Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1 UVOD 1 INTRODUCTION
Postojea zgrada u kojoj je smjetena Ambasade The existing building where the Embassy of the
Republike Turske izgraena je na samom poetku 20- Republic of Turkey is located was constructed at the
tog stoljea. Tlocrt zgrade je poligonalnog oblika, sa beginning of the 20th century. It has a polygonal shape,
vanjskim dimenzijama 26m x 16m. Dvokatna zgrada with the outer dimensions of 18.26m x 15.90m. It is a
obuhvaa prizemlje, prvi kat i podrum koji je smjeten two-story building (ground floor and first floor) with a
ispod dijela zgrade. Nosivi zidovi izgraeni su od pune basement located under part of the building. The
opeke, debljine oko 51cm, dok su nenosivi zidovi basement is constructed of basket arches made of
razliitih debljina od 10cm do 20cm. Meukatne stone. The bearing walls are made of solid bricks,
konstrukcije napravljene su od drveta, a plafon je approximately 51cm thick, while the non-bearing
izgraen od maltera na trstici. Temeljenje zgrade je elements are of various thicknesses, ranging from 10cm
najvjerovatnije izvreno putem kamenih trakastih to 20cm. The floors are made of timber and the ceiling is
temelja. Visina donjeg kata varira od 3.34m do 3.68m, made of reed covered with plaster. The building is
dok se visina prvog kata kree u granicama od 3.00m do probably founded on stone strip footings. The height of
3.30m. Ukupna visina objekta iznosi oko 9.00m (slika 1). the ground floor ranges from 3.34m to 3.68m, while the
Pregledom i analizom nosive konstrukcije, oteene height of the first floor is 3.00m to 3.30m. The total
nakon zemljotresa koji se desio 31.03.2009.godine, height of the building is approximately 9.00m (figure 1).
magnitude M=3.8 po Richter-ovoj skali, uoene su An inspection and analysis of the bearing structure,
mnogobrojne pukotine u unutranjosti zgrade. Izmjerene which was damaged by the 2009 earthquake that
su irine i dubine pukotina kod nosivih i nenosivih zidova registered a Magnitude of M=3.8 on the Richter's scale,
i utvren pravac njihovog prostiranja. shows numerous cracks inside the building. The cracks'
width and depth were measured on the bearing and non-
bearing walls and path distribution was determined.
Seizmika otpornost zidanih elemenata i konstrukcija The best way to define the seismic resistance of
najbolje se odreuje preko veze horizontalne (poprene) masonry elements and structures is by examining the
sile i pomjeranja. Dobijena kriva naziva se kriva relationship between lateral force and displacement. The
kapaciteta nosivosti zidane konstrukcije (slika 2). obtained curve is called the resistance envelope curve of
the masonry structure (figure 2).
