Power Engineering Worksheets

Click to View Mathcad Document
Mathcad Enabled Content Copyright 2012 Knovel

Car Rolling (ODE Solution) (SI Units)
Created by Valery Ochkov
Area 1: Disclaimer
Area 2: User Notices
Input data
Car force N car 0 kgf
Mass of the car mass 1200 kg
2
Area of the cut of the car As 2.5 m
Coefficient of resistance of air cw 3.5
kg
Air density 1.2
3
m
Coefficient of friction of rolling fk 0.65
Initial velocity of the car v0 54kph
End time tend 7s

Area 3: Converting to base SI units (dimensionless)
Given a balance of 3 Forces: Inertia force + Rolling resistance + Air resista nce=0 (without units)
x' ( t) 1 2
mass x'' ( t ) mass g fk cw As x' ( t) = N car
x' ( t) 2
... and initial conditions x ( 0s) = 0m x' ( 0s) = v0
x Odesolve t tend Method - Fixed x t end 126 m

Roll of the car (m)
100
50
0 2 4 6
Time (s)

Car Rolling (ODE Solution) (US Units)
Area 1: Disclaimer
Input data
Car force N car 0 lbf
Mass of the car mass 2600 lb
2
Area of the cut of the car As 26.91 ft
Coefficient of resistance of air cw 0.35
lb
Air density 0.0749
3
ft
Coefficient of friction of rolling fk 0.25
Initial velocity of the car v0 35 mph
End time tend 7s

Area 3: Converting to base SI units (dimensionless)
Given a balance of 3 Forces: Inertia force + Rolling resistance + Air resista nce=0 (without units)
x' ( t) 1 2
mass x'' ( t ) mass g fk cw As x' ( t) = N car
x' ( t) 2
... and initial conditions x ( 0s) = 0ft x' ( 0) = v0
x Odesolve t tend Method - Fixed x t end 75 ft

Roll of the car (ft)
60
40
20
0 2 4 6
Time (s)

Finding a Root of Equation x=f(x) by the Simple Iterations Method
Area 1: Disclaimer
Function of one argument - the right part of the equation x = f ( x), where you want to find a root
(the value of the x at which the equation x = f ( x) becomes an identity)
2.1
f ( x) 0.2 x x 2
Range of Plot x1 2.7 x2 3.2
Guess Value x 2.8

You can change the value of the variable iteration and see on the plot the approximation
to the root of the equation x = f(x)
iteration
Area 3: Solution
Iterations xi = f xi 1
x1
3.1
3 y1y
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1
x
f(x)
Points of Iterations
Tolerance
T 3 3 3
(x f ( x) ) 0.262 0.097 0.04 0.016 6.474 10 2.605 10 1.05 10
Iterations to the root

T
x ( 2.8 3.062 2.965 3.005 2.989 2.995 2.993 )
Newton Method for Zero Finding of the Function y(x)

Problem. To find in the section [a, b] unique zero (root) of function y (x)
Area 1: Disclaimer
3 2
Function y ( x) x 5x 4.5

y1 35 y2 15
First x x 2 iteration
Area 3: Method
Area 4: Solution
x x1
10
2 0 2 4
10
20
30
"n =" 0 1 2 3 4 5
"x =" 2 0.98437 0.17667 2.32909 0.37706 0.87726
Iterations
"y(x) =" 32.5 10.29882 4.66158 18.9888 5.26446 7.67281
"error =" 0 1.01563 0.8077 2.50576 2.70615 1.25432

Secant Method of Zero (Root) Finding of the Function y(x)
Area 1: Disclaimer
Function of one argum ent, where you want to find a zero (the value of the argument
in which the function ravnv zero)
3 2
y ( x) x 5x 4.5

y1 35 y2 15
First x x1 2.8
You can change the value of the variable iteration and see on the plot the approxim ation
to the zero function y(x)
iteration
Area 3: Method
Area 3: Solution
10
2 0 2 4
10
20
30
x1 2.8 x2 2.801 x3 2.058 y x3 34.398

Steiner Point
Problem. You need to design takings from the electric cable to two points (to two houses) so
that the total length of takings was minimal. You can change the coordinat es of two points
of the branches (from 0 to 100), and see the circuit branches, as well as the coordinates
of the possible tee.

