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Tratamientos Térmicos

Carlos Bohórquez
2010

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According to the effect on matrix, alloying

elements can be divided into two
categories:
1. By expending the γ-field, and encouraging the
formation of austenite, such as Ni, Co, Mn, Cu,
C, and N (these elements are called austenite
stabilizers)
2. By contracting the γ-field, and encouraging the
formation of ferrite, such as Si, Cr, W, Mo, P, Al,
Sn, Sb, As, Zr, Nb, B, S, and Ce (these
elements are called ferrite stabilizers)

Alloying elements can be divided into two

categories according to the interaction with
carbon in steel:
1. Carbide-forming elements, such as Mn, Cr, Mo,
W, V, Nb, Ti, and Zr. They go into solid solution
in cementite at low concentrations. At higher
concentrations, they form more stable alloy
carbides, though Mn only dissolves in cementite.
2. Noncarbide-forming elements, such as Ni, Co,
Cu, Si, P, and Al. They are free from carbide in
steels, and normally found in the matrix

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MANGANESE
• Manganese (Mn) is present in virtually all steels in amounts of 0.30% or more

• Manganese is essentially a deoxidizer and a desulfurizer. It has a lesser tendency for

macrosegregation than any of the common elements. Steels above 0.60% Mn cannot
be readily rimmed.

• Manganese is beneficial to surface quality in all carbon ranges (with the exception of
• extremely low-carbon rimmed steels) and reduction in the risk of red-shortness.

• Manganese favorably affects forgeability and weldability.

• Manganese is a weak carbide former, only dissolving in cementite, and forms alloying
• cementite in steels.
• Manganese is an austenite former as a result of the open γ-phase field.
• Large quantities (>2% Mn) result in an increased tendency toward cracking and
distortion
• during quenching.
• The presence of alloying element Mn in steels enhances the
• impurities such as P, Sn, Sb, and As segregating to grain boundaries and induces
temper
• embrittlement

SILICON
• Silicon (Si) is one of the principal deoxidizers used in steelmaking;
therefore, silicon content also determines the type of steel produced.
Killed carbon steels may contain Si up to a maximum of 0.60%.
Semikilled steels may contain moderate amounts of Si.
• Silicon dissolves completely in ferrite, when silicon content is below
0.30%, increasing its strength without greatly decreasing ductility.
Beyond 0.40% Si, a marked decrease in ductility is noticed in plain
carbon steels.
• If combined with Mn or Mo, silicon may produce greater
hardenability of steels.
• Due to the addition of Si, stress corrosion can be eliminated in Cr–Ni
austenitic steels.
• In heat treated steels, Si is an important alloy element, and
increases hardenability, wear resistance, elastic limit and yield
strength, and scale resistance in heat-resistant steels.
• Si is a noncarbide former, and free from cementite or carbides; it
dissolves in martensite and retards the decomposition of alloying
martensite up to 300°C.

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PHOSPHORUS
• Phosphorus (P) segregates during solidification, but to a lesser
extent than C and S.
• Phosphorus dissolves in ferrite and increases the strength of steels.
As the amount of P increases, the ductility and impact toughness of
steels decrease, and raises the cold-shortness.
• Phosphorus has a very strong tendency to segregate at the grain
boundaries, and causes the temper embrittlement of alloying steels,
especially in Mn, Cr, Mn–Si, Cr–Ni, and Cr–Mn steels.
• Phosphorus also increases the hardenability and retards the
decomposition of martensite-like Si in steels.
• High P content is often specified in low-carbon free-machining steels
to improve machinability. In low-alloy structural steels containing
~0.1% C, P increases strength and atmospheric corrosion
resistance.
• In austenitic Cr–Ni steels, the addition of P can cause precipitation
effects and an increase in yield points.
• In strong oxidizing agent, P causes grain boundary corrosion in
austenitic stainless steels after solid solution treatment as a result of
the segregation of P at grain boundaries.

