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argument
"Never say never." main
phil
printTwice
"Never say never."
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P= <I; ;T4DS6;M mno I4? A=; 6AK46 Q4:8416;M pqmgo M 4=@ =A S4:4D;<;:?U
fpno nsg I4? =A 6AK46 Q4:8416;? 4=@ A=; S4:4D;<;:M =4D;@ f n U
R
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6;>46 RA: Q4:8416; @;K64:4<8A=?M =A< RA: S4:4D;<;:?U
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<2S;? AR 4:>5D;=<?U ]I; RA66AG8=> 8? G:A=>B
no tp kk o
no mno g j o
fpno nmg ino tp n no mno g j o }
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<I;8: @;K64:4<8A=?U P< 8? 5==;K;??4:2 4=@ 866;>46 tp
<A 8=K65@; <I; <2S; GI;= 2A5
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EA5 D8>I< I4Q; =A<8K;@ 12 =AG <I4< ?AD; AR <I; R5=K<8A=? G; 4:; 5?8=>M 68F; <I;
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V4= G; G:8<; R5=K<8A=? <I4< 28;6@ :;?56<?M A: 4:; G; ?<5KF G8? 68F;
og nog 4=@ fpno nsg
]I; 4=?G;: <A <I; <I8:@ 5;?<8A= 8? 2;?M 2A5 K4= G:8<; R5=K<8A=? <I4< :;<5:=
Q465;?M\ 4=@ G;66 @A 8< 8= 4 KA5S6; AR KI4S<;:?U P G866 6;4Q; 8< 5S <A 2A5 <A 4=?G;:
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xyz z}}y >8Q; 5? <I8? 41868<2U ]I; ?8DS6;?< RA:D 8? <I; n ?<4<;D;=<v
n i g j lk
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C6<IA5>I <I;?; AS;:4<8A=? 4:; S:A14162 R4D8684: <A 2A5M <I; ?2=<4T VWW 5?;? 8?
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main
6
n: 3 recurse: 2 result: 6 factorial
2
1
1 factorial
n: 0
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int fred = 5; fred = 7;
fred fred
5 5 7
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AR <I8? S:A>:4D 8?
s t m gp e
ne qpg gp o
s t nmtohe
CKKA:@8=> <A nepg gp M 4K;? 4:; 6;?? <I4= @;5K;? L&?OU C? 4= ;T;:K8?;M T 8<
?A <I4< 4K;? 4:; :4=F;@ I8>I;: <I4= 8=>?M 4? <I;2 4:; 8= DA?< K4:@ >4D;?U
s
]I; :;4?A= P KIA?; 4? <I; A1X;K<? RA: <I8? KI4S<;: 8? <I4< <I;:; 8? 4=
A1Q8A5? 5?; RA: 4 Q;K<A:phe
AR K4:@?a 4 @;KFU H;:; 8? ?AD; KA@; <I4< K:;4<;? 4 =;G
@;KF AR & K4:@?v
a&c
~
f h gs tp ph g hgs i j o
H;:; 8? <I; ?<4<; @84>:4D RA: <I8? A1X;K<v
deck
0 1 2 51
suit: 0 suit: 0 suit: 0 suit: 0
rank: 0 rank: 0 rank: 0 rank: 0
]I; <I:;; @A<? :;S:;?;=< <I; c K4:@? P @8@=< R;;6 68F; @:4G8=>U ;;S 8=
D8=@ <I4< G; I4Q;=< 8=8<8468;@ <I; 8=?<4=K; Q4:8416;? AR <I; K4:@? 2;;< 8=8<8468;@ <A ;:AM 4? ?IAG= 8= <I; >5:;M 15< 8=
A<I;:? <I;2 KA56@ KA=<48= 4=2 SA??816; Q465;U
`=; G42 <A 8=8<8468; <I;D GA56@ 1; <A S4?? 4 ph 4? 4 ?;KA=@ 4:>5D;=<
<A <I; KA=?<:5K<A:v
ph sg fhge i] n k j o
f h gs tp ph g hgs i n sg fhge j o
]I8? KA@; 1586@? 4 @;KF G88K
<:8KFU `R KA5:?;M 8< D4F;? DA:; ?;=?; <A 1586@ 4 @;KF G8<I & @8;:;=< K4:@? 8=
8<U ]A @A <I4< G; 5?; 4 =;?<;@ 6AASU
]I; A5<;: 6AAS ;=5D;:4<;? <I; ?58<?M R:AD <A U A: ;4KI ?58<M <I; 8==;:
6AAS ;=5D;:4<;? <I; :4=F?M R:AD a <A aU J8=K; <I; A5<;: 6AAS 8<;:4<;? <8D;?M
4=@ <I; 8==;: 6AAS 8<;:4<;? a <8D;?M <I; <A<46 =5D1;: AR <8D;? <I; 1A@2 8?
;T;K5<;@ 8? & La <8D;? OU
o
notp nino en ] o en ^^ j k
tp ino po oken
o po k] o po ^^ j k

hgs n ren en o
hgs n rpo po o
p
n ^^ o
p
P 5?;@ <I; Q4:8416; n <A F;;S <:4KF AR GI;:; 8= <I; @;KF <I; =;T< K4:@ ?IA56@ >AU
A<8K; <I4< G; K4= KADSA?; <I; ?2=<4T RA: ?;6;K<8=> 4= ;6;D;=< R:AD 4=
4::42 L<I; AS;:4<A:O G8 4= 8=?<4=K; Q4:8416; R:AD
4= A1X;K< L<I; @A< AS;:4<A:OU ]I; ;TS:;??8A= hgs n ren D;4=? <I; ?58< AR
<I; 8 KA@; 8= 4 R5=K<8A= K466;@

nh <I4< <4F;? =A S4:4D;<;:? 4=@ <I4< :;<5:=? 4 R5662[SAS564<;@ Q;K[
<A: AR gs
ph ?U
d !
ZI;=;Q;: 2A5 4:; GA:F8=> G8 4
Q;K<A: ?;Q;:46 <8D;?M ?A <I; RA66AG8=> R5=K<8A= ?IA56@ 1; R4D8684:v
h tnh fpno gs istoe f h gs tp ph g hgs j k
tp ino n o n hgs rgoq ij o n^^ j k
p
hgs n rfpno ij o
p
72 =AG 8< ?IA56@ KAD; 4? =A ?5:S:8?; <I4< G; K4= KADSA?; <I; ?2=<4T RA: Q;K<A:
4KK;?? G8 4 R5=K<8A=U
J8=K; I4? <2S; f h gs tp ph g M 4= ;6;D;=< AR hgs I4? <2S; ph U
]I;:;RA:;Mhgs 8< 8? 6;>46 <A 8=QAF; fpno A= hgs n U

]I; =;T< R5=K<8A= P G4=< <A G:8<; 8? noh M GI8KI ?;4:KI;? <I:A5>I 4 Q;K<A: AR
ph ? <A ?;; GI;<I;: 8< KA=<48=? 4 K;:<48= K4:@U P< D42 =A< 1; A1Q8A5? GI2 <I8?
R5=K<8A= GA56@ 1; 5?;R56M 15< 8< >8Q;? D; 4 KI4=K; <A @;DA=?<:4<; <GA G42? <A
>A ?;4:KI8=> RA: <I8=>?M 4 nogp ?;4:KI 4=@ 4 negs nto ?;4:KIU
^8=;4: ?;4:KI 8? <I; DA:; A1Q8A5? AR <I; <GA 8< 8=QA6Q;? <:4Q;:?8=> <I; @;KF
4=@ KADS4:8=> ;4KI K4:@ <A <I; A=; G; 4:; 6AAF8=> RA:U PR G; =@ 8< G; :;<5:=
<I; 8=@;T GI;:; <I; K4:@ 4SS;4:?U PR 8< 8? =A< 8= <I; @;KFM G; :;<5:= [aU
no noh istoe ph sph n stoe f h gs^^ tp k ph g hgs j k
tp ino n o n hgs rgoq ij o n j
n ige ihgs n n sph jj pg po n o
p
pg po k o
p
]I; 6AAS I;:; 8? ;T4K<62 <I; ?4D; 4? <I; 6AAS 8= gs U P= R4K<M GI;= P
G:A<; <I; S:A>:4D M P KAS8;@ 8<M GI8KI ?4Q;@ D; R:ADfpno I4Q8=> <A G:8<; 4=@ @;15>
8< <G8K;U
P=?8@; <I; 6AASM G; KADS4:; ;4KI ;6;D;=< AR <I; @;KF <A U ]I; R5=K<8A=
:;<5:=? 4? ?AA= 4? 8< @8?KAQ;:? <I; K4:@M GI8KI D;4=? <I4< sph G; @A =A< I4Q; <A
<:4Q;:?; <I; ;=<8:; @;KF 8R G; =@ <I; K4:@ G; 4:; 6AAF8=> RA:U PR <I; 6AAS
<;:D8=4<;? G8<IA5< =@8=> <I; K4:@M G; F=AG <I; K4:@ 8? =A< 8= <I; @;KF 4=@
:;<5:= k U
a
~
]A <;?< <I8? R5=K<8A=M P G:A<; <I; RA66AG8=>v

f h gs tp ph g hgs nh gs ij o
no nohg sph r noh ihgs k j o
st l toh g sph nohg l nohg goh o
]I; A5<S5< AR <I8? KA@; 8?
toh g sph nohg k

PR <I; K4:@? 8= <I; @;KF 4:; =A< 8= A:@;:M <I;:; 8? =A G42 <A ?;4:KI <I4< 8? R4?<;:
<I4= <I; 68=;4: ?;4:KIU Z; I4Q; <A 6AAF 4< ;Q;:2 K4:@M ?8=K; A<I;:G8?; <I;:; 8?
=A G42 <A 1; K;:<48= <I; K4:@ G; G4=< 8? =A< <I;:;U
75< GI;= 2A5 6AAF RA: 4 GA:@ 8= 4 @8K<8A=4:2M 2A5 @A=< ?;4:KI 68=;4:62
<I:A5>I ;Q;:2 GA:@U ]I; :;4?A= 8? <I4< <I; GA:@? 4:; 8= 46SI41;<8K46 A:@;:U C?
4 :;?56<M 2A5 S:A14162 5?; 4= 46>A:8<ID <I4< 8? ?8D864: <A 4 18?;K<8A= ?;4:KIv
aU J<4:< 8= <I; D8@@6; ?AD;GI;:;U
&U VIAA?; 4 GA:@ A= <I; S4>; 4=@ KADS4:; 8< <A <I; GA:@ 2A5 4:; 6AAF8=>
RA:U
U PR 2A5 RA5=@ <I; GA:@ 2A5 4:; 6AAF8=> RA:M ?<ASU
U PR <I; GA:@ 2A5 4:; 6AAF8=> RA: KAD;? 4R<;: <I; GA:@ A= <I; S4>;M \ 8S <A
?AD;GI;:; 64<;: 8= <I; @8K<8A=4:2 4=@ >A <A ?<;S &U
U PR <I; GA:@ 2A5 4:; 6AAF8=> RA: KAD;? 1;RA:; <I; GA:@ A= <I; S4>;M \ 8S <A
?AD;GI;:; ;4:68;: 8= <I; @8K<8A=4:2 4=@ >A <A ?<;S &U
PR 2A5 ;Q;: >;< <A <I; SA8=< GI;:; <I;:; 4:; <GA 4@X4K;=< GA:@? A= <I; S4>;
4=@ 2A5: GA:@ KAD;? 1;<G;;= <I;D M 2A5 K4= KA=K65@; <I4< 2A5: GA:@ 8? =A< 8=
<I; @8K<8A=4:2U ]I; A=62 46<;:=4<8Q; 8? <I4< 2A5: GA:@ I4? 1;;= D8?6;@ ?AD;[
GI;:;M 15< <I4< KA=<:4@8K<? A5: 4??5DS<8A= <I4< <I; GA:@? 4:; 8= 46SI41;<8K46
A:@;:U
P= <I; K4?; AR 4 @;KF AR K4:@?M 8R G; F=AG <I4< <I; K4:@? 4:; 8= A:@;:M G;
K4= G:8<; 4 Q;:?8A= AR noh <I4< 8? D5KI R4?<;:U ]I; 1;?< G42 <A G:8<; 4 18?;K[
<8A= ?;4:KI 8? G8 <I; ?;>D;=< AR <I; Q;K<A: <I4< ?IA56@ 1;
?;4:KI;@ L8=K65@8=> 1A RA:U

