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Class 16 (11/20/02)
Syntax Introduction
(1) Syntax:
• the way in which words are put together to form phrases and sentences;
• the branch of linguistics that deals with …
• “Grammatical” ≠ “meaningful”
1
This triangle has four sides.
Jie must speak many languages since he’s a linguist.
(4) What kind structure does syntax have? Can it be a word chain?
• Part of a possible word-chain device for English:
happy
the boy ice cream
a girl eats hot dogs
one dog candy
• House to ask for is to earn our living by working towards a goal for his team in old New-
York was a wonderful place wasn’t it even pleasant to talk about and laugh hard when he tells
lies he should not tell me that reason why you are is evident.
2
(8) Lessons learned:
• We identify categories such as noun, verb, adjective, etc.
• The word categories are not linearly pieced together, there must be an overarching structure
to the sentence.
Verb (V) → eats, likes, play, pass, build, turn, write, attack, fall, burglarized
Adjective (A) → happy, big, colorless, green, wonderful, erudite, tall, beautiful
Pronoun (Prn) → I, me, we, we, us, you, he, him, she, her, it, they, them
NP
rgu
D A N
| | |
the big balloon
• What’s in common among play basketball, pass the exam, build a dam, turn the doorknob,
and write a book?
VP
ei
V NP
| ty
pass D N
| |
the exam
3
Two students passed the difficult exam.
The beavers built a dam.
An invisible man turned the doorknob.
The erudite historian wrote a wonderful book.
[ badgers ]
[ large brown badgers ]
[ those large brown badgers ]
[ those large brown badgers from Wisconsin ]
The head of a constituent determines the environment where that constituent can
occur—this captures long distance dependency.
Prepositional Phrase: Can come after the direct object of the verb “put”
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Exercise: Identify the head of the constituent and assign it its proper label:
this book
David’s older brother
on the table
extremely fat
just above the bookcase
kill the cobra with a stick
the destruction of the city
dance all night long
an old wrinkled newspaper
come slowly into the ballroom
• How about:
Either if the boys eat ice cream, then the girls eat candy, or if the girls eat ice cream, then the
boys eat candy.
• Can you account for the ambiguity for different constituent structures?
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(14) Interim conclusion:
• Sentences are formed by putting constituents together.