SULFUR
• Increased amounts of sulfur (S) can cause red- or hot-shortness due
to the low-melting sulfide eutectics surrounding the grain in reticular
fashion.
• Sulfur has a detrimental effect on transverse ductility, notch impact
toughness, weldability, and surface quality (particularly in the lower
carbon and lower manganese steels), but has a slight effect on
longitudinal mechanical properties.
• Sulfur has a very strong tendency to segregate at grain boundaries
and causes reduction of hot ductility in alloy steels. However, sulfur
in the range of 0.08–0.33% is intentionally added to free-machining
steels for increased machinability.
• Sulfur improves the fatigue life of bearing steels, because the
thermal coefficient on MnS inclusion is higher than that of matrix, but
the thermal coefficient of oxide inclusions is lower than that of
matrix, MnS inclusions coat or cover oxides (such as alumina,
silicate, and spinel), thereby reducing the tensile stresses in the
surrounding matrix

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ALUMINUM
• Aluminum (Al) is widely used as a deoxidizer and a grain
refiner. As Al forms very hard nitrides with nitrogen, it is
usually an alloying element in nitriding steels.
• It increases scaling resistance and is therefore often
added to heat-resistant steels and alloys. In precipitation
hardening stainless steels, Al can be used as an alloying
element, causing precipitationhardening reaction.
• Aluminum is also used in maraging steels. Aluminum
increases the corrosion resistance in low-carbon
corrosion-resisting steels.
• Of all the alloying elements, Al is one of the most
effective elements in controlling grain growth prior to
quenching.
• Aluminum has the drawback of a tendency to promote
graphitization

NITROGEN
• Nitrogen (N) is one of the important elements in
expanded γ-field group. It can expand and stabilize the
austenitic structure, and partly substitute Ni in austenitic
steels.
• If the nitride forming elements V, Nb, and Ti are added to
high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels, fine
• Nitrides and carbonitrides will form during controlled
rolling and controlled cooling.
• Nitrogen can be used as an alloying element in
microalloying steels or austenitic stainless steels,
causing precipitation or solid solution strengthening.
• Nitrogen induces strain aging,quench aging, and blue
brittleness in low-carbon steels.

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CHROMIUM
• Chromium (Cr) is a medium carbide former. In the low Cr/C ratio
range, only alloyed cementite
• (Fe,Cr)3C forms. If the Cr/C ratio rises, chromium carbides
(Cr,Fe)7C3 or (Cr,Fe)23C6 or both, would appear.
• Chromium increases hardenability, corrosion and oxidation
resistance of steels, improves high-temperature strength and high-
pressure hydrogenation properties, and enhances abrasion
resistance in high-carbon grades.
• Chromium carbides are hard and wear-resistant and increase the
edge-holding quality. Complex chromium–iron carbides slowly go
into solution in austenite; therefore, a longer time at temperature is
necessary to allow solution to take place before quenching is
accomplished.
• Chromium is the most important alloying element in steels. The
addition of Cr in steels enhances the impurities, such as P, Sn, Sb,
and As, segregating to grain boundaries and induces temper
embrittlement

• NICKEL
• Nickel (Ni) is a noncarbide-forming element in
steels. As a result of the open γ-phase field.
• Ni is an austenite-forming element.
• Nickel raises hardenability.
• In combination with Ni, Cr and Mo, it produce
greater hardenability, impact toughness, and
fatigue resistance in steels.
• Nickel dissolving in ferrite improves toughness,
decreases, even at the subzero temperatures.
• Nickel raises the corrosion resistance of Cr–Ni
austenitic stainless steels in nonoxidizing acid
medium.

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MOLYBDENUM
• Molybdenum (Mo) is a pronounced carbide former. It dissolves
slightly in cementite, while molybdenum carbides will form when the
Mo content in steel is high enough.
• Molybdenum can induce secondary hardening during the tempering
of quenched steels and improves the creep strength of low-alloy
steels at elevated temperatures.
• The addition of Mo produces fine-grained steels, increases
hardenability, and improves fatigue strength. Alloy steels containing
0.20–0.40% Mo or V display a delayed temper embrittlement, but
cannot eliminate it.
• Molybdenum increases corrosion resistance and is used to a great
extent in high-alloy Cr ferritic stainless steels and with Cr–Ni
austenitic stainless steels. High Mo contents reduce the stainless
steel’s susceptibility to pitting.
• Molybdenum has a very strong solid solution strengthening in
austenitic alloys at elevated temperatures. Molybdenum is a very
important alloying element for alloy steels.

