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AIRS
ASSOCIATION OF INTERNET
RESEARCH SPECIALISTS

1 1 1 1111 11 11
Publisher Copyrights of AIRS 2017-2018

AIRS Education &

Examination Board 0717-2101
 AIRS EXAM PREPARATION GUIDE AND STUDY NOTES

Table of Contents

MODULE 1 - NETWORKS & INTERNET TECHNOLOGY............................................................... 1

UNIT 1 - NETWORKS & NETWORKING INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1
The Network Technology& Data Communication Units Lesson 1 ........................................ 1
Type of Networks An Introduction Lesson 2 ...................................................................... 8
UNIT 2 - SEARCH ENGINE & INTERNET TECHNOLOGY ............................................................................... 14
The Web Applications Lesson 1 ......................................................................................... 14
Internet Connections, Web Browsers and Search Engines Lesson 2 .................................. 22
MODULE 2 - RESEARCH METHODS & ONLINE RESEARCH ..................................................... 42
UNIT 1 - RESEARCH METHODS & APPLIED RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.......................................................... 42
Research Introduction Lesson 1 ....................................................................................................... 42
Research Types, Methods and Philosophies Lesson 2 ..................................................................... 54
UNIT 2 - RESEARCH PLANNING & APPROACH TO RESEARCH ....................................................................... 67
Research Work Assessment and Approach Lesson 1 ....................................................................... 68
Information Sourcing Lesson 2 ......................................................................................................... 73
Data Collection, Data Types and Data Sampling Methods Lesson 3 ............................................... 78
Data Analysis, Methods and Techniques Lesson 4 ........................................................................... 89
Information Reliability, Quality Evaluations & Risks Lesson 5 ......................................................... 96
Research Results Interpretations & Reporting Lesson 6 ................................................................ 100
UNIT 3 - INTERNET RESEARCH CHALLENGES ......................................................................................... 102
Forms of Internet Research Lesson 1 ............................................................................................. 103
Internet Research and Challenges Lesson 2 ................................................................................... 106
Data Collection Methods - Lesson 3 .................................................................................................. 117
UNIT 4 - INTERNET INFORMATION SOURCING ....................................................................................... 129
Information Sourcing Approach Lesson 1 ...................................................................................... 131
Information Types, Source and Other Classifications Lesson 2 ..................................................... 138
The Information of the Internet Lesson 3....................................................................................... 147
Approach to Information Sourcing Lesson 4 ................................................................................. 167
Categorized Information Resources of the Internet Lesson 5 ........................................................ 180
UNIT 5 - READING SEARCH ENGINE RESULT PAGES [SERP] & WEB-PAGE LINKS ........................................... 201
Reading Internet Search Results [SERPs] Lesson 1 ....................................................................... 201
Reading and Interpreting Web Page Links Lesson 2 ...................................................................... 219
UNIT 6 - ADVANCE ONLINE SEARCH TECHNIQUES & METHODS................................................................. 241
Internet Information Retrieval Techniques [IIRT] Lesson 1 ............................................................ 243
Building Keywords & Phrase for Search Lesson 2 .......................................................................... 249
Understanding Search Query Intent and Context Lesson 3 ........................................................... 257
Queries Constructed with Boolean Operators and Symbols (Notation) Lesson 4 ......................... 271
UNIT 7 BROWSER ADJUSTMENTS & PERSONALIZATION FOR RESEARCH ...................................................... 305
Web Browser Personalization Lesson 1.......................................................................................... 305
Breaking of Internet Filter Bubble & Browser Adjustments Lesson 2 ............................................ 309
 AIRS EXAM PREPARATION GUIDE AND STUDY NOTES

MODULE 3 - BUSINESS OF RESEARCH FOR INDEPENDENT RESEARCHER ...............................327

UNIT 1 - BUSINESS OF RESEARCH FOR INDEPENDENT RESEARCH PRACTITIONER ............................................ 327
Independent Consultant and Consulting Business Lesson 1........................................................... 327
Structuring Research Business Lesson 2 ......................................................................................... 343
Financing Research Business (Cash Flow) Lesson 3........................................................................ 347
Building a Research Proposal Simple Outline Lesson 4 ............................................................... 349
UNIT 2 - INTERNET ETHICS AND ETHICAL ISSUES OF INTERNET - INTRODUCTION ............................................ 358
Recommended Software for Research Business Lesson 1 ............................................................. 358

