastic layers [Alam and Asnani
A variety of plate and shell geometries have been consid- (1984)]; and doubly-curved sandwich panel with viscoelastic
ered, including circular plates [Mirza and Singh (1974a)], core [Vaswani, Asnani et al (1984)].
annular plate with linear thickness variation [Paydar and Transverse deflections which are of the order of the plate
Adams (1989)], rectangular plate with composite face sheets thickness, or greater, cause additional stiffening of the plate
[Rao and Meyer-Piening (1991)], cylindrical and conical and result in equations of motion which are nonlinear. Non-
shells [Wilkins, Bert et al (1970)], deep spherical shells linear vibrations of sandwich plates have been studied by
[Mirza and Singh (1974b), and Lizarev and Rostanina Rajagopal, Singh et al (1987a), Rajagopal, Singh et al
(i 978)], and doubly-curved panels [Ahmed (1971)]. (1986), and by Shahin (1974).
Free vibrations of prestressed sandwich plates and shells
5.4 Transient dynamic response
have been studied by Rao and Sinha (1974) and Sinha and
Rath (1974), who considered rectangular plates with uniaxial The analysis of dynamic and impact response of sandwich
and biaxial compression, respectively; and by Baker (1968), plates and shells has been the subject of several investiga-
who considered circular cylinders. tions. The reported studies can be classified into three gen-
A few studies have been reported on the free vibrations of eral categories: forced vibration response; wave propagation;
damped sandwich plates. These include plates made up of a and dynamic buckling. A partial list of the references in the
thin viscoelastic layer sandwiched between two elastic layers first two categories are given in Table 4.

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Appl Mech Rev vol 49, no 3, March 1996 Noor et al: Computational modes for sandwich panels and shells 163

Table 9. Continued.
Sandwich Cylindrical Shells and Curved Beams
General
Axial Compression A-116,118,317,319,530 A-12,49,131,132,138, A-513,524,526
265,274,284,285,392,
393,537,557
External Pressure A-428,429,431 A-133,278,339,382,416, A-I19,127 A-348,360
483,510
Misc. Loading A-139,140,174,318,320, A-132,229,230,311,392, A-5,13,61,145,255,310, A-54,55,165,409,411
529,530 500,511,531 347,478,498
Composite Facings A-370,492 A-23,107,375,403 A-26,38,41,109,309,460, A-51,264,315,499
519
Curved Beams A-193,256
Vibrations
Cylindrical Shells . . .
A-35,73,74,76,115,130, A-7,22,95,110,160,176, A-50,203,204,407,408,
156o187,194,207,213. 231,266,328,384,404, 410,456
216,388,391,493,551, 406,422,461,515
554,555
Curved Beams A-453 A-6,8,92,306,451,452, A-435,521
491
Sandwich Shells
Vibration --- A-252,253,505, 538, 539, A-137, 164, 301,344 A-32, 128, 239, 300, 302,
540, 556 472, 481,520
'l~uckling --- A-80, 81,297, 402,444 A-10, 473 ---
Large Deflections
Isotropic Facings i A-528 A-158, 352 A-9, 251,313, 377,442,
460, 473,474
Misc. Topics
lsotropic Facings ._. A-4, 108, 159, 162,291, A-113, 142, 148, 163, 312, A-258,259, 270, 359, 414
330, 361,443, 500, 535 314, 341,458, 468
Thermal Stresses --- A-105, 227, 354, 413,541 A-504 A-129, 385
Additional~ics for Sandwich Structures
C r ~ and Viscoelasticitt ._. A-29,166,378,482,525 A-254,427
Heat Transfer A-235 A-490 A-192
Misc. Topics
General A-19,82,189,190,316 A-111,134,135,275,369, A-106,152,175,277 A-304,441
454
Multicore A-120 A-1,223,356,425,426
Circular Planform A-558 A-221,222,342,353,494 A-283 - . .

The studies in the first category include axisymmetric (1976) showed that the dynamic snap-through loads of sand-
forced motion of shallow spherical shells by Cuikowski and wich panels with initial curvature can be estimated directly
Reismann (1971); dynamic response of a rectangular sand- from the static snap-through loads without actually resorting
wich plate with viscoelastic core and orthotropic facings, to dynamic analysis. Kar and Sujata (1991) determined the
subjected to harmonic transverse loads by Mukhopadhyay regions of parametric resonance for sandwich beams sub-
and Kingsbury (1976); and the application of mode superpo- jected to pulsating axial force.
sition technique, in conjunction with a higher-order global Chen and Chen (1991), and Chen, Chen et al (1991) de-
approximation model, to study the dynamic response of termined experimentally the effect of various impact
sandwich plates by Kant, Arora et al (1992). energies and impact tup sizes on the residual compressive
The wave propagation studies include the application of strength of composite sandwich panels. Jegley (1993) stud-
Reissner-Bole'-Mindlin theory to the ProPagation of plane ied the response of thermoformed sandwich and semi-sand-
harmonic waves in sandwich plates [Yu (1959)]; the use of wich panels with a trapezoidal corrugation subjected to low-
three-dimensional elasticity equations to derive analytical speed impact damage. Bernard and Lagace (1989) studied
frequency equations for plane waves [Lee and Chang
(1979)]; and the use of experimental techniques to determine
the phase velocity of flexural waves traveling along a sand-
wich panel with honeycomb core [Thompson, Alers et al
general (panel) buckling shear crimping
(1975)].
Among the dynamic buckling studies mention can be
made of dynamic stability of multilayer sandwich plates
[Salama and Chen (1973)]. Akkas (1974) showed that the
dynamic snap-through behavior of sandwich spherical cap
subjected to uniform step pressure is similar to that of the face wrinkling face dimpling

corresponding homogeneous cap. Adi Murthy and Alwar Fig 4. Instability modes for sandwich panels.

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164 Noor et al: Computational modes for sandwich panels and shells Appl Mech Rev vo149, no 3, March 1996

