DC Circuits

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 Introduction

Electrical and electronic systems pervade our lives; they are

found in home, school, workplaces, factories, and transportation
vehicles-everywhere.

A circuit model is used to connect our visualization to our

analysis of a physical system.

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 Basic Quantities in electric circuit

Current
Voltage
Power

The fundamental electric quantity is charge.

The charge carried by an electron, equal to

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 Match the following
Charles A. Coulomb unit of power

James Watt unit of electric current

Alessandro Volta unit of resistance

Andre Marie Amp`ere unit of charge

Georg Simon Ohm unit of capacitance

Michael Faraday unit of inductance

Joseph Henry unit of electric potential

Carl Friedrich Gauss unit of conductance

ErnstWerner Siemens unit of magnetic field strength

Heinrich Rudolph Hertz the unit of frequency

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 Electric current

Electric current in a wire is defined as the net amount of charge

that passes through the wire per unit time , and is measured in
amperes (A)

where
i = current in amperes
q = charge in coulombs
t = time in sec.

1 Ampere = 1 Coulomb per second (C/s)

Current in circuits physically realized by movement of electrons.

Direction of current must be specified by an arrow.

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By convention, current direction defined as flow of positive
charge. (Note that positive charge is not flowing physically).

Electrons have negative charge. They move in the opposite

direction of current.

Constant current is called direct current (DC).

Current that can be represented as a sinusoidal function of

time (or in some contexts a sum of sinusoids) is called
alternating current (AC).
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 In class exercise 1.1
Find the total charge in a cylindrical conductor (solid wire) and compute the current
flowing in the wire.

Known Quantities: Conductor geometry, charge density, charge carrier velocity.

Conductor length: L = 1 m.
Conductor diameter: 2r = 2 103 m.
Charge density: n = 1029 carriers/m3.
Charge of one electron: qe = 1.602 1019 C.
Charge carrier velocity: u = 19.9 106 m/s.

Ans:
Total charge in the conductor = Number of charge carriers x qe
Current flowing in the wire = Carrier charge density per unit length x carrier velocity

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 Voltage

Voltage is the energy absorbed or expended as a unit charge

moves from one point to the other. Also called as potential
difference.

Analogous to pressure in hydraulic system.

Voltage pushes charge in one direction.

We use polarity (+ and on batteries) to indicates which

direction the charge is being pushed.

Voltage is the energy required to move a unit charge through

an element, measured in volts (V)

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 pressure ~ voltage
water current ~ electric current
sponge ~ resistance
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 Power

Time rate of expending or absorbing energy and is measured by

Watts.

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 Elements of electrical circuits

Active elements are the elements that can generate energy or

power, such as voltage and current sources.

Voltage source produces Vs volts regardless of the current

absorbed or produced by the connected device.

Current source produces Is amps regardless of the current in

the connected device.

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Passive elements are the elements that can not generate energy,
such as resistors, capacitors and inductors.

The ability of a material to resist (impede, obstruct) the flow

charge is called its resistivity. It is represented by the letter R.

A resistor is a circuit element that dissipates electrical energy

(usually as heat).

Resistance is measured in Ohms ().

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 Resistance of a wire depends on some factors like as length (L),
cross sectional area (A) and resistivity of material ().

The conductance (G) of a pure resistor is the reciprocal of its

resistance.

The unit of conductance is the siemens (S) or mho ( ).

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 Ohms Law
Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between
two points is directly proportional to the potential difference or
voltage across the two points, and inversely proportional to the
resistance between them.
The mathematical equation that describes this relationship is:

where v is the potential difference measured across the

resistance in units of volts;
i is the current through the resistance in units of amperes;
R is the resistance of the conductor in units of ohms.
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Two elements are in series if the current that flows through one
must also flow through the other.

If we wish to replace the two series resistors with a single

equivalent resistor whose voltage-current relationship is the
same, the equivalent resistor has a value given by

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Consider two resistors in series with a voltage v across them:

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When the terminals of two or more circuit elements are
connected to the same two nodes, the circuit elements are said
to be in parallel.

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 Which one will work?

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 Closed Circuit

The current, i, flowing from the battery to the light bulb is

equal to the current flowing from the light bulb to the battery.