aa
&U PR 2A5 RA5=@ 8<M ?<ASU

U PR <I; K4:@ 4< mnh 8? I8>I;: <I4= 2A5: K4:@M ?;4:KI 8= <I; :4=>; R:AD t
<A mnh k U
U PR <I; K4:@ 4< mnh 8? 6AG;: <I4= 2A5: K4:@M ?;4:KI 8= <I; :4=>; R:AD mnh ^ k
<A nq U
J<;S? 4=@ 6AAF ?5?S8K8A5?62 68F; :;K5:?8Q; 8=QAK4<8A=?U H;:;? GI4< <I8? 466
6AAF? 68F; <:4=?64<;@ 8=<A VWWv
no noh negs istoe ph sph n stoe f h gs tp ph g hgs n
no t n no nq j k
no mnh i nq ^ t j o
n g toh g sph n pg po n e nohg
n ige ihgs mnh n sph jj pg po mnh o
t gp neg n stmfpg g sph t g mnhhg sph
n ihgs mnh rnepg gp isph jj k
egps g npe t g hgs
pg po noh negs isph n hgs n t n mnh k j o
p geg k
egps g egstoh t g hgs
p
pg po noh negs isph n hgs n mnh ^ k n nq j o
p
C6<IA5>I <I8? KA@; KA=<48=? <I; F;:=;6 AR 4 18?;K<8A= ?;4:KIM 8< 8? ?<866 D8??8=>
4 S8;K;U C? 8< 8? K5::;=<62 G:8<<;=M 8R <I; K4:@ 8? =A< 8= <I; @;KFM 8< G866 :;K5:?;
RA:;Q;:U Z; =;;@ 4 G42 <A @;<;K< <I8? KA=@8<8A= 4=@ @;46 G8 kOU
]I; ;4?8;?< G42 <A <;66 <I4< 2A5: K4:@ 8? =A< 8= <I; @;KF 8? 8R <I;:; 4:; DE
K4:@? 8= <I; @;KFM GI8KI 8? <I; K4?; 8R nq 8? 6;?? <I4= tU Z;66M <I;:; 4:; ?<866
K4:@? 8= <I; @;KFM AR KA5:?;M 15< GI4D;=< AR <I; @;KF 8=@8K4<;@ 12 t 4=@ nq U
Z8<I <I4< 68=; 4@@;@M <I; R5=K<8A= GA:F? KA::;K<62v
no noh negs istoe ph sph n stoe f h gs tp ph g hgs n

no t n no nq j k
st t l n l nq goh o
n i nq t j pg po k o
no mnh i nq ^ t j o
a&
~
n ige ihgs mnh n sph jj pg po mnh o

n ihgs mnh

rnepg gp isph jj k
pg po noh negs isph n hgs n t n mnh k j o

p geg k
p
pg po noh negs isph n hgs n mnh ^ k n nq j o
p
P 4@@;@ 4= A5<S5< ?<4<;D;=< 4< <I; 1;>8==8=> ?A P KA56@ G4<KI <I; ?;5;=K; AR
:;K5:?8Q; K466? 4=@ KA=Q8=K; D2?;6R <I4< 8< GA56@ ;Q;=<54662 :;4KI <I; 14?; K4?;U
P <:8;@ A5< <I; RA66AG8=> KA@;v
st noh negs ihgs n hgs ] n n k jj o
C=@ >A< <I; RA66AG8=> A5<S5<v
n k
n
k] n
kj n
n
toh g sph nohg ]
]I;= P D4@; 5S 4 K4:@ <I4< 8? =A< 8= <I; @;KF L<I; a AR Y84DA=@?OM 4=@ <:8;@
<A =@ 8A< <I; RA66AG8=>v
n k
n
k]] n
k] n k
k ] n k
k ntoh
k
g sph nohg k
]I;?; <;?<? @A=< S:AQ; <I4< <I8? S:A>:4D 8? KA::;K K4= S:AQ; <I4< 4 S:A>:4D 8? KA::;K 4<
4 R;G K4?;? 4=@ ;T4D8=8=> <I; KA@;M 2A5 D8>I< 1; 416; <A KA=Q8=K; 2A5:?;6RU
]I; =5D1;: AR :;K5:?8Q; K466? 8? R48:62 ?D466M <2S8K4662 A: U ]I4< D;4=?
G; A=62 I4@ <A K466 ge 4=@ nepg gp A: <8D;?M KADS4:;@ <A 5S <A &
<8D;? 8R G; @8@ 4 68=;4: ?;4:KIU P= >;=;:46M 18?;K<8A= 8? D5KI R4?<;: <I4= 4 68=;4:
?;4:KIM ;?S;K84662 RA: 64:>; Q;K<A:?U
]GA KADDA= ;::A:? 8= :;K5:?8Q; S:A>:4D? 4:; RA:>;<<8=> <A 8=K65@; 4 14?;
K4?; 4=@ G:8<8=> <I; :;K5:?8Q; K466 ?A <I4< <I; 14?; K4?; 8? =;Q;: :;4KI;@U 8[
<I;: ;::A: G866 K45?; 4= 8==8<; :;K5:?8A=M 8= GI8KI K4?; VWW G866 L;Q;=<54662O
>;=;:4<; 4 :5=[<8D; ;::A:U
: : : a
!
ÂAF8=> 4< <I; 8=<;:R4K; <A noh negs
no noh

negs istoe ph sph n stoe f h gs tp ph g hgs n
no t n no nq j k

8< D8>I< D4F; ?;=?; <A <:;4< <I:;; AR <I; S4:4D;<;:?M hgs M t 4=@ nq M 4? 4
?8=>6; S4:4D;<;: <I4< ?S;K8;? 4 }U
]I8? F8=@ AR <I8=> 8? 58<; KADDA=M 4=@ P ?AD;<8D;? <I8=F AR 8< 4? 4=
zz zz}}U ZI4 <I4< 8? =A< 68<[
;:4662 S4:< AR <I; S:A>:4D <;T<M 15< GI8KI @;?K:81;? <I; R5=K<8A= AR <I; S:A>:4D
4< 4 I8>I;: 6;Q;6U
A: ;T4DS6;M GI;= 2A5 K466 4 R5=K<8A= 4=@ S4?? 4 Q;K<A: 4=@ <I; 1A5=@? t
4=@ nq M <I;:; 8? =A<I8=> <I4< S:;Q;=<? <I; K466;@ R5=K<8A= R:AD 4KK;??8=> S4:<?
AR <I; Q;K<A: <I4< 4:; A5< AR 1A5=@?U JA 2A5 4:; =A< 68<;:4662 ?;=@8=> 4 ?51?;<
AR <I; @;KF 2A5 4:; :;4662 ?;=@8=> <I; GIA6; @;KFU 75< 4? 6A=> 4? <I; :;K8S8;=<
S642? 12 <I; :56;?M 8< D4F;? ?;=?; <A <I8=F AR 8<M 41?<:4K<62M 4? 4 ?51@;KFU
]I;:; 8? A=; A<I;: ;T4DS6; AR <I8? F8=@ AR 41?<:4K<8A= <I4< 2A5 D8>I< I4Q;
=A<8K;@ 8= J;K<8A= bUM GI;= P :;R;::;@ <A 4= ;DS<2\ @4<4 ?<:5K<5:;U ]I; :;4?A=
P S5< ;DS<2\ 8= 5A<4<8A= D4:F? G4? <A ?5>>;?< <I4< 8< 8? =A< 68<;:4662 4KK5:4<;U
C66 Q4:8416;? I4Q; Q465;? 466 <I; <8D;U ZI;= 2A5 K:;4<; <I;D M <I;2 4:; >8Q;=
@;R456< Q465;?U JA <I;:; 8? =A ?5KI <I8=> 4? 4= ;DS<2 A1X;K:4D >54:4=<;;? <I4< <I; K5::;=< Q465; AR 4 Q4:8416; 8? =;Q;:
:;4@ 1;RA:; 8< 8? G:8<<;=M <I;= <I; K5::;=< Q465; 8? 8::;6;Q4=M 8= GI8KI 4 S:A>:4D KAD;? <A <4F; A= D;4=8=> 1;2A=@
GI4< 8? 68<;:4662 ;=KA@;@M 8? 4 Q;:2 8DSA:<4=< S4:< AR <I8=F8=> 68F; 4 KADS5<;:
?K8;=<8?;<? 5?;@ ?A AR<;= 4=@ 8= ?A D4=2
KA=<;T<? <I4< 8< 8? I4:@ <A 8=<;:S:;;=;:46 @;=8<8A= AR 41?<:4K<8A=\ 8? ]I; S:AK;?? AR DA@;68=> 4
KADS6;T ?2?<;D G8 :;6;Q4=< 1;I4Q8A:U\
t u
}yx} ]A :;S:;?;=< A=; ?;< AR Q465;? 5?8=> 4=A<I;: ?;< AR Q465;?M 12 KA=[
?<:5K<8=> 4 D4SS8=> 1;<G;;= <I;D U
zz zz}} C ?;< AR S4:4D;<;:? <I4< 4K< <A>;<I;: 4? 4 ?8=>6; S4:4D[
;<;:U
a
~

- * 0 ( x * ( + 0
u
P= <I; S:;Q8A5? KI4S<;: P <46F;@ 41A5< D4SS8=>? 1;<G;;= :;46[GA:6@ Q465;? 68F;
:4=F 4=@ ?58<M 4=@ 8=<;:=46 :;S:;?;=<4<8A=? 68F; 8=<;>;:? 4=@ ?<:8=>?U C6<IA5>I
G; K:;4<;@ 4 D4SS8=> 1;<G;;= :4=F? 4=@ 8=<;>;:?M 4=@ 1;<G;;= ?58<? 4=@ 8=[
<;>;:?M P SA8=<;@ A5< <I4< <I; D4SS8=> 8<?;6R @A;? =A< 4SS;4: 4? S4:< AR <I;
S:A>:4DU
CK<54662M VWW S:AQ8@;? 4 R;4<5:; K466;@ 4=@ }y}z} } <I4< D4F;?
8< SA??816; <A LaO 8=K65@; 4 D4SS8=> 4? S4:< AR <I; S:A>:4DM 4=@ L&O @;=; <I;
?;< AR Q465;? <I4< D4F; 5S <I; D4SS8=>U A: ;T4DS6;M I;:; 8? <I; @;=8<8A= AR
<I; ;=5D;:4<;@ <2S;? n 4=@ o v
gom n k n n m n p o
gom o k k n n m n n n n n m n n
n n n p o

72 @;R456<M <I; :?< Q465; 8= <I; ;=5D;:4<;@ <2S; D4S? <A M <I; ?;KA=@ <A aM
4=@ ?A A=U Z8<I8= <I; n <2S;M <I; Q465; 8? :;S:;?;=<;@ 12 <I; 8=<;>;:
M 8? :;S:;?;=<;@ 12 aM ;<KU
]I; @;=8<8A= AR AQ;::8@;? <I; @;R456< D4SS8=> 4=@ ?S;K8;? <I4<
?IA56@ 1; :;S:;?;=<;@o 12 <I; 8=<;>;: aU ]I; A<I;: Q465;? RA66AG 8= <I; 5?546
G42U
`=K; G; I4Q; @;=;@ <I;?; <2S;?M G; K4= 5?; <I;D 4=2GI;:;U A: ;T4DS6;M
<I; 8=?<4=K; Q4:8416;? po 4=@ en 4:; K4= 1; @;K64:;@ G8;@M <AAU AGM
<A K:;4<; 4 K4:@M G; K4= 5?; <I; Q465;? R:AD <I; ;=5D;:4<;@ <2S; 4? 4:>5D;=<?v
ph sph i n j o
72 KA=Q;=<8A=M <I; Q465;? 8= ;=5D;:4<;@ <2S;? I4Q; =4D;? G8 8=<;>;:?v
ph sph ik n kk j o
7;K45?; G; F=AG <I4< <I; Q465;? 8= <I; ;=5D;:4<;@ <2S;? 4:; :;S:;?;=<;@ 4?
8=<;>;:?M G; K4= 5?; <I;D 4? 8=@8K;? RA: 4 Q;K<A:U ]I;:;RA:; <I; A6@ fpno
R5=K<8A= G866 GA:F G8<IA5< DA@8K4<8A=U Z; I4Q; <A D4F; ?AD; KI4=>;? 8=
nh gs M <IA5>Iv
o
notp nohg
i n en o en o en n ien ^ k jj k
tp i o po o po o po o ipo ^ k jj k
hgs nohg ren en o
hgs ^^nohg rpo po o
p
nohg o
p
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@;=8<8A=v
see ph
k
no en n po o
fns
ph ij o
ph ino e n no p j o
no qg o ij stoe kk pg po po o pp
no qg n ij stoe k pg po enp o
no eg o ino p j k po p o p
p
no eg n ino e j en e o
o
9 ab
P :;S64K;@ <I; GA:@ e ps G8 <I4< K4= 1; G:8<<;= 4? 4 e ps K4= 46?A 1; G:8<<;= 4? 4
see M X5?< 12 4@@8=> A: :;DAQ8=> 641;6?U ]I;:; 8? =A :;46 :;4?A= <A KIAA?; A=;
AQ;: <I; A<I;:M ;TK;S< <I4< 4? 4 ?<268?<8K KIA8K;M DA?< VWW S:A>:4DD;:? 5?;
see U
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:;>4:@6;?? AR GI;<I;: <I;2 4:; @;=;@ 4? 4 e ps A: 4 see U
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8? <I; 8D4>8=4:2 S4:<M 4=@ :;S:;?;=<? <I; ?54:; :AA< AR [aU
]I; RA66AG8=> 8? 4 K64?? @;=8<8A= RA: 4 5?;:[@;=;@ <2S; K466;@ tmfg v
see tmfg
k
htg pg n nmq o
fns
tmfg k p
tmfg ijihtg p n htg n j k pg p o nmq n o p
p o
7;K45?; <I8? 8? 4 @;=8<8A=M <I; 8=?<4=K; Q4:8416;? pg 4=@ nmq 4:;
S:8Q4<;M 4=@ G; I4Q;see
<A 8=K65@; <I; 641;6 fns <A 466AG K68;=< KA@; <A 8=QAF;
<I; KA=?<:5K<A:?U
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Q4:8416;?U
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<8D;? K466;@ SA64: RA:D\ 1;K45?; 8< 8? 14?;@ A= SA64: KAA:@8=4<;?U P=?<;4@ AR
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SA64: KAA:@8=4<;? ?S;K8R2 <I; @8:;K<8A= LA: 4=>6;O AR <I; SA8=< :;64<8Q; <A <I;
A:8>8=M 4=@ <I; @8?<4=K; LA: D4>=8<5@;O AR <I; SA8= >5:; ?IAG? <I; <GA KAA:@8=4<; ?2?<;D? >:4SI8K4662U
a
9 : ~
Cartesian coordinates Java graphical coordinates
positive y
positive x
origin (0, 0) origin (0, 0)
negative x positive x
positive y
negative y
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V4:<;?84= <A SA64:M
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:;S:;?;=<4<8A=?M 4=@ <I4< KA=Q;:<? 1;<G;;= <I;D 45<AD4<8K4662M 4? =;;@;@U
see tmfg
k
htg pg n nmq o
htg mq n g o
tt sp geno n ftp o
fns
tmfg ij k sp geno eg o ftp eg o p
99 aa
tmfg ihtg p n htg n j

k
pg p o nmq n o
p
sp geno pg o ftp eg o
po
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]I; A<I;: <GA Q4:8416;?M geno 4=@ ftp 4:; \ 4>? <I4< 8=@8K4<; GI;<I;:
<I; KA::;?SA=@8=> Q465;? sp
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geno \ 4>M 8=@8K4<8=> <I4< pg 4=@ nmq =AG KA=<48= Q468@ @4<4U
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<I;= G:8<; qg q 4=@ qg g U `=; 5=5?546 <I8=> ss
41A5< <I;?;g tp
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h tnh tmfg fpno p geno ij
k
p
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h tnh tmfg fpno tp ij
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G8<IA5< I4Q8=> <A GA::2 41A5< <I; :;S:;?;=<4<8A=U J8=K; <I; A5<S5< R5=K<8A=?
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A=; A: <I; A<I;:U A: :;4?A=? <I4< G866 1; K6;4: ?AA=M D;D1;: R5=K<8A=? 4:;
AR<;= ?IA:<;: <I4= <I; KA::;?SA=@8=> =A=D;D1;: R5=K<8A=?U
c d !
ZI;= 2A5 8=QAF; 4 R5=K<8A= A= 4= A1X;K<M <I4< A1X;K< 1;KAD;? {} }y
x}U P=?8@; <I; R5=K<8A=M 2A5 K4= :;R;: <A <I; 8=?<4=K; Q4:8416;? AR <I; K5::;=<
A1X;K< 12 =4D;M G8<IA5< I4Q8=> <A ?S;K8R2 <I; =4D; AR <I; A1X;KI <I; F;2GA:@ ne U Z; I4Q;
46:;4@2 ?;;= ne 8= 4= 4??8>=D;=< AS;:4<A: 8= J;K<8A= aaU&U HAG;Q;:M <I;
F;2GA:@ 8? 8DS68K8< DA?< AR <I; <8D;M ?A 2A5 G866 :4:;62 =@ 4=2 =;;@ RA: 8 <I; ;T4DS6; R:AD <I; S:;Q8A5? KI4S<;:M G; G866 KA=?8@;: 4 K64?? @;R[
8=8<8A= RA: KADS6;T =5D1;:?U VADS6;T =5D1;:? 4:; 5?;R56 RA: D4=2 1:4=KI;?
AR D4<I;D4<8K? 4=@ ;=>8=;;:8=>M 4=@ D4=2 KADS5<4<8A=? 4:; S;:RA:D;@ 5?8=>
KADS6;T 4:8<ID;<8KU C KADS6;T =5D1;: 8? <I; ?5D AR 4 :;46 S4:< 4=@ 4= 8D4>8[
=4:2 S4:<M 4=@ 8? 5?54662 G:8<<;= 8= <I; RA:D W M GI;:; 8? <I; :;46 S4:<M
8? <I; 8D4>8=4:2 S4:<M 4=@ :;S:;?;=<? <I; ?54:; :AA< AR [aU ]I5?M U aU
]I; RA66AG8=> 8? 4 K64?? @;=8<8A= RA: 4 =;G A1X;K< <2S; K466;@ tmfg v
see tmfg
k
fpnh g
htg pg n nmq o
fns
tmfg k
pg ij r o nmq r o
p
tmfg ihtg p n htg n j k
pg p o nmq n o
bb aa
p
po
]I;:; ?IA56@ 1; =A<I8=> ?5:S:8?8=> I;:;U ]I; 8=?<4=K; Q4:8416;? 4:; <GA ?
<I4< KA=<48= <I; :;46 4=@ 8D4>8=4:2 S4:<?U ]I; <GA KA=?<:5K<A:? 4:; <I;htg5?546
F8=@v A=; <4F;? =A S4:4D;<;:? 4=@ 4??8>=? @;R456< Q465;? <A <I; 8=?<4=K; Q4:8[
416;?M <I; A<I;: <4F;? S4:4D;<;:? <I4< 4:; 8@;=<8K46 <A <I; 8=?<4=K; Q4:8416;?U
P= M A: 4=2GI;:; ;6?; G; G4=< <A K:;4<; tmfg A1X;K<?M G; I4Q; <I;
AS<8A=mnoAR K:;4<8=> <I; A1X;K< 4=@ <I;= ?;<<8=> <I; 8=?<4=K; Q4:8416;?M A: @A8=>
1AI< G4=< <A S;:RA:D A= KADS6;T
=5D1;:?U ]I; 41?A65<; Q465; AR 4 KADS6;T =5D1;: 8? @;=;@ <A 1; X W X U
]I; e R5=K<8A= 8? 4 S5:; R5=K<8A= <I4< KADS5<;? <I; 41?A65<; Q465;U Z:8<<;=
4? 4 =A=D;D1;: R5=K<8A=M 8< 6AAF? 68F; <I8?v
otomgmgp os nto
htg e i tmfg s j k
p
pg po ep is rpg s rpg ^ s rnmq s rnmq j o
]I8? Q;:?8A= AR e K46K564<;? <I; 41?A65<; Q465; AR s M <I; tmfg A1X;K< 8<
:;K;8Q;? 4? 4 S4:4D;<;:U ]I; =;T< Q;:?8A= AR 8? 4 D;D1;: R5=K<8A= 8<
K46K564<;? <I; 41?A65<; Q465; AR <I; K5::;=< A1X;K<eL<I; A1X;K< <I; R5=K<8A= G4?
8=QAF;@ A=OU ]I5?M 8< @A;? =A< :;K;8Q; 4=2 S4:4D;<;:?v
see tmfg
k
fpnh g
htg pg n nmqg o
fns
rrrstoe ps tpe
mgmgp os nto
htg e ij k
p
pg po ep ipg pg ^ nmq nmq j o
po
a&
b :
P :;DAQ;@ <I; 5==;K;??4:2 S4:4D;<;: <A 8=@8K4<; <I4< <I8? 8? 4 D;D1;: R5=K<8A=U
P=?8@; <I; R5=K<8A=M P K4= :;R;: <A <I; 8=?<4=K; Q4:8416;? pg 4=@ nmq 12 =4D;
G8<IA5< I4Q8=> <A ?S;K8R2 4= A1X;K
<A <I; 8=?<4=K; Q4:8416;? AR <I; K5::;=< A1X;K<U PR P G4=<;@ <A D4F; 8< ;TS68K8<M
P KA56@ I4Q; 5?;@ <I; F;2GA:@ ne v
see tmfg
k
fpnh g
htg pg n nmqg o
fns
rrrstoe ps tpe
mgmgp os nto
htg e ij k
p
pg po ep i ne g pg ne gpg ^ ne g nmq ne g nmq j o
po
75< <I4< GA56@ 1; 6A=>;: 4=@ =A< :;4662 4=2 K6;4:;:U ]A 8=QAF; <I8? R5=K<8A=M
G; 8=QAF; 8< A= 4= A1X;K<M RA: ;T4DS6;
tmfg i i] r n r j o
htg pge i re ij o
c s ( !
C=A<I;: AS;:4<8A= G; D8>I< G4=< <A S;:RA:D A= KADS6;T =5D1;:? 8? 4@@8<8A=U
EA5 K4= 4@@ KADS6;T =5D1;:? 12 4@@8=> <I; :;46 S4:<? 4=@ 4@@8=> <I; 8D4>8[
=4:2 S4:<?U Z:8<<;= 4? 4 =A=D;D1;: R5=K<8A=M <I4< 6AAF? 68F;v
tmfg hh i tmfg n tmfg j k
p
pg po tmfg i rpg ^ rpg n rnmq ^ rnmq j o
]A 8=QAF; <I8? R5=K<8A=M G; GA56@ S4?? 1A5D;=<?v
tmfg em hh i n i j o
Z:8<<;= 4? 4 D;D1;: R5=K<8A=M 8< GA56@ <4F; A=62 A=; 4:>5D;=<M GI8KI 8< GA56@
4@@ <A <I; K5::;=< A1X;K<v
tmfg hh i tmfg j k
p
pg po tmfg ipg ^ rpg n nmq ^ rnmq j o
b : a
C>48=M G; K4= :;R;: <A <I; 8=?<4=K; Q4:8416;? AR <I; K5::;=< A1X;K< 8DS68K8<62M
15< <A :;R;: <A <I; 8=?<4=K; Q4:8416;? AR G; I4Q; <A =4D; ;TS68K8<62 5?8=>
@A< =A<4<8A=U ]A 8=QAF; <I8? R5=K<8A=M 2A5 8=QAF; 8< A= A=; AR <I; AS;:4=@? 4=@
S4?? <I; A<I;: 4? 4= 4:>5D;=<U
tmfg em r hh ii j o
:AD <I;?; ;T4DS6;? 2A5 K4= ?;; <I4< <I; K5::;=< A1X;K< L ne O K4= <4F; <I;
S64K; AR A=; AR <I; S4:4D;<;:?U A: <I8? :;4?A=M <I; K5::;=< A1X;K< 8? ?AD;<8D;?
K466;@ 4= S4:4D;<;:U
c e
C? 2;< 4=A<I;: ;T4DS6;M G;66 6AAF 4< g M GI8KI 8? 4 DA@8;: R5=K<8A=
<I4< <:4=?RA:D? 4 tmfg =5D1;: 8=<Asto8<?qKADS6;T KA=X5>4<;U ]I; KADS6;T
KA=X5>4<; AR W 8? U
C? 4 =A=D;D1;: R5=K<8A=M <I8? 6AAF? 68F;v
h tnh sto q g i tmfg s j k
p
s rnmq s rnmq o
C? 4 D;D1;: R5=K<8A=M 8< 6AAF? 68F;
h tnh sto q g ij k
p
nmq nmq o
72 =AG 2A5 ?IA56@ 1; >;<<8=> <I; ?;=?; <I4< KA=Q;:<8=> 4 R5=K<8A= R:AD A=;
F8=@ <A 4=A<I;: 8? 4 D;KI4=8K46 S:AK;??U Z88Q8=> 8< D5KI <IA5>I<M GI8KI 8? >AA@ 1;K45?; 2A5 ?IA56@ =A<
1; KA=?<:48=;@ <A G:8<8=> A=; F8=@ AR R5=K<8A= A: <I; A<I;:U EA5 ?IA56@ 1;
;54662 R4D8684: G8U
A: ;T4DS6;M P <I8=F <I4< hh ?IA56@ 1; G:8<<;= 4? 4 =A=D;D1;: R5=K<8A=
1;K45?; 8< 8? 4 ?2DD;<:8K AS;:4<8A= AR <GA AS;:4=@?M 4=@ 8< D4F;? ?;=?; RA: 1A5D;= R5=K<8A=? 68F; hh UO
`= <I; A<I;: I4=@M ?8DS6; AS;:4<8A=? <I4< 4SS62 <A 4 ?8=>6; A1X;K< K4= 1;
G:8<<;= DA?< KA=K8?;62 4? D;D1;: R5=K<8A=? L;Q;= 8R <I;2 <4F; ?AD; 4@@8<8A=46
4:>5D;=<?OU
a
b :
c + +
]I;:; 4:; <GA AS;:4<A:? <I4< 4:; KADDA= <A D4=2 A1X;K< <2S;?v 4=@ U
KA=Q;:<? <I; A1X;K< <A ?AD; :;4?A=416; ?<:8=> :;S:;?;=<4<8A= ?A 8< K4= 1;
A5<S5<<;@M 4=@ 8? 5?;@ <A KAS2 A1X;K<?U
ZI;= 2A5 A5<S5< 4= A1X;K< 5?8=> st M VWW KI;KF? <A ?;; GI;<I;: 2A5
I4Q; S:AQ8@;@ 4 @;=8<8A= RA: <I4< A1X;K8Q; 4= ;::A: ?5KI 4?
stmfg rsff kk ot m s tp ) te pgm n eenqo tmfg
H;:; 8? GI4< D8>I< 6AAF 68F; RA: <I; tmfg K64??v
te pgm tfgp tp l i^telpgm

te n tmfg om j k
te om rpg om rnmq l n l o

pg po te o
p
ZI;=;Q;: 2A5 S4?? 4= A1X;K< <A 4= A5<S5< ?<:;4D ?5KI 4? M VWW 8=QAF;?
<I; AS;:4<A: A= <I4< A1X;K< 4=@ A5<S5<? <I; :;?56 <I; te A1X;K< teLGI8KIM 68F; te pgm M 8? X5?< 4= 411:;Q84<8A= AR
A5<S5< ?<:;4DOM 2A5 K4= ?<:8=> <A>;<I;: D56<8S6; KADD4=@? ?5KI 4?
st l tp t omgpe pg l om k l oh l om o
]A 8665?<:4<; GI2 <I4<? 4 >AA@ <I8=>M KA=?8@;: GI4< 2A5 GA56@ 1; RA:K;@ <A
@A 8R 2A5 @8@=< :;<5:= <I; A?<:;4D A1X;K<v
st l tp t omgpe pg l o
st om ko
st l oh l o
st om o
7;K45?; <I; :?< ;T4DS6; 466AG? ?<:8=>8=> ?<4<;D;=<? <A>;<I;:M 466 <I;
@8?S642 KA@; <? ;4?862 A= A=; 68=;U ]I; A5<S5< R:AD 1A \EA5: <GA =5D1;:? 4:; W &8 4=@ a W 8\U
]I8? Q;:?8A= AR @A;? =A< 6AAF >AA@ 8R <I; 8D4>8=4:2 S4:< 8? =;>4<8Q;U C?
4= ;T;:K8?;M T 8=D;=<M
AS;:4<A:U ]I8? @;R456< AS;:4<A: ?8DS62 KAS8;? ;Q;:2 @4<4 D;D1;: R:AD A=; K64??
8=?<4=K; <A <I; A<I;: 12 5?8=> <I; AS;:4<A: A= ;4KI D;D1;: Q4:8416;U
b ~
a
ZI;= 2A5 K:;4<; 4 =;G A1X;K< <2S;M 2A5 K4= S:AQ8@; 2A5: AG= @;=8<8A= AR
12 8=K65@8=> 4 D;D1;: R5=K<8A= K466;@ tfgp tp U A: <I; tmfg K64??M
<I8? 6AAF? 68F;v
stoe tmfg tfgp tp i tmfg j k
pg rpg o
nmq rnmq o
pg po ne o
p
72 KA=Q;=<8A=M 8? 46G42? 4 D;D1;: R5=K<8A=U P< :;<5:=? <I; K5::;=< A1X;K <A>;<I;: ?;Q;:46 ?<4<;D;=<?v
tmfg n n s o
s rpg kr o
s rnmq r o
so
P= <I; 41AQ; ;T4DS6;M K 8? KAS8;@ <A 1M 4=@ <I;= 1 8? KAS8;@ <A 4U ]I; :;?56<
8? <I4< 466 <I:;; Q4:8416;? KA=<48= <I; @4<4 A:8>8=4662 ?<A:;@ 8= KU ZI86; =A<
5?;@ 4? AR<;= 4? ?<:8=>8=> <A>;<I;: ?<4<;D;=<?M <I8? 8? ?<866 4 5?;R56 R;4<5:; AR
VWWU
]I; S5:SA?; AR <I; stoe 8= <I; :;<5:= <2S; 8? <A S:;Q;=< 4??8>=D;=<? ?5KI
4?v
i j so
]I8? 8? 4 <:8KF2 ?<4<;D;=<M 1;K45?; 2A5 D42 <I8=F 8< ?IA56@ X5?< 4??8>= K <A
4 4=@ 1 68F; <I; ;4:68;: ;T4DS6;U HAG;Q;:M 8= <I8? K4?; <I; S4:;=<I;?;? 4K<54662
D;4= <I4< <I; H@IJ AR <I; ?<4<;D;=< 8? 1;8=> 4??8>=;@ 4 =;G Q465;M GI8KI
GA56@ 4K<54662 4??8>= 8< <A 4 4=@ 12S4?? 1 46<A>;<I;:U 72 D4F8=> <I; :;<5:=
<2S; stoe M G; S:;Q;=< <I8? R:AD I4SS;=8=>U
c !

C? 2A5 D8>I< ;TS;K<M 8< 8? 6;>46 4=@ KADDA= <A 8=QAF; A=; D;D1;: R5=K<8A=
R:AD 4=A<I;:U A: ;T4DS6;M <A =A:D468; 4 KADS6;T =5D1;:M 2A5 @8Q8@; <I:A5>I
L1A<I S4:<?O 12 <I; 41?A65<; Q465;U P< D42 =A< 1; A1Q8A5? GI2 <I8? 8? 5?;R56M
15< 8< 8?U
^;<? G:8<; <I; R5=K<8A= otpmn g 4? 4 D;D1;: R5=K<8A=M 4=@ 6;<? D4F; 8<
4 DA@8;:U
h tnh otpmn g ij k
htg h ne g e ij o
a
b :
pg pg h o
p
nmq nmq h o
]I; :?< 68=; =@? <I; 41?A65<; Q465; AR <I; K5::;=< A1X;K< 12 8=QAF8=> A=
<I; K5::;=< A1X;K 8< A= <I; K5::;=< A1X;K;< KA=R5?;@U C KADDA= G42 <A A:>4=8; 4 K64?? @;=8<8A=
8? <A S5< 466 <I; KA=?<:5K<A:? 4< <I; 1;>8==8=>M RA66AG;@ 12 466 <I; D;D1;:
R5=K<8A=? 4=@ <I;= 466 <I; =A=D;D1;: R5=K<8A=?U
EA5 K4= I4Q; 4 D;D1;: R5=K<8A= 4=@ 4 =A=D;D1;: R5=K<8A= G8 4? <I;2 @A =A< I4Q; <I; ?4D; =5D1;: 4=@ <2S;? AR S4:4D;<;:?U
C? G8M VWW @;K8@;? GI8KI Q;:?8A= <A 8=QAF; 12
6AAF8=> 4< <I; 4:>5D;=<? 2A5 S:AQ8@;U
J8=K; <I;:; 8? =A K5::;=< A1X;K< 8= 4 =A=D;D1;: R5=K<8A=M 8< 8? 4= ;::A: <A 5?;
<I; F;2GA:@ ne U PR 2A5 <:2M 2A5 D8>I< >;< 4= ;::A: D;??4>; 68F;v =@;=;@
Q4:8416;v <I8?U\ C6?AM 2A5 K4==A< :;R;: <A 8=?<4=K; Q4:8416;? G8<IA5< 5?8=> @A<
=A<4<8A= 4=@ S:AQ8@8=> 4= A1X;K< =4D;U PR 2A5 <:2M 2A5 D8>I< >;< V4=< D4F;
4 ?<4<8K :;R;:;=K; <A =A=?<4<8K Q4:8416;UUU\ ]I8? 8? =A< A=; AR <I; 1;<<;: ;::A:
D;??4>;?M ?8=K; 8< 5?;? ?AD; =A=[?<4=@4:@ 64=>54>;U A: ;T4DS6;M 12 =A=?<4<8K
Q4:8416;\ 8< D;4=? 8=?<4=K; Q4:8416;U\ 75< A=K; 2A5 F=AG GI4< 8< D;4=?M 2A5
F=AG GI4< 8< D;4=?U
c
]I; 64=>54>; R;4<5:; <I4< 8? DA?< AR<;= 4??AK84<;@ G8:4DD8=> 8? y{}zy}U P=I;:8<4=K; 8? <I; 41868<2 <A @;=; 4 =;G K64?? <I4<
8? 4 DA@8;@ Q;:?8A= AR 4 S:;Q8A5?62[@;=;@ K64?? L8=K65@8=> 1586<[8= K64??;?OU
]I; S:8D4:2 4@Q4=<4>; AR <I8? R;4<5:; 8? <I4< 2A5 K4= 4@@ =;G R5=K<8A=?
A: 8=?<4=K; Q4:8416;? <A 4= ;T8?<8=> K64?? G8<IA5< DA@8R28=> <I; ;T8?<8=> K64??U
]I8? 8? S4:<8K564:62 5?;R56 RA: 1586<[8= K64??;?M ?8=K; 2A5 K4=< DA@8R2 <I;D ;Q;=
8R 2A5 G4=< <AU
]I; :;4?A= 8=I;:8<4=K; 8? K466;@ 8=I;:8<4=K;\ 8? <I4< <I; =;G K64?? 8=I;:8<?
466 <I; 8=?<4=K; Q4:8416;? 4=@ R5=K<8A=? AR <I; ;T8?<8=> K64??U T<;=@8=> <I8?
D;<4SIA:M <I; ;T8?<8=> K64?? 8? ?AD;<8D;? K466;@ <I; z}y K64?? 4=@ <I; =;G
K64?? 8? K466;@ <I; zU
b a
c {
C= 4= ;T4DS6; AR 8=I;:8<4=K;M G; 4:; >A8=> <A <4F; 4 D;??4>; K64?? 4=@ K:;[
4<; 4 ?51K64?? AR ;::A: D;??4>;?U ]I4< 8?M G; 4:; >A8=> <A K:;4<; 4 =;G K64??
K466;@ pptp geeqg <I4< G866 I4Q; 466 <I; 8=?<4=K; Q4:8416;? 4=@ R5=K<8A=? AR
4 geeqg M S65? 4= 4@@8<8A=46 D;D1;: Q4:8416;M gpptp thg M GI8KI G866 1; @8?[
S642;@ GI;= <I; A1X;K< 8? A5<S5<<;@U
]I; geeqg K64?? @;=8<8A= 6AAF? 68F; <I8?v
see geeqg
k
fpt gs gh etpsg t mgeeqg
fe pnoq etpsg o
fe pnoq mgeeqg o g no mgeeqg
fns
stoe ps tp
geeqg istoe fe pnoq eps n stoe fe pnoq meq j k
etpsg eps o non nn g etpsg
non nn g mgeeqg
p
mgeeqg meq o
sto h gp mgeeqg t fe pnoq

h np fe pnoq qg geeqg ij stoe k
p
pg po etpsg ^ l l ^ mgeeqg o
po
C=@ <I4<? 466 <I;:; 8? 8= <I; GIA6; K64?? @;=8<8A=U C I4? <GA S:A<;K<;@
D;D1;: Q4:8416;?v <I; ?A5:K; AR <I; D;??4>; 4=@ <I; geeqg<;T< AR <I; D;??4>;U ]I;
KA=?<:5K<A: 8=8<8468;? <I;?; D;D1;: Q4:8416;? R:AD <I; <GA fe pnoq ? S4??;@ 4?
4:>5D;=<?U
EA5 S:A14162 =A<8K;@ <I4< <I;:; 8? 4 stoe \ A4<8=> 8= R:;;[?S4K; 4R<;: <I;
qg geeqg R5=K<8A= @;K64:4<8A=U ZI;= Q4:8416;? 4:; @;K64:;@ stoe L?5KI 4?
8= <I; geeqg KA=?<:5K<A:OM 8< 8=@8K4<;? <I4< <I; R5=K<8A= K4=< DA@8R2 <I;8:
Q465;?U HAG;Q;:M 4 stoe 4R<;: 4 R5=K<8A= @;K64:4<8A= D;4=? <I4< <I; R5=K<8A=
8<?;6R 8? stoe B `=62 D;D1;: R5=K<8A=? K4= 5?; <I8? R;4<5:;M 1;K45?; GI4< 8<
D;4=? 8? <I4< <I; R5=K<8A= K4=< DA@8R2 4=2 D;D1;: Q4:8416;? AR 8<? K64??U ]I8=F
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h ntei tog i t mthn i ne ne t s oqg g spqt t tog
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ik n j
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first second

next: next: next:
ffgoe n g no h tg ne mg th oh fee ne n
toi tog ggmgo i y}xy j| ffgoe n g fee g gmf i
ne e o pqmgo | e gpg fpgstohn nto tp ne mg th |

tp etmg ne tfgp ntoe n ne eg t hnh nhg g tp
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fptfteg o gpo nh g nmfgmgo nto npe oh go gfno
fptgme n et h ge r
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noe osg h pnge pg o no gqgp sto noe g goq t g
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tp gmfg n hh npe ne o t gs mg th tp nogh ne e o n
~ ab
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ne r
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egoeg g h g stmfg gi efgsn ngh t gi pg nmfgmgo gh r
tp gmfg n g ph see pgfpgego e sph enoq t no gqgpe r
e hneseegh g nmg n ne ot g toi i t pgfpgego
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e mge n e ps r
i ne eg |
enmfn nge g e t efgsn inoq o qtpn m n it so
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nosg gpg pg ei moi ie t nmfgmgo o n n
mnq g eg t pn g o qtpn m so g egh n
oi t g fteeng nmfgmgo ntoe r
g ot o e n ng g s no ne s f gp n pg
gh no e ohph nppnge et gi so g
t pngo gonmfgmgo
tosg oh egh i moi fptqpmmgpe r
g tfgp ntoe to e fpt h nhg stmmto nq g h g oqqg
tp efgsn inoq oh noq t qtpn me r
go g t e n g t go hne noqne g sthg
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ab
ab

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e s ne stgs nto n mgonoq n ne h e ps pg
sto noe m nfg ggmgo e r gp stgs ntoe g h g eggo
noshg ppie oh ne e r
e enh n o ne hg nogh i g tfgp ntoe it so fgp tpm
to n r se so fgp tpm toi g tt noq tfgp ntoe
xyx pg g og n gmf i e s r
fe hh og n gm t g e s r
ftf gmt h g oh pg po o n gm ptm g e s
r g n gm ne

pg pogh ne ie g e tog e hhgh r
gmf i gs g gp g e s ne gmf i r
e s ne etmg nmge sgh ))e no n npe t n tp
h e ps pg n gseg g e n gm hhgh ne g npe t g

pgmt h gh r
d
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fe s nmfgmgo e g s r t e th mg etmg
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go g eio tp stoe ps noq og fe s ne
fe s e s o
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mg th n ns pg poe ttgo
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e s ne qgogpns h e ps pg n ns mgoe g so hh
n gm t n r o g fsee nmfgmgo nto n tq n
oig soifgtoit hh r tp tp npe gmfg n g eg
thg t gs e n ethg gsnoghifgeno g fpg h nte s f gp r g e e p i
spg noq oh fpno noq e tp ne r
nogh ne ne o
ne rhh npe i] j o
ne rhh npe ij o
ne rhh npe ik j o
ne rfpno ij o

ab
g t f ne ik n n ] j r t f thg t gs to t g e s n
eg g fe mg th
fe s rfe iothg j o
g tt noq ttf p h gpege g ne oh fe ge g othge
to t g e s
tp i thg othg ne r gh o othg } o o othg othg gog j k
p
fe s rfe iothg j o
g so pgmt h g o ggmgo ptm g e s n g t h gpthgh ftf

mg th r
fe
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g pg po ifg ptm ftf ne h tnh r e gseg g e s
nmfgmgo nto htgeo
oggh t ggf g n gm ptoh gseg n
ne t g pgmt h gh ptm g e s r

g tt noq ttf ne stmmto nhntm tp ftffnoq g
ggmgo e ptm e s n e tffnoq go n ne gmf i
ng i}fe s rgmf i ijj k
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p
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fpno g ggmgo e t ne s phe } po gh n n e ot g
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pgmpi gei t ht r
t e th stmfpg ne sthg t g nmfgmgo ntoe t
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fpg g ggo g pgspenh g h gpento t fpno s ph oh
g e s qtpn m gpg r g hn gpgosg ne fpno s ph
ege g po nmg e s t ggf ps t g othge ng n
p h gpege g ne n oh go fpno e gm to g i s ptm
g pgspento r g e s qtpn m htge g emg noq n e
enoq fe s t gs noe gh t g po nmg e s r
abc

Q e
fptqpmmnoq oqqge n m gm ns gfpgeentoe pg
opnmte
go n g tfgp tp g ggo g t tfgpohe n e no k^ r
ne tpm ne sgh y r o gpo g tpm egh i etmg
ss tpe ne sgh x r o fte n n g tfgp tp tt e
g tfgpohe n e no k ^ r
g pgeto fte n ne etmg nmge eg ne gpg ne
o p i t g h g fte n gfpgeento enoq e s r
p noq g gqnoonoq t g gfpgeento n qg tog gpm
itfgp tp tp tfgpoh j nmg r
: g gpm ne o tfgpoh n fe n to g e s r
: g gpm ne o tfgp tp n ftf t tfgpohe t g
e s n fgp tpm g tfgp nto to gm n oh fe g
pge s to g e s r
go g qg t g goh t g gfpgeento n gpg e th g
gs i tog tfgpoh g to g e s r tfgpoh ne g
pge r
e o ggpsneg n ffi ne qtpn m t g gfpgeento k ^ ]
r
ne gmfg hgmtoe p ge tog t g h h o qge t fte n
gpg ne ot oggh t eg fpgo gege t sto pt g tphgp t
ntoe r t qg g emg pge no no n n g th h g t
tfgp
pn g ik ^ j ] r e o^ ggpsneg n pn g fte n gfpgeento
ne gnh go t k ] |
c
o tphgp t nmfgmgo g qtpn m ptm g fpg h nte egs nto n g
oggh t g g t p h gpeg e pnoq oh pg zy n no t tfgpohe
ohtfgp tpe r ne fptsgee ne o gmfg t
g gpg t pg g e pnoq f no t emgp fp e n g
th oggh efgsn ns s ps gp t eg e tohpi g }}
ggo g
s se ps gp mpe tohpi ne sgh
t gr e snsi

os nto n e tpg g r
nh fpenoq
h pnte s oe t fe pnoq no t f h gs tp fe pnoq g r
f h gs tp fe pnoq g fpeg ife pnoq e pnoq n s p hgnm j k

f h gs tp fe pnoq g e pnoq pegh o
b abb
n ie pnoq rgoq ij j
pg po e pnoq pegh rpgen g i j o
tp ino n n o n e pnoq rgoq ij o n^^ j
k
n ie pnoq n } hgnm e pnoq n } o j
e pnoq pegh ^ e pnoq n o
geg
k
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st^^ o e pnoq pegh
p
e pnoq pegh rpgen g i ^ k j o
p
p
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g os nto t h g ssgf e fe pnoq t g fpegh oh s p
t g egh e hgnmn gp n et gog h gp g hgnm s ps gp
ffgpe no g e pnoq n g s o ne e h gh e og fe pnoq
ggmgo f h gs tp fe pnoq g r
eenoqno eg pnoq
th tt ng ne ptq g os nto n efsg hgnmn gp
fe pnoq e pnoq lm gpg pg tp tgoe rl o
f h gs tp fe pnoq g fpeg ie pnoq n j o
g t f t g fpegp ne
m gpg
pgtp
tgoe r
tp fpenoq gfpgeentoe n g h g g tf nto t efgsn inoq
hhn nto s ps gpe n g egh e hgnmn gpe
tt s gs gnm is p s n fe pnoq hgnm j k
tp ino n o n hgnm rgoq ij o n^^ j
k
n is hgnm n j
p
pg po pg o
&

p
pg po eg o
f h gs tp fe pnoq g fpeg ife pnoq e pnoq n fe pnoq hgnm j k
f h gs tp fe pnoq g e pnoq pegh o
n ie pnoq rgoq ij j
pg po e pnoq pegh rpgen g i j o
tp ino n n o n e pnoq rgoq ij o n^^ j
k
n i}s gs gnmie^pnoq n n hgnm j e pnoq n } o j
e pnoq pegh e pnoq n o
geg
k
goh o
st^^ o e pnoq pegh
p
e pnoq pegh rpgen g i ^ k j o
p
p
pg po e pnoq pegh o
o gmfg t enoq g t h g os ntoe so g eggo
gt enoq g t h g os ntoe th
fe pnoq e pnoq l l^kk l^]] l o
fe pnoq hgnm o
f h gs tp fe pnoq g e pnoq pegh fpeg ie pnoq n hgnm j o
g og os nto s gs gnm s gse tp g gp tp ot qnh go
s p ne hgnmn gp r t g t f ne
kk
]]
s d
og t g ohmgo qte t o ne t egfp g g
no gpge e t g fpt h nhgp n t pn ge g sthg nmfgmgo e
g n oh g sngo n t ege g r g fpt h nhgp toi e
t g gp g nmfgmgo nto ne stppgs no sstph
tn tppi
g efgsn ns nto t g oh ot t n n g egh r

: &a
to h gpegi n g sngo ;<<=> ?< g nmfgmgo nto t g

ne stppgs oh htgeo tppi t g hg ne r go it
pg enoq tog t h e n no seege n it h g g pi t

nonoq gsenh gi e sngo r
it nmfgmgo o n to g t gp oh n it et h g t
pn ggosngo sthg t ge n r o seg n it etmg nmge h g
t no spg i t ns ptg it pg finoq qnh go
noe o r
o g og g egs ntoe g n e n s qgpe oh tt
tog i t nmfgmgo noq g s n enoq o ppi r p
nonoq ng fpt h nhgp r
u d
g noe osg h pnge tp ne nmfgmgo nto ne gmf gh
ppi n ns ne i g n eg g f h gs tp see r n
sto no g n gme to g e s n oh o no gqgp nohg ns n
ggf ps t g og h ng efsg no g ppi r on ni n
g ppi ne gmf i oh g nohg ne r
t hh o ggmgo t g e s ife j n g stfi pg gpgosg
t n to t g e s oh nospgmgo g nohg r t pgmt h g o
ggmgo iftf j g h g t hgspgmgo g nohg npe oh go stfi
g ggmgo t r
m gpg ne g see hg non nto
see s k
f h gs tp g ppi o
no nohg o
fns
s ij k
ppi rpgen
o g ikj o
p
nohg
po
h g sthg sto noe g ifg ns ne geego ni
e g t
ns i t einoq n l m l gseg
f h gs tpe pg gmf gh oh so ohg h pnte ifge r
ne ot no sn i ifg n e et it ot r o g pg n it
so pgfsg n oi t gp h ifg n see n tp e ps r
e e n tosg g h g s tego g noe osg h pnge n n
ne mgs ons fptsgee t pn g stoe ps tp r tp ot n g
&&

hg en g ne k n gme r gp g n stoenhgp g gp ie t
ohnoq ne r
gsnoq tp o gmf i e s ne pnh n r
tt gmf i ij k
p
pg po ppi rgoq ij o
n nmftp o t pgmgmgp n tq n g omgp t ggmgo e
no g e s ne ot g emg e g en g t g ppi r on ni
g en g ne k n g omgp t ggmgo e ne r
g nmfgmgo ntoe t fe oh ftf tt o pi ptm g
efgsn ns nto r
h tnh fe i n gm j k
ppi ^^nohg n gm o
p
nohg o
ftf ij k
nohg o
pg po ppi nohg o
p
ge geg mg the n g so g h h o qg t g sngo sthg
tg egh fe s r
g h gpit ggpsneg
noq qtge sstphnoq t fo n g fptqpm e th tp
n t oi hhn nto s oqge r qno n tog t g e pgoq e
t enoq o ne it so s oqg nmfgmgo ntoe n t
s oqnoq sngo sthg r
u
gogee t ne nmfgmgo nto ne n s ttege o pn ppi
en g tp g ppi go g s ne spg gh r g egp
fe ge mtpg o k n gme to t g e s n n n seg o
ppi ohg tohe gsgf nto r
o gpo nh g ne t g g sngo sthg efgsn i g en g t
g ppi r ne g h n ge g fptgm n n pgnpge g
sngo t ot gh t nmg t moi n gme pg ogghgh n oh
ne ot ie fteeng r
g gp et nto ne t s gs g gp g ppi ne oh
mg n nqqgp go ogsgeepi r nosg g h g ot nhg t nq g
ppi ogghe t g n n ne pgetog e p gqi t e p n
em en g oh nospgeg g en g i k gs nmg n t h gp t e r
m gpg e g nmfpt h gh h gpento t fe
&
h tnh fe k
n i i ijj pgenn g gmijj o
ne ftno g so fpt h g nohg ppi rgoq
ppi ^^nohg n gm o
p
nohg o
g tpg f noq g og n gm no g ppi n g s gs n g ppi
ne r et n g no h tg pgen g r gp g n e gmgo n g