Idealised Experimental
Figure 3. Seismic resistance envelope with characteristic limit states and attributed damage indexes as by [3])
Prema Tomaeviu [3], odreenom stupnju otee- According to [3], a certain damage index Id is
nja pridruuje se odgovarajui indeks oteenja Id koji attributed to a certain degree of damage, which is
je povezan sa prethodno definiranim karakteristinim connected to the previously defined characteristic limit
stanjima (slika 3). Indeks oteenja vezan je za fiziko states (figure 3). Damage indexes are correlated with the
oteenje konstrukcije. Tako, Id=0 znai da nema ote- structure's degree of physical damage. So, Id=0 means
enja. Sa poveavanjem optereenja, a u zavisnosti od that there is no damage. Increasing the loads, and
dominantnog naprezanja pojavljuju se odgovarajue depending on the predominant loading, certain types of
pukotine: dijagonalne u sluaju smicanja, horizontalne u cracks will occur: diagonal in the case of shear;
sluaju savijanja, usljed prekoraenja napona zatezanja horizontal in the case of flexure; and when the tensile
u dijagonalnom pravcu dolazi do nastanka prvih pukotina stresses are exceeded, initial cracks will occur in one or
koje se javljaju u jednom ili pak oba dijagonalna pravca. in both diagonal directions. This situation is defined as
Ovo stanje odgovara elastinom graninom stanju, pri elastic limit state, and the damage index has the value of
emu njegov indeks iznosi Id=0.25. Nastavljajui povea- Id=0.25. The number of the cracks as well as their
vati optereenje dolazi do poveavanja broja pukotina i interconnection and webbedness will increase as the
Dobru definiciju "vulnerability" (osjetljivosti na Sandi [4] gave a good definition of vulnerability: "The
djelovanje zemljotresa) dao je Sandi [4]: "The seismic seismic vulnerability of a building is its behavior
vulnerability of a building is its behavior described via a described via a cause-effect law, where the cause is the
cause-effect law, where the cause is the earthquake and earthquake and the effect is the damage." In order for
the effect is the damage - Osjetljivost konstrukcije na vulnerability to be able to be used in practice, it has to be
seizmiko djelovanje predstavlja njeno ponaanje quantified by using a minimum two parameters, one to
iskazano preko zakona uzrok-posljedica, gdje je uzrok define the earthquake and the other to define damage.
zemljotres a posljedica je oteenje." Kako bi imala Damage and degree of damage can be defined by
praktinu primjenu osjetljivost konstrukcije (vulnerabilty) visual damages, damages indicating the stiffness
mora biti iskazana preko broja. Dakle, neophodna su degradation, and by economic aspects. The first two are
minimalno dva parametra jedan da definira zemljotres a the most important for the civil engineer that is damages
drugi oteenja. defined by stiffness reduction and visible damage of the
Definiranje oteenja i stupnja oteenja moe biti structure.
iskazano kroz vizualna oteenja, oteenja u vidu When it comes to defining an earthquake in terms of
smanjenja nosivosti, i preko ekonomskog aspekta. Za the seismic parameter, a macroseismic scale with the
graevinskog ininjera najvanija su oteenja value of Intensity I can be used. Intensity I signifies the
konstrukcije iskazana kroz smanjenje nosivosti i vidljiva impact an earthquake has on structures (degree of
oteenja konstrukcije. damage), people (subjective feeling of ground shaking,
Kao seizmiki parametar za definiranje zemljotresa panic), nature (visible cracks on the ground, change in
moe se koristiti makroseizmika skala u vidu inten- the terrain configuration, landslide etc.), and the
ziteta I. Intenzitet I, predstavlja pokazatelj djelovanja economy (estimation of damage).
zemljotresa kako na konstrukciju (stupanj oteenja The basis of the 12 degree European macroseismic
objekata), ljude (subjektivni osjeaj podrhtavanja tla, scale (European Macroseismic Scale-EMS-98) was the
panika), prirodu (vidljive naprisline na tlu, promjena MSK-64 (Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik) scale, which
konfiguracije terena, pojava klizita itd.) tako i na itself is based on the MCS (Mercalli-Cancani-Sieberg)
ekonomski dio (procjena tete). scale and the modified Mercalli scale (MM-31 and MM-
Osnova za formiranje Europske makroseizmika 56). As until now, the scale retained 12 degrees, with
skale od 12 stepeni (European Macrosiemic Scale-EMS- precise and detailed descriptions. [6]
98) bila je MSK-64 (Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik) skala, On the other hand, defining the vulnerability
koja je sama proistekla iz primjene MCS (Mercalli- parameters of the structure is a greater problem. One
Cancani-Sieberg) skale, modificirane Merkalijeve skale possibility is to gauge the estimated economic damages
(MM-31 i MM-56). Kao i do sada skala je zadrala 12 by comparing the reconstruction costs of the structure
stupnjeva, sa preciznijim i detaljnijim opisima. [6] with estimated construction costs of a similar structure.