Area 1: Disclaimer
coordinates 1-st point coordinates 2-d point

x1 0 y1 x2 y2
Area3:Method
Area 4: Solution of the Task
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
electric cable
10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
10
27.679
Steiner Point Length 157.942
54.02

Geometry and Breaking Forces of the Catenary (SI Units)
Problem: To find the geometry and breaking forces of the catenary

Area 1: Disclaimer
Area 3: Method
x x0
The catenary function: y x x0 h a h a cosh 1
a
h2 15m
h1 7m
L 30m
2 2
Minim al catenary length l L h1 h2 31.05 m
Catenary length S>l S 39m
Given
Guess values x0 12m h 1m
a 3m a root h1 y 0 x0 h a a 12.89 m
Fixing at the left end h1 = y 0 x0 h a
Fixing on the right end h2 = y L x0 h a

L
2
d
Catenary length S= 1 y x x0 h a dx
dx
0
x0
h Find x0 h a x0 12.46 m h 50.14 mm
15
x0
10
h
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
kg lb
Linear density of chain lpc 0.5 0.336
m ft
Area 5: Angles and forces calculation
1 50.445 <--Angles of inclination of the catenary at the it's ends--> 2 63.316
Weight of the catenary G 19.5 kgf

F1 9.568 kgf F2 13.568 kgf
Fx1 6.093 kgf <--- Forces of tension on the catenary ends ---> Fx2 6.093 kgf
Fy1 7.377 kgf Fy2 12.123 kgf

Forces of breaking the chain
Forces of breaking the catenary, kgf

F2
x0
12
10
F1
0 10 20 30
x, m

Geometry and Breaking Forces of the Catenary (US Units)
Problem: To find the geometry and breaking forces of the chain

Area 1: Disclaimer
Area 3: Method
x x0
The catenary function: y x x0 h a h a cosh 1
a
h2 15ft
h1 7ft
L 30ft
2 2
Minim al catenary length l L h1 h2 31.05 ft
Catenary length S>l S 38ft
Guess values x0 12ft h 1ft
Guess values a 3ft a root h1 y 0 x0 h a a 12.89 ft
Given
Fixing at the left end h1 = y 0 x0 h a
Fixing on the right end h2 = y L x0 h a

L
2
d
Catenary length S= 1 y x x0 h a dx
dx
0
x0
h Find x0 h a
x0 12.23 ft h 9.559 in
a
15
x0
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
lb
Linear density of chain lpc 0.336
ft
Area 5: Angles and forces calculation
1 47.43 <--Angles of inclination of the catenary at the chain ends--> 2 61.49
G 12.768 lbf
Weight of the catenary
F1 6.44 lbf F2 9.131 lbf
Fx1 4.36 lbf <--- Forces of tension on the catenary ends ---> Fx2 4.358 lbf
Fy1 4.74 lbf Fy2 8.023 lbf

Forces of breaking the chain
Forces of breaking the catenary, lbf

F2
9 x0
7
F1
6
0 10 20 30
x, ft

Bisection Method of Finding Zero of the Function y(x)

Area 1: Disclaimer
Function of one argum ent, where you want to find a zero
3 2
y ( x) 4x 3x 4x 5
The range of values of the argument, in which you want to find a zero of the function y(x)
a b
You can change the value of the variable iteration and see on the plot the approxim ation
to the zero function y(x)
iteration
Area 3: Solution
a b
a 1.125 Root 1.125 y ( Root) 0.00051 b 1.126
2
30
a
b
20
10
0 0.5 1 1.5
10
y(x)
(a+b)/2

Find One Local Minimum with a Two-Step Method
Problem. To find in the rectangular region the point of t he local minim um of t he function of two
variables
Area 1: Disclaimer
Specify your function:
2
2 2
x y
2 2 2 2
x ( y 1) 3 5 x y 3
f ( x y) 3 (x 1) e 10 0.2 x x y e e
Specify the boundaries of the plotted area:

xb xe
yb ye
Enter the coordinates of the point near which you want to find the local minimum :
x0 y0
Enter the value of the first step:

FirstStep
Area 3: Method
Area 4: Solution
Coordinates of the local minimum Local minimum of the function

3
xmin 9.375 10 ymin 1.6 f xmin ymin 7.99772

Fourier Series
Area 1: Disclaimer
Area 3: Method
Case 1
x 2 2 N
y ( x) if x 0 if x 1.5 ( x 1.5) min 1 sin ( 2 x) x
2
Area 4: Solution
y( x)
1
Fourier( x N)
2 0 2
T
a ( 1.495 0.526 0.146 0.301 0.035 0.015 0.044 0.079 0.013 0.028 0.057 )
T 3
b 0 0.211 0.011 0.082 0.228 0.048 0.029 0.076 0.111 9.337 10 0.012
Case 2
x N
y ( x) floor
2
Area 4a: Solution
y( x) 2 0 2
Fourier( x N)
1
Case 3
N
y ( x) x
2
Area 3: Solution
5
3
y( x)
Fourier( x N)
2
2 0 2
x

