Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, TOPI 23460
hadeed@giki.edu.pk
October 5, 2017
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 4 Resources October 5, 2017 1 / 30
Overview
1 Theory
Circuits with dependent sources
Examples
Advanced techniques for circuit analysis
Node Voltage method
Example
Node Voltage method for more than two nodes
Example
Node Voltage method with dependent sources
Example
Special cases of node voltage method
The concept of super-node
Example
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 4 Resources October 5, 2017 2 / 30
Circuits with dependent sources
Rule 1
For applying the Kirchhoffs law, treat the dependent sources as if they
were an independent sources.
Rule 2
Write the equation that specifies the relationship of the dependent source
to the controlling parameter
Rule 3
Solve the equations for the unknowns.
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 4 Resources October 5, 2017 3 / 30
Example 2.27
Find Vo in the circuit shown.
Step 2: Write the equation that relates the controlling parameters of the
controlled source. VA =2000I1
Solving these equations, I1 =2mA
Therefore, Vo =10V
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 4 Resources October 5, 2017 4 / 30
Example 2.28
Find Vo in the circuit shown.
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 4 Resources October 5, 2017 5 / 30
Example 2.29
Find Vo in the circuit shown.
Vo = 1kI (4)
12 + 3kI + 2kI + 1kI = 0 (5)
I=2mA and therefore Vo =2V
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 4 Resources October 5, 2017 6 / 30
Example 2.30
Determine an expression for the gain of the amplifier, which is the ratio of
the output voltage to the input voltage.
Step 1: Simplify the circuit. R3 ,R4 and R5 are in parallel and can be
combined as RL . Also apply KVL to the input side
gm RL R2 vi (t)
vo (t) = (9)
R1 + R2
Therefore, gain which is the ratio o output voltage to the input voltage is
vo (t) gm RL R2
= (10)
vi (t) R1 + R2
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 4 Resources October 5, 2017 8 / 30
Learning Assessment 2.28
Determine Vo .
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 4 Resources October 5, 2017 10 / 30
Why advanced circuit analysis methods ?
Reason 1
The structural complexity limits the application of Kirchhoffs and Ohms
law.
Reason 2
Large circuits require analysis methods that are more systematic and
robust.
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 4 Resources October 5, 2017 11 / 30
Node voltage method
Essential node is a node that connects 3 or more elements.
Number of essential nodes is always less than or equal to the total number
of nodes in a circuit.
Total nodes = 7
Essential nodes = 4 (b,c,e,g)
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 4 Resources October 5, 2017 12 / 30
Node voltage method
Essential branch is a path that connects two essential nodes without
passing through an essential node.
Number of essential branches is always less than or equal to the total
number of branches in a circuit.
Total branches = 10
Essential branches = 7 (V1 R1 , R2 R3 , V2 R4 , R5 , R6 , R7 and I)
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 4 Resources October 5, 2017 13 / 30
Procedure of Node voltage method
Step 2
Select one of the essential nodes as reference node (normally the ground
node). Put a with reference node.
Strep 3
Define the node voltage on circuit diagram. Voltage rise from the
reference node to a non reference node and generate the node voltage
equation (I= VR )
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 4 Resources October 5, 2017 14 / 30
Procedure of Node voltage method
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 4 Resources October 5, 2017 15 / 30
Procedure of Node voltage method
Only one essential node and hence only one equation is enough
v1 50 v1 v1
+ + 3=0 (18)
5 10 40
v1 = 40V (19)
Unknown currents can be calculated by applying ohms law.
I ia = 5040 40
5 =2A , ib = 10 =4A , ic =
40
40 =1A
I P50v =(50)(-2)=-100W delivering
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 4 Resources October 5, 2017 17 / 30
Example 4.5 [Nillsson]
Find v1 ,v2 ,i1 ,P12A ,P5A .
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 4 Resources October 5, 2017 18 / 30
Example 4.6 [Nillsson]
Find V.
Answer : V=15V
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 4 Resources October 5, 2017 19 / 30
Node Voltage method for more than two nodes
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 4 Resources October 5, 2017 20 / 30
Example 4.2-3 [Dorf]
Find Va ,Vb and Vc .
At node A
va vc va vc va vb
+ + 12=0 (20)
5 2 5
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + va vb + vc = 3 (21)
5 2 5 5 2 5
At node B
vb va vb vc vb
+ + 3+2=0 (22)
5 10 4
1 1 1 1 1
va + + + vb vc = 1 (23)
5 10 4 5 10
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 4 Resources October 5, 2017 21 / 30
Example 4.2-3 [Dorf] (continued)
Find Va ,Vb and Vc .
At node C
vc va vc va vcvc vb
+ + + +1=0 (24)
5 2 2 10
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
va vb + + + + vc = 1 (25)
5 2 10 2 5 10 2
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 4 Resources October 5, 2017 22 / 30
Example 4.2-3 [Dorf] (continued)
Apply the Cramers rule to get the answer (va =7.1579V,vb =5.0526V,
vc =3.4737V)
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 4 Resources October 5, 2017 23 / 30
Node Voltage method with dependent sources
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 4 Resources October 5, 2017 24 / 30
Example
Find the power in 5 resistance.
At node 1
v1 20 v1 v1 v2
+ + =0 (27)
2 20 5
At node 2
v2 v2 v1 v2 8i
+ + =0 (28)
10 5 2
The current i is given by
v1 v2
i = (29)
5
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 4 Resources October 5, 2017 25 / 30
Example
Find the power in 5 resistance.
v1 + 1.6v2 = 0 (30)
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 4 Resources October 5, 2017 27 / 30
Concept of Super-node
A super-node consists of two nodes connected by an independent or a
dependent voltage source.
vs is known. va vs = vb , va vb = vs
We consider a and b as one supernode. Apply KCL at supernode.
va vb
+ = is (31)
R1 R2
vs + vb vb
+ = is (32)
R1 R2
R1 R2 is R2 vs
vb = (33)
R1 + R2
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 4 Resources October 5, 2017 28 / 30
Example 4.3-2 [Dorf 9th ed.]
Apply KCL at node a and b. We assume current i from 12V.
va vb = 12 (34)
vb = va + 12 (35)
At node a
va
= 1.5 + i (36)
6
At node b
vb
+ 3.5 + i = 0 (37)
3.5
Therefore,
va vb
+ = 2 (38)
6 3.5
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 4 Resources October 5, 2017 29 / 30
Example 4.3-2 [Dorf 9th ed.]
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 4 Resources October 5, 2017 30 / 30