S druge strane definiranje parametra osjeljivosti Another possibility is to follow the EMS-98 [6] and the
konstrukcije (vulnerability) predstavlja jo vei problem. GNDT vulnerability card [5] by using a damage index
Jedna od mogunosti je da se procijeni vrijednost rekon- that is derived from discrete damage states assigned to
strukcije objekta u odnosu na izgradnju sline ili iste different building components.
konstrukcije, to predstavlja ekonomsku procjenu ote- The structures in EMS-98 are assigned into
enja. Ili pak kao to je to u EMS-98 [6] i u obrascu vulnerability classes depending on the Type of Structure.
napravljenom od strane GNDT-a [5] gdje se koristi The vulnerability of structures is divided into classes,
indeks oteenja koji se dobija iz diskretnih stanja ote- with letters from A to F, and the bearing structures are
enja koja se pripisuju razliitim elementima konstrukcije. selected in respect to their construction system and
Kod EMS-98 podjela konstrukcija u klase osjetljivost material. The weakest structures are given a
(vulenarbility classes) dana je u zavisnosti od tipa vulnerability class A, and the structures that will show
konstrukcije. Osjetljivost konstrukcija podijeljena je u the best behavior on the earthquake action a class F is
klase, sa oznakama od A do F, a nosive konstrukcije su assigned (Table 1)
razvrstane prema vrsti nosivog sistema i vrsti materijala.
Najslabijim konstrukcijama dodijeljena je klasa
osjetljivosti A, a konstrukcijama koje e pokazati najbolje
ponaanje usljed djelovanja zemljotresa pridruuje se
klasa F. (Tabela 1)
Stupnjevi (Grades) oteenja prikazani su odvojeno Damage Grades are given separately for the
za zidane konstrukcije. Veliina stupnjeva oteenja masonry structures. The grades of damages range from
kree se od 1 (Grade 1) neznatna do jedva primjetna 1 (Grade 1) negligible to slight damage to 5 (Grade 5)
oteenja do 5 (Grade 5) koja predstavlja ruenje. which stand for destruction. Visible damages are given
Slikoviti prikaz konstrukcije dat je sa lijeve strane (slika on the left side (figure 4). For detailed description see
4). Za detaljniji opis vidjeti [9]. [9].
Obrazac GNDT za mjere oteenja (stupnja The GNDT vulnerability card was introduced in 1984
osjetljivosti) uveden je jo 1984 od strane Benedetti-a i by Benedetti and Petrini after the 1983 Parma
Petrini-a nakon zemljotresa koji je pogodio Italiju (Parma earthquake. The card is updated as needed. It consists
zemljotres 1983). Obrazac se aurira po potrebi. Sastoji of two levels, level I and II. The I level card is used for all
se od dva nivoa, nivo I i II. Forma nivoa I, koristi se za types of structures, including data regarding age of the
sve vrste konstrukcija, ukljuuje podatke kao to su structure, location, geometric characteristics, type of
starost konstrukcije, lokacija, geometrija, tip objekta i structure and suffered damage. Level II contains only
pretrpljena oteenja. Nivo II, sadri samo parametre parameters related to the structural features of the
koji se odnose na karakteristike nosive konstrukcije i building and its behavior on seismic actions. In addition,
njeno ponaanje usljed djelovanja zemljotresa. Takoer, it contains information regarding behavior of individual
sadri informacije koje se tiu ponaanja pojedinanih components of the structure (figure 5), as well as the
elemenata konstrukcije (slika 5) kao i konstrukcije kao behavior of the entire structure on such actions. This
jedinstvene cjeline. Tu su podaci o tipu konstruktivnog data refers to type of load-bearing structure, geometry,
sistema, geometriji konstrukcije, karakteristikama roof characteristics, influence of non-structural elements,
krovita, uticaju nenosivih elemenata, trenutnom stanju current state of the building [5].