Find Minimum by Golden Ratio Method
Area 1: Disclaimer
Min_GR ( f a b) "Golden Ratio Method of the numerical search of minimum of the function f"
Golden_Ratio ( a b) "A local Function"
3 1 1
b a 5 (a b)
2 2 2
( x1 Golden_Ratio ( a b) y1 f ( x1) x2 Golden_Ratio ( b a) y2 f ( x2) )
while a b TOL
(b x2 x2 x1 y2 y1 x1 Golden_Ratio ( a b) y1 f ( x1) ) if y1 y2
(a x1 x1 x2 y1 y2 x2 Golden_Ratio ( b a) y2 f ( x2) ) otherwise
a b
2
Specify your function:

3 2
y ( x) x 5x 0.5x
Enter number of iterations and specify first values of a and b
a b iteration
20.05
a b
20.1
y(x)
20.15
20.2
3.3 3.4 3.5
a b
iteration 10 a 3.369 b 3.435 3.402
2
y ( a) 20.197 y ( b) 20.184 a b
y 20.196
2
PS
The Golden Ratio is
3b a 5a 5b This equation is used in

2 2 2 2 the program above
x a b x
= solve x
b x b a 3b a 5a 5b
2 2 2 2
Math Cubic Spline Interpolation with Animation

Problem. To find the approxim ate value y (x) of the function, assigned by the table of the values
using cubic polynomial.

Disclaimer
Area 3: Method
Your points:
"X=" 0.51 1.9 3 4 5 6 7 7.9 9.1 12 15 17 20 23

Data
"Y=" 1.7 2.9 4.1 6.1 7.9 7.9 10 12.1 15.1 18 19 21 21 25
Your x value x 13.55

Area 4: Calculation
y 18.4588
2 3
p ( x) = a bx cx dx
where a 57.413
b 16.6578
c 1.2386
d 0.0312
x
20
y
10
0
0 10 20
Your points
Cubic polynomial p(x)
Base 4 points for cubic polynomial p(x)
Approximation
Animation FRAME 200
max ( X) min ( X)
x min ( X) FRAME
200
Calculation
Moving polynomials interpolation
20
x 0.51
y 1.7
10 a 1.0638
b 1.4453
c 0.4380
2 3
p ( x) = a bx cx dx
d 0.0978
y
0
0 10 20
Your points
Cubic polynomial p(x)
Base 4 points for cubic polynomial p(x)
Approximation

Numerical ODE Solution: Comparison of Euler and Runge-Kutta
Methods
Problem. To solve approximately in the final section [x0, x1] the solution of the initial value
problem a first order ODE y' = f(x,y), y(x0) = y0 by using Euler and Runge-Kutta methods
Area 1: Disclaimer
Input the right part of the ODE dy/dx=f(x, y)
f ( x y) sin ( x) y
Input it if You know:
1 1 3 x
y ( x) cos( x) sin ( x) e
2 2 2
Change data in text box(es) and see the Plot

x0 y0
0 < n < 101

x1 n
Area 3: Method
Area 4: Solution
x x
10 y0 1
0.5
0 5 10
0.5
Euler approximation
Runge-Kutta approximation
Sybolical Solution (or Zero)
1
y1e Me 0.5060833
last Xe
1
y1rk Mrk 0.5021629
last Xe
0
y Mrk 0.5021829
last Xe

Attraction for Three Planets
One task from the Feynman lectures on Physics (Volume 1, 1963, Addison-Wesle s). Newtonian
Area 1: Disclaimer
Coordinate
Origin
Initial data: masses of planets, its start positions and velocities:
m x0 y0 x' 0 y' 0
20 0 0 1 1
m x0 y0 x' 0 y' 0 2 3 0.2 1 0
m x0 y0 x' 0 y' 0 0.01 3.1 0.1 2 0
Orbits
0
3
4 3 2 1 0
Create your case:
Coordinate
m ass x0 y0 x' 0 y' 0 Gravitational
Origin
constant
m
G
m
m
node te nPlot
Orbits
1
0.5
0.5
1.5
1 0.5 0 0.5 1

Approximation Using the Monte Carlo Method
Created by Valery Ochkov and Massimo Priano
Area 1: Disclaimer
If a circle of radius r = 1 is inscribed inside a square whit side length L = 2, then we obtain
2 2 2 2
Areasquare = L = 2 = 4 Areacircle = r = 1 =
So the ratio of the area of the circle to the area of the square will be
Areacircle
=
Areasquare 4
Inside the square, we can put n points at random Choose n

with uniform distribution with (x,y) coordinates.
In Mathcad we can define (x, y) as follows:
x runif ( n 1 1) y runif ( n 1 1)
0.5
0.5
1
1 0.5 0 0.5 1
random points out circle