the impact resistance of composite sandwich panels impac- 5.6 Large deflection and postbuclding problems
ted at a low-energy level. In comparison with the literature on large deflection and
postbuckling analysis of homogeneous plates and shells, lit-
5.5 Global and local stability problems tle is available on the nonlinear analysis of sandwich plates
The instability modes for sandwich plates and shells include and shells (see Table 6). Among the early nonlinear and
the following four (see Fig 4): a) general, overall or panel postbuckling studies are those of Akkas and Bauid (1971a)
buckling; b) shear crimping, or core shear instability - a form on the initial axisymmetric postbuckling response of shallow
of general buckling which occurs in the shear mode; c) face spherical shells; Tatarinov (1972) on pure bending of sand-
wrinkling which is a local or short-wave length buckling wich plates with corrugated core; and Dorr (1969) in which a
phenomenon; and for cellular core configurations d) face mathematical model was developed for the local postbuck-
dimpling which is a general buckling phenomenon involving ling strength of flat truss core sandwich panels loaded in
the facing material covering a single cell. compression.
Extensive literature has been devoted to the general buck- Most of the reported studies on nonlinear analysis of
ling of sandwich plates and shells subjected to various com- sandwich plates and shells used the finite element method
binations of mechanical loads (see Tables 5a and 5b). In [see, for example, Sharifi and Popov (1972), Rothschild
most of these studies the core was replaced by an equivalent (1991); Hanagud, Chen et al (1985); Jeusette and Laschet
homogeneous material and perfect bonding was assumed be- (1990), Kutyiowski and Myslecki (1992), and Kuhhorn
tween the face sheets and the core [see, for example, Habip (1993)]. Finite difference method was used by Chang (1992)
(1965); Volmir (1967); Gfigolyuk and Chulkov (1973); to study the overall buckling and postbuckling of beamlike
II'Gamov, lvanov et al (1977)]. Mixed-mode local buckling sandwich plates, and the boundary element method was used
of three-layered shells is studied by Ivanov and Paimushin by Kamiya, Sawaki et al (1983) to study the large deflec-
(1994b) and Golovanov, lvanov et a! (1995). tions of heated sandwich plates and shallow shells. Experi-
Interlayer slip between the core and face sheets (which mental measurements were made by Hussein and Fazio
may occur in high temperature applications, due to the bond- (1985a) to ascertain the nonlinear thermal behavior of sand-
ir.g flexibility, and creep of adhesive under sustained loads wich panels with interlayer slip.
and environmental effects) has been studied by Hussein
(1984a). In the cited reference both experimental and finite 5.7 Effects of discontinuities and geometric changes
element solutions were presented. Buckling analysis of sand- Structural tailoring which is often used for weight reduction
wich shells with an adhesion-failure zone between the core may lead to sandwich structures with nonuniform thickness.
and one of the face sheets is studied by Golovanov and Moreover, tapered sandwich structures are used in many ap-
Paimushin (I 993). The effect of the temperature on the inter- plications such as trailing edges of aircraft lifting surfaces,
action curves of panels subjected to combined inplane and and transition regions between sandwich panels and other
compressive loadings has been studied by Ko and Jackson structural components. Sandwich structures with nonuniform
(1991a). As to be expected, as the temperature increases, the thickness have received less attention in the literature than
stability boundary moves inward. Singh, Rao et al (1990) those of uniform thickness. Most of the reported studies on
and Noor and Burton (1992) studied the effect of face to sandwich structures with nonuniform thickness are for the
core thickness ratio on the critical temperature of sandwich case of sandwiches with gradually varying thickness. In
plates with composite face sheets. In both studies an opposite sandwich structures with tapered geometry a coupling exists
trend was found to that observed for mechanical compres- between a) the core shear strains and the normal displace-
sive loads; namely, as the face thickness increases, the criti- ments of the face sheets, and b) the membrane forces in the
cal temperature Tcr decreases (see Fig 5). face sheets and the transverse shear forces. Computational
models which account for these couplings were developed
by Libove and Lu (1989), Paydar and Libove
x=
(1986), Paydar and Libove (1988), Lu and
Libove (1991), Jeon and Hong (1992a), and
.06 Jeon and Hong (1992b).
2hl/h

.36~ .05
Taber and Viano (1982) studied the free
- - 0 - - o.lrs vibrations of linearly tapered sandwich
%,~,%,., 0.3
beams, by replacing the beam with a series of
~Tor oo/Ef r .03 uniform segments and using the transfer ma-
trix technique. Soovere (1986) used a semi-
empirical method for predicting the root-
0.0 0.00 mean-square strains in the face sheets of stif-
.05 .10 .15 .20 .05 .10 .15 .20 fened honeycomb panels subjected to ran-
h/L~ h/L 1 dom acoustic loading. The effect of the be-
Fig 5. Effect of face sheet thickness and plate thickness on the values of the uniform tempera- veled edges (close outs) on the honeycomb
ture, To,, and the uniaxial edge compression of sandwich plates with graphite-epoxy cross-ply panel strain distribution was studied in the
face sheets and an orthotropic core. cited reference. Other reported studies on

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Appl Mech Rev vo149, no 3, March 1996 Noor et al: Computational modes for sandwich panels and shells 165

tapered sandwich plates include dynamic stability of tapered buckling of corrugated web sandwich panels [Craig,
sahdwich beams by Kar and Sujata (1991), free vibrations Hanagud et a! (1986)], spherical shells with cutout
/ ~ n d buckling of annular plates by Paydar (1988b), Paydar [Kotelnikov and Tarasenko (1985)], and impact damage
f
/ (1990), Paydar and Adams (1987), Paydar and Adams resistance of panels [Lagace, Williamson et a! (1993)], and
/
f (1989), free vibrations of annular sandwich plates and semi- use of nondestructive measurement of vibrational response
/ infinite plates by Gupta and Bhargava (1992b), Gupta and of panels in determining the bond strength of honeycomb
,lain (1982); beamlike bending and free vibrations of sand- sandwich panels [Thompson, Thompson et a! (1974)].
wich plates with thickness variation in one direction by
Libove and Lu (1989), and Lu and Libove (1991); and 5.10 Optimization and design studies
bending of sandwich plates with thickness variation in two Since the 1940's several studies have been devoted to the
directions by Paydar and Libove (1988). structural optimization of sandwich panels. Review of the
early studies and their limitations is given in Vinson and
5.8 Damage and failure Shore (1965). More recently, minimum weight optimum de-
The presence of defects in a sandwich can result in degrada- sign of flat sandwich panels and shells with composite face
tion in the stiffness; reduction in the load-carrying ability; sheets, and a given set of planform dimensions and applied
and deterioration in the structural integrity. Some studies loads, has been studied by Vinson. Various sandwich con-
have been made to assess the effect of defect sizes and loca- figurations were considered; namely, honeycomb core (with
tions on the performance, damage tolerance, and failure of hexagonal and square cells), truss core, corrugated core, web
the sandwich structure. Interracial defects may result from core and solid (or foam) core [Vinson (1985) and Vinson
poor bonding in the manufacturing process, environmental (1986a)]. In the cited references explicit expressions were
and aging effects during operation of the structure; and im- derived for determining each geometric variable of the opti-
pacts of foreign bodies in delivery and service. Some of the mized minimum weight panel. Five modes of failure were
defects may already exist in the structure prior to its loading; considered, namely: overall panel buckling; core shear insta-
others may develop during the service loading. Interracial bility; face wrinkling; face dimpling or monocell buckling
defects essentially represent delaminations within the sand- (for honeycomb sandwich construction); and overstressing.
wich and have received increasing attention in recent years. Adali and Duffy (1990) showed that the thermal stability
Experimental and analytical investigations have been made of laminates can be improved by using a hybrid (sandwich)
on the effects of initial predetermined delamination defects construction of high-modulus material in the outer layers and
on the delamination growth, buckling, postbuckling, and ul- low-modulus material in the inner layers. They presented nu-
timate strength of sandwich structures. merical results for the optimal ply angles for graphite/glass
Impact damage was found to be the most critical damage, and boron/glass material combinations.
since it causes a bigger strength reduction than holes, cracks, Adams, Ni et al (1984) showed that the flexural modulus
delaminations or porosity regions of the same size. A num- of glass reinforced plastic panels can be significantly in-
ber of studies have been devoted to the effect of low velocity creased, and their density reduced by adding carbon fiber re-
impact damage on the strength of sandwich structures. Palm inforced plastic outer layers.
(1991) determined experimentally the effect of low energy
impact damage on edgewise compression strength of graph-
6 NUMERICAL STUDIES
ite/epoxy panels. Kassapoglou and Abbott (1987) presented
a semi-imperical method to predict compressive buckling of The accuracy of the response predictions of various compu-
sandwich panels with low-speed impact damage. tational models of sandwich panels and shells is strongly
dependent on a number of parameters, including:
5.9 Experimental studies geometric parameters (eg, panel (or shell) geometry, face
The reported experimental studies for sandwich plates and sheet and core configurations and thicknesses, or presence
shells were done at three different levels: a) laboratory tests or absence of discontinuities);
on small specimens to obtain material data; b) subcomponent material properties of the core, adhesives and face sheets
tests to obtain and/or validate analytical and computational (viz, effective core and face sheet properties, and for
models for effective properties of different core configura- laminated face sheets, number of layers, stacking se-
tions; and c) component tests to validate computational mo- quence, degree of orthotropy, and fiber orientation of dif-
dels, and to uncover phenomena not considered in the ma- ferent layers);
thematical model (eg, phenomena associated with response type and rate of variation of external ioadings;
and damage).
The third category includes buckling of sandwich cylin- boundary (or support) conditions.
ders and cones [Baker (1968), Baker and Herrmann (1966)], Due to the large number of these parameters and the fact
buckling of sandwich panels with composite face sheets that closed form (or analytic) solutions are only obtainable
[Pearce and Webber (1973)], sandwich panels subjected to for panels (or shells) with simple geometries, loading and
combined edge compression and thermal gradient [Chang boundary conditions, it is impractical to present quantitative
and Timmons (1962)], large deflections of sandwich plates results of a general nature.
[Bau-Madsen, Svendsen, et al (1993)], static and dynamic