Kirchoffs Voltage Law (KVL) - The sum of voltages taken

around any loop is zero.

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 Kirchhoffs current law states that because charge cannot be
created but must be conserved, the sum of the currents at a
node must equal zero

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 Electric circuits are drawn with symbols

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 In class exercise 1.2

Place two bulbs in parallel. What do you notice about the brightness of
the bulbs?

Add a third light bulb in the circuit. What do you notice about the
brightness of the bulbs?

Remove the middle bulb from the circuit. What happened?

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 Measuring current

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 Measuring Voltage

V
V

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 Take home exercise 1.1

Determine the value of the input voltage, Vs, required to cause the current i
to be 1 A. Study how current varies with change in Vs. [use MATLAB first and
cross check your answer using Multisim / PSPICE]

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 Kirchhoff's Laws

Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824 1887)

Born in Prussia (now Russia), Kirchhoff

developed his "laws" while a student in
1845.

These laws allowed him to calculate the

voltages and currents in multiple loop
circuits.

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 Circuit Topology
Branch: A single circuit element; that is any two terminal element.

Node: A point of connection between two or more branches.

Loop: Closed Path in a circuit; Loop is independent if it contains a

branch which is not in any other loop.
B=9
7 N=5

1 2 6 L=5

DC 3 4 5 2A Relationship between
B, N and L = ???
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 Kirchoffs Current Law (KCL)

The algebraic sum of the currents entering a node (or a closed

boundary) is zero.

i
n 1
n 0

where N = the number of branches connected to the node and in

= the nth current entering (leaving) the node.

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 Sign convention: Currents entering the node are positive,
currents leaving the node are negative.

i
n 1
n 0 i2
i1 i3
i5 i4

i1 i2 i3 i4 i5 0

i1 i2 i4 i3 i5
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 In class exercise 1.3

4A
2A

-1 A 6A

IX = ?
IX
9A

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 Take home exercise 1.2

2A
9A

Iw = ???
IX IY
12 A 6A
Ix = ???
IZ Iy = ???

IW
Iz = ???

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 Kirchoffs Voltage Law (KVL)
The algebraic sum of the voltages around any loop is zero.

v
m 1
m 0

where M = the number of voltages in the loop and vm = the mth

voltage in the loop.

Kirchhoffs voltage law basically states that the algebraic sum of

the voltages around any closed path (electric circuit) equal
zero.
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 _ v2
+
Sum of the voltage drops
+ +
v1 around a circuit equal zero.
v4
_ _

_
v3 +
We define a voltage drop as positive if we enter the positive
terminal and leave the negative terminal.

The drop moving from left to right is + v1. + v1 _

The drop moving from left to right is v1. _ v1 +

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If we sum the voltage drops in the clockwise direction around the
circuit starting at point a we write: - v1 v2 + v4 + v3 = 0

_ v2 drops in CW direction starting at a

+
+ +
v1 v4
_ _
a
_
v3 +
If we sum the voltage drops in the counter clockwise direction
around the circuit starting at point a we write:
- v3 v4 + v2 + v1 = 0 drops in CCW direction starting at a

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Sum of the voltage rises around a circuit equal the sum of the
voltage drops.
Start at point a and move in the CW direction. As we
cross elements 1 & 2 we use voltage rise: as we cross
elements 4 & 3 we use voltage drops. This gives the
equation:
v1 + v2 = v4 + v3

_ v2
+
2
+ +
v1 1 3 v4
_ _
4
_
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For the circuit of figure there are a number of closed paths.
Three have been selected for discussion.
Using sum of the drops = 0

b
+ v - Maroon path, starting at a CCW
2 - v5 +
- - -
v1 v4 v6 - v7 + v10 v9 + v8 = 0
+ + +
v3
- + + v7 -
a Red path, starting at b CW

+ + - +v2 v5 v6 v8 + v9 v11
v12 v10 v8 v12 + v1 = 0
+
- -
Yellow path, starting at b CW
+ v11 - - v9 +
+ v2 v5 v6 v7 + v10 v11
- v12 + v1 = 0
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Voltages in circuits are often described using double subscript
notation.

a b

Vab means the potential of point a with respect to point b with

point a assumed to be at the highest (+) potential and point b
at the lower (-) potential.