random points in circle
circle of radius r = 1
Now, we can to count how many points have fallen in the c ircle :
points_in_circle p 0
for k 0 n 1
The result is:
2 2
p p 1 if xk yk 1
points_in_circle 1936
p
If n is large enough, we can think that the ratio
points_in_circle Areacircle
is approxim ately equal to =
n Areasquare 4
and so
points_in_circle Areacircle
4 is approxim ately equal to 4 =4 =
n Areasquare 4
We have obtained one approximation for

points_in_circle
approx_ 4 approx_ 3.0976
n
with error err approx_ err 0.044


Pendulum on Elastic Spring in an Environment with Friction (SI
Units)
Area 1: Disclaimer
Input data
Rod length L 2m
Pendulum diam eter dp 70mm
kg
Environm ent density a 1.1
3
m
kg
3700
Pendulum density 3
m
Environment friction 4
Road elasticity N
kH 10
m
Initial conditions
Deviation from the vertical threads 30deg
m
Start Pendulum speed v0 0
s
Time swing of the pendulum tend 20s
m
g 9.81
2
s
Solution
You can change input and initial data and see the trace of the pendulum on a Polar Plot
Trace of the pendulum movig

The pendulum on the start point
Rod of the pendulum
The pendulum on the end point

Pendulum on Elastic Spring in an Environment with Friction (US Units)
Area 1: Disclaimer
Input data
Rod length L 6.5 ft
Pendulum diam eter dp 2.7 in
lb
Environm ent density a 0.07
3
ft
lb
231
Pendulum density 3
ft
Environment friction 4
Road elasticity lbf

kH 0.685
ft
ft
g 32.185
Initial conditions 2
s
Deviation from the vertical threads 30deg
ft
Start Pendulum speed v0 0
s
Time swing of the pendulum tend 20s

Solution
You can change input and initial data and see the trace of the pendulum on a Polar Plot
Trace of the pendulum movig

The pendulum on the start point
Rod of the pendulum
The pendulum on the end point

Double Pendulum (SI Units)
Area 1: Disclaimer

2 FRAME 1
g 9.81 m/s tend 8s tend t end FRAME 699
700
1-st pendulum m1 2m L1 1m 1begin 4
2-nd pendulum m2 0.17 kg L2 0.5m 2begin 2
3. Solution
Change the FRAME value (1-700) manually and see the picture bellow.
FRAME 699
Trace of 1-st Pendulum

1-st Pendulum (m1)
1-st Pendulum (L1)
Trace of 2-nd Pendulum
2-nd Pendulum (m2)
2-nd Pendulum (L2)
bl 10.60 red 46.50 m red 0.17 kg
m bl 2 kg
Lred 0.5 m
Lbl 1m
t 8.00 s
vbl ( t) 3.678 m/s
Fbl ( t) 0.302 kgf
vred ( t) 10.376 m/s
Fred ( t) 0.221 kgf

Double Pendulum (US Units)
Area 1: Disclaimer
ft FRAME 1
g 32.185 tend 8s tend t end FRAME 699
2 700
s
1-st pendulum m1 4.4 lb L1 3.3 ft 1begin 4
2-nd pendulum m2 0.375 lb L2 1.64 ft 2begin 2
3. Solution
FRAME 699

1-st Pendulum (m1)
1-st Pendulum (L1)
2-nd Pendulum (m2)
2-nd Pendulum (L2)
bl 6.00 red 34.92 m red 0.375 lb
m bl 4.4 lb
Lred 1.64 ft
Lbl 3.3 ft
t 8.00 s
vbl ( t) 8.062 ft/s
Fbl ( t) 0.209 lbf
vred ( t) 4.582 ft/s
Fred ( t) 0.012 lbf

Triple Pendulum (SI Units)
Area 1: Disclaimer

2 FRAME 1
g 9.81 m/s tend 5.56 s tend t end FRAME 699
700
1-st pendulum m1 2 kg L1 1m 1begin 4
2-nd pendulum m2 0.5kg L2 0.5m 2begin 2
2-nd pendulum m3 0.1kg L3 0.2m 3begin 4

3. Solution
FRAME 699

1-st Pendulum (m1)
1-st Pendulum (L1)
2-nd Pendulum (m2)
2-nd Pendulum (L2)
Trace of 3-d Pendulum
3-d Pendulum (m3)
3-d Pendulum (L1)
vblack ( t ) 1.192 m/s
Fblack ( t ) 0.143 kgf t 5.56 s
vred ( t) 5.719 m/s

Fred ( t) 0.109 kgf
vblue ( t ) 10.783 m/s

Fblue ( t) 0.229 kgf
m red 0.5 kg
m black 2 kg
Lred 0.5 m
Lblack 1m
m blue 0.1 kg
Lblue 0.2 m
black 46.25
red 11.15
Created by Valery Oc hkov
blue 59.16

