Chapter 2 Irreversibility and Availability

EX 1

Solution
Consider air as an ideal gas the thermodynamics properties of air are obtained from
Table A.5, CP0 = 1.004 kJ/kg.K, R = 0.287 kJ/kg.K and k = 1.4

State 1
T1 = 30oC = 303.15 K, P1 = 100 kPa

States 2s and 2a (compressor exit)

P2 = 170 kPa, the process from 1 to 2a is isentropic, therfore

( k 1) / k
T2 s P2 T2 s 170 (1.41) / 1.4
T2 s 353 K
T1 P1 303.15 100

Consider compressor as a CV, determine isentropic work

w C ,s h1 h2 s C P 0 ( T1 T2 s ) 1.004(303.15 353) 49.90 kJ/kg

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Thermodynamics II

The compressor efficiency is 75%, determine compressor actual work

w C ,s 49.90
w C ,a 66.53 kJ/kg
C 0.75

Determine compressor exit temperature, T2a

w C ,a h1 h 2 a C P 0 ( T1 T2 a ) 66.53 1.004(303.15 T2 a ) T2 a 369.5 K

State 3 (intercooler exit)

P3 = P2 = 170 kPa

T3 = T2 - 50 = 369.5 - 50 = 319.5 K Answer

Determine actual work from 1 to 3

1 w 3 1 w 2 2 w 3 w C ,a 66.53 kJ/kg

Determine irreversible work from 1 to 3 (no heat transfer from exteranal heat source)

rev
1 w3 T0 (s 3 s1 ) (h 3 h1 )

T P
T0 ( C P 0 ln 3 R ln 3 ) C P 0 ( T3 T1 )
T1 P1
319.5 170
303.15(1.004 ln 0.287 ln ) 1.004(319.5 303.15)
303.15 100
47.05 kJ/kg

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 Chapter 2 Irreversibility and Availability

Determine irreversibility from 1 to 3

rev
1 i 3 1 w 3 1 w 3 47.05 ( 66.53) 19.47 kJ/kg Answer

EX 2

Solution
Consider nitrogen gas as an ideal gas, the thermodynamics properties are obtained
from table A.5, CV0 = 0.745 kJ/kg.K, CP0 = 1.042 kJ/kg.K R = 0.2968 kJ/kg.K

State 1 (Before the partition ruptures)

Section A: TA1 = 300oC = 573.15 K, PA1 = 2000 kPa, VA1 = 0.1 m3
For ideal gas

PA 1 VA 1 2000(0.1)
m A1 1.176 kg
RTA1 0.2968(573.15)

Section B: TB1 = 50oC = 323.15 K, PB1 = 1000 kPa, VB1 = 0.1 m3

For ideal gas

PB1 VB1 1000(0.1)

m B1 1.043 kg
RTB1 0.2968(323.15)

m1 m A 1 mB1 2.219 kg

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Thermodynamics II

State 2 (After the partion ruptures)

V2 = VA1 + VB1 = 0.2 m3, T2 = 100oC = 373.15 K

For ideal gas

m2RT2 2.219(0.2968)(373.15)
P2 1228.8 kPa
V2 0.2

Consider the rigid container as a closed syste, from 1st law for constant volume process,
1W2 0

1 Q2 U2 U1 1W2 m A 1 C V 0 ( T2 TA 1 ) mB1 C V 0 ( T2 TB1 ) 0

1.176 ( 0.745)( 373.15 573.15) 1.043 ( 0.745)( 373.15 323.15)

136.4 kJ Answer

From 2nd law, determine Sgen

Q2
S gen m A 1 s 2 S A1 mB1 s 2 SB1 1
T0
T P
m A 1 ( C P 0 ln 2 R ln 2 )
TA 1 PA 1
T P Q
mB1 ( C P 0 ln 2 R ln 2 ) 1 2
TB1 PB1 T0
373.15 1228.8 )
1.176(1.042 ln 0.2968 ln
573.15 2000
1.043 (1.042 ln
373.15 1228.8 ) 136.4
0.2968 ln
323.15 1000 25 273.15
0.4396 kJ/K
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 Chapter 2 Irreversibility and Availability

Determine irreversibility from 1 to 2

1 I2 T0 S gen 298.15( 0.4396) 131 kJ Answer

EX 3 (7 edition)

C4Hm103
0.2

C2H6
R-134a
Solution
Consider an insulated container as a control volume, the filling process is a transient
process. The thermodynamics properties of R-134a are obtained from table B.5

State 1 empty container

Inlet state
Pi = 500 kPa saturated vapor from table B.5.1 get

h i 407.45 kJ/kg and s i 1.7198 kJ/kg.K

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Thermodynamics II

State 2 (R-134a stop by itself)

