EEE1001 - BASIC ELECTRICAL

AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING

Module I DC Circuits
 Electric Circuit
An electric circuit is an interconnection of electrical elements.
Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which matter
Consists.
 Electrical potential and e.m.f.

The unit of electric potential is the volt (V) where one volt is one joule
per coulomb. One volt is defined as the difference in potential between
two points in a conductor which, when carrying a current of one ampere,
dissipates a power of one watt, i.e.

A change in electric potential between two points in an electric circuit is

called a potential difference. The electromotive force (e.m.f.) provided
by a source of energy such as a battery or a generator is measured in
volts.
To move the electron in a conductor in a particular
direction requires some work or energy transfer.
This work is performed by an external electromotive
force (emf) known as voltage or potential difference.

Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy required to move a

unit charge through an element, measured in volts (V).

There is a 9-V voltage drop from a to b or equivalently a 9-V voltage rise

from b to a. In other words, a voltage drop from a to b is equivalent to a
voltage rise from b to a.
 If the current does not change with time, but remains constant, we
call it a direct current (dc).

A direct current (dc) is a current that remains constant with time.

A common form of time-varying current is the sinusoidal current or

alternating current (ac).

An alternating current (ac) is a current that varies sinusoidally with

time.
Power is the time rate of expending or
absorbing energy, measured in watts (W).

Thus, the power absorbed or supplied by

an element is the product of the voltage
across the element and the current
through it. If the power has a sign, power is
being delivered to or absorbed by the
element. If, on the other hand, the power
has a sign, power is being supplied by the
element.

Passive sign convention is satisfied when the current enters through

the positive terminal of an element and p = +vi.
If the current enters through the negative terminal, p = - vi.
Total power supplied = Total power absorbed
 Fundamentals
An electric circuit is an interconnection of electrical elements.
Electrical Elements:

Active Elements : Voltage Source and Current Source

Passive Elements : Resistor, Inductor and Capacitor

Electrical Circuit Constants:

Voltage Source, Current Source, Resistor, Inductor and Capacitor
values

Electrical Circuit Variables:

Voltage across the load,

Current through the load,
Power taken by load,
Energy observed by Load.
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An ideal independent source is an active element
that provides a specified voltage or current that is
completely independent of other circuit variables.

An ideal dependent (or controlled) source is an

active element in which the source quantity is
controlled by another voltage or current.

1. Voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS).

2. Current-controlled voltage source (CCVS).
3. Voltage-controlled current source (VCCS).
4. Current-controlled current source (CCCS).
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Calculate the power supplied or absorbed by each element in Fig.

For ,P1, the 5-A current is out of the

positive terminal (or into the
negative terminal); hence,

For P2 and P3 , the current flows into the positive terminal of the element
in each case.
p3 = 8(6) = 48 W Absorbed power
p2 = 12(5) = 60 W Absorbed power
For P4, we should note that the voltage is 8 V (positive at the top), the
same as the voltage P3 for since both the passive element and the
dependent source are connected to the same terminals.
(voltage is always measured across an element in a circuit.) Since the current flows
out of the positive terminal,
p4 = 8(-0.2I ) = 8(- 0.2 x 5) = - 8 W Supplied power
Determine the number of branches and nodes in the circuit
 Short Circuit and Open Circuit

A short circuit is a circuit element with

resistance approaching zero.

An open circuit is a circuit element with

resistance approaching infinity.

Conductance is the ability of an element to conduct electric current;

it is measured in mhos ( ) or siemens (S).
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 References
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Charles
K. Alexander, Matthew N. O. Sadiku, Fifth
Edition, McGraw Hill Education (India)
Private Limited, New Delhi.