Triple Pendulum (US Units)
Area 1: Disclaimer
2
g 32.174ft/s tend 4s FRAME 1
tend t end FRAME 699
700
1-st pendulum m1 2 lb L1 1 ft 1begin 4
2-nd pendulum m2 0.5lb L2 0.5ft 2begin 2
2-nd pendulum m3 0.1lb L3 0.2ft 3begin 4

3. Solution
FRAME 699

1-st Pendulum (m1)
1-st Pendulum (L1)
2-nd Pendulum (m2)
2-nd Pendulum (L2)
Trace of 3-d Pendulum
3-d Pendulum (m3)
3-d Pendulum (L1)
vblack ( t ) 4.318 ft/s
Fblack ( t ) 0.058 lbf t 4.00 s

Fred ( t) 0.037 lbf
vblue ( t ) 8.918 ft/s

Fblue ( t) 0.003 lbf
m red 0.5 lb
m black 2 lb
Lred 0.5 ft
Lblack 1 ft
m blue 0.1 lb
Lblue 0.2 ft
black 33.19
red 69.53
blue 56.20

Triple Pendulum with Friction (SI Units)
Area 1: Disclaimer

2 FRAME 1
g 9.81 m/s te 10s tend te FRAME 699
700
1-st pendulum m1 2 kg L1 1m 1begin 1 1

2
2-nd pendulum m2 0.5kg L2 0.5m 2begin 2 0.5

2
2-nd pendulum m3 0.1kg L3 0.2m 3begin 3 0.2

2
3. Solution
FRAME 699
vblack ( t ) 0.105 m/s Fblack ( t ) 0.265 kgf
vred ( t) 0.015 m/s Fred ( t) 0.061 kgf
vblue ( t ) 0.058 m/s Fblue ( t) 0.010 kgf
t 10.00 s
m black 2 kg
FRAME 699
Lblack 1m
m blue 0.1 kg
Lblue 0.2 m
black 2.42
red 2.36
blue 3.21
m red 0.5 kg
Lred 0.5 m

Triple Pendulum with Friction (US Units)
Area 1: Disclaimer

2 FRAME 1
g 32.174ft/s te 10s tend te FRAME 699
700
1-st pendulum m1 2 lb L1 1 ft 1begin 1 1

2
2-nd pendulum m2 0.5lb L2 0.5ft 2begin 2 0.5

2
2-nd pendulum m3 0.1lb L3 0.2ft 3begin 3 0.2

2
3. Solution
FRAME 699
Fblack ( t ) 0.081 lbf
vblack ( t ) 0.148 ft/s
Fred ( t) 0.019 lbf

Fblue ( t) 0.003 lbf

vblue ( t ) 0.218 ft/s
t 10.00 s
m black 2 lb
FRAME 699
Lblack 1 ft
m blue 0.1 lb
Lblue 0.2 ft
black 0.45
red 0.76
blue 1.81
m red 0.5 lb
Lred 0.5 ft

Cardioid
Area 1: Disclaimer
Picture
Geometry of the planetary gear - see the picture in the area above
R 20mm
Point 0 x0 0mm y0 0mm
Point 1 x1 ( ) R cos y1 ( ) R sin

2 2
Point 2 x2 ( ) 2R cos y2 ( ) 2R sin

2 2
Point 3 x3 ( ) R cos 2 3 x2 ( ) y3 ( ) R sin 2 3 y2 ( )

2 2
FRAME 270 FRAME p 0 1 360 t 0

200
270
Mathcad Enabled Content Copyright 2012 Knovel.

Cycloid
Area 1: Disclaimer
Picture
Geometry of Cycloid - see the picture in the area above
r 10mm
FRAME 300
8 r
x r FRAME 26.133 r
300
Point 0 x0 ( x) x y0 ( x) r
3 x r
Point 1 ( x)
2 r
x1 ( x) r cos ( ( x) ) x y1 ( x) r sin ( ( x) ) r
x
xt r r x
100
FRAME 300 x 26.13 r x0 ( x) 26.13 r y0 ( x) 1.00 r x1 ( x) 26.13 r y1 ( x) 0.00 r

Ellipse
Area 1: Disclaimer
Picture
Geometry of the ellipse - see the picture in the area above
r1 + r2 = R 10mm h 7mm Note that R > h
2 2
R h R
b 3.571 mm a 5 mm
2 2 2
h
Point 1 x1 y1 0mm
2
h
Point 2 x2 y2 0mm
2
FRAME 200 t FRAME
Solution
t
tt 0 t
1000
Ellipse
r1 r2 10 mm
f1 f2
0
r1 5.00 mm h 7 mm x 0.00 mm
r2 5.00 mm y 3.57 mm
2 2
x y a 5 mm
=1
2 2
a b b 3.571 mm