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166 Noor et al: Computational modes for sandwich panels and shells Appl Mech Rev vo149, no 3, March 1996

Some studies have made comparisons between the re- shear stiffnesses are adjusted, and in the second procedure
sponses of panels and shells obtained by different two-di- the thickness variations of the displacement components\JR
mensional models [see, for example, Bhimaraddi and adjusted. The modeling approaches are listed in Table 10"~N,
Chandrashekhara (1984), Pandya and Kant (1988), Jeusette and will henceforth be referred to as models 1-8. The ~,,
and Laschet (1990), and Burton and Noor (1995)]. However, standard of comparison is taken to be the analytic three-di-
except for the study by Burton and Noor (1995), which was mensional thermoelasticity solutions. The panels considered "~\
limited to static stress response and sensitivity analysis, all in the numerical studies and the sign convention for the dis-
the other studies were limited to a small number of models; placements, stresses, and stress resultants associated with the
confined to a small range of geometric parameters or; in first-order shear deformation model are shown in Fig 6.
some cases, lacked a three-dimensional analytic solution as a
standard for comparison. To the authors' knowledge, no as-
sessment has been made as yet, of the x3 x3
accuracy of the vibrational response X3

and sensitivity coefficients obtained by


the wide range of available two-dimen-
sional models for sandwich panels and
X1 X2
shells. 2 11 12

Herein, the results of parametric w,2

studies are presented for fiat, cylindri-


cal and doubly-curved sandwich panels a) Global Geometry of plate, cylindrical and spherical sandwich panels used In the present study.
with composite face sheets. These stu- X3 W
w
dies were conducted to provide some
insight into the efffects of variations in X3
the geometric parameters of the sand- hl x1

wich on the accuracy of the critical ,I O33


temperature, vibrational response and
sensitivity coefficients predicted by hf 013~ 023 0 1 1 ~ 0 2 2
eight different modeling approaches
based on two-dimensional theories of 0t2
the sandwich panel (or shell). The b) Local Geometry and sign conventions used In the present study.
modeling approaches can be divided Fig 6. Sandwich panels and sign convention used in the present study.

into three categories: global


approximation models (two
models), discrete three-layer
models (four models), and pre-
dictor-corrector procedures x~
(two procedures). The two glo- -0020 14 08 02
bal approximation models are: h/~ h/L~ h/LI
a first-order shear deformation a) Minimumvibrationfrequency
model, and a higher-order mo-
del. The four discrete three-la-
yer models are: a simplified
model based on a membrane
face sheet assumption, one
model based on a Kirchhoff-
R2/R, t.0~___~-L~-~20.
20 14 08
h/L,
~2hr/h'
517~O20
~ o 14
h/L,
Zi::Oo o.oio
2 08 '
i
h/L,
Love assumption for the face b) Energyratio Ul/U
sheets; one model based on the
first-order shear deformable ht
face sheets and core; and one
model based on three-layer '

higher-order piecewise dis- L .-in


R~/RI '14So~o( e' .o2o.o 2h,/h .3 .20 :14 .OS .020"0 ~/L, ~Soo~l.~7--~--
placement approximations .2o .14 .os .0n2'
h/L, h IL, h/L,
through the thickness. The two
c) Energyratio U~U
predictor-corrector procedures
differ in the quantities adjusted Fig 7. Effectof geometricparametersof the panel on the minimum vibration frequencyand the associated strain
in the corrector phase. In the energy component ratios U~/Uand U2/U obtained by the three-dimensional model. Symmetricstructural sand-
first procedure the transverse wiches with ten-layercross-plyface sheets and orthotropiccore, hb = h t = hr, L2 = I, R~ = I. Roman numerals I, Ii
and I11denote the regions for which .75 < Ui/U < 1.0, .5 < UdU < .75 and .14 < Ui/U < .5, respectively.

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Appl Mech Rev vo149, no 3, March 1996 Noor eta/: Computational modes for sandwich panels and shells 167
Table l 0. Modeling ApproachesUsed in the Numerical Studies
Model Model Through-the-Thickness Transverse Shear Number of
No. Description Displacement Assumption Stress Assumption Constraints Parameters 3
a) GIobal Approximation Models
I A-B First-order shear linear ~ , constant w none cr33=0 5
deformation theory ~
2 Lo-Christensen-Wu cubic u~, quadratic w none none II
type theory
b) Discrete Three-Layer Models 2
3 Membrane u~ linear in core and t~3=0, (a = 1,2) o,=0 5
face sheets constant in face sheets in face sheets
constant w
4 Piecewise linear u, piecewise linear none or,=0 7
displacements, constant w transverse shear
Kirchhoff-Love compliances
face sheets of face sheets ~ 0
5 Piecewise linear u~ piecewise linear none os3=0 9
displacements constant w
6 Discrete higher-order u~ piecewise cubic none none 27
theory quadratic w
c) Predictor-Correcter Approaches
First-order shear Predictor phase:
deformation linear ~ none 033=0 5
with a posteriori constant w
adjusted transverse Correcter phase:
shear stiffnesses 4 linear ~ none o33=0 5
constant w
Thickness displacement Predictor phase:
approximations linear u~ none o33=0 5
obtained a posteriori constant w
from predictor phase Corrector phase:
u~, w dependence on xs none none 12
obtained by piecewise
integration of three-
dimensional equations
Notes: I ) In model I A, shear correction factors are k; = k2 = 5/6 and in model I-B they are computed assuming a cylindrical
bending state (see Whitney (1973)).
2) In the discrete three-layer models, each of the top, bottom face sheets and core is treated as a single equivalent
anisotropic layer.
3) Number of parameters associated with each model's respective first-order system of governing partial differential
equations in curvilinear coordinates x~ and x2.
4) In model 7, shear correction factors are determined a posteriori as described in Whitney (1973).

