Lachesismeantthenegligenceoromissionroassertarightwithina

resonabletime,warrantingapresumptionthatthepartyentitledtoassertit
eitherhasabandoneditordeclinedtoassertit.Ignaciovs.Basilio,SCRA
366,p.15.

TherescissioninArticle1381oftheNewCivilCodeisnotakintotheterm
rescissioninArticle1191andArticle1592.InArticles1191and1592,the
rescissioisaprincipalactionswhichseekstheresolutionorcancellationsof
thecontractwhileinArticle1381,theactionisasubsidiaryonelimitedto
casesorrescissionforlessionasenumeratedinsaidarticle.Iriganvs.Court
ofAppeals,SCRA366,p.41.

Tosearchmeanstolookintoorovercarefullyofthoroughlyinaneffortto
findsomething.Peoplevs.Chua,SCRA366,p.283.

Anactionisaformaldemandofone'srightinacourtofjusticeinthe
mannerprescribedbythecourtorbythelaw.Natchervs.CourtofAppeals,
SCRA366,p.385.

Thetermspecialproceedingsmaybedefinedasanapplicationof
proceedingstoestablishthestatusorrightofaparty,oraparticularfact.
Natchervs.CourtofAppeals,SCRA366,p.385.

TransportasusedundertheDangerousDrugsActisdefinedtomean:to
carryorconveyfromoneplacetoanother.Inherentinthecrimeof
transportingtoprohibiteddrugistheuseofamotorvehicle.Peoplevs.Del
Mundo,SCRA366,p.471.

AlicenseisadocumentissuedbytheDepartmentofLaborand
Employmenty(DOLE)authorizingapersonorentitytooperateaprivate
employmentagency,whileanauthorityisadocumentissuedbytheDOLE
authorizingapersonorassociationtoengageinrecruitmentandplacement
activitiesasaprivaterecruitmententity.Peoplevs.Pascua,SCRA366,p.
524.
Therestitutionofacetifcateoftitledenotesrestorationintheoriginalform
andconditionofalostordestroyedinstrumentattestingthetitleofaperson
toapieceofland.Leevs.Republic,SCRA366,p.524.

Ajudicialquestionisdefinedasthatwhicharisesinthecasetheresolution
ofwhichisalogicalantecedentoftheissueinvolvedtherein,andthe
cognizanceofwhichpertainstoanothertribunal.Sabanalvs.Tongco,SCRA
366,p.567.

Touchingwhenappliedtorapecasesdoesnotsimplymeanmereepidermal
contact,strokingorgrazingoforgans,aslightbrushorascrapeofthepenis
ontheexternallayerofthevictim'svigina,ofthemonspubistheremustbe
sufficientandconvincingproofthatthepenisindeedtouchedthelabiasor
slidintothefemaleorganandnotmerelystrokedtheexternalsurface
thereofforanaccusedtobeconvictedorconsummatedrape.Peoplevs.
Alcoreza,SCRA366,p.655.

Asearchinginquirymeansmorethaninformingcurioslytheaccusedthat
hefacesajailtermbut,also,theactlengthofimprisonmentunderthelaw
andthecertaintythathewillserveatthenationalpernitentiaryorapenal
colony.Peoplevs.Nuelan,SCRA366,p.705.

Arraignmentisaformalprocedureincriminalprosecutiontoaffordan
accuseddueprocessanditisalsothemeansofimplementingthe
constitutionalrightsofanaccusedtobeinformedofthenatureandcauseof
theaccusationagainsthim.Peoplevs.Nuelan,SCRA366,p.705.

Aprejudicialquestionisonewhicharisesinacasetheresolutionofwhichis
alogicalantecedentoftheissueinvolvedtherein,andtherecognizanceof
whichpertainstoanothertribunal.Manalovs.CourtofAppeals,SCRA366,
p.752.

Interventionisaremedybywhichathirdparty,notoriginallyimpleadedin
theproceedings,becomesalitigantthereintoenablehimtoprotector
preservearightorinterestwhichmaybeaffectedbysuchproceeding.
Manalovs.CourtofAppeals,SCRA366,p.752.

Thewordpossessionasusedinforcibleentryandunlawfuldetainer,
meansnothingmorethanphysicalpessession,notlegalpossessioninthe
sensecontemplatedincivillaw.Tironavs.Alejo,SCRA367,p.17.