Hypocycloid
Area 1: Disclaimer
Picture
Geom etry of the hypocycloid - see the picture in the area above
2

360
R 30 r 10
x0 0 y0 0
Point 0
FRAME 30 FRAME
Point 1 x1 ( ) (R r)cos ( ) y1 ( ) (R r)sin ( )

R r R r
x2 ( ) (R r)cos ( ) r cos y2 ( ) (R r)sin ( ) r sin
Point 2 r r
p 0 1 360 t 0
2000

FRAME 30
30
R
3
r
Hypotrochoid
Area 1: Disclaimer
Picture
Geom etry of the Hypotrochoid - see the picture in the area above
2
mm 1
360
R 50mm r 30mm d 45mm

Change the FRAME value manually and see the picture bellow.
FRAME 1080 FRAME
Point 1 x1 ( ) (R r)cos ( ) y1 ( ) (R r)sin ( )
R r
Point 3 x3 ( ) (R r)cos ( ) d cos
r
R r
y3 ( ) (R r)sin ( ) d sin
r
p 0 1 360 t 0
200
FRAME 1080
1080
R
1.667
r
d
1.5
r

Limaon of Pascal
Area 1: Disclaimer
Picture
Geometry of the Limaon of Pascal - see the picture in the area above
R 20mm
Point 1 x1 ( ) R cos ( ) y1 ( ) R sin ( )
Point 2 x2 ( ) 2R cos ( ) y2 ( ) 2R sin ( )
Point 3 x3 ( ) 2R cos ( 2 ) x2 ( ) y3 ( ) 2R sin ( 2 ) y2 ( )
FRAME 360 FRAME p 0 1 360 t 0

200
360
Aviation Engine (SI Units)

Area 1: Disclaimer
Picture
Geom etry of the engine - see the picture in the area above
R 300mm L 1100mm r 250mm
Change the value (0-360) manually and see the picture bellow.
3FRAME
360
Solution
360

Aviation Engine (US Units)
Area 1: Disclaimer

Picture
Geom etry of the engine - see the picture in the area above
R 1ft L 3.5ft r 1ft
3FRAME 30
Solution
30
Bike (SI Units)

Area 1: Disclaimer
Picture
Input data (see the picture in the area above)

R 1Hza 360
s
R 12cm
D 80cm
h 100 cm
Specify radiuses of the gears

rv 5 cm
1
rv 4 cm
2
rv 3 cm
3
FRAME value from 0 to 180 corresponds to the third gear
FRAME value from 181 to 360 corresponds to the second gear
FRAME value from 361 to 540 corresponds to the first gear
FRAME 180
Solution
R 12 cm
D 80 cm
rev
R 1
i 3 r 3 cm s
rev
D 4
s
V 36.2 kph
Bike (US Units)

Area 1: Disclaimer
Picture
Input data (see the picture in the area above)

R 1Hza 360
s
R 5in
D 32in
h 3ft
Specify radiuses of the gears
rv 2 in
1
rv 1.5 in
2
rv 1 in
3
FRAME value from 0 to 180 corresponds to the third gear
FRAME value from 181 to 360 corresponds to the second gear
FRAME value from 361 to 540 corresponds to the first gear
FRAME 500
Solution
R 5 in
D 32 in
rev
R 1
i 1 r 2 in s
rev
D 3
s
V 14.3 mph

Chebyshev's Foot Stepping Machine
Area 1: Disclaimer
Picture
Geom etry of the machine - see the picture in the area above
r 12mm h 26mm L1 34mm L2 34mm L 34mm
FRAME 45
Solution
45
15.685
26.000
0.000
x mm
8.485
39.855
39.855
32.398
0.000
0.000
y mm
8.485
56.310
13.690

Crank-Rocker Mechanism (SI Units)
Area 1: Disclaimer
Picture
Geometry of the Crank-rocker mechanism - see the picture in the area above
r 20mm h 40mm L 70mm a 100mm H 25mm
2FRAME 0
Solution
0

Crank-Rocker Mechanism (US Units)
Area 1: Disclaimer
Picture
Geometry of the Crank-rocker mechanism - see the picture in the area above
r 20in h 40in L 70in a 100in H 25in
2FRAME 0
Solution
Graph
Graph

Steam Engine (SI Units)
Area 1: Disclaimer
Picture
Geometry of the steam engine - see the picture in the area above
R 1500mm r 700mm l1 2300mm l2 1600mm D 500mm
2FRAME 40
Solution
40