P2 = Pi = 500 kPa, V2 = 0.2 m3

Conservation of mass

m2 mi

Conservation of energy (no work and heat transfer involved)

m 2 u 2 m1u1 m i h i m e h e 1 Q 2 1W2 m 2 u 2 m i h i

From the conseration of mass, we get

u 2 h i 407.45 kJ/kg

From P2 and u2 , state 2 is superheated vapor

From linear interporation from table B.5.2 we get

T2 = 40oC, v2 = 0.04656 m3/kg, s2 = 1.7971 kJ/kg.K

Determine mass at state 2

V2 0.2
m2 4.296 kg
v 2 0.04656

The mass and temperatuer of R-134a at the final state is 40oC and 4.296 kg, respectively
Answer

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 Chapter 2 Irreversibility and Availability

From 2nd law, determine S gen

Q2
m2 S 2 m1S1 mi s i me s e 1 S gen S gen m2 s 2 mi s i
T0

S gen 4.296(1.7971) 4.296(1.7198) 0.332 kJ/kg.K

Determine the irreversibility

1 I2 T0 S gen 298.15(0.332) 99 kJ Answer

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Thermodynamics II

EX 4

Solution
Thermodynamics properties of water are obtained from table B.1

700oC 1

3a
3s

T-s diagram for EX 4.

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 Chapter 2 Irreversibility and Availability

State 1
P1 = 3 MPa, T1 = 700oC Superheated vapor from table B.1.3 we get

h1 = 3911.7 kJ/kg, s1 = 7.757 kJ/kg.K

State 2 (throttling valve exit)

P2 = 2 MPa, h2 = h1 = 3911.7 kJ/kg Superheated vapor from table B.1.3 we get

s2 = 7.9425 kJ/kg.K, T2 = 697.5oC

State 3s and 3a (Turbine exit)

P3 = 100 kPa, s3s = s2 = 7.9425 kJ/kg.K Superheated vapor from table B.1.3 we get

h3s = 2929 kJ/kg

Consider the turbine as C.V. determine turbine isentropic work

w T ,s h2 h3 s 3911.7 2929 982.77 kJ/kg

Turbine isentropic efficiency is 0.85, determine actual work

w T ,a T w T ,s 0.85(982.77) 835.35 kJ/kg

Determine enthalpy at actual turbine exit

w T ,a h 2 h 3 a 835 .35 3911 .7 h 3 a h 3 a 3076 .35 kJ/kg

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Thermodynamics II

Determine the change in exergy from 1 to 2

1 2 (h1 h 2 ) T0 ( s1 s 2 )

( 3911.7 3911.7 ) (298.15)( 7.757 7.9425)

55.28 kJ/kg Answer

Determine reversible work of the turbine

w rev
T 2 3 a (h 2 h 3 a ) T0 ( s 2 s 3 a )

( 3911.7 3076.35) (298.15)(7.9425 8.219) 917.75 kJ/kg

Determine the second law efficiency

w a 835.35
2nd law 0.91 91% Answer
w rev 917.75

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 Chapter 2 Irreversibility and Availability

EX 5

4 3

R-134a
1 2

Solution
Consider air as an ideal gas, the constant values are obtaine from table A.5
Thermodynamic properties of R-134a are obtaine from table B.5

R-134a mass flow rate m R134a 0.1 kg/s

State 1
P1 = 700 kPa, T1 = 50oC Table B.5.2, superheated vapor we get

h1 = 436.7 kJ/kg, s1 = 1.791 kJ/kg.K

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Thermodynamics II

State 2
T2 = 25oC, satuated liquid Table B.5.1 we get

h2 = 234.59 kJ/kg, s2 = 1.1201 kJ/kg.K

Air
State 3
T3 = 15oC = 288.15 K, P3 = P4

State 4

T4 = 35oC = 308.15 K

Consider the condenser as a control volume, from 1st law (no work and heat transfer
involved)

m a (h4 h3 ) m R134a (h1 h2 )

m a C P 0 ( T4 T3 ) m R134 a (h1 h2 )

m a (1.004)(308.15 288.15) 0.1(436.7 234.59)

m a 1.007 kg/s Answer

Determine the exergy change of R-134a

1 2 (h1 h 2 ) T0 ( s1 s 2 ) 8.7208 kJ/kg

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 Chapter 2 Irreversibility and Availability

Determine the exgergy change of air

4 3 (h 4 h 3 ) T0 (s 4 s 3 )
T P
C P 0 ( T4 T3 ) T0 ( C P 0 ln 4 R ln 4 )
T3 P3
0.666 kJ/kg

Determine the second law efficiency

m a 4 3
2nd law
m R134 a 1 2

1.007(0.666)
0.77 77% Answer
0.1(8.7208)

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