ot gn gp ik j gpg e pttm no g ppi n tp ij g

ppi e ggo pgen gh oh gpg ne pttm r oh pgen g
pg stppgs n go g so fpt h g nohg ppi rgoq n oh
gpg tpg g og e gmgo soot seg o gsgf nto r
t g h g t ht ne nmfgmgo oh pgen g r
fpnh g
tt ij k
p
pg po nohg ippi rgoq ij k j o
h tnh pgen g ij k
p
ppi rpgen g ippi rgoq ij^ k j o
t mg the pg hgspgh fpnh g n ns mgoe gi soot
g no h tgh ptm ot gp see n toi ptm n no ne tog r ne
ne ssgf g n enosg gpg ne ot pgeto tp sngo sthg t eg
geg os ntoe n oh hgenpg n enosg n go tpsge g tohpi
g ggo g nmfgmgo nto oh g sngo r
g nmfgmgo nto t ne pnh n o n e s gse g gp
g nohg e qtog gitoh g poqg t h nh nohnsge r
g nmfgmgo nto t pgen g ne e pnq tp ph n n g
s h g n eemge g th ppi ne r o t gp
tphe n eemf nto ne fpgstohn nto t ne mg th r ne
t egg ne fpgstohn nto ne e ne ngh n enosg g toi
gei
i pgen g ne no h tgh ne n pg poe pg n ns so toi
ffgo n nohg ppi rgoq r
g goh t pgen g n g pgfsg g th ppi n g
og tog isenoq g th t g qpqg stgs gh j r g og

ppi rgoq ne nsg e nq e g th n oh nohg eo
s oqgh n et ot n me g pg nohg ppi rgoq r ne
eegp nto ne xxyxy t pgen g etmg noq me g
go g mg th ne stmfg g ie toq e n e fpgstohn ntoe
pg
gpg e ne ngh j r
&

ntoe n fte stohn ntoe n oh no h pno e pg eg tte

tp pgstohn noq fptqpme oh hgmtoe p noq gnp stppgs ogee r
o oi h g hgmtoe p gh fptqpmmnoq e ig
snnne gmfg
ge fptqpm oiene oh e ig t htsmgo nto
gfe hgmtoe p g stppgs ogee r
t u
zz zz } @ A h ifg iei stgs nto t
t gs e j ne hg nogh i eg t tfgp ntoe n
so g nmfgmgo gh no h png i t ie r
}y fptqpm ege o itp g fgpeto t pt g g
fptqpm j r
x} g sthg nmfgmgo e o itp g fgpeto t pt g
n j r
fpnh g h gi tph nohns ge mg th tp noe osg
h png soot g ssgeegh ptm t enhg g sppgo see
hg non nto r
y i t pn noq m gm ns gfpgeentoe n g
tfgp tpe g ggo g tfgpohe r
x i t pn noq m gm ns gfpgeentoe n g
tfgp tpe gp g tfgpohe r
z} t pgh e pnoq t s ps gpe tp tgoe oh oi g gnp
qpmm ns e ps pg r
}} s ps gp ne egh t egfp g tgoe n ng g
fos nto no o p oqqg r
}z} m gm ns e gmgo ne gn gp pg tp eg r
xxyxy fpghns g me g pg g goh t
mg th ifpt h nhgh g fpgstohn ntoe gpg pg g
gqnoonoq j r
w
..0 )z - + ,( + ,* ..0
ne s f gp fpgego e t e gge oh pntpn i gge r o

pg g B }} ne nog t se tmgpe n noq tp egp h nsg
t etmgn noh r o mte sege n g npe se tmgp no nog ne g
og se tmgp t g egp h gh r gpg pg gsgf ntoe n tq r tp

gmfg n npftp e se tmgpe teg nq ne g h noq nmmnogo i
pg etmg nmge go ptm g mnhhg t g gg r et n
efgpmpg e ftn g se tmgp mnq g etmgtog n toi g
n gme qt npe r
g pg hg gpmnoge t qtge og ne sgh B }}y
y} r g enmfge ggnoq hnesnfnog ne sgh n tp
)) npe no npe t r g mte qgogp ggnoq hnesnfnog
ne x B }}y n no ns gs se tmgp ne eenqogh
fpntpn i n oh g se tmgp n g nq ge fpntpn i qtge npe n
pgqphgee t g tphgp t ppnh r g pgeto ei ne ne
g mte qgogp hnesnfnog ne g fpntpn i so g egh
to oi noq nmg nq g h ge n t moi qptsgpnge g
se tmgp e n tp t nmftp o g se tmgp ne r stpeg n ot
ggnoq hnesnfnoge pg )) np n npogee ne no g gig
t g g thgp r
g gg oh g pntpn i gg h g g emg eg t
tfgp ntoe oh gnp no gp sge pg g emg r g hn gpgosg
ne no g egmo nse t g tfgp ntoe gg ege g
ftnsi n oh pntpn i gg ie g omg eqqge e j ege g
fpntpn i ggnoq ftnsi r
e n mte e n gpg pg omgp t ie t nmfgmgo
gge nosg gg ne stgs nto t n gme n g so eg oi t
g ens mgs oneme tp e tpnoq stgs ntoe ppie n ne e n tp
h gs tpe r p s tnsg mtoq gm n g egh no fp to gnp
fgp t toq n ge t fgp tpm g tfgp ntoe g
o tpmosg
t fgp tpm oh fp i to geg t nmfgmgo nto r
&
&
C : C
d D d
g gg ne hg nogh i g tt noq tfgp ntoe
xyx pg g og n gmf i gg r
noegp hh og n gm t g gg r
pgmt h g gmt h g oh pg po o n gm ptm g gg r g n gm
ne pg pogh ne g npe tog e hhgh r
gmf i gs g gp g gg ne gmf i r
gg nmfgmgo nto n n g h h o qg
t t ghgmtoe
noghp neg see ptm f gp k r et n n eemg
g h g see omgh e tmgp hg noge g

no tpm nto t gs se tmgp n oh g tfgp ntoe g so
fgp tpm to se tmgpe r
e p e tp nmfgmgo nto qtge n n htge ot m gp m
noh t t gs ne no g gg n et g so mg n qgogpns r gpg
ne g nmfgmgo nto tte ng r
see gg k
fns
nogh ne ne o
gg ij k
p
ne og ne ij o
tt gmf i ij k
p
pg po ne rgmf i ij o
h tnh noegp i thg othg j k

p
ne rhh e iothg j o
thg pgmt h g ij k
p
pg po ne rpgmt h g npe ij o
po
gg t gs sto noe enoqg noe osg h png n ns ne g
ne nmfgmgo e n r tp gs t g t gp mg the n
g h g t ht ne no h tg tog t g mg the ptm g nogh ne
see r
~ E

o nto ng ne ne sgh }y}} r o pg
n gnmfgmgo
n h goggp ne no st noq t qtth n i tth egh no
pon pg mnoq t nhg t gp n i tth ohgpog r tmf gp
esngo ne e eg ne mg f tp t hgespng em fngsg t sthg
nhge g hg ne t o nmfgmgo nto oh fpt h nhge
enmfgp n tp mtpg e ohph n no gp sg r
ne gmfg hgmtoe p ge tog t g onsg noqe t
h goggp n ns ne n ne gei t nmfgmgo n oh tog t g
hoqgpe
tpmit enoq
go g h nogoggp n ns ne g }xzy} {z z }
h tg mg th g pg ot stosgpogh n
t n e nmfgmgo nto r gpg ne tog ))hg n
g gmnqhg ne
o t ot g fgp tpmosg s ps gpne nse t g
mg th r m t toq htge n g n e os nto t g omgp t
n gme no g ne |
npe g e tt pgmt h g npe r
thg pgmt h g npe ij k
thg pge gh o
n i gh } o j k
gh gh gog o
p
p
pg po pge o
gpg pg ot ttfe tp os nto se gpg n et eqqge e
g po nmg t ne mg th ne g emg g h gpi nmg r s
mg th ne sgh xyzy } tfgp nto r o pgn i n g
mg th mnq g enq i e gp go g ne ne gmf i n enosg
n enfe g thi t g stohn nto n hn gpgosg ne ot
enqon nso r
g fgp tpmosg t hh e ne h gpi hn gpgo r
h tnh hh e i thg othg j k
efgsn seg gmf i ne
n i gh o j k
gh othg o
othg gog o o
p
pg po o
thg e o
tp ie gh o e gog } o o e e gog j k
p h gpeg g ne t noh g e othg
p
e gog othg o
othg gog o o
E c
C : C
p
g npe stohn nto ohge g efgsn seg t hhnoq og
othg t o gmf i ne r o ne seg n qno n g po nmg htge

ot hgfgoh
to g goq t g ne r o g qgogp seg n
tq n g h g t p h gpeg g ne t noh g e ggmgo
et g so mg n pg gp t g og othg r
ne p h gpe ge nmg fptftp nto t g goq t g
r nosg g po nmg ne nogp os nto t g goq n g
ne
th ei ne mg th ne y}z } r tmfpgh t stoe o
nmg n e h gpi h r
F
g th ng o nmfgmgo nto t g gg so fgp tpm
tfgp ntoe y} nmg r og i t sstmfne ne
no stoe o}}
t nmfgmgo n ns ne enmnp t nogh ne no
g egoeg n ne mhg f t gpt tp mtpg nogh thg t gs e r
B
g hn gpgosg ne g gg mno noe pg gpgosg t t

g npe oh g e othg n e e t o no g nqpg r
first: last:
cargo: cargo: cargo:
next: next: next:
nogh gg nmfgmgo nto tte ng

m gpg e
see gg k
fns
thg npe n e o
gg ij k
npe o o
p
e o o
ttgo gmf i ij k
: C E b
p
pg po npe o o
po
t p n ne e pnq tp ph r o o gmf i gg n t npe oh
e pg o r t s gs g gp ne ne gmf i n g toi h g t
s gs tog t gm r
ne n g mtpg stmfns gh gseg g h g t hg
nnoegp
eg h gp efgsn sege r
thg othg og thg iothg g spqt n o j o
n ie } o j k
p
e gog othg o
e o
n i npeothg
o j k
npe e o
p
p
g npe stohn nto s gse t mg epg e pg gpe t
othg o n n htge go g h g t mg n pg gp t g og othg r
g egstoh stohn nto hge n g efgsn seg gpg g
ne e non ni gmf i r o ne seg t npe oh e pg gp
t g og othg r
pgmt h g et hge n eg h gp efgsn sege r
thg pgmt h g ij k
thg pge npe o
n i npe } o j k
p
npe npe rog o
n i npe o j k
p
e o o
p
pg po pge o
g npe stohn nto s gse g gp gpg gpg oi othge no g
gg r et n g h g t stfi g og othg no t npe r g
egstoh stohn nto hge n g efgsn seg g ne ne ot
gmf i n no ns seg g h g t mg e o r
e o ggpsneg n hp hnqpme e t noq t tfgp ntoe no t
g otpm seg oh no g efgsn sege n oh sto h nosg itpeg
gi pg stppgs r
E a
C : C
gpi n ne nmfgmgo nto ne mtpg stmfns gh o g

h goggp nmfgmgo nto n oh n ne mtpg hn ns t hgmtoe p g
n ne stppgs r g h h o qg ne g h g s ng h gh g
qt t noegp oh pgmt h g pg stoe o nmg r
Q ! G
ot gp stmmto nmfgmgo nto t gg ne z } r
)) gp

ne qgogp omg tp gmftppi e tpqg ts nto n
tq n t go pg gpe t o ppi n e n htge no ne seg r
n mgoe t ei gp ne ))snpsp e th gstmg sgp
no mno g r
g nmfgmgo nto t snpsp gp ne enmnp t g
ppi nmfgmgo nto t e s n e no gs nto kj r r g gg
n gme pg e tpgh no o ppi n oh g eg nohnsge t ggf ps
t gpg g pg no g ppi r o g e s nmfgmgo nto n gpg
e enoqg nohg ftno gh t g og h ng efsg r o
g gg nmfgmgo nto n gpg pg t nohnsge npe ftno e t
g efsg no g ppi sto noe g npe se tmgp no nog
oh og ftno e t g og h ng efsg r
g tt noq nqpg e t e gg n t n gme ipgfpgego gh
i ht e j r
first next
0 2
first next
gpg pg t ie t no t g h pnge npe oh e r
n gpi n gi pg no gqgpe n oh gnp h ge pg e t o no tge
to g pnq r e ps in tq n gi pg nohnsge t g ppi n
oh et gi pg t go hp o e ppt e ftno noq t ts ntoe no
g ppi r g ppt pgfpgego nto ne sto h gongo n it
pgmgmgp g nohnsge pg ot pg gpgosge o gi pg
eeth
no gqgpe r
m gpg ne o nostmfg g ppi nmfgmgo nto t gg
see gg k
fns
f h gs tp thg g ppi o
9 E aa
no npe n og o
gg ij k
ppi rpgen g ikj o