Steam Engine (US Units)
Area 1: Disclaimer
Picture
Geometry of the steam engine - see the picture in the area above
R 5ft r 28in l1 8ft l2 5.5ft D 20in
2FRAME 80
Solution
80

Theo Jansen's Walking Machine (SI Units)
Area 1: Disclaimer
Picture
Geometry of the run machine (see the picture in the area above)
r 3.29mm l1 15mm l2 19.76mm l3 11.18mm
l4 9.66mm l5 10.89mm l6 11.82mm l7 19.76mm
l8 12.31mm l9 9.77mm l10 24.96mm l11 18.99mm
FRAME 100
Solution for r leg
Solution for l leg
100

Theo Jansen's Walking Machine (US Units)
Area 1: Disclaimer
Picture
Geometry of the run machine (see the picture in the area above)
r 3.29in l1 15in l2 19.76in l3 11.18in
l4 9.66in l5 10.89in l6 11.82in l7 19.76in
l8 12.31in l9 9.77in l10 24.96in l11 18.99in
FRAME 100
Solution for r leg
Solution for l leg
100

Automobile Windshield Wipers (SI Units)
Area 1: Disclaimer
Picture
Geometry of wipers - see the picture in the area above

r 6cm r1 8cm h 24cm L 27cm a 15cm b 50cm L1 80cm
FRAME 240
Solution
105cm
240
10cm
130cm 35cm

Automobile Windshield Wipers (US Units)
Area 1: Disclaimer
Picture
Geometry of wipers - see the picture in the area above

r 2.4in r1 3.1in h 9.5in L 10.6in a 6in b 20in L1 31in
FRAME 120
Solution
120
Volume of Ethyl Hydroxide to Produce Non-Freezing Solu on for Car Engine Cooling
Created by Konstantin Orlov
Disclaimer
User Notices
user unit
Source data
Freezing temperature of ethanol-aqueous solution treq 20 C
Cost of source ethanol-aqueous solution C eth 20$ for the tank of V 5L
C eth $ $
C eth 4
V L
Volumetric concentration of ethyl hydroxide in source solution, % veth_s 96.4%
Prompting: concentration of ethyl hydroxide in vodka is 40, and that in alcoholic solution is 96 or 96.4.
However, we should take into account that vodka may contain ingredients, which change freezing temperature
(usually increase).
Reference data required for calculation
Thermal physical properties of ethanol-aqueous solution
"Ethyl hydroxide content, weight %" "Density, gm/cub cm" "Freezing temperature, C"
2.5 0.994 1
4.8 0.99 2
6.8 0.987 3
11.3 0.98 5
13.8 0.977 6.1
16.4 0.973 7.5
17.5 0.972 8.7
18.8 0.97 9.4
Data 20.3 0.968 10.6
22.1 0.966 12.2
24.2 0.963 14
26.7 0.959 16
29.9 0.954 18.9
33.8 0.947 23.6
39 0.937 28.7
46.3 0.922 33.9
56.1 0.9 41
71.9 0.863 51.3
Data submatrix( Data ORIGIN 1 rows ( Data) 1 ORIGIN ORIGIN cols ( Data) 1 ORIGIN)
ORIGIN
w reverse Data %
ORIGIN 1 gm
reverse Data
3
cm
ORIGIN 2
tfr reverse Data C
80 1
Density of solution, gm/cm3

Mass concentration, %
60
0.95
40
0.9
20
0 0.85
60 40 20 0
Freezing temperature,
Density of ethyl hydroxide and water at 20

gm kg
eth_20 0.785 w_20 998.2
3 3
cm m
Calculation
1. Check of the range of valid data
treq error ( "Temperature is too low" ) if treq min t fr
error ( "Temperature is too high" ) if t req max t fr
treq otherwise
2. Evaluation of required content of 100% ethyl hydroxide at given temperature

kg
wreq_eh_100% interp cspline tfr w tfr w t req 30.896 %
kg
3. Mass contents of the mix ingredients
From definition of mass concentration it is found that to make 1 kg of required solution we need 100 % ethyl
hydroxide
m req_eh_100% wreq_eh_100%1kg 0.30896 kg
and distilled water m req_w_100% 1kg m req_eh_100% 0.69104 kg