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 In class exercise 1.4
Write Kirchhoffs voltage law going in the clockwise direction
for the diagram in figure
b a

y
x

Going in the clockwise direction, starting at b, using rises;

vab + vxa + vyx + vby = 0

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 In class exercise 1.5
Find the power dissipated or generated by
each element.
Given: The voltage drop across Load 1 is 8 V, that
across Load 2 is 4 V; the current in the circuit is
0.1 A.

Note also that energy is conserved, as the sum of the power dissipated by source and
loads is zero.

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 Loop

A loop is a closed path that is drawn by starting at a node and

tracing a path back to that node without passing through an
intermediate node more than once In loop analysis there are not
constraints on how we assign loops.

To perform loop analysis create a loop until all components are

included in one loop.

A loop can include other loops within it

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 Mesh Analysis

Mesh Analysis is a special case of Loop Analysis.

A Mesh is a loop that contains no other loops within it.

We use Mesh Current analysis when we have circuits:

that contain multiple sources
we wish to solve for currents

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 Mesh Analysis Procedure
We begin by
Assigning simple clockwise meshes and mesh variables.
If a mesh contains a current source, we can use that source as
the mesh current keeping in mind the direction of the source
current.
Write a KVL equation for each mesh.
Collect terms for each mesh.
Solve the Simultaneous Linear Equations for unknown
quantities using Ohms
Law, KVL, and KCL as appropriate.
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 Mesh Currents

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 Mesh Currents

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 Mesh Currents

46
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 Mesh Currents

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 Mesh current Analysis
R1 R2
V1 _ + _
+ V2
+
+ +
VA VL1 Rx VB
_ I1 _
I2 _

Around mesh 1:

V1 VL1 VA
where V1 I1 R1 ; VL1 I1 I 2 RX
so, ( R1 RX ) I1 RX I 2 VA 1

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 Around mesh 2 we have
VL1 V2 VB
with ; VL1 ( I 2 I1 ) RX ; V2 I 2 R2

Substituti ng gives,
RX I1 ( RX R2 ) I 2 VB
or RX I1 ( RX R2 ) I 2 VB 2

We are left with 2 equations and we can solve for I1 and I2.

(R1 RX )I1 RX I 2 VA
RX I1 ( RX R2 ) I 2 VB
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The equations can be written in matrix form as:

( R1 RX ) R X I1 V A
R
X ( RX R2 I 2 VB
or
1
I1 ( R1 RX ) RX V A
I R V
2 X ( R X R2 B

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 Mesh Analysis- Example
Write the mesh equations and solve for the currents I1, and I2.

4 2

7
6
10V + I1 I2
_
2V +_ _
20V
+

Mesh 1: 4I1 + 6(I1 I2) = 10 - 2

Mesh 2: 6(I2 I1) + 2I2 + 7I2 = 2 + 20

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 10I1 6I2 = 8

-6I1 + 15I2 = 22

% A MATLAB Solution

R = [10 -6;-6 15];
I1 = 2.2105
V = [8;22];

I = inv(R)*V I2 = 2.3509
I=

2.2105
2.3509

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 Mesh Analysis- Example
Solve for the mesh currents in the circuit below.

12V
9
_
_+

+
I3 8V
10 11
+ _

6 4
3
I1 _ I2
20V + 10V
__ +

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 Mesh 1: 6I1 + 10(I1 I3) + 4(I1 I2) = 20 + 10

Mesh 2: 4(I2 I1) + 11(I2 I3) + 3I2 = - 10 - 8

Mesh 3: 9I3 + 11(I3 I2) + 10(I3 I1) = 12 + 8

20I1 4I2 10I3 = 30 20 4 10 I1 30

4 18 11 I 18
-4I1 + 18I2 11I3 = -18 2
-10I1 11I2 + 30I3 = 20 10 11 30 I 3 20

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Use the direct method to write the mesh equations for the following.

20 30 12

_ 8
10
20V +_ I1 I2 + 15V I3
+ _
_ 10V 10 + 30V

30 10 0 I1 10
10 50 10 I 25
2
0 10 30 I 3 15

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