Thedistinctionbetweenforcibleentryandunlawfuldetainerare:(1)in
anactionforforcibleentry,theplaintiffmustallegeandprovethathewas
proirphysicalpossessionofthepremisesuntildeprivedthereof,whilean
illegaldetainer,theplaintiffneednothavebeeninpriorphysicalpossession;
and(2)inforcibleentry,thepossessionbythedefendantisunlawfulab
initiobecauseheacquirespossessionbyforce,intimidation,threat,strategy,
orstealth,whileinunlawfuldetainer,possessionisoriginallylawfulbut
becomesillegalbyreasonoftheterminationofhisrightorpossessionunder
hiscontractwiththeplaintiff.Tironavs.Alejo,SCRA367,p.17.

Asubstantivelawisalawwhichcreates,defines,orregulatesrights
concerninglife,libertyorproperty,orthepowersofagenciesor
instrumentalitiesfortheadministrationofpublicaffairs.Tironavs.Alejo,
SCRA367,p.17.

Initsordinarysense,tocorrectmeanstomakeorsetright,toremovetge
faultsorerrorsfromwhiletochangemeanstoreplacesomethingwith
somethingelesofthesamekindorwithsomethingthatservesasa
susbtitute.Leevs.CourtofAppeals,SCRA367,p.110.

Watershedsmaybedefinedasanareadrainedbyariveranditstributaries
andenclosedbyaboundaryordividewhichseparatesitfromadjacent
watersheds.Sta.RosaRealtyDevelopmentCorporationvs.Courtof
Appeals,SCRA367,p.175.
Anaccidentisanoccurrencethathappensoutsidetheswayofourwill,and
althoughitcomesaboutthroughsomeactofourwill,liesbeyondthebounds
ofhumanlyforeseeableconsequenceitconnotestheabsenceofcriminal
intent.Peoplevs.Agliday,SCRA367,p.273.

Forseriousmisconducttoexist,thejudicialactcomplainedofshouldbe
corruptorinspiredbyanintentiontoviolatethelaworapersistent
disregardofwellknownlegalrules.Innotconductingahearingonthe
incidentsofthecase,respondentjudgedisregardedaruleofprocedure
whichissobasicandsimple.Re:ReleasebyJudgeManuelT.Muro,RTC,
Br.54,Manila,ofanAccusedinaNonBialableOffense,SCRA367,p.285.

Anexpertwitnessisonewhobelongstotheprofessionorcallingtowhich
thesubjectmatteroftheinquiryrelatesandwhopossessesspecial
knowledgeonquestionsonwhichhepropesestoexpressanopinion.People
vs.Abriol,SCRA367,p.327.

Thereisunlawfulaggressionwhentheperiltoone'slife,limborrighteither
actualorimminent.Theremustbeactualforceoractualuseofweapon.
Peoplevs.Recto,SCRA367,p.390.

Thetwonodesofdirectassualtare:first,byanypersonroperonswho,
withoutapublicuprising,shallemployforceorintimidationfortha
attainmentofanyofthepurposesenumeratedindefiningthecrimesof
rebellionandsedition;andsecond,byanypersonorpersonswho,withouta
publicuprising,shallattack,employforce,orseriouslyintimidateorresist
anypersoninauthorityoranyofhisagents,whileengagedinthe
performanceofofficialduties,oronoccasionofsuchperformance.Peoplevs.
Recto,SCRA367,p.390.

Anagentofapersoninauthrityisanypersonwho,bydirectprovisionoflaw
orbyelectionorbyappointmentbycompetentauthority,ischargedwiththe
maintenanceofpublicorderandtheprotectionandsecurityoflifeand
property,suchasbarriocouncilman,barriopolicemanandbarangayleader,
andanypersonwhocomestotheaidofpersonsinauthority.Abarangay
chieftanodisclearlyanagentofapersoninauthority.Peoplevs.Recto,
SCRA367,p.390.

Afelonyisfrustratedwhentheoffenderperfomsalltheactsofexecution
whichwouldproducethefelonyasaconsequencebutwhich,nevertheless,
donotproduceitbyreasonofcausesindependentofthewillofthe
perpetrator.Peoplevs.Recto,SCRA367,p.390.

Theprincipleofinparidelictoprovidesthatwhentopartiesareequallyat
fault,thelawleavesthemastherareanddeniesrecoverybyeitheroneof
them.Theprincipleofinparidelictodoesnotapplytoinexistentandvoid
contracts.YuBunGuanvs.Ong,SCRA367,p.559.

Thepenaltychageisalsocalledpenaltyorcompensatoryinterest.Tanvs.
CourtofAppeals,SCRA367,p.571.

Anescrowisawritteninstrumentswhichbyitstermsimportsalegal
obligationandwhichisdepositedbythegrantor,promisor,orobligor,orhis
agentwithastrangerorthirdparty,tobekeptbythedepositaryuntilthe
performanceofaconditionorthehappeningofacertainevent,andthento
bedeliveredovertothegrantee,promisee,orobligee.ProvinceofBataanvs.
Villafuente,Jr.,SCRA367,p.620.