4. To make 1 kg of solution it is required the following volumes of 100% ethyl hydroxide and
distilled water at temperature of 20 oC
m req_eh_100% m req_w_100%
vreq_eh_100% 0.394 L vreq_w_100% 0.692 L
eth_20 w_20
5. To make the mixture water-alcohol solution is used. It is required to take into consideration
content of water in it. To make 1 kg of solution we need following volumes of substances
Required volume of initial water-alcohol solution is evaluated from given concentration by volume of ethyl
hydroxide in it.
vreq_eh_100%
vreq_eh vreq_eh 0.41 L
veth_s
As a part of water comes from the initial water-alcohol solution, required volume of distilled water decreases
by amount entering with the initial solution
vreq_w vreq_w_100% vreq_eh 100 % veth_s vreq_w 0.68 L
Check! The freezing temperature of the initial water-alcohol solution may be higher than that required and it
results in negative values of required volume of distilled water.
vreq_w error ( "Enter higher temperature of take strengthened solution" ) if vreq_w 0L 0.678 L
vreq_w otherwise
6. Per 1 L of distilled water we need the following volume of initial water-alcohol solution
vreq_eh
vreq_eh_w 1L vreq_eh_w 0.6 L
vreq_w
7. Per 1 L of initial water -alcohol solution we need the following volume of distilled water
vreq_w
Vreq_w_eh 1L Vreq_w_eh 1.66 L
vreq_eh
8. Per the tank of initial water-alcohol solution we need the following volume of distilled water
vreq_w
Vreq_w_eh_ini V Vreq_w_eh_ini 8.3 L
vreq_eh
where V 5L
9. Volume concentration of 100% ethyl hydroxide in required solution

vreq_eh_100%
xreq_eh_100% xreq_eh_100% 36.25 %
vreq_eh vreq_w
10. Volume concentration of initial water-alcohol solution in required solution

vreq_eh
xreq_eh xreq_eh 37.6 %
vreq_eh vreq_w
11. Cost of the obtained solution is found from the cost of initial water-alcohol solution (we does not
take into account cost of distilled water)
$
nonfr C eth xreq_eh nonfr 1.5
L
$
for canister of 4 L nonfr 6.02
4L
$
for canister of 5 L nonfr 7.52
5L

Power Engineering Worksheets

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Power Engineering Worksheets

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Click to View Mathcad Document

Mathcad Enabled Content Copyright 2012 Knovel

Area 2: User Notices

Coefficient of resistance of air cw 3.5

Initial velocity of the car v0 54kph

End time tend 7s

... and initial conditions x ( 0s) = 0m x' ( 0s) = v0

x Odesolve t tend Method - Fixed x t end 126 m

Mathcad Enabled Content Copyright 2012 Knovel

Area 2: User Notices

Coefficient of resistance of air cw 0.35

Initial velocity of the car v0 35 mph

End time tend 7s

... and initial conditions x ( 0s) = 0ft x' ( 0) = v0

x Odesolve t tend Method - Fixed x t end 75 ft

Mathcad Enabled Content Copyright 2012 Knovel

Area 2: User Notices

Range of Plot x1 2.7 x2 3.2

Guess Value x 2.8

Iterations to the root

Mathcad Enabled Content Copyright 2012 Knovel

Newton Method for Zero Finding of the Function y(x)

Area 2: User Notices

Range of Plot x1 2.5 x2 5.5

Mathcad Enabled Content Copyright 2012 Knovel

Area 2: User Notices

Range of Plot x1 2.5 x2 5.5

x1 2.8 x2 2.801 x3 2.058 y x3 34.398

Mathcad Enabled Content Copyright 2012 Knovel

Created by Valery Ochkov

Area 2: User Notices

coordinates 1-st point coordinates 2-d point

Area 4: Solution of the Task

Mathcad Enabled Content Copyright 2012 Knovel

Created by Valery Ochkov

Area 2: User Notices

Catenary length S>l S 39m

Guess values x0 12m h 1m

Fixing at the left end h1 = y 0 x0 h a

Fixing on the right end h2 = y L x0 h a

h Find x0 h a x0 12.46 m h 50.14 mm

Area 5: Angles and forces calculation

1 50.445 <--Angles of inclination of the catenary at the it's ends--> 2 63.316

Weight of the catenary G 19.5 kgf

Fy1 7.377 kgf Fy2 12.123 kgf

Forces of breaking the catenary, kgf

Mathcad Enabled Content Copyright 2012 Knovel

Created by Valery Ochkov

Area 2: User Notices

Catenary length S>l S 38ft

Guess values x0 12ft h 1ft

Guess values a 3ft a root h1 y 0 x0 h a a 12.89 ft

Fixing on the right end h2 = y L x0 h a

Area 5: Angles and forces calculation

1 47.43 <--Angles of inclination of the catenary at the chain ends--> 2 61.49

Fy1 4.74 lbf Fy2 8.023 lbf

Forces of breaking the catenary, lbf

Mathcad Enabled Content Copyright 2012 Knovel

Created by Valery Ochkov

Function of one argum ent, where you want to find a zero

Mathcad Enabled Content Copyright 2012 Knovel

Area 2: User Notices

Specify your function:

Specify the boundaries of the plotted area: