中華技術 109

2 No.109 January, 2016 No.
109January, 2016 3
1-5a.indd 2-3 2016/2/22 09:55:08

10471
20502005
50%100
4 No.109 January, 2016

PM2.5
34%66%
PM2.5
PM2.5
()
(109)
No.109January, 2016 5
1
INTERVIEW


60
2,000
10

100
10424

DEHP
1,500/
5,000/
(1) (2)
3910
773745
3814
628
474
1045
10451
5,500112 81.5
5,359
97.4%3,0582,187

(7) (6) (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1104
10%6109
27
81,500

(106)
84%


25
1/2

6

1/2
1/2
10 No.109 January, 2016

(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
1
INTERVIEW

12 No.109 January, 2016

99
450
69150
3625

69
102
94
18,375
9406122,306
1042,100

(1) (2)

14 No.109 January, 2016

() (3) (2) (1)

511
162
450
11
23.34%
25100
650
8800
1722030
APP
BOT
BOT

16 No.109 January, 2016
1


80
10815,000CMD
104
23.34%
104
18 No.109 January, 2016

(1) (2) (3) (3) (2) (1)
11
1
INTERVIEW

20 No.109 January, 2016

(2002
2012GDP
2025GDP
10GDP
1
(Taipei)10

1,812

(Tokyo)1,532
(Seoul)1,035
(Lloyds) (Manila)1,010
(Centre for Risk Studies) (Wind
(World Cities Risk 2015- storm)(Earthquake)(Flood)
2025)30110
18 No.109January, 2016 21
GDP
GDP
GDP
2009
3,004675
GDP

(1) (2)
15
(Vulnerability)

(Taipei)10GDP

22 No.109 January, 2016

(3) (3) (2) (1)

(TELES)
1 (Geographic Information Systems,

GIS)
24 No.109 January, 2016

600mm 816
600mm()

26 No.109 January, 2016

1


--

--

2015

28 No.109 January, 2016

(1) (2) (3) (3) (2) (1)
2
ENGINEERING

PM2.5

CMAQ
ABSTRACT
(PM2.5)
PM 2.5
66%34%
PM2.5
NOxSOx
PM2.5
PM2.5
PM2.5PM2.5
(local)(regional)PM2.5

30 No.109 January, 2016

1 2 3
(
PM 2.5 )
PM 2.5 (
(PM2.5) )

2

PM 2.5 PM2.5(

)
PM 2.5

PM2.5PM2.5
PM2.5NOxSOxVOCsNH3
(
PM 2.5 )

PM2.5
()

()
PM2.5
PM2.5PM2.5(SOx, NOx, NH3, NMHC)
PM2.5

20062013PM2.5
12013
0.42g/m3
0.62g/m3(20072013)PM2.5
220072010

PM2.5201230
2013PM2.53
PM2.5
30-35g/m3
40g/m3
30
2 7630

1 PM2.5()
32 No.109 January, 2016
2

2 PM2.520072010
3 2013PM2.5

PM 2.5 ()

PM2.5PM2.5NOxSOxVOCs
NH3PM2.5 CMAQ
() (Community Multi-scale Air Quality)
(Byun and Ching, 1999)

34 No.109 January, 2016

()
1
3(81 km81 km)
(3 km3 km)
(4)
(EABEIS, East Asia Biogenic

(1) Emissions Inventory System)
MM5(Fifth-Generation Penn State/NCAR (2005)
Mesoscale Model) TBEIS
(2)
TEDS8.1
(TBEIS, Taiwan Biogenic Emissions
Inventory System)(Chang
et al., 2009)NOx
33VOCs(isoprene, monoterpenes, ...)
2

(3)
MEIC(Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for 201014710
China)(He et al., 2012)
SO2, NOx, CO, VOC, PM10, PM2.5, BC, PM 2.5
OC 201017
(4) PM 2.5
INTEX-B(Intercontinental Chemical Transport 20076122010
Experiment-Phase B)(Zhang et al., 2009) 2007
MEIC
(5)
()(2015) )5
()
(2012)

PM 2.5
( (25g/m3)(
) 40g/m3)(5-15g/m3)
(
) ()PM
PM

PM 2.5

PM 2.5
,
PM ,

PM 2.5PM 2.5

PM2.52010PM2.5
(1,4,7,10
5 2010PM2.5
36 No.109 January, 2016
PM 2.5 24.2g/m 3 89%0.69%0.41%
66%(PM PM 2.5
40%PM26%)
33%(21%
11%)2%1
PM 2.5(13.8g/m 3) PM 2.5
(8%)
(90%)PM 2.5
(23.6-35.2g/m3)( 2010
30-40%) (PM2.5)
PM2.558%- DDM(Decoupled Direct Method)CMAQ
67% DDM

()
(34%+)
6 2010(1, 4, 7, 10)
PM 2.5
1 2010PM2.5

PM2.5

PM PM
g/m3 g/m3 g/m3 g/m3 g/m3 g/m3
1() 35.2 11.9 8.62 9.40 4.58 0.76
4() 23.6 9.56 6.34 4.40 2.79 0.52
7() 13.8 8.52 3.92 0.65 0.39 0.36
10() 24.5 8.81 6.44 5.92 2.90 0.44
24.2 9.67 6.31 5.06 2.65 0.52

100 40% 26% 21% 11% 2%
2

6 2010PM2.5
72
PM2.5(56%)
PM 2.5 (53%)(49%)(43%)
(38.7g/m 3) PM2.5(33%)
PM 2.5 (31%)(26%)(22%)
()
(57%)(44%)(43%)
7 2010PM2.5
2 2010PM2.5

PM2.5

2 g/m3 % g/m3 % g/m3 % g/m3 % g/m3 % g/m3 % g/m3 %

13.8 55.8 5.10 22.8 2.95 10.7 2.41 9.2 1.74 5.0 0.20 1.5 0.85 6.4
0.47 1.9 5.23 23.4 1.64 5.9 0.84 3.2 0.57 1.6 0.02 0.1 0.06 0.4
0.54 2.2 1.47 6.6 12.0 43.4 3.86 14.8 2.33 6.8 0.04 0.3 0.08 0.6
0.25 1.0 0.44 2.0 1.07 3.9 8.61 32.9 4.26 12.3 0.03 0.2 0.04 0.3
0.16 0.7 0.23 1.0 0.36 1.3 0.93 3.6 16.8 48.8 0.11 0.8 0.05 0.4
0.09 0.4 0.03 0.2 0.03 0.1 0.02 0.1 0.05 0.1 7.19 52.5 0.35 2.6
0.25 1.0 0.11 0.5 0.07 0.3 0.05 0.2 0.03 0.1 0.18 1.3 4.34 32.6
15.6 62.9 12.6 56.4 18.1 65.5 16.7 64.0 25.8 74.8 7.8 56.7 5.8 43.2
9.2 37.1 9.8 43.6 9.5 34.5 9.4 36.0 8.7 25.2 5.9 43.3 7.5 56.8
24.8 - 22.4 - 27.6 - 26.1 - 34.5 - 13.7 - 13.3 -
38 No.109 January, 2016
PM 2.5 NOxNMHCNMHC
NH 3
PMSOxNOx
CMAQ-DDM2010 NH3NMHC
2010
PM2.5TEDS8.1 (1, 4, 7, 10)
SOxNOx PM2.583
8 2010PM2.5
3 2010PM2.5
2

PM2.5

g/m3 g/m3 % g/m3 % g/m3 % g/m3 %
24.8 2.34 9.4 4.39 17.7 8.71 35.1 15.4 62.2
22.4 3.43 15.3 3.49 15.6 5.66 25.3 12.6 56.2
27.6 4.68 16.9 5.67 20.6 7.73 28.0 18.1 65.5
26.1 5.33 20.4 5.23 20.0 6.13 23.5 16.7 63.9
34.5 8.72 25.3 7.41 21.5 9.65 28.0 25.8 74.7
13.7 1.30 9.5 0.60 4.4 5.77 42.1 7.7 56.0
13.3 1.94 14.6 1.15 8.6 2.66 20.0 5.76 43.2
26.5 4.53 17.1 5.03 19.0 7.78 29.4 17.3 65.4
PM 2.5

(23 g/m3)
3 g/m3
/
12g/m
3

(19g/m ) 3

PM 2.5
PMNOx/
PM 2.5 PM
(29%) SOxNOxSOx
20%42%(19%) 4VOCs
4%22%(17%) 4VOCsPM
9%25%
PM 2.565%35%
PM 2.5
94

9 PM2.5(1, 7)
40 No.109 January, 2016
4 PM2.5(201017)
PM2.5
PM2.5 SOx+NOx

PM2.5 PM2.5 /

PM2.5 SOx NOx
A C C/A

/ g/m3 g/m3 % (g/m3)/(/) ratio
9.3 0.1 153.0 26.7 1.74 1.23 2.98 12.8 9.5 11.2 0.187 0.008 23.4
7.4 0.2 64.0 26.7 1.63 0.70 2.33 12.0 5.4 8.7 0.221 0.011 20.1
/ 14.7 0.0 0.0 26.7 2.42 0.01 2.43 17.8 0.1 9.1 0.164 - -
5.0 0.6 6.7 26.7 0.58 0.14 0.72 4.3 1.1 2.7 0.115 0.019 6.1
3.0 45.2 73.1 26.7 0.13 0.97 1.09 0.9 7.4 4.1 0.044 0.009 4.9
2.7 25.8 41.8 26.7 0.32 0.91 1.23 2.4 7.0 4.6 0.120 0.013 9.2
3.3 15.4 13.8 26.7 0.75 0.43 1.19 5.5 3.3 4.4 0.225 0.015 15.0
1.7 0.8 19.3 26.7 0.17 0.15 0.32 1.3 1.1 1.2 0.100 0.007 14.3
0.147 0.012 13.3
/ PM 2.5

PM2.5PM 2.5
(SOx+NOx)13
3.0g/m 3
PM2.5SOxNOx13
11%/ PM
2.4g/m 9%
3

0.3g/m 1% 3
PM2.5PM2.5 PM 2.5PM 2.5

PM 2.5 PM 2.5
PM 2.5
2

PM2.5(SOx, NOx, VOCs, NH 3)

PM 2.5
PM2.5PM2.5PM2.5 ()
PM 2.5 PM2.5PM2.5(SOx, NOx, NH3, NMHC)
SOx+NOx(VOCsPM PM 2.5
NH3 2007PM2.5
SOx+NOx) 612
4PM2.5 PM 2.5
PM 2.5
SOx+NOx
PM 2.5 PM2.517g/m 325g/m 3
(0%50%100%)612 PM 2.5
PM2.510 PM 2.5 1%PM 2.5
0.168g/m 3PM 2.5PM 2.5
PM 2.5 PM 2.5
PM 2.5 PM 2.5
11PM 2.5 PM 2.5 PM2.5
PM 2.5
PM 2.5 SOxNOx
PM2.5SOxNOx
PM2.5PM 2.5 NH 3 PM 2.5
PM 2.5 SOx
10 PMPM2.5(2007612)
11 PM2.5PM2.5
42 No.109 January, 2016
NOx25SOxNOx NH 3 PM 2.5
NH 3(50%)
1225 PM 2.5
PM 2.5 NH3NH3(
SOxNOx 50%)PM2.5
PM2.513 NMHCPM2.5
NOxSOx NMHC
NOxSOxPM2.5 PM 2.5
SOxNOxPM2.5 PM 2.5
() NH 3 NMHC
SOxNOx O 3
PM 2.5 VOCsO 3
VOCs
12 25SOxNOxPM2.5
13 25SOxNOxPM2.5
PM 2.5
PM 2.5
PM 2.5 PM 2.5
2 34%( PM2.5NOxSOx
89%)11%PM2.5 13PM 2.5

PM2.5NOxSOxVOCsNH3
66%
PM 2.5
PM 2.5NOx
PM 2.5 SOxVOCsNH3
PM 2.5
(
) PM 2.5PM 2.5
PM 2.5 PM 2.5
44 No.109 January, 2016
4. Zhang Q., Streets D.G., Carmichael G.R., He
K.B., Huo H., Kannari A., Klimont Z., Park I.S.,
Reddy S., Fu J.S., Chen D., Duan L., Lei Y.,
PM 2.5 Wang L.T., Yao Z.L., 2009. Asian emissions
in 2006 for the NASA INTEX-B mission.
(local)(regional) Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9, 5131-5153.
PM 2.5
5. 2005

Nov.18-19
6. 2012
()
EPA-100-FA11-03-
1. Byun, D.W., Ching, J.K.S., 1999. Science A196
Algorithms of the EPA Models-3
CommunitycMultiscale Air Quality(CMAQ) 7. 2015
Modeling System. EPA-600/R-99/30. ()
EnvironmentalcProtection Agency, EPA-103-FA11-03-A334
Washington, DC.
8. 2014
2. Chang, K.H., Yu, J.Y., Chen, T.F., Lin, Y.P.,
2009. Estimating Taiwan biogenic VOC
emissionLeaf energy balance consideration.
Atmospheric Environment 43, 5092-5100.
3. He K.B., 2012. Multi-resolution Emission

2

Inventory for China(MEIC):model framework

and 19902010 anthropogenic emissions.
International Global Atmospheric Chemistry
Conference, 1721 September, Beijing, China.
3
SPECIAL REPORT

46 No.109 January, 2016

ABSTRACT

(Low Impact Development
LID)LIDgreen roofs
LID
1 2 3

LID(Low Impact Development)
199040% SuDS(Sustainable Drainage Systems)
2010 WSUD(Water Sensitive
203060% Urban Design)
70(World Health LIUDD(Low Impact Urban Design and
Organization, WHO) Development)
6,000 (room for river)
3

20

LID

1
(<50200 mm)(<50220
kg/m2)

(>200 mm)(2001000 kg/m2)
1

LID(green roof)

1

(life
green roof, cycle)(cost in life
planted roof, vegetated roof, grassed roof, eco span)320/
roof, rooftop gardensgreen roof 295/185
(Teemusk, 2009) /820/
(extensive)(intensive) (Porsche and Kohler, 2003)
(natural Wong et al.(2003)
sod roof)

(substrate)
48 No.109 January, 2016
1
(extensive green roof) (intensive green roof)
(<50200 mm) (>200 mm)
(<50220 kg/m2) (2001000 kg/m2)

2 (filter layer)
3

(waterproofing layer)
(PVC) (substrate layer/growing layer)(
)

(drainage layer)

(plant layer)

2

(Sedum pallidum)(Sedum sarmentosum)(Sedum makinoi)

(Sedum mexicanum )(Sedum lineare var. variegatum)(Sedum spp.)
(Crassulaceae)
(Graptopetalum paraguayense)
(Portulaca gilliesii)(Portulaca oleracea)
(Portulacaceae) (Portulaca grandiflora cv.)
(Callisia repes)(Zebrina purpusii)(Setcreasea purpurea)
(Commelinaceae) (Rhoeo spathaceo cv. Compacta)(Rhoeo spathaceo)
(Ophiopogon japonicus cv. Nanus)(Asparagus densiflorus)(Asparagus
(Liliaceae) densiflorus)(Chlorophytum cmosum cv. Picturatum)

(Zephyranthes candida)(Zephyranthes rosea)
(Amaryllidaceae)

(Alternanthera spp.)(Alternanthera spp.)
(Amaranthaceae)
(Poaceae) (Zoysia matrella)(Eremochloa ophiuroides)
1. (Convoivuiaceae): (Dichondra micrantha)

2. (Moraceae):(Ficus vaccinioides)
3. (Bromeliaceae):(Cryptanthus bivittatus)
4. (Polygonaceae):(Polygonum capitatum)
5. (Apocynaceae):(Trachelospermum asiaticum cv.)
6. (Melastomataceae):(Schizocentron elegans)

7. (Euphorbiaceae):(Euphorbia milli)
8. (Nephrolepidaceae):(Nephrolepis auriculata)
9. (Agavaceae):Sansevieria
10. (Labiatae): (Plectrathus amboinicus cv.)
11. (Iridaceae):(Belamcanda chinensis)
12. (Urticaceae):(Pilea nummulariifollia)

19601970
1990
3 2 2000

(green roof) 3

(Chen, 2013)

50 No.109 January, 2016
3

(http://www. Mentens et al. (2006)
greenroof.org.tw/)2011 (1)
(2)(3)

Roehr and Kong(2010)

75%69%
3

63%55%26%29%

Spolek (2008)

12%25% (Storm Water
85%0% Management Model, SWMM)

525
3
4 SWMM
52 No.109 January, 2016
524
70%
4 Teemusk and Mander (2007)
0%24%0%
14%(
524)
(25 Rowe (2011)
5)

(
)

70%
10cm0.3
30mm
20% 2011
1% (
5)

2011
20119
31%SWMM 3
7.0
3

8A10

15mg/L0.2mg/L

A B
C ()
3
DO NO3-N TP COD SS
pH
(mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L)
6.16 6.60 1.14 0.03 25.00 2.10
6.37 5.36 0.91 0.01 26.67 7.34
3
8.26 4.78 8.53 0.13 145.06 110.50

Wong et al.
(2003)
0.614.5%

54 No.109 January, 2016
6

Carter and Butler (2008)
Tufts University

12.1%31.7%

612
Escobedo et al.
11.8 (2011)
5.4

10
20
3

(offset)Zhao et al. (2010)

1315
132.8

18.57%

>>>
Yang et al. (2008)

85O 3
NO2PM10SO2Li et al. (2010)
CO2
21mg CO2
CO2CO29
CO2
Getter et al. (2009)
12 1. (2015)

375
g/m 2 2. Carter, T., Butler, C. (2008) Ecological
impacts of replacing traditional roofs with
(Chen, 2015) green roofs in two urban areas. Cities and the
Environment. 1(2):article 9.

3. Chen, C.F. (2013) Performance evaluation
and development strategies for green roofs
in Taiwan: A review. Ecological Engineering
52:51-58.
4. Chen, C.F. (2015). A Preliminary Study on

Carbon Sequestration Potential of Different
Green Roof Plants. International Journal of
Research Studies in Biosciences, 3(5): 121-
129.

3 5. Escobedo, F.J., Kroeger, T., Wagner, J.E.,
(2011). Urban forests and pollution

(2015) mitigation: Analyzing ecosystem services
and disservices. Environmental Pollution,
159:2078-2087.
6. Li, J.F., Wai, O., Li, Y.S., Zhan, J.M., Ho, Y.,
Li, J., Lam, E., (2010). Effect of green roof
on ambient CO2 concentration. Building and
Environment, 45: 2644-2651.Getter et al.
(2009) Carbon Sequestration Potential of
56 No.109 January, 2016
Extensive Green Roofs. Environ. Sci. Technol. 12. Teemusk, A., 2009. Temperature and Water
43: 75647570. Regime, and Runoff Water Quality of Planted
Roofs. PhD Dissertation, Department of
7. Mentens, J., Raes, D., Hermy, M., (2006). Geography, Institute of Ecology and Earth
Green Roofs as a Tool for Solving the Sciences, University of Tartu, Estonia.
Rainwater Runoff Problem in the Urbanized
21st Century? Landscape and Urban Planning, 13. Wong, N.H., Cheong, D.K.W., Yan, H., Soh,
77:217-226. J., Ong, C.L., Sia, A., (2003). The Effects of
Rooftop Garden on Energy Consumption of a
8. Porsche U, Khler M. 2003. Life cycle costs Commercial building in Sinapore. Energy and
of green roofs: A comparison ofGermany, USA, Buildings, 35:353-364.
and Brazil. Proceedings of the World Climate
and Energy Event; 15 December 2003, Rio 14. Yang, J., Yu, Q., Gong, P., (2008). Quantifying
de Janeiro, Brazil. (www.gruendach-mv.de/en/ air pollution removal by green roofs in
ri03_461_u_porsche.pdf) Chicago. Atmospheric Environment, 42:7266-
7273.
9. Roehr, E. and Kong, Y. (2010). Stormwater
Runoff Reduction Achieved by Green Roofs: 15. Zhao, M., Kong, Z.H., Escobedo., E.J., Gao, J.
Comparing SWMM Method to TR-55 Method. (2010). Impacts of urban forests on offsetting
Low Impact Development 2010 Conference, carbon emissions from industrial energy use
ASCE, US. in Hangzhou, China. Journal of Environmental
Management, 91(4): 807-813.
10. Rowe, D.B. (2011). Green roofs as a means
of pollution abatement. Environmental
Pollution, 159: 2100-2110.Spolek, G., 2008.
Performance Monitoring of Three Ecoroofs in
Portland, Oregon. Urban Ecosystem, 11:349-
359.
11. Teemusk, A., Mander, U., (2007). Rainwater

Runoff Quantity and Quality Performance
from a Greenroof: The Effects of Short-term
Events. Ecological Engineering, 30:271-277.
3
SPECIAL REPORT

Sobek
58 No.109 January, 2016

ABSTRACT
100
100
5)
Sobek
1 2 3
Sobek
1
(

5
1)
-

10110
100 No.109January, 2016 59

2 149.06
17.25
100
2

13
1
()
1 194
2 10
5-2
3
(321)

4 194
5 17-1

6 9
13
7
()
8 18-2
42 15
50

60 No.109 January, 2016
3
2

4

94
() ()

67

3

()

6

()
4
4
62 No.109 January, 2016

6
3
()
80.4 AB
57.5 C
53.7 - -
ABCDJV
525.2
J
339.8 I
223.5 H()
E()

191.2 E()
F()
98.6 G()
53.5 C()
AB
238.1
C
34.2 A A8
60.5 B ()
52.8 C ()
93.0 A
91.9 BC ()
113.0 DF ()

4

2 2 5 3 3 3
120(2)
(cm) 70 100 150 120 150
110(1)
(cms) 3@1+2@1=5 2@2=4 5@5=25 3@3=9 4@3=12 3@2+2@1=8
(EL.+ m) 3.909 5.77 2.03 6.05 2.15 4.00
(EL.+ m) 3.409 5.47 1.38 4.75 1.75 3.00
3
() 44.33 45.08 221.49 89.85 86.56 182

64 No.109 January, 2016
8 Sobek
()

Sobek
()
Sobek
Sobek
24
9
8
()
10

9 100
10
(NCDR)
50%
57%70%

1114 100

66 No.109 January, 2016

45 () 30
13
30
11 NCDR
12
13 NCDR
14
5

1 2 3 4

(
)
30

68 No.109 January, 2016
24
7
()
()

()15
15
6
(m2) (m3)
2,182 436
7,542 1,508
2,456 491
2,206 441
2,654 531
2,158 432
2,756 551
1,239 248
2,708 542
2,301 460
2,342 468
1,921 384
1,528 306
9,894 1,979
2,134 427
2,072 414
10,156 2,031
11,649
(m2) (m3)
8,180 1,636
20,370 4,074
5,710

6,035 () 12
3 20 30
1
3040%
617,359
() 23
1618

7 0.45%
1922
70 No.109 January, 2016
16 ()
17 ()
18 ()
7
(m) 1 () 2 3 4
0.1 70.62 47.62 46.76 46.06
0.2 36.29 24.38 24.48 23.72
0.3 20.27 13.8 14.46 13.04
0.4 12.61 8.64 8.68 7.22
0.5 8.3 5.23 5.05 4.74
0.6 5.47 3.22 2.91 2.84
0.7 3.82 1.74 1.41 1.39
0.8 2.7 0.55 0.18 0.18
0.9 1.5 0.02 0 0
1.0 0.15 0 0 0
3 (ha) 70.62 47.62 46.76 46.06

(m) 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22

(m )3
16.18 10.52 10.41 9.93
(ha) 24.7 16.16 16.29 16.12

(m) 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.18
(m )3
10.82 6.97 7 6.94
(m3) 26.99 17.49 17.41 16.88

1
2130
32
43

72 No.109 January, 2016
19 1()100
20 2100
21 3100
22 4100
74 No.109 January, 2016

() 34

20
100
100
Sobek
3%
9.5
()
0.53
0.08

52

1.
3

()104.09
2.
-(
)101.10
3
SPECIAL REPORT

76 No.109 January, 2016

ABSTRACT
89
909391190
92
95
(1)
1.827
27,00010321043
72
10411104
1 2 3
92
95
(1)

3
27,000
3
3

21-
--
78.8
103210104327

5%10% 72
10%
20%
1041121
104

1
1 ()
2
78 No.109 January, 2016
3
348
1.827
23
(3)
750
211
28%
3

323
90917
110
1
4
2111000
(Rational Formula)

QP = CIA

QP (/)
(99.6.10) C ()
I (/)
() A ()

20 ()
5
1
2 C3

() C0.6
1

8606/(t+49.14) 346.3/t 0.330 363.7/t 0.337
4867/(t+48.3) 6649/(t+55.4) 227/t 0.294
3 3

0.700.93 0.83
0.700.93 0.83
0.660.89 0.79
0.560.78 0.67
0.500.72 0.61
0.460.67 0.56
0.420.62 0.52
0.300.50 0.38
0.550.75 0.6
80 No.109 January, 2016
() V ()
(tc) Qin(/)
Qout(/)
tc = t1 + t2 tb()
t1 = l / v (
tc )
t1 (
) 2,150
t2 ( 316
) 5.66
l 2600.45/
v (0.30.6 9.63
/) 15.29
133.57 mm/hr
149.09 mm/hr
190.4
(Rziha)
42.39cms47.31cms
(Rziha)
t2 = L/W

W = 72(H/L) 0.6

t2()
W (/) (B=15
H () EL23.5m)(*=4*2.5m
L () L=180mEL21.0m)
(EL23.5mEL21.5m)
3

(12-12.5mm)

()

5
V = (Qin-Qout)/2*tb*3600 6
38.42cms
5
360

()

6

3 42.39cms

1.827 1.827
EL19EL20.0 27,0006.5
EL25.526.0EL24.5 0.75
0.7527,000 (41%)

1802 7
82 No.109 January, 2016
7

()

8
9
8
9
10
11
84 No.109 January, 2016
() 1011

()

()
(53
) 12
(32) 13
14
15

12
13
14
15
() ()

6.5
40
5
5(
)1

16

86 No.109 January, 2016
16
17
18

40
40

17
18

()

893
19
20
88 No.109 January, 2016
21
22

(CCTV)
3

APP
19
20
21
22

() 50(
4050
23
24

CCTV
2325 (i-voting)

()

10472

90 No.109 January, 2016

27,180
55%

(3)

1.

9312
25
2.

(1)9512
1.827
211(28%) 3. 897

27,000
3

27.9% 4. 90

20%
5. 2014
6. 104

3
SPECIAL REPORT

92 No.109 January, 2016

ABSTRACT

96
10322()
3,6503,382
(1.05cms)
()
()
882014
2014
1 2 3 4
42.2
3

(5.93
)6(
)
1
1

50.6
1/2,0001/3,000
()

Horner

2

968
94
71194
612937
2

9811
2009820212390
100
541000329414
1 37
10
()

1.03
93
94 No.109 January, 2016
HEC-RAS
1.05
1.05

10
2
4
()
XP-FLOOD 2D
(
)
()
XP-FLOOD 2D
3
1.
(n)

HEC-RAS(3.1.3)
2.

3.
24

5
5
4.

1.05-0.49

5.
5m5m

TWD676

6.
6
n

3 n
()

XP-FLOOD 2D
n
n17

7
96 No.109 January, 2016
1 n
n
0.025
0.04
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.03
10
9475

94612
9475
(810)
n

(911)
11
9475

()
8 940612 0.25

3

1215

2
1595
41610640

9 940612
12 2 14 10
13 5 15 25

50
3 ()

()
1025

() 103
(
50cm )
(
)
98 No.109 January, 2016
16
2
() ()

49,833,472 488

83,851,996 3,546

29,679,448 989

34,200,000 1,629
(Sta.2k+6503k+310)

5,163,000 989 3

(Sta.1k+2001k+520)

62,158,000
()
264,885,916
264,885,916 2
202,697,91616
2 1025

50cm

2.150
2.6
5.6
3,6503,382

() 17

1
2

6M

3
18
(
)

8004.02.6 1718
8005.6
999
1719
()
Sta.1k+600
3k+100
2 19
100 No.109 January, 2016

6M
21
2021
1,8132.6
1,5455.6 22
10110
2022
23
()

Sta.1k+960m
20 40
No.109January, 2016 101
23 () (Sta.
1.21.5 2k+6503k+310)

2
989

5 T
(3.02.4m)3(3-0.35cms)
(34W 380/220V)

9812 677
2.6667
5.6
10110

24
25

3 24

26

25 27
102 No.109 January, 2016

26
28 ()

26
28
(
)

29 () 3

14,530 88

()
1229
11()

3
3
No.109January, 2016 103
30 ()
)

3(
)

103102014 10
2
2014
2
3 30 1595
41610
640
981120
09820212390
102828 10054
200 1000329414
1
(
)
( 103
104 No.109 January, 2016
( 2.
210) 956
2.6
(2.150) 3.
3,6503,382 ()

9312
4.
8911
5. 24
92
6.
86
7.-Horner
922
1.
956
No.109January, 2016 105

3
SPECIAL REPORT

106 No.109 January, 2016

ABSTRACT
2098
1 2 3 4 5 6
9887810

20
3050m20
95k103k(
3

11
1 (a)(b)20()
(c)(d)20()
No.109January, 2016 107

1 20

0808 48 302095k103k
98
1005 6
0219 12
0523 4
0528 28
0611 2
0726 35 10
99
0901 7 134
0909 6
0919 14
1005 15
1021 11
1.1(96.6k97.3k99.2k99.7k)
0719 10
97.5k98k
100
97.5k97.7k101.2k
0829 10

101 0610 196 2097.4k98.3k
500
0405 7
0713 14
102 0822 26
0826 17
0922 19

610
9410124 610
(3)23 ()
()

108 No.109 January, 2016
2
2005/07 2006/07 2007/10 2008/06
2009/09 2010/09 2011/02 2012/07
0.5%
3

4

200
0.5%
0.110
1110.5%
10%200
20010 10
20 10
No.109January, 2016 109
1. 1.
2.
2.
3. 3.

4 20()

100% (T
)
RT(0) = 1

RT() = RT (1)FT(1, )

FT(1, )1

1.
2.
T
T
1/TT
110 No.109 January, 2016

T = 10
= 510
5 T
105
59.05%5

z
6
No.109January, 2016 111
6
20(
2020
)
(independent and
identically normal distributed random variables)

zb ( + 1)zb ()N(0,1)

zb()N(0,1)

zb( + )zb() N(0,1)

7

1220
20
12
()
= 3.37/(yr0.5)
3 (realization)7

2
1215
1220
812
8

(10,000)
(Monte
Carlo method)710,000
112 No.109 January, 2016
12
204176/10000 42% (
4176)
8

8
(6)

8
100%
1030%20
22%

45 1. 201520
29

2. 2011

3. 2010

4. 2012

No.109January, 2016 113

3
SPECIAL REPORT

114 No.109 January, 2016

ABSTRACT

(2012
-2013-2015
-)
1 2 3 4 5

11
3
1
1. 1. 1.
2. ()
3. 2.
4. () 2.
3.
()
4.
()
5. (
)()
6.
()
7.
()

No.109January, 2016 115

1
3 350m300m
(2)
-4m

3 2
4

116 No.109 January, 2016
3

(2005)

3

(5)
1980
500m
4 (2015)

No.109January, 2016 117
5
200510
20087
67
500m1,000m50m

6

118 No.109 January, 2016
7
2030
8

310m
380m300m41.4
9
No.109January, 2016 119
10
11
3.82

9
1024
1045104

10

(11)
120 No.109 January, 2016

()

()
()
()

450

1.