T h e s a n d w i c h panels and shells c o n s i d e r e d herein are i 0 -3. The transverse shear m o d u l u s is g i v e n by G ~ / E~ =


c o m p o s e d o f ten-layer cross-ply c o m p o s i t e face sheets and a
l i g h t w e i g h t h o n e y c o m b c o r e m a d e o f a titanium alloy mate- 1/[2(1 + u ~ ) ] = 0.338, where subscripts L and T refer to
rial. Perfect b o n d i n g is a s s u m e d b e t w e e n the layers o f the the fiber and transverse directions, respectively, and super-
face sheets, as well as b e t w e e n the face sheets and the core. script f refers to the face sheets.
T h e principal material directions o f each face-sheet layer The h o n e y c o m b core is a p p r o x i m a t e d by a single layer o f
c o i n c i d e with the c u r v i l i n e a r coordinate directions xl, x2 and curvilinearly orthotropic c o n t i n u u m with thickness hc. T h e
x3 (see Fig 6). The fiber orientation o f the layers o f the bot- principal material directions 1, 2 and 3 c o i n c i d e with the c o -
t o m face sheet is [00/90]5, with the fibers o f the bottom ordinate directions, xl, x2 and x3, respectively. T h e t h e r m o -
layer m a k i n g 0 with the xl coordinate. The total thicknesses elastic properties o f the core, with subscripts representing
o f the top and b o t t o m face sheets are h t and hb and are as- global coordinate directions, are selected as follows:
s u m e d to be equal, ie, h b = h t = hr. The layers o f the top face
E~ / E~ = 3.2 x 10-5,E~ / E~ = 2.9 x 10-5,E~ / E~ = 0.4,
sheet are positioned, with respect to the sandwich middle
surface (x3 = 0), so as to m a k e the sandwich lamination G~3 / E~ = 6.6 x lff2,G~3 / EfT = 7.9 x 10-2 ,G~2/E-~ = 2.4 x 10-3,
orientations s y m m e t r i c . The thermoelastic properties o f the
face-sheet layers are selected to be typical o f a high m o d u l u s O~3 = 3.0 X 10-5,U~3 = 3.0 10-5,0~2 = 0.99,
transversely isotropic material, namely: E[/E~ = 19.0, C~ /CtfT =Ct~ /Ct-~ =Ct~ /CtfT = 1.36.
G [ T / E ~- = 0.52, t~[T = 0.32, ~ r = 0.49, and t z [ / ~ =

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168 Noor et al: Computational modes for sandwich panels and shells Appl Mech Rev vo149, no 3, March 1996

The equivalent continuum core properties selected in this 3


study lead to a positive-definite material stiffness matrix.
U =
E i=l Ui.
All the response quantities are assumed to be periodic in
x~ and x 2 with periods 2L~ and 2L2. For the three-dimen- In all the panels considered the energy component U3 was
sional solutions, the following conditions are satisfied: very small. The effect o f variation o f the geometric parame-
u2 = w = O , o ~ = O a t x t = 0 , L~ ters on the minimum frequency o f vibration, and the associ-
ated energy ratios Ui/U and U2/U, obtained by the three-di-
0 < x2 < L2
mensional model is shown in Fig 7. As can be seen from Fig
-h/2 < x 3 < 13/2 7, the minimum frequency increases monotonically with the
u~ = w = O ,
~22 = 0 at x2 = O, L2 increase in both the thickness ratio h/Li and the curvature
0<x~<L~ ratio R2/Ri.
-h/2 < x 3 < h/2 For the purpose of identifying the effect o f the different
For each o f the two-dimensional models, the correspond- geometric parameters on the energy ratios, three regions are
ing (equivalent) conditions are satisfied. identified in Fig 7b: Region I with .75 _< Ui/U _< 1.0; Region
Four parameters were varied, namely: the total thickness II with 0.5 < UffU < 0.75; and Region II1 with 0 < UffU <
to side length ratio o f the panel, h/L2; the face sheet thick- 0.5. The energy ratio Ui/U increases monotonically with a)
ness to the total thickness ratio 2h/h; the aspect ratio L2/L~; the increase in R2/R i and L2/Li; and b) the decrease in h/Li.
and the curvature ratio R2/R ~. The total thickness ratio was An increase in Ui/U is associated with a decrease in U2/U
varied between 0.02 and 0.2; the face sheet thickness to the and vice versa.
total thickness ratio was varied between 0.05 and 03; the The effects o f the thickness ratios, h/Li and 2h/h, and the
aspect ratio was varied between 0.5 and 1.0; and the curva- temperature change T on the minimum vibration frequencies
ture ratio was varied between 0 and 1.0. obtained by the three-dimensional model, for square flat
As a step towards establishing the range o f validity of the thermally stressed sandwich panels are shown in Fig 8. For
different models, the total strain energy associated with each all the sandwich panels considered the relation between the
o f the vibration modes o f the panel was decomposed into frequency of the thermally-stressed panels co, and the tern-
three components as follows:

u, =f o,%dV, U2 = 21--~voap 2e3adV


/ /"
/ /f
o
x=

and 0,)2 /./" 2S-L.- h


__ 1.00

R2/R 1 .5 x=
U3 = 2!fv (~33933dV t".20 .t4 08 2 ,S5 / ';I I I I R= ~ / ~ /R~
" 0.00 .0S .10 .lS .20 ' "
where a repeated index ct or 13 denotes summation over the h/L1 WL 1
range 1, 2. The total strain energy is given by a) Minimum vibration frequency
1,0 / .-~ ....... .
/ /'/ ........
/ p / ....... .--------o ..... "~ . . . . I-A

"300 .300 +i 0.0


RzJR1 .5
1"020 .14 .08 .02
Ullexact
,oo
| ~.

95 / "k\,l I I
,=B
....... ~>...... 3
...... -C"...... 4
...... "O ...... 5
h/L1 " 0.00 .05 .10 .lS .20
h/L 1
oso ~ X ~ .o~ 080 ~ .22 b) Energy ratio U1/U
r<~....~ I/.oo~ I.~o~---:_.~ I/.11
BZ ~ ~T - .Ss ~ , 1.05 +
p(o=L~/E~ O,00 o-TT

U.__~ 1.oo .

