Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

University of Babylon
College of Materials Engineering
Department of ceramics and building materials

" Linear Algebra "

Lecturer
Dr. Mohammed A'asi

Preparation
Eihab Ahmed Obaid

0
 - Linear Algebra

Is the study of vectors and linear functions . That is mean of two

dimension's shape .

It's use when the relation has two variable or less .

- Organizing Information

Is the process that deals with representation of data in a

functions of relation . That mean conversion of data to a
mathematical equations .

Function can contain one or more variables and the way of

solution can differ from method to another , and it's have inputs
& outputs .

Ex :- Factory made three cars in a day in first week & five cars
in day in second week & six cars in day in third week , the total
number of cars is :-

T=(3*7)+(5*7)+(6*7)

= 21 + 35 + 42

T = 98 cars

So we could conversion the data that take from factory to an

equation than find the solution for it .

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 - Functions

Is the operations that occur on the any variables and have inputs
& outputs .

- Linear Functions

Is the operations that have vectors at both inputs & outputs .

- Features to Linear Functions

1- Additivity :- { f (u = v) = f ( u ) = f ( v ) }
There is no matter if we add ( u ) and ( v ) then input their sum
into the function , or first input ( u ) and ( v ) into the function
separately then add the outputs .

2- Homogeneity :- {f(c.u)=c.f(u)}

Same status applies on the scalar multiplication , so we can

multiply a constant by ( u ) then input the result into the function , or
input ( u ) into the function then multiply all the function by the
constant .

Ex :- When f : is the first function & g : is the second function .

1- ( . ) = Additivity

2- (+ )= + Homogeneity

2
 - Linear System

Is the set of a linear equations that can be translate to another

form ( Matrix ) .

a1 x1 + a2 x2 + .. + an xn = C

b1 x1 + b2 x2 + .. + bn xn = D

- Matrix

Is any rectangular array of numbers.

- Types of Matrices
By the entries
1- Coefficient Matrix :- matrix that have just a coefficient of the
equations ( without the constants ) .
2- Augmented Matrix :- matrix that have the coefficient &
constants of there equations in their entries

Coefficient augmented

x+3y=0 1 3 1 3 0

x2y=4 1 -2 1 -2 4

By the results
1- Consistent : the matrix that have a solution .
a- Unique Solution Matrix :- represent a matrix of cross
vectors that have one magnitude for each variable .
b- Infinity Many Solutions :- represent a matrix have an
identical ( one over another ) vectors .
2- Inconsistent : the matrix that doesn't have solution , and
represent matrix have parallel vectors .
3
 - Writing Matrix

When we write a matrix , we convert the linear equations to new

form ( matrix's form ) , and the reason is to make the solution
simpler.

Ex :- A room contain x bags & y boxes of fruit , each bag contain

( 2 ) apples & ( 4 ) bananas and each boxes contain ( 6 ) apples &
( 8 ) bananas . There are 20 apples & 28 bananas in the room . Find
x&y.

Ans. :-

First we write the fuctions of x & y , depending on the data of the

question .

2 x = 6 y = 20 .. for apples

4 x = 8 y = 28 .. for bananas

coe. Of x coe. Of y constant

2 6 20

4 8 28

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 Gausse Elimination

1- Row Echelon Form ( R E F )

* * * * 1 * * * x=?
* * * * 0 1 * * y=?
* * * * 0 0 1 * z=?

1 * * * x=?
0 1 * * y=?
0 0 1 * z=?

2- Redused Row Echelon Form ( R R E F )

* * * * 1 0 0 * x=?
* * * * 0 1 0 * y=?
* * * * 0 0 1 * z=?

1 0 0 * x=?
0 1 0 * y=?
0 0 1 * z=?

Note:- ECHELON FORMS

A rectangular matrix is in echelon form if it has the following three
properties :-
1- All nonzero rows are above any rows of all zeros .
2- Each leading entry of a row is in a column to the right of the
leading enty of the row above it .
3- AIl entries in a column below a leading entry are zeros .
- If a matrix in echelon form satisfies the following additional
conditions,then it is in reduced echelon form :-
4- The leading entry in each nonzero row is 1 .
5- Each leading 1 is the only nonzero entry in its column .
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 To solve the matrix we follow three steps :-
1. Interchange 2. Scaling 3. Adding