npe o
p
og o
tt gmf i ij k
p
pg po npe og o
g noe osg h pnge oh g stoe ps tp pg e pnq tp ph n

tq qno g h g g fptgm

g h g t s tteg o
pn ppi en g tp g ppi r gp g n et h g fptgm
n
e g hnh n g e s n i pgen noq g ppi n n qg e r
g nmfgmgo nto t gmf i ne n g epfpnenoq r t mnq
h g tq npe th nohns g o gmf i gg n
ogqgs e g s g gh t g gg ne ot
ogsgeepni g gqnoonoq t g ppi r oe gh n g ot
g gg ne gmf i n gh ge og n no ns seg gpg
pg ot n gme g r osg g egg g nmfgmgo nto t noegp oh
pgmt h g n en nto n mtpg mtpg egoeg r

ppi og othg o

p
og ^^ o
thg pgmt h g ij k
npe ^^ o
p
pg po ppi npe k o
noegp tte h gpi ms ng fe no gs nto kj r o n f e g og

n gm no g og h ng efsg oh go nospgmgo e g nohg r
pgmt h g ne enmnp r ge g npe n gm ptm g gg oh
go nospgmgo e npe et n pg gpe t g og gh t g gg r
g tt noq nqpg e t e g gg tte ng gp t
n gme h g ggo pgmt h gh r
a
E E
C : C
first next
2 2
first next
og ftno e t o h ng efsg r
npe nes s geief pg
oh ftno e t g emg efsg n go
npe ne pg gppnoq n t og o ))gmf i ts nto n oh g gg ne

gmf i r f ))gmf i no t nto mpe gseg n ne fteeng

g ts nto npe ftno e t s i sto noe h g
i g ht ot noq t goepg gmf i ts ntoe sto no o j o to
g t gp oh n enosg g ot g gg ne gmf i n g n og h gp
pgh ne ts nto n et g so no t n n e ps i n e gmf i r
e o ggpsneg n n pgmt h g et n pg poe o n g
gg ne gmf i r
g og fptgm n ne nmfgmgo nto ne g h go i
n n po t t efsg r go g hh o n gm g nospgmgo og
oh go g pgmt h g o n gm g nospgmgo npe n g og h gp
hgspgmgo gn gp r ffgoe go g qg t g goh t g

ppi |
g tt noq nqpg e t e g gg gp g hh tp mtpg
n gme
first next
2 6
first next
g ppi ne ot r gpg ne ot ))og h ng efsg n
et gpg ne ot gpg tp og t ftno r og fteennn i ne
g sth pgen g g ppi n e g hnh n g e s
nmfgmgo nto r no seg g ppi th ggf qg noq
nqqgp pgqphgee t t moi n gme gpg s i no gg r
g gp et nto ne t pf ptoh t g gqnoonoq t g ppi
oh pgeg g efsge gpg r ne )) pf ptoh ne g pgeto
ne nmfgmgo nto ne sgh snpsp gp r
og i t pf g nohg ptoh ne t hh efgsn seg
b C E a
gog h gp g nospgmgo o nohg

og ^^ o
n iog ppi rgoq ijj og o
osi gpo nh g ne t eg g mthe tfgp tp
og iog ^ k j ppi rgoq ij o
n gp i n g h g tog e fptgm t et h g r m t ht g ot n
g gg ne H ?; IIJ n mgonoq g soot noegp ot gp
n gm | g tt noq nqpg e t e g gg tte ng go
n ne )) r
first next
2 0
next first
ne e n tog gmf i efsg no g ppi n g gg ne
gpg
gseg n g noegp ot gp n gm n go g h g t nospgmgo
og es og npe n oh no seg n th ffgp
g gg e gmf i }
t h tnh n g espn nsg tog efsg no g ppi r t t
so g g n g gg ne |
n iiog ^ k j ppi rgoq npe j
oh e th g ht n g ppi ne | o seg
pgen noq g ppi ne fpti g toi tf nto r
e o ggpsneg n f tqg gp g sthg ptm ne egsnto
oh pn g o nmfgmgo nto t gg enoq snpsp gp
pgen ge n eg go ogsgeepi r
c u D
g pntpn i gg e g emg no gp sg e g gg n
hn gpgo egmo nse r g no gp sg ne
xyx pg g og n gmf i gg r
noegp hh og n gm t g gg r
pgmt h g gmt h g oh pg po o n gm ptm g gg r g n gm
ne pg pogh ne g tog n g nq ge fpntpn i r
E a
C : C
gmf i gs g gp g gg ne gmf i r
ns hn gpgosg ne g n gm ne pgmt h gh
ptm g egmo
g gg ne ot ogsgeepni g npe tog e
hhgh r gp n n ne g h gp n gm no g gg e g nq ge
fpntpn i r g fpntpn nge pg n oh t gi stmfpg t gs
t gp n pg ot efgsn ngh i g pntpn i gg nmfgmgo nto r
hgfgohe to g n gme pg pg no g gg r
tp gmfg n n g n gme no g gg h g omge n g mnq
s tteg gm no f g ns tphgp r gi pg t noq estpge n
g mnq s tteg ptm nq ge t t ge n n gi pg qt
estpge
t ng gsgth qt ptm t ge t nq ge r
og fptgm r g th ng o nmfgmgo nto
t pntpn i gg ne qgogpns n e th tp n oi
gs g emg nmg g sthg nmfgmgo e
noh
pntpnt i tgg ogghe t h g g nn i t stmfpg g t gs e
n sto noe r
i t nmfgmgo qgogpns h e ps pge enoq
thggn hg eggo
htge ot et h g ne fptgm n gseg gpg ne ot
i t stmfpg thg ogee g ot ifg g spqt ne r t
ensi n t nmfgmgo fpntpn i gg n g n h g t spg g
stmfpg os ntoe n stmfpg g spqt t g othge r
s u u F
o g nmfgmgo nto t g pntpn i gg n g h gpi nmg g
efgsn g n gme no g gg n g efgsn i g ifg
t g i spqtg rifg tpt gmfg n g noe osg h pnge pg o ppi
t thg oh o no gqgp
see pntpn i gg k
fpnh g
f h gs tp thg g ppi o
p
no nohg o
o
e e n nohg ne g nohg t g og h ng ts nto no
g ppi r g noe osg h pnge pg hgspgh fpnh g et
t gp seege soot h g hnpgs ssgee t gm r
g stoe ps tp oh gmf i pg enmnp t g h g eggo
g tpg r s teg g non n en g tp g ppi pn ppni r
fns
pntpn i gg ij k
ppi rpgen g ik_ j o
nohg o

E a
p
tt gmf i ij k
p
pg po nohg o
noegp ne enmnp t fe
h tnh noegp i thg n gm j k
n inohg ppi rgoq ijj k
p
pgen g ij o
ppi ^^nohg n gm o
p
nohg o
tmn gh g nmfgmgo nto t pgen g r g toi ee o n
mg th no g see ne pgmt h g n ns e t p h gpeg g ppi t
noh oh pgmt h g g pqge n gm
thg pgmt h g ij k
n inohg j pg po o o
no m ohg o
g nohg t g n gm n g nq ge fpntpn i
tp noh
ino n k o n nohg o n^^ j k
n ippi n rspqt

g ppi m ohg rspqt j k
p
m ohg n o
p
mt h g g e n gm no t g gmf i et
nohg o
ppi m ohg ppi nohg o
p
pg po ppi m ohg o
e g p h gpeg g ppi n m ohg ggfe ps t g nohg t
g pqge ggmgo g h g eggo et p r n mgoe t g g
))pqge ne hg gpmnogh i g r
d
e o gmfg t etmg noq n o oe hg non nto t
)) nq ge fpntpn i n g eg qt gpe
E a
C : C
see t gp k
fns
fe pnoq omg o
no estpg o
t gp ife pnoq omg n no estpg j k
ne gomg omg o
ne g estpg estpg o
p
p
g see hg non nto oh g stoe ps tp pg fpg i ms g emg
e ie r
pn nosg fpntpn i gge pgnpg etmg stmfpnetoe n g h g t
g os nto stmfpg t r t g e pn g tog
no stmfpg t it gp qk n t gp q j k
no qkrestpg o
no q restpg o
tp qt gpe n t ne qtth }
n i j pg po k o
n i g j pg po k o
p
pg po o
so spg g etmg qt gpe
noi n g
t gp nqgp og t gp lil nqgp tthe l nl_ k j o
t gp f n og t gp lmi n nsgeto n j o
t gp og t gp i to l n _ j j o
oh f gm no g gg
f rnoegp i nqgp j o
f rnoegp if n j o
f rnoegp i j o
go g f gm t
ng i}f rgmf i ijj k
qt gp f rpgmt h g ijo
p
st qt gp gomg qt gp g estpg o
E a
gi ffgp no hgesgohnoq tphgp i tp qt gpe j

nqgp tthe _ k
m to _ j
n nsgeto
n et ot g h g qt fpntpn i gg htog tp
qt gpe rrr }}}
t u
B }} o tphgpgh eg t t gs e n noq tp egp h nsg t etmg
noh r
B }}y y} g pge hg gpmnog ns mgmgp t
gg ne pgmt h gh og r
)) npe no n npe t n ggnoq hnesnfnog no ns
g npe mgmgp t ppnh g ne g npe t g pgmt h gh r
x B }} ggnoq hnesnfnog no ns gs mgmgp e
fpntpn i hg gpmnogh i g gpo s tpe r g mgmgp n

g nq ge fpntpn i ne g npe t g pgmt h gh r
x }} o hg noge g tfgp ntoe tog mnq
fgp tpm to fpntpn i gg r
}y}} see hg non nto nmfgmgo e o n mg th
ntoe pg no h ts ntoe t t gp mg the n etmg nmge
hgnnonenmfg tpm ntoe r g h goggp htge ot enqon nso
tp n n poenmfpt h ge tp e ohphn ge g no gp sg eggo i
g sngo r
}xzy} {z z hoqgp eetsn gh n h goggp etmg
t g mg the mnq g nmfgmgo gh nog nsngo i no i
ne ot ffpgo t g sngo r
xyzy } o tfgp nto teg po nmg htge ot hgfgoh to g
en g t g h e ps pg r
y}z } o tfgp nto teg po nmg ne nogp os nto t
g en g t g h e ps pg r
y} B }} o nmfgmgo nto t gg enoq nogh ne oh
pg gpgosge t g npe oh e othge r
z } o nmfgmgo nto t gg enoq o ppi oh
nohnsge t g npe ggmgo oh g og h ng efsg r
E ac
C : C
zz z eg t seege r g e ps see efgsn ns nto

ne e g pgnpgmgo e see me e ne i t g noshgh
no g eg r
w
K 0
ne s f gp fpgego e og h e ps pg sgh pgg n etmg t

n e ege oh t ie t nmfgmgo
ento nen r g hne nos nto g ggo o
fteeng etpsg t sto
n h e ps pg n oh o nmfgmgo nto t o tp h
e ps pg r gpg ne ot onh gpe oe gp n gseg etmg noq
ne o tog g h g mnq no po g g nmfgmgo nto t
ot gp r
t gf ggf etmg t ne e pnq n n ne etmg nmge eg t
hp hnqpm e t noq g pg ntoe nf g ggo o oh n e
fteeng nmfgmgo ntoe r ne nqpg e t e gpg pg t
nmfgmgo ntoe t pgg
Tree
linked array
implementation implementation
g tpn to nog no g nqpg pgfpgego e g ppngp t
e ps nto g ggo g oh n e nmfgmgo ntoe r

ng ne e n pgge pg mhg f t othge r stmmto noh t pgg
ne yz }} n no ns gs othg sto noe pg gpgosg t t
t gp othge ifteeni o j r g see hg non nto tte ng
ne
see pgg k
no spqt o
pgg g n pnq o
E ab
EE

po
ng ne othge n pgg othge sto no spqt no ne seg
qgogpns no r m t g h gp n pgge mi stoene t oi ifg t spqt n et
no g pg it sth gs onsi ee n g g no n t gp
ifge oh n e th tp n ne n g pge t itp fptqpm
sthg htge ot qt pi r g t gp noe osg h pnge pg omgh
g oh pnq n no sstphosg n e ohph i t pgfpgego
pgge qpf nsi
tree
cargo: 1
left: right:
cargo: 2 cargo: 3
left: right: left: right:
g tf t g pgg i g othg pg gppgh t i pgg j ne sgh