AntiCattleRustlingLaw:Theownerincludestheherdsman,caretaker,
employeeortenantofanyfirmorentityengagedintheraisingoflarge
cattle.Peoplevs.Escarda,SCRA368,p.334.

Arecidivistisonewho,atthetimeofhistrialforonecrime,shallhaveneen
previouslyconvictedbyfinaljudgmentofanotherembracedinthesametitle
oftheCode.Peoplevs.Escarda,SCRA368,p.334.

Thephrasepartyadverslyaffectedbythedecisionreferstothe
governmentemployeeagainstwhomtheadministrativecaseisfiledforthe
purposeofdisciplinaryactionwhichmaytaketheformofsuspension,
demotioninrankorsalary,transfer,removalordismissalfromoffice.Floria
vs.Sunga,SCRA368,p.551.

Atrustreceiptisasecuritytransactionintendedtoaodinfinancing
importersandretaildealerswhodonothavesufficientfundsorsourcesto
finacetheimportationorpurchaseofmerchandise,andwhomaynotbeable
toacquireacreditexceptthruutilization,ascollateral,ofthemerchandise
importedorpuchased.RizalCommercialBankingCorporationvs.AlfaRTW
ManufacturingCorporation,SCRA368,p.611.

Acontractofsale,asdefinedintheCivilCode,isacontractwhereoneofthe
partiesobligateshimselftotransfertheownershipofandtodelivera
determinatethingtotheotherorotehrswhoshallpaythereforeasum
certaininmoneyoritsequivalent.TheCivilCodeprovisiononsaleis,in
effect,acatchallprovisionwhicheffectivelybringswithinitsgraspa
wholegamutoftransferwherebyownershipofathiniscededfora
consideration.PolytechnicUniversityofthePhilippinesvs.CourtofAppeals,
SCRA368,p.691.

Moralturpitudeisdefinedasanactofbaseness,vileness,ordepracvityin
theprivatedutieswhichamanoweshisfellowmen,ortosocietyingeneral,
contrarytotheacceptedandcustomaryruleofrightanddutybetweenman
andwoman,orconductcontrarytojustice,honesty,modesty,orgoodmorals.
Villabervs.CommissiononElections,SCRA369,p.126.

Thetermmoralturpitudeisconsideredasencompassingeverything
whichisdonecontrarytojustice,honesty,orgoodmorals.Villabervs.
CommissiononElections,SCRA369,p.126.

WhenthePlunderLawspeaksofcombination,itisreferringtoatleasttwo
(2)actsfallingunderdifferentcategoriesofenumerationprovidedinSection
1,par.(d),e.g.,raidesonthepublictreasuryinSection1,par.(d),subpar.
(1),andfraudulentconveyanceofassetsbelongingtotheNational
GovernmentunderSectoin1,par.(d),subpar.(3).Estradavs.
Sandiganbayan,SCRA369,p.394.

Toconstituteaseriestheremustbetwo(2)ormoreovertorcriminalacts
fallingunderthesamecategoryorenumerationfoundinSection1,par.(d),
say,misaappropration,malverstionandraidsonthepublictreasury,
PlunderLaw.Estradavs.Sandiganbayan,SCRA369,p.394.

ThetermpatternissufficientlydefinedinSection4,inrelationtoSection
1,par.(d),andSection2,PlunderLaw.Estradavs.Sandiganbayan,SCRA
369,p.394.

Thevoidforvaguenessdoctrinehasbeenformulatedinvariousway,butit
mostcommonlystatedtotheeffectthatastatuteestablishingacriminal
offensemustdefinetheoffensewithsuffiecientdefinitenessthatpersonsof
ordinaryintelligencecanunderstandwhatconductisprohibitedbythe
statuteitcanonlybeinvokedagainstthatspecieoflegislationthatis
utterlyvagueonitsface,i.e.,thatwhichcannotbeclarifiedeitherbya
savingclauseorbyconstruction.Estradavs.Sandiganbayan,SCRA369,p.
394.

Thevoideforvaguenessdoctrinestatesthatastatutewhicheitherforbids
orrequiresthedoingofanactintermssovaguethatmenofcommon
intelligencemustnecessarilyguessatitsmeaninganddifferastoits
application,violatesthefirstessentialofdueprocessoflaw.Estradavs.
Sandiganbayan,SCRA369,p.394.