2.

()

1.

2.

12
12
No.109January, 2016 121
13
() ()

150
100180
300

20508
3
98
1415
3 + 21
(13)
1,400m
300m300m
300m500m64
m 3
990m150m90m
48m3100
101028
104
14
122 No.109 January, 2016
3

104
15
No.109January, 2016 123
3

104
16
124 No.109 January, 2016

17 ()
18 ()
No.109January, 2016 125

19 ()
20 ()
126 No.109 January, 2016

21 ()
()
3S(Sun)(Sand)
(Sea)

-2-6m

3

(23)

2012
-
22

()

No.109January, 2016 127
104
22
104
23
128 No.109 January, 2016
(1001)
(1025)
241025

()

()

() (64
)(48)

(
)
()

(1001046)
82

24 (100.01102.05)

3

1001

1025
1034
1037

1039
10311
1043
1046
()
1. 25
(100.01103.04
100.01) No.109January, 2016 129
2.

1001
(1034111043)
2527

1001
26
(100.01103.11 (28)
100.01)

27 (100.01104.03
100.01)
29
3.

28 +2.5m
130 No.109 January, 2016 (100.01)

1001
(1025
)(10341046
)29
(30)
1039
(
)10311
4. 30

29
3131
()
10011043
/
()
3

31 No.109January, 2016 131

(
/ )

()

2012
-

()

132 No.109 January, 2016

1. (1982) 11. (2014)

10058-73
2. (2000)
12. (2015)
-1
3. (2005) -190

13. (2015)
4. (2006)70
37
5. (2009) 341-346
()
14. (2015)
6. (2011)
() 104

7. (2011) 15. Danish Hydraulic Institute (2009) DHI

Software MIKE21 User Guide and Reference
151081 Manual.
-1088
16. United States Army Corps of Engineers (2006)
8. (2011) Coastal engineering manual.part v-4,v-4-1-v-
4-109.

9.
(2012)34
547552
10.
(2013)
35
341346
No.109January, 2016 133

3
SPECIAL REPORT

134 No.109 January, 2016

ABSTRACT
1 2 3

(Anaerobic ammonium oxidation, ANAMMOX)

3

1999
No.109January, 2016 135

NH+4 + 1.31NO-2 + 0.066HCO-3 + 0.13H+

1.02N + 0.26NO- + 0.066CH O N
2 3 2 0.5 0.15
+ 2.03H2O (1)

1 pH

(Strous et al., 1999)

1

(sequencing batch reactor, SBR)

(2014)

3 pH
1 (2011)

<0.5mg/L > 0.5 mg/LAnammox
NO-
2
<30mg/L NO- > 30 mg/LAnammox
2
HNO2(FNA) <11mg/L HNO2 > 6.6 mg/LAnammox

<2000mg/L > 2000 mg/LAnammox
2043 30-35
pH 6.59 pH = 8
NH3 NH3 > 150 mg/L
136 No.109 January, 2016
(NO2-) (NO3-) pH (
NO -
2
2009)
/

1 150mg/
L

(
2011)
150mg/L
0.5mg/L (Strous 2
et al., 1997)

20-43
45
(Dosta et al., 2008)
2 (Wang et al., 2010)
(30-35) (
3

2009)
pH
SHARON-ANAMMOX (Single
pH6.5-9 reactor system for High activity Ammonium
Removal Over Nitrite-anaerobic ammonium
pH oxidation)OLAND (oxygen limited autotrophic
pH8 nitrification denitrification)CANON (Completely
pH9 autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite) SNAD
(simultaneous partial nitrification, ANAMMOX
No.109January, 2016 137
Oxidizing Bacteria, AOB) SRT
AOB(2)
AOB
NOB1-10 mg-N/L
10-100 mg-N/L
NOB(3)0.2-0.5 mg/L
NOB
NOB

3 SHARON-ANAMMOX
OLAND
and denitrification)
OLAND0.1-0.3 mg/L

DO
SHARON-ANAMMOX
OLAND
SHARON-ANAMMOX
SHARON
OLAND
(2)
1:11:1.3ANAMMOX NOB
AOBOLAND
3
pHSHARON

NH + HCO-3 + 0.75O2 0.5NH+4 +0.5NO-2
+
3
4
+ 1.5H2O + CO2 (2) 0.5NH+4 +0.75O2 0.5NO-2 +0.5H2O + H+ (4)

NH+ +NO- N +2H O 0.5NH+ +0.5NO- 0.5N + H O
4 2 2 2
(3) 4 2 2 2
(5)
NH+4 +0.75O2 0.5N2 + 1.5H2O + H+ (6)
SHARON-ANAMMOX
CANON

SHARON CANON

(1) OLAND4
(Nitrite Oxidizing
Bacteria, NOB) (Ammonia
138 No.109 January, 2016
4 OLANDCANON 5 SNAD
2 SNAD
SNAD
2 (+) 1 ()
4.3 g O2 / g NH4+-N 1.8 g O2/g NH4+-N
4.1 g COD/g NH4+-N
1.5 g biomass/g NH4+-N 0.2 g biomass/g NH4+-N
NH+4 + 0.028HCO-3 + 0.85O2

0.44N2 + 0.11NO-3 +0.028CH2O0.5N0.15
+ 1.44H2O + 1.08H
+
(7)
SNAD
CANON

AOB
5
AOBAOB SNAD
3

CANON (COD)
CANON 80%30% (2011)

SNAD
C/N0.5
CANON 2SNAD
CODCANON
No.109January, 2016 139

6 DEAMOX (Sergey et al., 2006)
3
SHARON-
OLAND CANON SNAD DEAMOX
ANAMMOX
2 2 1 1 1 2
AOB -
NOB - - - - -
Anammox -
Denitrifying bacteria - - -
Ammonium loading (kg

2-8 0.5-1.5 2-3 2-3 0.5-0.7 -
N/m3)
N-removal efficiency >95% >90% >90% >90% >90% >90%
DEAMOX
ANAMMOXSHARONCANON
OLANDSNADDEAMOX
DEAMOX 3

(Sergey et al., 2006)

6

S + NO-3 +H2O S + NO-2 +2OH-
2-
(8)
NH+ +NO- N + 2H O
4 2 2 2
(9)

(2011)
140 No.109 January, 2016

(AOB) (NOB)
AOB
NOBAOB () ANITATMMOX

SBR

CANON
SNAD

() DEMON
DEMON ()

150CMD

(hydrocyclone) SNAD
AOB 180kg-N/dMBR

10 SNAD
3

2012
(Gonzalez et al., 2015) 80%

() ANAMMOX (2011)

()
(Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge
Blanket, UASB)
20 SNADUASB
No.109January, 2016 141
(108m 3 ) 4.
0.5mg/L
(2011)

70% 5.

23 (2014)

6. -
(ANAMMOX)
34 4 (2009)
7.
1NH 4 0.75
+

62% 28 3 (2013)

8. Sergey Kalyuzhnyia, Marina Gladchenko,
Arnold Mulder, Bram Versprille (2006)
DEAMOXNew biological nitrogen removal
process based on anaerobic ammonia
oxidation coupled to sulphide-driven
conversion of nitrate into nitrite. Water
Research, Vol. 40, No. 19, pp.3637-3645.

9. Strous, M., E. van Gerven, J. G. Kuenen
and M. Jetten (1997a) Effects of aerobic
and microaerobic conditions on anaerobic
ammonium-oxidizing (Anammox) sludge.
3 Applied and Environmental Microbiology,
Vol. 63, No. 6, pp. 2446-2448.

1.
(2011) 10. Dosta, J., I. Fernandez, J. R. Vazquez-Padin,
A. Mosquera-Corral, J. L. Campos, J. Mata-
2. Alvarez and R. Mendez (2008) Short- and
26 (2015) long-term effects of temperature on the
Anammox process. Journal of Hazardous
3. // Materials, Vol. 154, No. 1-3, pp. 688-693.

(2011)
142 No.109 January, 2016
11. Gonzalez-Martinez, A., Morillo, J. A., Garcia-
Ruiz, M. J., Gonzalez-Lopez, J., Osorio, 13. W e t t , B . ( 2 0 0 7 ) D e v e l o p m e n t a n d
F.,Martinez-Toledo, M. V., and van Loosdrecht, implementation of a robust deammonification
M. C. M. (2015) Archaeal populations in full- process. Water Science and Technology, Vol.
scale autotrophic nitrogen removal bioreactors 56, No. 7, pp. 81-88.
operated with different technologies: CANON,
DEMON and partial nitritation/anammox. 14. Wang, C.C., Lee, P.H., Kumar, M., Huang, Y.T.,
Chem Engg. J. 277, 194-201. Sung, S. and Lin, J.G. (2010) Simultaneous
partial nitrification, anaerobic ammonium
12. Strous, M., J. A. Fuerst, E. H. M. Kramer, oxidation and denitrification (SNAD) in a
S. Logemann, G. Muyzer, K. T. van de Pas- full-scale landfill-leachate treatment plant. J.
Schoonen, R. Webb, J. G. Kuenen and M. S. M. Hazard. Mater. 175, 622628.
Jetten (1999a) Missing lithotroph identified
as new planctomycete. Nature, Vol. 400, No.
6743, pp.446-449.
No.109January, 2016 143

3
SPECIAL REPORT

144 No.109 January, 2016

ABSTRACT
120
132CMD
(10210)
1041214
1 2
81
(81-86)

38

3

(104109)
(50) 65(
1)370CMD
300CMD
77(81)
115
No.109January, 2016 145

3

2012
1 ()
146 No.109 January, 2016

1

()
()
()
()()()()()
()
()
()
3
2014

(2)

110120
95
(95.1)
No.109January, 2016 147
2
2 ()

(CMD)

(CMD)
105 120
29.7 88,974 128,500

11.0 45,000 45,000

13.2 66,000 66,000
9.0 10,385 24,923

8.7 10,588 30,706

8.0 10,000 32,500
(95.12.4)

102 1045
75%
80%120120
132(

() )
/
148 No.109 January, 2016
(4)(5)(6)

1041214

()

(50)
(15)(
120)

40
()

()
()
(10210)

3

6
2 2530/m3
103923105 1520/m 3

()

18
(1)(2)(3)
No.109January, 2016 149

()
SSBODCOD

3

()

3

() (EDR)(electrodi-
( alysisED)
)

EDR
RO
(
) EDR
()
() EDR
RO
150 No.109 January, 2016
RO

()
RO

(cellulose acetate / cellulose triacetate)
(aromatic polyamide)
(DNA)(RNA) polyfuranes
(
)
RO
DNA/RNA
()

2. -UFMF
(RO)

(reverse osmosisRO)

(micro-filtrationMF)
(ultra-filtrationUF)

1. RO
(MF)(UF)
MF 0.02-0.1m

(semipermeable membrane) 0.01- 0.3 MpaUF
3

0.002-0.2m0.2-1.0
Mpa(RO
(monovalent ions) )
(rejection rate)90%-98% (silt density index, SDI)
(divalent ions)95%-99%( < 3.0
200) UF
RO SDI < 3.0MF
SDI <
3.0
RO
No.109January, 2016 151
polysulfone(PSu) SDI()
(polyacrylonitrile, PAN) TOC / COD
(Ployethersulfone, PES)
(Polyvinylidene fluoride, PVDF)
(polyvinyl chloride, PVC) () TDS
(cellulose acetate, CA)
(Polycarbonate, PC)(polyethylene, TDS1.5
PE)(Polypropylene, PP) 95 %
(Polytetrafluoroethene,
PTFE) < 200mho/cm25

()

0.51.0 mg/L
()
pHTDS 510 mg/L25
30 mg/L

()
UF

()

RO(
3 RO)
() (TOC / COD)

< 5 mg/L(as TOC)
TOC 120
TOC / COD 120CMD132CMD
152 No.109 January, 2016

5070

()

()

No.109January, 2016 153
()

1.
(2/2)2010

2.
( 2010
)
3.
(3/3)
2011

4.

2011

5.
()
2012

6.
2012
3 ()
7.
2013

8.
2015
()
9.

(BTO)
2015
154 No.109 January, 2016
3

No.109January, 2016 155

400
SI

Word(
) ()5-6,0002.5312
1.5

l23

1
1

()6,000(A48())

12Table 1Figure 2

(l)
141-151
(1983)
BazantZ. P.and OhB. H.,Strain-rate effect in rapid triaxial loading of concreteJournal of
Engineering MechanicsASCEVol.108No.5, pp.764-782(1982).
(2)
177-184(1987)
Zienkiewicz, O. C.,The Finite Element Method, McGraw-Hill, London, pp.257-295(1977)
(3)
T71
25-30(1982)
Nasu, M. and Tamura, T.,Vibration test of the underground pipe with a comparatively large cross-section,
Proceedings of the Fifth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Rome, Italy, pp.583-592(1973)
(4)
(1982)
Lin, C. H.,Rational for limits to reinforcement of tied concrete column,Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Civil
Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, Texas (1984).
(5)

No.53 (1983)
Thompson, J. P.,Fire resistance of reinforced concrete floorsPCA Report, Chicago, U.S.A., pp.1-15(1963).
186 No.109 January, 2016

(109)
No.109January, 2016 187

11491
32310

110
2016430
188 No.109 January, 2016

3
SPECIAL REPORT

1
2
3
4
6
7
172 No.109 January, 2016

ABSTRACT
127.27
60
31
10.274.7
449100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

2010(
)

3

(1)
1 No.109January, 2016 173

2
3 3
2014
()

24 127.27(2)

(3)100km/h
254/
(4)

174 No.109 January, 2016
4
50N
4.140.2
3

UIC60(5) 1.222.5
(L eq,1h )
(R<500m) 75dB(A)
70dB(A)(L max,mean,1h)
85dB(A)

85
66024
ISO 3095
No.109January, 2016 175
6
1.54m31
426m1.220m
(Acoustic Camera)(7) (8)120
0.112.5dB(A)
31

60
3 (L eq,1h )
50.872.5dB(A)55.1
76.1dB(A)58.374.2dB(A)
39.372.0dB(A)
( L max,mean,1h)
70.293.5dB(A)72.8
97.5dB(A)73.591.3dB(A)
65.293.2dB(A) ISO 3095

5 (
59m
176 No.109 January, 2016
8 60
)
91102
No.109January, 2016 177
1

(1.5m) (dB(A)) (%)
0.8 78.6 73
1
(TEMU1000) 3.4 74.2 27
0.8 77.5 62
1
(TEMU2000) 3.4 75.3 38
3.1 90 68
PP 1
3.9 86.8 32
0.86 79.9 40
(EMU500) 1
1.5 81.6 60
0.86 94.4 94
1
(DRC) 3.9 82.7 6
2.1 77.2 34
E
0.9 75.6 24 1
(E209)
4.1 78.1 42
2.1 84.0 33
E
0.9 84.8 39 1
(E307)
4.1 83.3 28
2.1 85.0 29
E
0.9 86.6 42 1
(E403)
4.1 84.9 29
104.2.10104.2.13
10
178 No.109 January, 2016
2

(L=7.5M,H=1.5M) (L=7.5M,H=1.5M)
(
(km/h)
) (dB(A)) (%) (dB(A))
0.8 83.8 16.8 80.2

3.4 122 86.8 33.6 87.9 83.2
(TEMU1000)
0.8 88.5 49.6 84.9
0.8 77.2 2.8 74.1

3.4 123 74.3 1.4 89.6 71.1
(TEMU2000)
0.8 92.6 95.8 89.4
3.1 82.8 9.3 78.9
0.8 90.2 50.6 86.3
PP 106 89.3
3.1 84.5 13.6 80.6
0.86 87.4 26.5 83.5
0.86 81.8 41.6 80.4
EMU400
2.3 92 78.7 20.4 84.2 77.3

0.86 81.4 38.0 80.0
0.86 78.0 19.6 80.9
EMU700
3.67 105 77.7 18.3 88.0 80.6

0.86 87.0 62.1 85.9
0.86 77.1 12.0 77.8
EMU800
3.67 101 77.7 13.8 87.0 78.4

0.86 85.0 74.2 85.7
2.8 83.6 20.2 81.4
3.75 82.0 13.9 79.8
63 88.4
2.5 84.3 15.3 80.2
1 87.6 50.6 85.4
0.86 80.0 40.1 75.2
DRC
3.9 61 79.9 37.4 79.2 74.9

0.86 77.7 22.5 72.7
3
0.86 86.9 55.1 83.7
DR
3.9 122 78.3 7.6 86.3 75.1

0.86 85.2 37.3 82.0
2.1 84.4 13.1 80.8
E 0.9 86.4 20.8 82.8
90 89.6
() 4.1 81.9 7.4 78.3
0.9 90.9 58.7 87.3
2.1 83.0 20.5 77.4
0.9 84.2 28.3 78.8
E 85 84.3
4.1 82.8 19.6 77.2
0.9 85.1 31.7 79.3
104.2.10104.2.13K91+700104.4.1K69+3967.5
1.5
No.109January, 2016 179

27 6.1dB
3187%(3) 5.4dB
2.3dB
1.7 dB
3
(1112)

14

13
4

2
85dB(A)
3 0.24.6dB(A)E
24
20 15
22 85dB(A)
25(
26

4)

28

10

4
4
11
180 No.109 January, 2016
12
4
Lmax,H7.5,v1.5 L max,H15,v1.5 L max,H25,v1.5

(km/h)
(EMU400) 92 84.2 81.2 74.8
100 82.5 79.5 74.0
(EMU700)
92 82.2 79.2 73.5
92 83.0 80.0 73.6
99 83.1 80.1 73.9
101 85.5 82.5 76.4
99 85.2 82.2 75.9
(EMU800)
56 77.5 74.5 67.8
91 84.9 81.9 75.9
3
99 80.3 77.3 73.2
101 84.5 81.5 74.9

86 87.4 84.4 78.0

E 61 82.1 79.1 73.8
80 87.8 84.8 79.5
110 87.4 84.4 79
PP
92 85.4 82.4 77.2
52 85.8 82.8 75.2
(R)
63 88.4 85.4 78.5
(TEMU1000) 122 87.9 84.9 78.0
(TEMU2000) 123 89.6 86.6 80.5
85dB(A);H:(m),v: (m)
No.109January, 2016 181

102.6115.6 dB(A)E403 (
DRC 13)

1 CadnaA/Schall03
(14)

3.2 dB(A)4.6dB(A)
3.5 dB(A)4.7dB(A) 10.274.7
449
100.4

1 9.458.5
7131613 (
1 15)

3
13 ()

14
182 No.109 January, 2016
3

15

6031
No.109January, 2016 183

7. Schall 03, Richtlinie zur Berechnung der
Schallimmissionen von Schienenwegen
(the Calculation of Sound Immission from
273187% Railways, in German), Akustik 03, Ausgabe
1.76.1dB(A) 1990, Deutsche Bundesbahn, Bundesbahn-
Zentralamt Mnchen

8.
102
10.274.7 12
449
100 9. Transit Cooperative Research Program-
R ep o r t 23 Wh e el / Ra i l N oi s e C on tr o l
ManualTransportation Research Board
National Research Council
1. (102.09.11. 10.
)
2. (103.12.8) 11. K 8
0501502012
3. ISO3095"Railway applicationsAcoustic- 2
Measurement of noise emitted by railbound
vehicles."2005 12. K 8
2505502012
4. ISO9613-2"Acoustics-Attenuation of sound
during propagation outdoors-Part 2: General 13.
3 method of calculation"2005

2009
5. Norsonic"Metro station in Taipei,
Taiwan"2013 14. DataKustik GmbHCadnaA_Reference_
v452014
6. Norsonic"Acoustic Camera Nor848A
Product Data" 15. CadnaA

2011621
184 No.109 January, 2016

3

No.109January, 2016 185

3
SPECIAL REPORT

156 No.109 January, 2016

ABSTRACT
2005
20152
C1.5
C
5

(LCA)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
(Measurable, Reportable
and Verifiable, MRV)2014UNFCCC
20(COP 20)
2015
1992 UNFCCC21(COP 21)
(UNFCCC)
1995 (Intended Nationally Determined
(COP)2005 Contribution, INDC)
3

2015(COP 21)

2009UNFCCC15(COP 55
15) 55%
(1)2
C1.5
C
(Nationally Appropriate (2)1,000(3)
Mitigation Actions, NAMAs) 5
No.109January, 2016 157

20157
2050

3
(1)

20159
INDC2030
(Business as (Carbon Footprint)
Usual, BAU)50%2005
20%
INDC2030 (
2050200550% )

PAS 20502011ISO/TS 14067

1
158 No.109 January, 2016

PCRPCR

2014
EPDs -
(Product Category Rules, PCR) PCR

-
PCR12
PCR/-
2 PCR

LCA2013 9
EPDsPCR
12PCR/
()3
International EPD System PCR
PCR 4
2 PCR
No.109January, 2016 159
3 PCR
()

3 PCR
()
4 PCR

160 No.109 January, 2016
5 6
()

PCR
7 =
89
No.109January, 2016 161
8
()

9

3 ()
PAS2050ISO14067 ()
PCR

10

162 No.109 January, 2016
10
() 1046301,538
9102 95%10211
1046

B11046
1. B1- 15,968.85m

B11,609 1111.2
815.05 kgCO2e/m
1 B1

(km)
()
3
210kgf/cm 2 ( 18,061.19 m3 219.74 kgCO2e/m3 3,968,765.89 kgCO2e 248.53 kgCO2e/m
)0.5

SD280W 17,247.00 kg 0.886 kgCO2e/kg 15,280.84 kgCO2e 0.96 kgCO2e/m
SD420W 8,220,769.00 kg 0.907 kgCO2e/kg 7,456,237.48 kgCO2e 466.92 kgCO2e/m
53,647.84 kg 6.1 kgCO2e/kg 327,251.81 kgCO2e 20.49 kgCO2e/m
275,306.02 L 3.45 kgCO2e/L 949,805.79 kgCO2e 59.48 kgCO2e/m

()
42,443.80 t 20 0.194 kgCO2e/tkm 164,681.93 kgCO2e 10.31 kgCO2e/m
8,238.02 t 115 0.137 kgCO2e/tkm 129,789.94 kgCO2e 8.13 kgCO2e/m
53.65 t 245 0.279 kgCO2e/tkm 3,667.10 kgCO2e 0.23 kgCO2e/m
815.05 kgCO2e/m
No.109January, 2016 163
30T
21230T

13
11 B1

3500.00
3000.00
13 30T
2500.00
2000.00
1500.00
1000.00

500.00
0.00

12 -
2 104B1

2. -
(C) 89.11%

ABC
5T10T15T
164 No.109 January, 2016

103
104
II

The Global Risk
Report 2015Water crises
(14)

The world faces a 40 percent global
shortfall between forecasted water demand and
14 The Global Risks Landscape 2015

No.109January, 2016 165
available supplies by 2030.
203040%
(16)

(15)

John Anthony Allan1990
15
16
166 No.109 January, 2016
(virtual water)
Arjen Y. Hoekstra2002
(Hoekstra2003)

HoekstraWFN(Water Footprint Net-
work)20092011
(Water Footprint
Manual)
(The Water Footprint Assessment ManualSetting
the Global Standard)(Hoekstra et al.2009
2011)WFN
ISO 140462014

ISO2009
ISO 14046
201481ISO 14046
ISO 14046:2014
2014ISO 140462014
17
--(Environmental
managementWater footprintPrinciples,
requirements and guidelines) (water scarcity footprint)
ISO

ISO 140462014
3

(17)

ISO 140462014WFN

No.109January, 2016 167
9

93%7%84%
16%

()

5

103
5
CFP-PCR()
ISO 14046
(
)CFP-PCR

9
1.2
815.05 kgCO2e/m30
3 3,366.19 kgCO2e/

(
)
1.
(2012)
1.230
1.2 2.
()88%
12%3098%2% 3. (2010)

168 No.109 January, 2016
4. (2010) 13. UNFCCC(1997)-KYOTO
PROTOCOLUnited Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change
5. Amy HM Yang (2010)
AU Optronics Corporation 14. IPCC (2003),Good Practice Guidance for
Proprietary and ConfidentialRisk & ESH Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry,
Management Div. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,
Online document: http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.
6. or.jp/public/gpglulucf/gpglulucf.html
(2010)
15. IPCC (2006), IPCC guidelines for National
7. Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 4:
Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use."
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change),
Online document: http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.
8. or.jp/public/2006gl/voI4.html

16. Defra and BSI (2008), Carbon Trust, PAS
2050:2008 Specification for the assessment
of the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of
9. 2010 goods and services.

17. Defra and BSI (2008), Carbon Trust, Guide
10. to PAS 2050, How to assess the carbon
footprint of goods and services.
-Carbon Management Projecthttp://
www.scu.edu.tw/green/class/97/GSC/carbon. 18. H i g h w a y s A g e n c y ( 2 0 0 9 ) , C a r b o n
pdf Calculation Framework Carbon Calculation
3

Tool Instruction Manual For Design, Build

11. (2014) and Finance Operations (DBFO), Version 5c,
http://www.epa.gov.tw/fp.asp?fpage=cp& Tasks 369(387) and 371(387), UK.
xItem=9958&ctNode=31350&mp=epa
19. PCR 200905 (2009), Product Category
12. UNFCCC(1992) Rules (PCR) for preparing an environmental
United Nations Framework Convention product declaration (EPD) for rail vehicles,
on Climate Change UNCPC CODE: 495, International EPD
Consortium, IEC.
No.109January, 2016 169

20. THE INTERNATIONAL EPDSYSTEM (2010),
CPC Division 53: CONSTRUCTIONS, PCR
BASIC MODULE.
27. Arjen Y. Hoekstra, Ashok K. Chapagain, Maite
21. T H E I N T E R N A T I O N A L E P D S Y S T E M M. Aldaya, Mesfin M. Mekonnen (2011). The
(2010), CPC Division 54: CONSTRUCTION Water Footprint Assessment Manual.
SERVICES, PCR BASIC MODULE.
28. Ceres Aqua Gauge..
22. SKANSKA (2011), Carbon Footprinting
on Highway Projects examples from 29. CDP-Water-Disclosure-2013-Information-
Norway, Sweden and UK, Noel Morrin, SVP Request.
Sustainability & Green Support, 83CS : V1.
30. G3.1-Reporting-Guidelines.
23. British Standards Institution (2011), The
Guide to PAS 20502011- How to carbon
footprint your products, identify hotspots and
reduce emissions in your supply chain, First
published in the UK, BSI, 389 Chiswick High
Road, London W4 4AL. (ISBN 978-0-580-
77432-4).
24. British Standards Institution (2011),

PAS 20502011- Specification for the
assessment of the life cycle greenhouse gas
emissions of goods and services, BSI, 389
Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL. (ISBN
978-0-580-71382-8).
3 25. I S O / T R 1 4 0 4 7 : 2 0 1 2 E n v i r o n m e n t a l

management -- Life cycle assessment --

Illustrative examples on how to apply ISO
14044 to impact assessment situations.
26. I S O 1 4 0 4 6 2 0 1 4 E n v i r o n m e n t a l
management Water footprint Principles,
equirements and guidelines.
170 No.109 January, 2016

3

No.109January, 2016 171

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2 No.109 January, 2016 No.

1-5a.indd 2-3 2016/2/22 09:55:08

4 No.109 January, 2016

8 No.109 January, 2016

10 No.109 January, 2016

14 No.109 January, 2016

18 No.109 January, 2016

(Centre for Risk Studies) (Wind

(World Cities Risk 2015- storm)(Earthquake)(Flood)

22 No.109 January, 2016

1 (Geographic Information Systems,

24 No.109 January, 2016

26 No.109 January, 2016

28 No.109 January, 2016

30 No.109 January, 2016

(EABEIS, East Asia Biogenic

2 g/m3 % g/m3 % g/m3 % g/m3 % g/m3 % g/m3 % g/m3 %

PM2.5PM2.5 PM 2.5PM 2.5

PM2.5(SOx, NOx, VOCs, NH 3)

89%)11%PM2.5 13PM 2.5

3. He K.B., 2012. Multi-resolution Emission

Inventory for China(MEIC):model framework

46 No.109 January, 2016

1. (Convoivuiaceae): (Dichondra micrantha)

6.37 5.36 0.91 0.01 26.67 7.34

(offset)Zhao et al. (2010)

4. Chen, C.F. (2015). A Preliminary Study on

3 5. Escobedo, F.J., Kroeger, T., Wagner, J.E.,

(2011). Urban forests and pollution

11. Teemusk, A., Mander, U., (2007). Rainwater

58 No.109 January, 2016

62 No.109 January, 2016

3 (ha) 70.62 47.62 46.76 46.06

(m) 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22

(ha) 24.7 16.16 16.29 16.12

(m3) 26.99 17.49 17.41 16.88

74 No.109 January, 2016

76 No.109 January, 2016

92 No.109 January, 2016

102 No.109 January, 2016

No.109January, 2016 105

106 No.109 January, 2016

No.109January, 2016 107

2005/07 2006/07 2007/10 2008/06

2009/09 2010/09 2011/02 2012/07

zb( + )zb() N(0,1)

No.109January, 2016 113

114 No.109 January, 2016

124 No.109 January, 2016

31 No.109January, 2016 131

1. (1982) 11. (2014)

7. (2011) 15. Danish Hydraulic Institute (2009) DHI

No.109January, 2016 133

134 No.109 January, 2016

NH+4 + 1.31NO-2 + 0.066HCO-3 + 0.13H+

HNO2(FNA) <11mg/L HNO2 > 6.6 mg/LAnammox

2 (Wang et al., 2010)

+ 1.5H2O + CO2 (2) 0.5NH+4 +0.75O2 0.5NO-2 +0.5H2O + H+  (4)

4.3 g O2 / g NH4+-N 1.8 g O2/g NH4+-N

4.1 g COD/g NH4+-N

1.5 g biomass/g NH4+-N 0.2 g biomass/g NH4+-N

NH+4 + 0.028HCO-3 + 0.85O2

No.109January, 2016 139

+ 1.5H2O + CO2 (2) 0.5NH+4 +0.75O2 0.5NO-2 +0.5H2O + H+ (4)