konstrukcije. [5]
Oteenja na nosivim zidovima datim od strane Damages on masonry bearing walls given by
National Group for Earthquake Loss Reduction - GNDT National Group for Earthquake Loss Reduction - GNDT
glase[7]: are [7]:
Tabela 2
1) vertical cracks on openings; 2) diagonal cracks on parapets and in doors and window lintels 3) diagonal cracks on
vertical strips of walls between openings; 4) local masonry crushing with or without spalling; 5) horizontal flexural cracks
on top or bottom of vertical strips of walls between openings; 6) vertical cracks at wall intersections; 7) passing through
vertical cracks at wall intersections; 8) spalling of material at the location of floor beams due to pounding; 9) separation
and expulsion of the intersection zone of two corner walls
Veina pukotina, kao oigledno oteenje, a to Most of the cracks, which are understood as damage
predstavlja jedan od kljunih faktora o kome se treba and which represent one of the key factors that must be
voditi rauna pri brzoj i sigurnoj evaluaciji koja se considered during the fast and secure evaluation
uobiajeno provodi nakon zemljotresa, uoena je na zidu following after an earthquake, were observed to be
kod stepeninog podesta (detalj 2) kao i na zidovina located on the stair landing's wall (detail 2) and in the
soba koje se nalaze na prvom katu (detalji 3, 4, 5, 6 i 7), rooms on the first floor (details 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7), while
dok su pukotine koje se nalaze u prizemlju manje the cracks on the ground floor (detail 1) were determined
znaajne (detalj 1). Detalji su oznaeni na skicama 1 i 2. to be of a minor importance. Details are marked on the
drafts 1 and 2.
soba 1
584
467
248 h=3.37m
154
kuhinja
soba 2
453
ulazni hodnik 467
"detail 3"
187
"detalj 1"
310 h=3.30m
hodnik
328
732
"detalj 4" h =3.24m
1
h =3.34m
136
1
h=3.37m h =3.00m podest stepenita
158
1
h =3.68m 265
248
2
267 h =3.30m
ULAZ "detalj 2"
2
hodnik 2
"detalj 5"
"detalj 6" "detalj 7"
h=3.27m h=3.27m
434
434
soba 4 soba 3
446 577
Periferna pukotina u prizemlju (detalj 1) na pregrad- Peripheral crack on the ground floor (detail 1) on the
nom zidu predstavlja karakteristinu horizontalnu pukoti- non-bearing wall represents a characteristic horizontal
nu kod zidnih elemenata koja se javlja usljed savijanja crack on masonry elements resulting from flexure on the
na mjestima izmeu otvora (postojanje vrata u ovom top or bottom of the vertical strips of walls between
sluaju), to se esto povezuje sa lokalnim defektima openings, which is very often connected with local
prilikom izgradnje same konstrukcije. Prema GNDT ovo defects during the construction of the building. According
pripada tipu 5 pukotine i nivou B (slika 5). to GNDT, this can be referred to as 5 type crack and
Najvea koncentracija pukotina uoena je na level B (figure 5).
podestu stepenita i to na nosivom zidu (Slika 6-detalj The largest concentration of the cracks, as well as
2). Pored najvee koncentracije pukotina na ovom the largest of the cracks, is on the stair landing's wall,
podruju i irina pukotina dostie najveu vrijednost. which is the bearing wall (figure 6-detail 2).
Slika 8. Detalji 2A Zid na stepeninom podestu Slika 9. Detaji 2B Zid na stepeninom podestu
Figure 8. Detail 2A Stair landing wall Figure 9. Detail 2B Stair landing wall
Izgradnja konstrukcije bila je u vremenu kada nisu The structure was constructed during the time when
postojali propisi za seizmika optereenja. Dva osnovna there were no codes for seismic actions. Two basic
faktora koja utiu na ponaanje konstrukcija pod factors that influence the behavior of structures on
dejstvom zemljotresa su nosivi sistem konstrukcije i earthquake actions are the bearing system of the
kvalitet materijala i izvoenje radova. Tlocrt zgrade je structure and material quality and quality of construction
poligonalnog nepravilnog oblika, to je jedan od works. The layout of the structure is of a polygonal
elemenata koji nepovoljno utie na seizmiku otpornost irregular shape, which is one of the elements that has a
konstrukcije. Nosiva konstrukcija sastoji se od nosivih negative effect on the seismic resistance of a structure.
vertikalnih zidova od pune opeke, dok je meukatna The load bearing structure consists of vertical bearing
konstrukcija izvedena od drveta. Nepravilna osnova, walls made of solid brick, while the floors are made of
raspored zidova za preuzimanje seizmikih sila, i kruto timber. Irregular layout, distribution of the wall for taking
stepenite koje se nalazi na istonoj strani objekta, over the seismic forces and a stiff staircase located on
dovode do ekscenticiteta centra krutosti i centra masa, the eastern part of the structure, lead to eccentricity of
to rezultira dodatnom torzionom momentu i the center of stiffness and center of mass, which results
koncentraciji napona. Nepostojanje vertikalnih serklaa in additional torsion moment and stress concentration.
predstavlja jo jedan faktor koji utie na poveanje Nonexistence of tie-columns is an additional factor that
osjetljivosti konstrukcije na djelovanje zemljotresa. increases the vulnerability of structures on seismic
Poto je meukatna stropna konstrukcija napravljena actions.
od drveta radi se o fleksiblinoj dijafragmi, podovi nisu Due to the fact that the slab is made of timber it is
kruti i ne dolazi do prenosa seizmikih sila na zidove considered as a flexural diaphragm, the floors are not
proporcionalno njihovoj krutosti kao kod nosivih rigid in their own plane, there is no adequate transfer of
konstrukcija zgrada sa aksijalno krutim tavanicama. seismic forces onto the walls proportional to their
Veina horizontalnih pukotina, maksimalne irine do stiffness as is the case with the bearing structures with
0.7mm nalazi se na kontaktu izmeu vertikalnih nosivih axial rigid slabs. Most of the horizontal cracks, having a
zidova i meukatne konstrukcije. Moe se pretpostaviti maximum width of 0.7mm are located on the contact
da je, zbog nepovezanosti zidova, svaki djeluje za sebe i between the vertical bearing walls and the slab. It could
deformira se u smjeru manjeg otpora, dolo do be assumed, that due to inadequate connection of the
koncentracije oteenja na najkruem mjestu walls, each wall works for itself and deforms in its' weak
(stepeninom podestu). Ovo je tipino oteenje usljed direction, with the greatest the concentration of the
djelovanja zemljotresa srednje jaine, kod konstrukcija cracks located on the stiffest place (stair case). This is
sa meukatnom konstrukcijom napravljenom od drveta. typical damage to structures with timber slabs resulting
Evidentna su mala pomjeranja opeke na nekim from moderate earthquake.
mjestima, to implicira na to da je veza izmeu maltera i Small brick movements on some locations are
opeke oslabljena u ovim podrujima. Konstrukcija observed, implicating that the connection between the
izgraena negdje u ranim 1900-tim, vremenu kada je mortar and the brick is loosen in this area. The structure
malter koji se upotrebljavao sadravao znaajnu koliinu was built somewhere in the early 1900s, at that time
krea, te sam proces starenja je uticao da malter izgubi the mortar that was used had a large amount of lime,
dio svoje elastinosti i vrstoe to je rezultiralo mortar used was of a lime variety, the aging process has
djeliminom osipanju maltera. contributed to the mortar loosing some of its elasticity
Konstrukcija zgrade se prema EMS-98 moe svrstati and strength and being partly silted.