"300
0,0.~5 2
Rz'R 1
~ U21. . . . |/ /' /,/ !/

%'20 14 .08 .B2 .95 | ,/i r i ,


0.00 .05 .10 .15 .20
h/L 1
h/L 1

050 ~ _ ~ _ . . . , - . - ' ] " ~ ' ~ .84 .86 c) Energy ratio U~/U


h r..~o
" 1.~s-"~-~" 4r
p~o'L~/E~ O'Oo 4T 1 T Fig 9. Effect of thickness ratio of the panel on the accuracy of the
h~
minimum vibration frequencyand the associated strain energy components
Fig 8. Surface plots depicting the effects of the thickness ratios, h/L and obtained by the different two-dimensional computational models Surface
2hr/h, and the temperature change T on the minimum vibration frequencies plots on the left are three-dimensional model for symmetrical structural
obtained by the three-dimensional model. Thermally stressed symmetric sandwiches with ten-layer cross-ply face sheets and orthotropic core, hb =
sandwich plates with ten-layer cross-ply face sheets and orthotropic core, h~ = hr, L2 = 1, RI = I, m = n = 1. Associated two-dimensional model
hb = ht = hl~,L2 = 1. accuracy for R2= 1 are shown in the line plots on the right

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Appl Mech Rev vol 49, no 3, March 1996 Noor et al: Computational modes for sandwich panels and shells 169

perature c h a n g e T can be a p p r o x i m a t e d by the simple for- where COois the f r e q u e n c y o f the u n h e a t e d panel (T = 0); and
mula: Tcr is the critical temperature o f the panel.
An indication o f the a c c u r a c y o f the m i n i m u m v i b r a t i o n
frequencies, and the associated e n e r g y c o m p o n e n t s U I, U 2,
= 1 Ter
Global Approximation Discrete Three-Layer Predictor-Corrector
Models Models Models
38

40
.25
2O
x3
Maximum ~5 ~- o.oo
Percent -.25
Error 10
Region 3
5 ~vI I.~ I ~ ~lP'fJ~:~"JJ-~fl['~1~/J'~J/'~'~'., Z/ Region 2 -.50
-1.25 0.00 1.25 -1.25
'~
0.00 1.25 -1.25 0.00 1.25
0 ~ L ~ ' ~ ~ . J ~ Region1 o11/I0,, . . = l ~ x o~I/IOH .=1~. o,,110. ,.=1~,
1-A 3 2 1-B 4 5 6 7 8
Model Number
a) Minimum Vibration Frequency

70 "-%.~ :o.o 1.. 3.~ . . o.o A 31~ .1.. o.o 1.. 3.~
25

Maximum 20
Percent 15
Error 10 Region 3
s 1"1 1.11 1.11--1 ~f~.,~-~y,-~,.~,~_..,/.,~.~-~,r~ Region 2
0 I / t - - - I ' ~ l ' J l ' - ' J ~ , I ~ 1 ~ , ~ - - ~ , ~'J~ Region1
1-A 3 2 1-B 4 5 6 7 8
Model Number "'%.o-2.0.1.o o.o1---~o .3.o .2'.o . . o o.o 1.o .3.o-2'.o .,.o 0:, 1.o
b) Strain Energy Component U~ o3z/Ioa=,=1~, o3=11%~o==1~, oaallo33,,~tl~,
Fig 12. Accuracy of through-the-thickness distributions of stresses obtained
by different computational models. Spherical sandwich panel with ten-
5O
layer cross-ply face sheets and orthotropic core

,g
Percent 20
Error
10 Region 3
,1/1:0,1/R2=1 h.
I I I J~ I ~ I Ju~,~'v'f~"~fZ~'v'~--f,~'w~'-w~/ Region 2
0 ~.~__I,~L__~.~L_J,~I__~, ~ , ~ , I . J ~ . , J f Region1
1-A 3 2 I-B 4 5 6 7 8
Model Number
C) Strain Energy Component U2
Fig I0. Maximum percent errors in the prediction of the minimum vibra-
tion frequency and the associated strain energy components obtained by
the different two-dimensional computational models over the range of geo-
metric parameters shown in Fig 2. Symmetric structural sandwiches with .3 I I I / I I I
O.O .t .2 .3 0.0 .1 .2 .3
ten-layer cross-ply face sheets and orthotropic core, hb = h~ = hr, L2 = 1, R~ 2hf/h 2hf/h
=l.

Global Approximation DiscreteThree-Layer Predictor-Correcter


Models Models Models O Lz/L,= 1. h/L, = .02 ~ L2/L, = 1. h/L, = .20
Whitney [1973]
.9
.25 ~,
IlIRa=l/R2=1 I " I:~1/R2=1 I
X3 0.00 IJ.
C
-.25 O .7
~ x xm

".50 t ~~ , ~ . ~
.15 .25 .35 .45 .15 .25 .3S .45 .15 .25 .35 .45 O
u,/lw,,=l~, uJIw,==l~, uJIw,==l~, 1= o
~ .s
. x~ , . ,,C
u)
x3
-~-o. I I r
.3

.~e .~
!5
.~s . s s ~ . o o ~ . o l .se .~7 .~a . s s 1.oo~.o~ s~ 9r ~8 ~ s ~ OOlO~
0.0 .1
2hf/h
.2 .3 0.0 .1
2hf/h
.2 .3

w/Iwo==l,~, w/Iwo==l~, w/Iw,~l~ Fig 13. Effect of geometric parameters of the panel on the values of the
Fig 11. Accuracy of through-the-thickness distributions of displacements composite correction factors used in the first-order shear deformation
obtained by different computational models. Spherical sandwich panel with theory (models 1B and 8). Symmetric structural sandwiches with ten-layer
ten-layer cross-ply face sheets and orthotropic core. cross-ply face sheets and orthotropic core, hb = ht = hf, L2 = I.

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170 Noor et al: Computational modes for sandwich panels and shells Appl Mech Rev vo149, no 3, March 1996

Transverse Shear Strain Energy Density


Geometry Ushl / Ushl,exact Imax' Ushl = 1/231 (2"31)
Model 1-A Model 7* Exact
.5
xs

x3
o.o 0.0 0.0
h
xl x2

o.5 I I i f f I I I -.5 f
-.5
II/R1 = 1/R2 = 01 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 0.0 .5 1.0 1.5 0.0 .5 1.0 1.5
.5
X3 ,5
\
X3
~ 0.0 - 0.0 0.0
X l ~ x 2
R2 l_ f
-.5 I
-.5 t ~ p -.5 f i I
II/R1 : o, R 2 : 11 0.0 1.0 2,0 3.0 0.0 .5 1,0 1.5 0.0 .5 1.0 1.5

X3 .5 .5

vw 7,
R 1 = R 2 = 11
X2
X3
'~" 0.0

-.5
0.0 1.0 2.0
I

3.0
0.0

-,5
f
0.0
L I

.5
I

1.0
I

1.5
0.0

-.5 f
0.0
~ N

i
.5
N

i
1.0 1.5
I

* O b t a i n e d f r o m integrating t h e t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l e q u a t i o n s of m o t i o n f o r linear elasticity.

Fig 14. Through-the-thickness distribution of transverse shear strain energy density obtained by models I A and 7. Symmetric structural sandwiches with
ten-layer cross-ply face sheets and orthotropic core, hb = ht = hr, L2 = I.
xs
predicted by the two-dimensional models listed in Table 10
is given in Fig 9. The maximum percent errors in the pre- h
.5
dications of the minimum vibration frequency and the asso- 2hf/h l
xl xz
.05 |
ciated strain energy components obtained by the different .4 ------0----- .10
two-dimensional models are shown in Fig 10. Regions I, II -----'f>-----.15 I
E~.~ f 2/oo2 .3 2o I
and III are identified by the magnitude of the energy ratio OEL .25 |
~ .30 ji
U1/U as obtained by the three-dimensional model (see the .2
projections shown on the middle row of Fig 7). As can be xa
seen from Figs 9 and 10, the most accurate predictions of the .1
0.00 .05 .10 .15 .20
global response quantities are those of models 5, 6 and 8, h/L 1
and the least accurate predictions are those of models l-A, 3 .4 .4
and 2.
.3
An indication of the accuracy of the thickness distribu-
tions of the modal displacement components u I and w; and f ~9U1 .2 f ~U2
the modal stress components a II, a13, ~33, associated with EL~L/U .1 EL~L/U .2
the minimum frequency, and obtained by the eight models is 0.0 .1
given in Figs 1 1 and 12. As can be seen from Figs 1 1 and 12,
-,1 P i I i 0.0
the most accurate displacement and stress distributions are 0.00 .05 .10 .15 .20 0.00 .05 .10 .15 .20
generally those predicted by model 8, and the least accurate hiLl h/L 1
are those predicted by models I-A, 2 and 5.
Fig 15. Effect of sandwich thickness and face sheet thickness on sensitivity
The accuracy of the predictions of the first-order shear coefficients of the minimum vibration frequency and associated strain
deformation theory is critically dependent on the selected
energy components obtained by the three dimensional model. Symmetric
values of the composite shear correction factors kl and k 2. structural sandwiches with ten-layer cross-ply face sheets and orthotropic
Figure 13 shows the effect of the geometric parameters core, hb = ht = hr, L~ = L 2 = 1, Ri =Rz = 1 , m = n = I.

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Appl Mech Rev vo149, no 3, March 1996 Noor et al: Computational modes for sandwich panels and shells 171

L2/Lb h/L~ and 2he'h on the values of k~ and k2, for flat, cy-
verse shear strain energy density Ush, = ~o31 2~31 obtained
lindrical, and spherical sandwich panels, generated by two
different approaches: the cylindrical bending assumption by models I A, 7, and the three-dimensional model are
proposed by Whitney (1973) and the first predictor-corrector shown in Fig 14.
approach (model 7). Note that the values of kl for the Figures 16, 17 and 18 show surface plots of the sensitivity
spherical sandwich panels are more sensitive to variations in coefficients, depicting the effects of variations in the normal-
L2/Li and h/L~ than for the corresponding fiat and cylindrical ized sensitivity coefficients of the minimum frequency
panels. The basis for computing k] in model 7 is the equiva-
~3CO2 2
lence of the transverse shear energy of the two-dimensional --/co , and the energy ratios Z. cgU~ / Uct (ix = 1,2); for
model and that obtained by piecewise integration, in the c3L tg~
thickness direction, of the three-dimensional stress equations Z. = E rL,GET
f andG~y The effect of plate thickness, h/Lt, and
of motion (used in a post-processing mode). Comparison of face sheet thickness, 2htCh, on geometric parameters R2/R=,
the thickness distributions of the component of the trans- h/L=, 2h~/h and L2/L are shown in Fig 15. Note that for the
range of parameters considered, the
largest normalized sensitivity coef-
ficient of (o2 is that with respect to

0.0 0.0 ( .o5o @0 .5 0.00


G[T. It increases monotonically
. . . ' - .
with a) the increase in R2/R b 2h~h
=JR~ ~,. go 3a' "
h/L~ and L2/Lb and b) the decrease in
a) Z,= E[ -/o)~
h/L]. The corresponding largest val-
~.0 I

8 I ues of c3Uct /Uct are associated


.5 3~
.6 I
0.0 0.0 0.0 .5o o.o with E[ (for c~ = 1) and G~3 (for oc
.4 I
' 'L ~"15.0 ~ , ~ .@ '0
"
R dH ~ ~.o~~o ~~" 2h . . . ' ~ ~ ~.0 .l.05~ ' = 2).
WL~ 'l. h/L~ WL, .2 I An indication of the accuracy of
b) K = G[T
oo I the sensitivity coefficients of the
minimum vibration frequencies and
their associated energy components
is given in Fig 19. The maximum
hc
0 -0( .o5 o. o
hf
percent errors in the predictions of
. the sensitivity of the minimum vi-
L~.~ ~'0".~0 "~'* "h/L~
bration frequencies by the two di-
c) x [] G~
mensional models listed in Table 9
Fig 16. Effect of geometric parameters of the panel on the sensitivity coefficients of the minimum vibra-
are shown in Fig 20. As can be seen
tion frequency obtained by the three-dimensional model Symmetric structural sandwiches with ten-layer
cross-ply face sheets and orthotropic core, hb = h~ = hr, L2 = 1, R~ = 1.
from Figs 19 and 20, the most accu-
rate sensitivities are those at models
x3 5, 6 and 8 and the least accurate are
those at models I-A, 3 and 2. Note
that the accuracy of the sensitivity
coefficient predictions are generally
R= R
lower than those of the associated
o~
au~ .. responses themselves.
~'~ 'l"~ .o5 ..~ r'~/U

R~/R~ ~ ~ ~
.
h/L,

2hf/h ~o ~o :~e,. h/'L~
~C;.~V:;~o~~
i_z/L~ ~,o~ 5o .~" h/L,
An indication of the accuracy of
the thickness distributions of the
4

a) Z : E [ .3 sensitivity coefficients of the dis-


placement and stress components
predicted by the different computa-
0.0 tional models is given in Figs 21
--I . I and 22. As for thickness distribu-
o.o o.o .0sO o .00 x~
tions of the displacements and stres-
. . .
J5 ~ , , , L i ~ . o g . ses, the most consistently accurate
Re,R1 ~t so ~ WL~ 2hJh "~ .g~ :~ WL~ LdL, ~'~ .~oa~ h/L, h h thickness distributions of the sensiti-
b) Z, = G~3 hf vity coefficients are those predicted
Fig 17. Effect of geometric parameters of the panel on the sensitivity coefficients of the strain energy by model 8; and the least accurate
component U~, associated with the minimum vibration frequency, obtained by symmetric structural ones are those predicted by models
sandwiches with ten-layer cross-ply face sheets and orthotropic core, hb = h, = hr, L2 = I, R~ = I. I-A, 2 and 5.

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172 Noor et al: Computational modes for sandwich panels and shells Appl Mech Rev vo149, no 3, March 1996

FUTURE DIRECTIONS
OF RESEARCH x=

The expanded use o f sandwich


plates and shells, particularly those
x, x=
with c o m p o s i t e face sheets is likely
to accelerate in the next few years. K ",~i / I m
Therefore, there is a need for ex- ~/U
ploiting the significant advances in 0.O O.00
computational techniques and test R=/R~ ~.0 ~o .~ . I .60
WL~ 2h /h .~ so.~ "h/L~
methods to improve the current pre- .45

dictive capability o f the response, a) Z. = EL .30

life, performance, and failure o f .15


sandwich plates and shells. This is 0.00
5o
particularly true for structures made
-.15
o f n e w materials, have n e w core ooo
.050 o.~5
configurations, and that are subjec-
ted to severe environments. Exam- 2h~/h .s0 .~o '~ "WL~ L~JL~ ~.~.~o .~ h/L~ h h=
WL1
ples o f the n e w materials are smart/- h~
b) ~ = G~3
intelligent materials, and composites
with three-dimensional reinforce- Fig 18. Effect of geometric parameters of the panel on the sensitivity coefficients of the strain energy
ments (as occurs with automated component U~, associated with the minimum vibration frequency, obtained by symmetric structural
textile processes such as three-di- sandwiches with ten-layer cross-ply face sheets and orthotropic core, hb = h, = hr, L~ = 1, R~ = I.
m e n s i o n a l w e a v i n g , stitching, knit-
ting, and braiding, w h i c h place reinforcing fibers through the
thickness o f the material to lock the composite plies into
140 ~ _.t;:~if- m I
place and suppress delamination). The key tasks for the ac-
curate m o d e l i n g o f sandwich plates and shells are: 3040 []
x,.u
Percent n .i ,~
Error 20 Region 3
10"1"J I ~ I ~ - - r ) i " ~ J " z ~ : : ) ' k ' ~ 7 ~ ' t " ~ Z I " y R e g Ion2
0 ~'--~ ~ . ~ ~ ~. ~ ~ 1.~ ~(/" Region 1
I-A 3 2 1-B 4 5 6 7 8
.~o ~= = J /'o.Z. . . . . . . . . . Model Number
3(o2
'Z~ -~'l 1.00 // ~ a) Sensitivity Coefficient
Et /
0"00 ,~ .90 t i , s , ~~(a,
R~JR1 "u"~O'" h/L, 0.00 .05 .1h0/L:15 .20 ~ z

'1NIl il
"I ', Jl "'1 Maximum'TI I lillll
"re' 'TI IiJM'l__--____
Error lo_H J ~ , ,
IRegion 3
I J 131 I ) l ~ - f Y / - ~ _ , - ~ r ~ " ~ - - " ~ J Region2
"5 [ .,d"~\",~ f -~-I 1.00 ]- " . , , ~ = . ~ : . . , . ~ . .....~ ..... 2 : 0 P"'---'~ ~ ~ ~, ~ ~ , ~ [ Region1
I-A 3 2 1-B 4 5 6 7 8
o 0 r ,"
Model Number
. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ..
~(o2
"~ ~,,l~'~'oe.e~ ' 0.00 .05 .10 .15 .20 .....-<3....... 6 b) Sensitivity Coefficient
RE/n1 ' e.~o .,~ ~/LI h/L1 '.~ ;
b) X = G[T

.~ ~
OG~3
1.oo Maximum
Percent
Error
0.00 ~. .05
/ ' /
~/
/ t i
3
0.00 .05 .10 .15 .20
R~RI ll'~"~'O"~ h/L~ hiLl 1-A 3 2 1-B 4 5 6 7 8
C) ~ = G~3 Model Number
Fig 19. Effect of thickness ratio of the panel on the accuracy of sensitivity c) Sensitivity Coefficient f f ~

coefficients of the minimum vibration frequency obtained by different two- Fig 20. Maximum percent errors in the prediction of the dominant
dimensional models Surface plots on left are three-dimensional model sensitivity coefficients of the minimum vibration frequencies obtained by
sensitivity coefficients for symmetrical structural sandwiches with ten-layer different two-dimensional computational models. The range of geometric
cross-ply face sheets and orthotropic core, hb = ht = hr, Li = L2 = 1, R~ = I, parameters considered is shown in Fig 2. Symmetric structural sandwiches
m = n = I. Associated two-dimensional model accuracy for R2 = 1 are with ten-layer cross-ply face sheets and orthotropic core, hb = ht = he, L2 =
shown in the line plots on the right. 1, Rl= I.

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Appl Mech Rev vol 49, no 3, March 1996 Noor et al: Computational modes for sandwich panels and shells 173

I. Computational material modeling. The reliability of Global Approximation Discrete Three-Layer Predictor-Correcter
Models Models Models
the response, life and failure predictions of sandwich plates
and shells is critically dependent on the accurate description,
and numerical simulation, of the different phenomena asso-
,25
ciated with each of the aspects of material behavior. Material
X3
characterization of the face sheets, core and adhesive layers K o.oo
is the major pacing item for the accurate prediction of the re- -.25

sponse and failure of sandwich plates and shells. -.50 ' -- '
-.07 O.O0 .07 -.07 0.00 .07 -.07 0.00 .07
2. Exploration of fundamental theories to accurately rep- GI 3 ~ llWexactlmnx x,
resent the physics governing the sandwich plate (or shell)
x= t~
behavior through the entire range of operating environment
(eg, temperatures, strains and stresses). This includes, among
other things, the coupling between the temperature field and
the strain field; effect of stress on thermal properties.
3. Formulation and implementation of effective computa- ::i2F ,
tional strategies and numerical techniques for the efficient -.01 0.00 .01 -.01 0.00 .01 -.01 0.00 .01
generation of the response, and for the simulation of failure c 3W
G'z ~/Jwe=ctlmax
of the structure. This includes, among other things, devel-
Fig 21. Accuracy of through-the-thickness distributions of the sensitivity
opment of: coefficients of the displacementcomponentsobtained by different compu-
a) hierarchical modeling and analysis strategies for sand-
tational models. Sandwich cylindrical panel with ten-layer cross-ply face
wich plates and shells with complicated geometry (eg, thick-
sheets and orthotropiccore.
ness discontinuities, presence of
cutouts and stiffeners) in which
different computational models Global Approximation Discrete Three-Layer Predictor-Corrector
are used for different regions of Models Models Models
the structure, and are adaptively .so 2 ? 2
refined as needed. Adaptivity in 3

the strategy minimizes reliance .25 MODEL J MODEL


x M~DEL J
+
1-A
on a priori assumptions about the x...3 0.00 .... ~'"+
....~ ..... 1-e | .....~ - - - 4
response. h .....O 5 - - Exact
- - - V -.--+ 2
Exact .....~ ...... 6

The use of object-oriented in- -.25 - - E x a c t

teractive environment can allow , I ~1 ii I


"'50-.8 0.0 .8 -.8 0.0 .8 -.8 0.0 .8
the use of different numerical al-
gorithms in different parts of the G c 011 X3
13~ " /JOll exactlmax
structure, as well as dynamically v~,-13 h
changing the algorithms during
.S0 -~
the computation. ...... -i~.F+.?
i++ xI x2
b) practical models and nu- .25 - 'b$

merical techniques for predict- xa


ing, in measurable and controila- "~" 0.00
ble parameters, the damage in-
-.25 i ~:..<
itiation and propagation in sand- l

wich plates and shells subjected -.50 0.0 .5 1.0 1.5 0.0 .5 1i0 0.0 .5 1.0
".5

to combined loading conditions. GC13 ~G~-


~031 /1031 exactJmax
These models must incorporate ~
local physics (eg, microstructural X3

effects such as fiber-matrix inter- .50


face debonding, progressive da- .25
mage and failure processes, and x3 h' / /
nonlinear, cyclic and history de- "fi" 0.00
pendence of material behavior).
4. Quality assessment, adap-
tive improvement and validation
of numerical simulations. In ad-
-.25

-.50
-.S -.4 0.0 -.6
"&i
-.4 -.2 0.0 -.6 -.4 -.2 0.0 .2

0 % /1%exacdmax
o 0G---~
G13
dition to developing practical er-
ror estimates and selecting a Fig 22. Accuracyof through-the-thicknessdistributions of the sensitivitycoefficientsof the stress components
benchmark set of sandwich plate obtained by different computational models. Sandwich cylindrical panel with ten-layer cross-ply face sheets
and shell problems for assessing and orthotropic core.