Exambles :-

1) x + 5 y = 7 , -2x7y=-5

Ans. :-

1 5 7 *2 1 5 7

-2 -7 -5 0 3 9

0*x+3*y=9 = y=3

1*x+5*y=7 x + 15 = 7

X = 7 15 x=-8

2) x - 2 y + z = 0 , 2y8z=8 , -4x+5y+9z=-9

Ans. :-

1 -2 1 0 *4
0 2 -8 8 2
-4 5 9 -9

1 -2 1 0

0 1 -4 4 *3 Forwarding
0 -3 13 -9

1 -2 1 0
0 1 -4 4
0 0 1 3

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1 -2 1 0

0 1 -4 4

0 0 1 3 *4

1 -2 1 0

0 1 0 16 Backwarding

0 0 1 3 * -1

1 -2 0 -3

0 1 0 16 *2

0 0 1 3

1 0 0 29

0 1 0 16

0 0 1 3

x = 29

y = 16

z=3

This matrix is consistent , unique .

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3) x+2y3z=4
3xy+5z=2 find x , y , z
4x+y+2z=6

Ans. :-

1 2 -3 4 * -3 1 2 -3 4 * -4

3 -1 5 2 0 -7 14 -10

4 1 2 6 4 1 2 6

1 2 -3 4 1 2 -3 4

0 -7 14 -10 * -1 0 -7 14 -10 *-

0 -7 14 -10 0 0 0 0

1 2 -3 4

0 1 -2

0 0 0 0

z=a , a :- constant , aR

y-2a= y= + 2a

x+2( +2a)-3a=4 x+ +4a-3a=4

x=4- -a x= -a

x= -a

This matrix is consistent , infinitely many solutions .

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4) y4z=8

2x3y+2z=1 , find x , y , z

5x8y+7z=1

Ans. :-

0 1 -4 8

2 -3 2 1

5 -8 7 1

2 -3 2 1 *-

0 1 -4 8

5 -8 7 1

2 -3 2 1

0 1 -4 8 *


0 - 2 -

2 -3 2 1

0 1 -4 8

0 0 0 0x+0y+0z

This matrix is inconsistent .

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 - Matrices Multiplication

When multiply a matrix ( u ) by matrix ( v ) the procedure of

answer will be as shown :

Note:- the number of row of second matrix must be same the

number of the column of the first matrix

U= a1 b1 , V= x1 y1 z1

a2 b2 x2 y2 z2

2 * 2 2 * 3

must be same

U * V = ( a1.x1 + b1.x2 ) (a1.y1 + b1.y2 ) ( a1.z1 + b1.z2 )

( a2.x1 + b2.x2 ) (a2.y1 + b2.y2 ) ( a2.z1 + b2.z2 )

Ex -1 :- u= 0 1 -1 , v= 3 , find u * v
1 1
- 0 0
2 2

5
Ans. :-

( 0 + 0 + (-5) ) = -5
3 5
(- +0+ ) 1
2 2

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Ex -2:- u= 1 2 , v= 2 6 , find u * v

0 1 4 8

Ans :-
u*v= 1 2 * 2 6

0 1 4 8

= (2+8) ( 6 + 16 )

(0+4) ( 0+ 8)

= 10 22

4 8

Ex -3:- u= 2 3 1 , v= 3 4 5 , find u * v

2 -7 4 1 1 4

2 1 4

Ans :-
u*v= 2 3 1 * 3 4 5

2 -7 4 1 1 4

2 1 4

= (6+3+2) (8+3+1) (10 + 12 + 4 )

( 6 +(-7)+ 8 ) ( 8 +(-7)+ 4 ) (10 +(-28)+ 16 )

= 11 12 26

7 5 -2
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 - The Matrix Detour

This term means using the matrix with the original equation
instead of the function for the same formula to facilitate the solution
process when the solution is difficult for the given function .

Ex :- ( + 2 ) f(x) = x + 1 , find f(x) .

Ans. :-

This equation of the derivative, and by compared to the general

equation of derivative we can find the coefficients of variables in the
equation, so it is easy to convert them into a matrix and find the
values of variables .

general equation of derivative is { f(x) = a x2 + b x + c }

substitution f(x) in the example by the general equation :-

( + 2 ) [ a x2 + b x + c ] = 2 a x + b + 2 a x2 + 2 b x + 2 c

2 a x2 + ( 2 a + 2 b ) x + ( b + 2 c ) = x + 1

0
2a 0 a= a=0
2
1
2a+2b = 1 2a+2b=1 b=
2
1
B+2c 1 b+2c=1 c=
4

1 1
( +2)( x+ )=x+1
2 4

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 - Inverse of Matrix

A. ( 2 x 2 ) matrix

To determine the inverse of ( 2 x 2 ) matrix we follow this

equation :-

A-1 = * adj. ( A )
//

Where :-
A-1 :- the inverse of matrix .

/A/ :- determinant of matrix .

Adj. ( A ) :- adjoint matrix.

For A = x1 y1

x2 y2

/A/ = ( x1 * y2 ) ( y1 * x2 )

Adj ( A ) = y2 - y1

- x2 x1

A-1 1 * y2 - y1
( x1 * y2 ) ( y1 * x2 ) - x2 x1

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Ex :- A= 4 7 , find A-1

2 6

Ans :-

/A/ = ( 4 * 6 ) ( 7 * 2 )

= 24 - 14 = 10

Adj ( A ) = 6 -7

-2 4

A-1 1 * 6 -7
10 -2 4

6 7
= -
10 10
2 4
-
10 10

= 0.6 - 0.7

- 0.2 0.4

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 B. ( 3 x 3 ) matrix

The general equation of ( 3 x 3 ) matrix is the same of ( 2 x 2 )

matrix . but the difference in find of determent and adjoint matrix .

A-1 = * adj. ( A )
//

Where :-
A-1 :- the inverse of matrix .

/A/ :- determinant of matrix .

Adj. ( A ) :- adjoint matrix.

x1 y1 z1
For A = x2 y2 z2
x3 y3 z3

x1 y1 z1 x1 y1
/A/ = x2 y2 z2 x2 y2
x3 y3 z3 x3 y3

= [(x1*y2*z3)+(y1*z2*x3)+(z1*x2*y3)] - [(y1*x2*z3)+(x1*z2 * y3)+(z1*y2*x3)]

/A/ = n assuming

a1= [(y2*z3)-(z2*y3)] b1= [(x2*z3)-(z2*x3)] c1= [(x2*y3)-(y2*x3)]

a2= [(y1*z3)-(z1*y3)] b2= [(x1*z3)-(z1*x3)] c2= [(x1*y3)-(y1*x3)]

a3= [(y1*z2)-(z1*y2)] b3= [(x1*z2)-(z1*x2)] c3= [(x1*y2)-(y1*x2)]

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 a1 - b1 c1

- a2 b2 - c2

a3 - b3 c3

a1 - a2 a3

adj. ( A ) = - b1 b2 - b3

c1 - c2 c3

a1 - a2 a3

A-1 = - b1 b2 - b3

c1 - c2 c3

Ex :- 1 0 -3

A= 2 -2 1 , find A-1

0 -1 3

Ans :-

A-1 = * adj. ( A )
//

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 1 0 -3 1 0
/A/ = 2 -2 1 2 -2
0 -1 3 0 -1

= [ (1*-2*3) + (0*1*0) + (-3*2*-1) ] [ (0*2*3) + (1*1*-1) + (-3*-2*0) ]

= [-6+0+6][01+0]

/A/ =1

+ [(-2 * 3) - (1 * -1)] - [(2 * 3) - (1 * 0) + [(2 * -1) - (-2 * 0)]

- [(0 * 3) - (-3 * -1)] + [(1 * 3) - (-3 * 0) - [(1 * -1) - (0 * 0)]

+ [(0 * 1) - (-3 * -2)] - [(1 * 1) - (-3 * 2) + [(1 * -2) - (0 * 2)]

-5 -6 -2

3 3 1

-6 -7 -2

-5 3 -6

adj. ( A ) = -6 3 -7

-2 1 -2

-5 3 -6 -5 3 -6

A-1 = * -6 3 -7 = -6 3 -7

-2 1 -2 -2 1 -2

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 - Vectors

Any matrix in one column ( column vector ) ,

or one row ( column vector ) x

[x y z] , y

- Adding Vectors z

When we adding vectors we add each number in first vectors

with the opposite number in second vector .

1 3 4

0 + 2 = 2

2 6 8

- Scaling Vectors

When we multiply vector by real number , the number will multiply

with all numbers inside the vector separately .

3 12

4 x 2 = 8

6 24

- Draw Vectors

To draw a vector we determine the point that represent that vector

and draw line from this point to the origin point .

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 - Linear Combinations

To find a values of a new vector by few processing at another

vectors . ( y = c1 . a1 + c2 . a2 + .. + cn . an )

Ex :-

W1 = - v1 + 2 v2

W2 = 2 v1 + v2

W3 = - v1 v2

W4 = v1 0.5 v2

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