• TUNGSTEN
• Tungsten (W) is a strong carbide former. The
behavior of W is very similar to Mo in steels.
• Tungsten slightly dissolves in cementite. As the
content of W increases in alloy steels,
• W forms very hard, abrasion-resistant carbides,
and can induce secondary hardening during the
tempering of quenched steels.
• It promotes hot strength and red-hardness and
thus cuttingability.
• It prevents grain growth at high temperature. W
and Mo are the main alloying elements in high-
speed steels. However, W and Mo impair scaling
resistance

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VANADIUM
• Vanadium (V) is a very strong carbide former. Very small amounts of
V dissolve in cementite. It dissolves in austenite, strongly increasing
hardenability, but the undissolved vanadium carbides decrease
hardenability.
• Vanadium is a grain refiner, and imparts strength and toughness.
Fine vanadium carbides and nitrides give a strong dispersion
hardening effect in microalloyed steels after controlled rolling and
controlled cooling.
• Vanadium provides a very strong secondary hardening effect on
tempering, therefore it raises hot-hardness and thus cutting ability in
high-speed steels.
• Vanadium increases fatigue strength and improves notch
• sensitivity.
• Vanadium increases wear resistance, edge-holding quality, and
high-temperature strength. It is therefore used mainly as an
additional alloying element in high-speed, hot-forging, and creep-
resistant steels. It promotes the weldability of heat-treatable steels.
• The presence of V retards the rate of tempering embrittlement in
Mo-bearing steels

TITANIUM
• Titanium (Ti) is a very strong carbide and nitride former. The effects
of Ti are similar to those of Nb and V, but titanium carbides and
nitrides are more stable than those of Nb and V.
• It is widely used in austenitic stainless steels as a carbide former for
stabilization to eliminate intergranular corrosion. By the addition of
Ti, intermetallic compounds are formed in maraging steels, causing
age hardening.
• Titanium increases creep rupture strength through formation of
special nitrides and tends significantly to segregation and banding.
• Ti, Nb, and V are effective grain inhibitors because their nitrides and
carbides are quite stable and difficult to dissolve in austenite. If Ti,
Nb, and V dissolve in austenite, the hardenability of alloy steels may
increase strongly due to the presence of Mn and Cr in steels.

• Mn and Cr decrease the stability of Ti-, Nb-, and V-carbides in steels

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QUENCHING

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DIFUSIÓN

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• 1ra Ley de Fick

• 2da Ley de Fick

• Solución

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Tratamientos térmicos de
Aceros de Herramientas

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• Propiedades
– Trabajo en caliente
– Trabajo en Frio
– Maquinabilidad
– Molienda
– Baja rugosidad

• Propiedades transversales
– Dureza

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Dureza de algunos materiales

• Templabilidad
• Tenacidad
• Fatiga Térmica

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El tratamiento térmico de aceros para herramientas se lleva a cabo

para lograr uno de los siguientes objetivos:

1. Para obtener una microestructura y las propiedades deseadas

adecuados para el mecanizado o la deformación en frio
2. Para liberar las tensiones residuales acumuladas en anteriores
tratamientos térmicos y mecánicos
3. Para homogeneizar la microestructura con carburos globulares por
un tratamiento de esferoidización
4. Para disolver mediante un tratamiento de normalización de los
carburos intergranulares que son perjudiciales para las propiedades
mecánicas de los aceros de herramientas

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• Recocido
– Ablandamiento
– Alivio de tensiones
– Homogenización de la estructura (abajo de la
Temperatura critica)

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Tratamientos térmicos de Aceros

Inoxidables

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• Aceros Inoxidables austeniticos

– Resistencia a la corrosion
– Ductilidad
– Tenacidad
– Soldabilidad
– Elevado esfuerzo de Fluencia

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• Recocido de solución
– El principal objetivo es la precipitación de las fases
formadas durante el procesos de deformación y
soldadura
– La temperatura más baja debe ser de 900°C. para
que los Carburos se haya disuelto por completo, y
tiempos largos por que se disuelven lentamente. el
crecimiento de grano limita el la temperatura máxima
de solución En particular, el crecimiento anormal de
grano, también conocido
como recristalización secundaria, debe ser evitada.

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• Recocido de Estabilización
– Sirve para dar propiedades de resistencia a la
corrosión intergranular.
– Temperaturas entre 850°C y 950°C

Aceros Inoxidables Ferriticos

series 400
Presentan fragilidad a 475°C
Fragilidad por fase σ’

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• Ferritic–austenitic stainless steels with a duplex

microstructure can be classified into two
subgroups
1. Alloys with low-carbon content (0.01 wt% ≤ C≤
0.08 wt%), frequently mechanically worked and
heat treatable
2. Alloys with high-carbon content (0.3 wt%≤ C
≤0.5 wt%), used in the as-cast condition or after
solution annealing

Duplex stainless steels are susceptible to three types of

embrittlement:
• 1. Embrittlement caused by the presence of a carbide
network, particularly in the austenite, in alloys with higher
carbon content
• 2. Embrittlement caused by precipitation of the α ’-
phase, 475°C embrittlement of ferrite
• 3. Embrittlement caused by precipitation of the σ-phase,
particularly in the ferrite

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