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174 Noor et al: Computational modes for sandwich panels and shells Appl Mech Rev vo149, no 3, March 1996

new computational strategies and numerical solutions, a high wich plates and shells is reviewed. The ten categories are:
degree of interaction and communication is needed between heat transfer; thermal and mechanical stress analysis; free
computational modelers and experimentalists. Carefully vibrations and damping; transient dynamic response; bifur-
conducted experiments are required not only to validate the cation and local buckling; large deflection and postbuckling
computational models, but also to understand the physical problems; effects of discontinuities and geometric changes;
phenomena associated with the plate and shell behavior damage and failure; experimental studies; and optimization
under complex loading conditions. and design studies. Some of the future directions for research
5. Non-deterministic analysis and modeling techniques. on sandwich plates and shells are outlined.
These are needed to account for uncertainties in material Extensive numerical results are presented for fiat, cylin-
properties, geometry, loads and boundary conditions, as well drical and doubly-curved sandwich panels with composite
as to quantify inherent uncertainties in the response, per- face sheets showing the effects of variations in the geometric
formance and failure of sandwich plates and shells. De- parameters of the sandwich on the accuracy of the predic-
pending on the nature and extent of the uncertainty present, tions of eight different modeling approaches based on two-
three approaches can be used for the modeling of sandwich dimensional theories. The critical temperature, free vibra-
plates and shells. If the sandwich parameters are treated as tional response and sensitivity coefficients are calculated.
random variables with known probability distributions, the The modeling approaches considered can be divided into
response of the structure can be determined by using proba- three categories: global approximation models, discrete
bilistic analysis and stochastic modeling techniques. If only three-layer models, and predictor-corrector procedures. The
fragmentary information on the sandwich characteristics are standard of comparison is taken to be the analytic three-di-
known, it is possible to establish upper and lower bounds on mensional thermoelasticity solutions.
the maximum response or failure loads using convex analy- For all the problems considered, the predictor corrector
sis (anti-optimization approach). On the other hand, if the procedure based on correcting the thickness distribution of
sandwich parameters are described in linguistic or imprecise the displacement components, resulted in the highest accu-
terms (eg, through membership functions, which represent a racy of the response quantities and their sensitivity coeffi-
gradual transition from membership to nonmembership), cients. Reasonably accurate predictions for the global re-
fuzzy logic and fuzzy set theory can be used to predict the sponse quantities can be obtained by using the first-order
response. shear deformation model, based on linear displacement vari-
The principal benefit of using any non-deterministic ation through the entire sandwich, provided proper values
analysis consists of the insights into engineering, safety and are selected for the composite shear correction factors. How-
economics that are gained in the process of arriving at those ever, accurate predictions of transverse stresses require the
quantitative results and carrying out reliability analyses. As use of three-dimensional equations.
future multilayered plate and shell structures become more
complicated, failure mechanisms will be based on non-de-
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
terministic models from the beginning of the design process,
and potential design improvements will be evaluated to as- The present research is partially supported by NASA Co-
sess their effects on reducing overall risk. The results, com- operative Agreement NCCW-0011, by NASA Grant NAG-
bined with economic considerations, will be used in system- 1- i 162 and by Air Force Office of Scientific Research Grant
atic cost-benefit analyses (perhaps also done on a non-de- AFOSR-F49620-93-1-0184. The authors are indebted to
terministic basis) to determine the structural design with the Tom Bitzer, Hexcel Corp, Dublin, CA, David Bushnell of
most acceptable balance of cost and risk. Lockheed Palo Alto, RMM Hussein, State University of
6. Multidisciplinary analysis and design optimization. New York, Syracuse, NY, WL Ko, NASA Dryden Flight
The realization of new complex sandwich plates and shells Research Center, Edwards, CA, T Lewinski, Warsaw Uni-
(eg, those made of piezoelectric materials and new core con- versity of Technology, L Librescu, VPI&SU, R-H Lin,
figurations) requires integration between the structures disci- Shanghai University of Technology, C-H Lu, University of
pline and other traditionally separate disciplines such as heat Memphis, VN Paimushin, Kazan State University, Russia, M
transfer, electromagnetics, aerodynamics and acoustics. This DiSciuva, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy, JH Starnes Jr,
is mandated by significant interdisciplinary interactions and NASA Langley Research Center, EE Theotokoglou, Techni-
couplings which need to be accounted for in predicting re- cal University of Athens, CES Ueng, Georgia Institute of
sponse, as well as in optimal design of these structures. Technology, and Jack R Vinson, University of Delaware for
supplying several references.

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A hmed K Noor is Ferman W Perry Professor of Aerospace Structures and Applied Mechanics. He is
also the Director of the Center for Advanced Computational Technology at NASA Langley Research
Center, Hampton, Virginia. Noor received his BS degree with honors from Cairo University (EgypO
in 1958, and his MS and PhD from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1961 and
1963, respectively. He taught at Stanford University, Cairo University (EgypO, University of
Baghdad (Iraq), the University of New South Wales (Australia), and George Washington University
before joining the University of Virginia. He has edited 20 books and authored over 350papers in
the ftelds of structural mechanics, computational mechanics, and new computing systems. Currently,
he is the Editor-in-Chief of Advances in Engineering Software published by Elsevier Science Ltd, the
Associate Editor o f Applied Mechanics Reviews published by ASME, and serves on the Editorial
Board of several international journals. He is a Fellow offour professional societies: the American
Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, American
Society of Civil Engineers, and the American Academy of Mechanics. He is a founding member of both the International and
US Associations of Computational Mechanics (1.4CMand USA CM), and the President of USACM. He served on a number
of committees of the National Research Council~NationalAcademy of Engineering including Large Space Systems,
Computational Mechanics, and Aeronautical Technology in the year 2000. He served on the NSF High-Performance
Computing Panel He has been active in AIAA, ASME, and ASCEfor many years and served as the chairman of the
Committee on Computing in Applied Mechanics, ASME. He received a number of awards including the 1989 ASCE
Structures and Materials A wardfor exceptional contributions to the advancement of aerospace technology in civil
engineering, and the 1995 Technical Achievement A ward from the National Academy of Engineering.

W Scott Burton is a research scientist at the University of Virginia Center.for Computational


Structures Technology at NASA Langley Research Center. He wasformerly a research scientist
at the George Washington University Joint lnstitute for Advancement of Flight Sciences, and a
senior engineer with Boeing Services International at the US Bureau of Mines, Mine Equipment
Test Facility. He is a member of ASME.

Charles W Bert holds the Benjamin H Perkinson Chair and is a George L Cross Research Professor
in the School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering at the University of Oklahoma, where he has
been a member of the faculty since 1963. He received BS and MS degrees in Mechanical Engineering
from the Pennsylvania State University and a PhD degree in Engineering Mechanics from the Ohio
State University. Prior to the joining thefaculty at Oklahoma, he was a junior design engineer at
American Flexible Coupling Co, a project officer (Lt, USAF) at the Air Force Armament Center
(Eglin AFB, FL), an aero design engineer at FairchiM Aircraft, and a principal engineer through
program director at Battelle's Columbus Laboratories. He is the author of over 200 refereed journal
papers, over 100 other papers, and eight book chapters. His research emphasis has been in solid
mechanics, especially mechanics of composite structures, structural dynamics, and most recently,
computational mechanics. He serves on editorial boards for Advanced Composite Materials, Applied
Mechanics Reviews, Composite Engineering, Composite Structures, Journal o f Sound and Vibration, and Mechanics o f
Composite Materials and Structures. Bert is a Fellow of AAAS, AAM, AIAA, ASME, SEM, and SES.

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