Theoverbreathdoctrinedecreesthatagovernmentalpurposemaynotbe
achievedbymeanswhichsweepunnecessarilybroadlyandtherebyinvade
theareaofprotectedfreedoms.Estradavs.Sandiganbayan,SCRA369,p.
394.

ResorttothedeliberationsinCongresswillreadilyrevealthattheword
combinationincludesatleasttwodifferentovertorcriminalactslistedin
RepublicActNo.7080,suchasmisappropriation(1[d][1])andtakingundue
advantageofofficialposition(1[d][1]),whileontheotherhandseriesis
usedwhentheoffendercommitsthesameovertorcriminalactmorethan
once.Estradavs.Sandiganbayan,SCRA369,p.394.

Crimesmalainsearethosesoseriousintheireffectsonsocietyastocallfor
almostunanimouscondemnationofitsmembers.Estradavs.
Sandiganbayan,SCRA369,p.394.

Crimesmalaprohibitaareviolationsofmererulesofconveniencedesigned
tosecureamoreorderlyregulationsoftheaffairsofsociety.Estradavs.
Sandiganbayan,SCRA369,p.394.

IntheLawofSales,deliverymaybeeitheractualorconstructive,butboth
formsofdeliverycontemplateabosolutegivingupofthecontrolandcustody
ofthepropertyonthepartofthevendor,andtheassumptionofthesameby
thevendee.EquatorialRealtyDevelopment,Inc.vs.MayfairTheater,Inc.,
SCRA370,p.56.

Initsnaturalsense,deliverymeanssomethinginadditiontothedeliveryof
propertyottitle;itmeanstransferofpossession.EquatorialRealty
Development,Inc.vs.MayfairTheater,Inc.,SCRA370,p.56.

Possessionistheholdingofathingortheenjoymento0faright.Equatorial
RealtyDevelopment,Inc.vs.MayfairTheater,Inc.,SCRA370,p.56.

Asolidaryobligationisonewhicheachofthedebtorsisliablefortheentire
obligationandeachofthecreditorsisentitledtodemandthesatisfactionof
thewholeobligationfromanyorallofthedebtors.PHCreditCorporation
vs.CourtofAppeals,SCRA370,p.155.

Ajointobligationisonewhicheachdebtorisliableonlyforproportionate
partofthedebt,andthecreditorisentitledtodemandonlyproportionate
partofthedebt,andthecreditorisentitledtodemandonlyaproportionate
partofthecreditfromeachdebtor.PHCreditCorporationvs.Courtof
Appeals,SCRA370,p.155.

Graveabuseofdiscretionimpliessuchcapriciousandwhimsicalexerciseof
judgmentasisequivalenttolackofjurisdiction,orwherethepoweris
exercisedinanarbitraryordespoticmannerbyreasonofpassionor
personalhostilitywhichmustbesopatentandgrossastoamounttoan
invasionofpositivedutyortoavirtualrefusaltoperformthedutyenjoined
ortoactatallincontemplationoflaw.HongkongandShanghaiBanking
CorporationEmployeesUnionvs.NationalLaborRelationsCommission,
SCRA370,p.193.

ThewordbriefisderivedfromtheLatinbrevis,andtheFrenchbrick,and
literallymeansashortorcondensedstatement.DelLianovs.Courtof
Appeals,SCRA370,p.349.

Thereisaquestionoffactwhenthedoubtordifferencearisesastothetruth
ofthefalsehoodofallegedfacts.DelLianovs.CourtofAppeals,SCRA370,
p.349.

Cohabitationmeansmorethansexualintercourse,especiallywhenoneof
thepartiesisalreadyoldandmaynolongerbeinterestedinsexatthevery
least,cohabitationisthepublicassumptionbyamanandawomanofthe
maritalrelation,anddwellingtogetherasmanandwife,therebyholding
themselvesouttothepublicassuch,andsecretmeetingsornight
clandestinelyspenttogether,evenifoftenrepeated,donotconstitutesuch
kindofcohabitation.Arcabavs.Vda.DeBatocael,SCRA370,p.414.

Thewordspontaneousemphasizestheideaofaninnerimpluse,acting
withoutexternalstimulus.Theconductoftheaccused,nothisintention
alome,afterthecommissionoftheoffense,determinethespontaneityofthe
surrender.Peoplevs.Nicholas,SCRA370,p.473.

Preliminaryinvestigationisdefinedasaninquiryorproceedingsto
determinewhetherthereissufficientgroundtoengenderawellfounded
beliefthatacrimecongnizablebytheRegionalTrialCourthasbeen
committedandtherespondentisprobableguiltythereof,andshouldbeheld
fortrial.SolidTriangleSalesCorporationvs.SheriffofRTCQC,Br.93,
SCRA370,p.491.