g xx r o ggfnoq n g pgg mg f tp n g t gp othge pg
ge oh g othge g nfe n o pg gpgosge
sgh pos}z}
pg sgh r mi eggm thh g hp g fns pg n
g ptt g tf oh g g h ge g t tm n ne ot
g e poqge noq r
t mg noqe tpeg n stmf gp esngo ne e mn no ig ot gp
mg f tp g mni pgg r g tf othg ne etmg nmge sgh
z}y oh g othge n pg gpe t pg n e {}y r thge n
g emg fpgo pg sgh y n oh et to r
noi n gpg ne et qgtmg pns h tspi tp noq
t pgge r pghi mgo ntogh g oh pnq n gpg
ne et ))f i t ph g fpgo ptt j oh ht o i t ph g
g h ge j r et n g othge pg g emg hne osg
sptmnhpgo
g ptt stmfpneg }} t g pgg r
hto ot i g oggh pgg mg f tpe tp noq t
pgge n gpg n ne r
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VZ e QN O Q RQ V Y ZX a W OS Rb RW [O PQ U QN VQ _ OQ V YYR PVQ Oe TU VW RX Q \
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TZ UOSQ V Z O d Z Re O TZ Q R QN O a Tee YO \ u Ta TYVS Yc S Oa R h TZ_ QN O TQ Oa
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QN O ZX a W OS Rb TQ Oa U \ uR W RQN R] OS VQ TRZ U VS O PRZ UQ VZ Q Q Ta O \
Z c Q Ta O d O QS V h OS UO VZ VSS Vc RS Y TUQ ] OS b RS a TZ _ V
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fN O VZ V Yc U TU Rb QN O Y TUQ Ta ] YO a OZ Q VQ TRZ TU U Ta TYVS \ fN O b TS UQ
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TZ UOSQ Oe WX Q d O PVZ V UUX a O QN VQ RZ V h OS V_ O d O N V h O Q R QS V h OS UO
N V Yb Rb QN O Y TUQ \ Z b RSQXZ VQ OYc O h OZ QS V h OS U TZ _ N VYb Rb QN O
Y TUQ TU UQ TYY V Y TZ OVS R] OS VQ TRZ \
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] S R] RSQ TRZ V Y Q R \ fNX U W V UOe RZ QN TU VZ V Yc U TU d O PVZZ RQ UVc
d N TPN Ta ] YOa OZ Q VQ TRZ TU W OQQ OS W RQN QN O VSS Vc VZ e QN O Y TUQ c TOYe
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TU V ] VSQ TPX YVS Yc Obb TP TOZQ Ta ] YO a OZQ VQ TRZ Rb V {S TRS TQc X OX O \

N OV] TU V U] O P TVY ^ TZ e Rb QS OO \ `Q N V U Q d R ] S R] OSQ TO U QN VQ VS O

Z RQ _ OZ OS V YYc QSX O bRS RQN OS QS OO U r
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Vee Oe bS R a Q R] Q R W RQQ Ra YObQ Q R S T_N Q d TQN RX Q YOV h TZ_ VZ c
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QN O Q R] Rb QN O QS OO VZ e QN O UV a O TU QSX O bRS O h OSc UXW QS OO \
RQN Rb QN O UO ] S R] OSQ TO U W OVS V Y TQQ YO Oj] YV TZ TZ _ \ fN TU

b T_X S O UN R d U V ZX a W OS Rb QS OO U QN VQ VS O PRZ U TeOS Oe PR a ] YOQ O RS
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Z O a ]Qc QS OO TU V Y UR PRZ U TeOS Oe PR a ] YOQ O \ O PVZ e Ob TZ O

PR a ] YOQ OZ O UU a RS O S T_ RS RX UYc W c PR a ] VS TZ_ QN O N O T_N Q Rb QN O
UXWQS OO U \ O PV YY QN VQ QN O } Rb V QS OO TU QN O ZX a W OS Rb
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Rb QN O YObQ UXW QS OO VZ e QN O N O T_N Q Rb QN O S T_NQ UXW QS OO UN RX Ye
W O OyX VY RS QN O YObQ UXW QS OO a Vc W O Q V YYOS Wc RZ O \ `Z VZ c RQN OS
PV UO QN O QS OO PVZZ RQ W O PR a ] YOQ O \
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TZ QN O QS OO \
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TZQ N O T_N Q ifS OO N OVe j

Tb iN OVessZX YY j S OQX SZ
TZ Q S T_NQ s N O T_N Q iN OVe g S T_NQ j YObQ s N O T_N Q iN OVe g YObQ j
Tb iS T_N Q g YObQ j S OQX SZ S T_N Q
S OQX SZ YObQ

W RR Y TUh R a ] YOQ O ifS OO QS OO j

QN O ZX YY QS OO TU PR a ] YOQ O
Tb iQS OO ss ZX YY j S OQX SZ QSX O
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TZQ S T_N Q O T_N Q s N O T_N Q iQS OO g S T_NQ j
TZQ e Tbb s YObQ O T_N Q S T_N Q O T_N Q
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PN O P^ QN O PN TYeS OZ
Tb i TUh R a ] YOQ O iQS OO g YObQ jj S OQXSZ b V Y UO
S OQX SZ TUh R a ] YOQ O iQS OO g S T_NQ j

RS QN TU Oj V a ] YO ` X UOe QN O Y TZ^ Oe Ta ] YO a OZQ VQ TRZ Rb V

QS OO \ U VZ Oj OS PTUO d S TQ O QN O UV a O a OQN Re b RS QN O VSS Vc
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fN O N O T_N Q Rb V ZX YY QS OO TU VZ e QN O N O T_N Q Rb V YOVb Z Re O TU
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N T_N O UQ ] S TRS TQc TU V Y d Vc U VQ QN O S RRQ \ fN O ] S RW YO a TU QN VQ
RZ PO d O S Oa R h O QN O S RRQ Z Re O d O VS O YObQ d TQN URa OQN TZ _ QN VQ
TU Z R YRZ _ OS V N OV] \ Ob RS O d O PVZ S OQX SZ QN O S O UX YQ d O N V h O Q R
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fN O U TQX VQ TRZ TU UN R d Z TZ QN O b R YYR d TZ _ b T_X S O r
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Subtree A Subtree B
fN O S RRQ Z Re O N V U ] S TRS TQc S VZ e Q d R UXW QS OO U VZ e \ fN O

h V YX O
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QN VQ V VZ e W VS O QN O YVS_ O UQ h VYX O U TZ QN O TS S O U] O PQ T h O UXW QS OO U \
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V_ V TZ \ `Z RQN OS d RS e U d O Z OOe Q R a V^ O UX S O TQ N V U QN O ] S R] OSQ TO U
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h V YX O VQ QN O S RRQ \ `Z V _ OZ OS V Y QS OO Ta ] YOa OZ Q VQ TRZ d O d RX Ye
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RSQXZ VQ O Yc TQ TU OV Uc Q R S O UQ RS O \ O ^Z R d QN VQ QN O YVS_ O UQ
h V YX O TZ QN O N OV] TU O TQN OS V RS W \ fN OS ObRS O d O PVZ UOYO PQ
d N TPN O h OS TU YVS_ OS VZ e U d V] TQ d TQN QN O h V YX O VQ QN O S RRQ \
SW TQS VS TYc YOQ U UVc QN VQ W TU YVS_ OS \ u TZ PO d O ^Z R d TQ TU
QN O N T_N O UQ h V YX O YObQ TZ QN O N OV] d O PVZ ]XQ TQ VQ QN O S RRQ VZ e
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a c
Subtree A Subtree B
_ V TZ P TU QN O h V YX O d O PR] TOe bS R a QN O YV UQ OZQSc TZ QN O

VSS Vc VZ e W TU QN O N T_N O UQ h V YX O YObQ TZ QN O N OV] \ u TZ PO d O
N V h OZ Q PN VZ _ Oe uXW QS OO VQ V YY d O ^Z R d QN VQ TQ TU UQ TYY V
N OV] \ fN O RZ Yc ] S RW YO a TU QN VQ d O e RZ Q ^Z R d Tb uXW QS OO TU
V N OV] U TZ PO d O [X UQ UQX P^ V i] S RW VW Yc YR d j h V YX O VQ TQ U S RRQ \
RX YeZ Q TQ W O Z TPO Tb d O N Ve V a OQN Re QN VQ PRX Ye S ON OV] Tbc
uXWQS OO V TQ \\\ d O e R

`Z UOSQ TZ_ V Z O d TQ O a TZ V N OV] TU V U Ta TYVS R] OS VQ TRZ Oj PO]Q

QN VQ TZ UQ OVe Rb QS TP^ Y TZ _ V h V YX O e R d Z bS Ra QN O Q R] d O QS TP^ YO
TQ X] bS R a QN O W RQQ R a \
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QN O W RQQ R a a R UQ S T_NQ a R UQ ] R U TQ TRZ TZ QN O QS OO d N TPN TU QN O
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fN OZ Q R S O UQ RS O QN O N OV] ] S R] OSQc d O PR a ] VS O QN O Z O d h V YX O
d TQN TQ U Z O T_NW RS U \ fN O U TQX VQ TRZ YRR^ U Y T^ O QN TU r
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fN O Z O d h V YX O TU P \ O PVZ S O UQ RS O QN O N OV] ] S R] OSQc Rb QN TU

UXWQS OO W c PRa ] VS TZ _ P Q R V \ `b P TU Ua V YYOS QN OZ QN O N OV]
] S R] OSQc TU UVQ TUb TOe \ `b P TU YVS_ OS QN OZ d O U d V] P VZ e V \
fN O U d V] UVQ TUb TO U QN O N OV] ] S R] OSQc W O PVX UO d O ^Z R d QN VQ P a X UQ
V Y UR W O W T__ OS QN VZ W W O PVX UO P g V VZ e V g W \
w R d QN VQ QN O UXW QS OO TU S ON OV] Tb TOe d O PVZ d RS^ RX S d Vc X]
QN O QS OO XZ Q TY d O S OV PN QN O S RRQ \
RS W RQN TZ UOSQ VZ e S O a R h O d O ] OS bRS a V PRZ UQ VZ Q Q Ta O R] OS VQ TRZ

Q R e R QN O V PQX V Y TZ UOSQ TRZ VZ e S O a R h V Y WX Q QN OZ d O N V h O Q R
S ON OV] Tbc QN O QS OO \ `Z RZ O PV UO d O UQ VSQ VQ QN O S RRQ VZ e d RS^
RX S d Vc e R d Z PR a ] VS TZ_ TQ O a U VZ e QN OZ S O PX S U T h O Yc S ON OV] Tbc TZ_
RZ O Rb QN O UXW QS OO U \ `Z QN O RQN OS PV UO d O UQ VSQ VQ V YOVb VZ e
d RS^ RX S d Vc X] V_ V TZ PR a ] VS TZ _ OYO a OZQ U VQ OV PN YO h O Y Rb QN O
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Y T^ O PR a ] VS TURZ U VZ e U d V] U \ TQN OS PN R TPO d RX Ye d RS^ QN O S OV Y
TUUX O TU QN O ZX a W OS Rb YO h O Y U Rb QN O QS OO d O Oj V a TZ O VZ e N R d a X PN
d RS^ d O e R VQ OV PN YO h O Y \ `Z W RQN PV UO U d O ^ OO] Oj V a TZ TZ _ YO h O Y U
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a T_N Q RZ Yc h TU TQ RZ O RS TZ QN O d RS UQ PV UO d O a T_N Q N V h O Q R h TUTQ
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f R UOO d N c QN TZ ^ Rb QN O ZX a W OS Rb Z Re O U RZ OV PN YO h OY Rb QN O
QS OO \ fN O b TS UQ YO h OY PRZ Q V TZ U QN O UO PRZ e PRZQ V TZ U QN O
QN TS e PRZ Q V TZ U VZ e UR RZ \ fN O QN YO h OY PRZ Q V TZ U Z Re O U VZ e
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fN O S O UX YQ Rb QN O ] S O h TRX U UO PQ TRZ UX __ O UQ U c OQ VZ RQN OS V Y_ RS TQN a

b RS URSQ TZ _ \ T h OZ TQ Oa U d O TZ UOSQ QN O a TZQ R V OV] VZ e QN OZ
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PV YYOe Q V^ O U Q Ta O ] S R] RSQ TRZ V Y Q R d N TPN TU

W OQQ OS QN VZ UO YO PQ TRZ URSQ VZ e QN O UV a O V U a OS_ O URSQ \
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DC I DC , .1C E0 G , .0 12 nT w 1G ,2 F0 12 xy DC 0 DC J ,O i j .1C E0 F . ., E E F G F20 D.N IF2 F
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