u konstrukcije kojima odgovara klasa osjetljivosti According to EMS-98, the structure of the building
"vulnerability class" B. Zemljotres magnitude M=3.8 po can be classified into the vulnerability class" B. An
Richter-ovoj skali prema USGS (US Geological Survey) earthquake of the magnitude of M=3.8 on the Richter's
5 ZAKLJUAK 5 CONCLUSION
Zgrada koja je izgraena na samom poetku 20-tog The building that was constructed at the beginning of
th
vijeka, uzimajui u obzir da tada nisu postojali nikakvi the 20 century, taking into account that at that time
seizmiki propisi, pokazala je dosta dobro ponaanje there were no codes regarding seismic actions, behaved
nakon djelovanja zemljotresa koji se desio 31 marta rather well in the presence of earthquake actions, which
2009 godine. Veina horizontalnih pukotina nalazi se na occurred on 31 March 2009. The majority of the
kontaktu izmeu vertikalnih nosivih zidova i drvene horizontal cracks are located on the contact zone of the
meukatne konstrukcije. Koncentracija oteenja se vertical bearing walls and timber floor. Concentration of
nalazi na gornjem katu. Pretpostavlja se da je usljed the damages is located on the upper floor. It is assumed
nepovoljne veze meukatne drvene konstrukcije i zidova that due to the inadequate connection of the timber floor
dolo do koncentracije oteenja na najkruem mjestu and the walls the concentration of the damages are
(stepeninom podestu). located on the stiffest place (stair case).
Prema EMS-98 ova konstrukcija pripada klasi According to EMS-98, this building is classified as a
osjetljivosti "vulnerability class" B. A prema klasifikaciji "vulnerability class" B structure. A masonry structure as
oteenja zia, odnosno zidane konstrukcije kao cjeline, a whole, according to EMS-98 (figure 4) is classified as
prema EMS-98 (slika 4), ovaj objekat se moe svrstati u Grade 1. According to this grade the building has
Grade 1 (Stupanj 1). Ovaj stupanj je karakteristian po suffered slight damage, with no damages of the bearing
neznatnim oteenjima, pri emu nije dolo do oteenja elements. The structure has small cracks and exhibits
nosivih elemenata. Na konstrukciji su uoene tanke local separation of brick and mortar.
naprsline i lokalno odvajanje maltera i opeke. Damage index is below the value of Id = 0.25 as no
Indeks oteenja se nalazi ispod vrijednosti Id = 0.25 major crack was observed on the structure, so it can be
jer na konstrukciji nije uoena znaajna pukotina, pa se concluded that the structure did not reach the "crack
moe zakljuiti da konstrukcija nije dostigla "crack limit." When talking about local damages of the walls,
limit". Kada se radi o lokalnom oteenju zidova, prema and according to [7] the most damaged wall is classified
[7] najoteeniji zidovi spadaju u nivo (level) B. Moe se into the level B. It can be concluded that the masonry
zakljuiti da zidana konstrukcija ipak nije "tako" kruta, te structure is not "so" brittle, and that it possesses certain
da posjeduje odreenu duktilnosti i sposobnosti ductility and the ability to dissipate energy.
disipacije energije. Repair of damages resulting from the earthquake
Preporuena je sanacija oteenja koja su nastala action is proposed. Cracks of the 0.3mm width could be
kao rezultat djelovanja zemljotresa. Pukotine irine do injected with cement mortar, or strengthening of the
0.3mm mogu se ispuniti injektiranjem cementnim entire wall with reinforced concrete covers could be
malterom, ili pak se moe pristupiti ojaanju cijelog zida done. In this way, the structure load bearing would be
sa tankim armiranobetonskim oblogama. Na ovaj nain increased. Pre-stressed diagonal ties could be used to
poveala bi se nosivost konstrukcija. Drvene tavanice se stiffen the timber floors. The advantage to this is that
mogu ukrutiti sa prednapregnutim dijagonalnim there would be minimal change to the authentic bearing
zategama. Ovim se najmanje mijenja autentinost system, thereby maintaining the building under the
nosivog sistema zgrade imajui u vidu da je zgrada pod protection of Cultural and Historic Heritage of the City of
zatitom kulturno-historijskog i prirodnog naslijea Sarajevo.
Sarajeva.
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REZIME SUMMRY