MODULE 4 - INTERNET LAW AND ETHICAL ISSUE OF INTERNET ..........................................366

UNIT 1 - INTERNET LAW AND ETHICS ................................................................................................. 366
Introduction to Cyber Law and Emerging Legal Issues Lesson 1 ................................................... 366
Establishing Cyber Law Jurisdiction Lesson 2 ................................................................................ 369
Intellectual Property Laws of the Internet Lesson 3 ...................................................................... 373
Online Privacy, Defamation and Spamming Lesson 4 ................................................................... 384
Laws of Defamation and Electronic Media Lesson 5 ..................................................................... 386
Laws Governing Cybercrimes Lesson 6 .......................................................................................... 389
Internet Activity of E-commerce (E-Business) Lesson 7 ................................................................. 391
UNIT 2 - INTERNET ETHICS AND ETHICAL ISSUES OF INTERNET - INTRODUCTION ............................................ 394
Introduction to Internet Ethics Lesson 1 ........................................................................................ 394
Informed Consent and Ethics Lesson 2 .......................................................................................... 400
Privacy, Anonymity, Confidentiality and revealing identities Lesson 3 ......................................... 402
Ethical Issues in Recruitment Lesson 4 .......................................................................................... 404
 UNIT

STUDY NOTES 1
2017
2nd Edition
English V.2

Networks & Networking

Introduction
NETWORKS AND INTERNET TECHNOLOGY CIRS01-0717-1
BY: NAVEED MANZOOR
 NETWORKS & NETWORKING INTRODUCTION

TABLE OF CONTENT

THE NETWORK TECHNOLOGY & DATA COMMUNICATION UNITS LESSON 1 ........................................................ 1

BASIC NETWORK CONNECTION .........................................................................................................................................1
IP ADDRESS AND DATA COMMUNICATION ...........................................................................................................................2
Network Connectivity with IP Address - Illustration ...............................................................................................2
The TCP/IP Communication Protocol .....................................................................................................................3
The Data Communication Rules with OSI Model ...................................................................................................3
Data Packet or PDU (Protocol Data Unit) ........................................................................................................................... 4
The OSI Model Explained ................................................................................................................................................... 5
The OSI Model in Action ..................................................................................................................................................... 6

TYPE OF NETWORKS AN INTRODUCTION LESSON 2 .......................................................................................... 8

LAN - LOCAL AREA NETWORK ..........................................................................................................................................8
WAN - WIDE AREA NETWORK .........................................................................................................................................8
OTHER TYPES OF AREA NETWORKS ....................................................................................................................................9
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) ....................................................................................................................9
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) .....................................................................................................................10
Campus Area Network (CAN)...............................................................................................................................10
Storage Area Network (Storage SAN) ..................................................................................................................10
System Area Network (SAN) ................................................................................................................................10
Personal Area Network ........................................................................................................................................10
Virtual Private Network (VPN) .............................................................................................................................10
ESSENTIAL NETWORK DEVICES ........................................................................................................................................11
PCs or Workstations or Clients ............................................................................................................................11
A Server (Central Server) ......................................................................................................................................11
Routers ................................................................................................................................................................12
Hubs ....................................................................................................................................................................12
Switch ..................................................................................................................................................................13
Access Point .........................................................................................................................................................13
Network Cards (NIC) ............................................................................................................................................13
A Network Server .................................................................................................................................................13

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 UNIT

STUDY NOTES
2
2017
2nd Edition
English V.2

Search Engine & Internet

Technology
NETWORKS AND INTERNET TECHNOLOGY CIRS01-0717-2
BY: NAVEED MANZOOR
 SEARCH ENGINE & INTERNET TECHNOLOGY

TABLE OF CONTENT
THE WEB APPLICATIONS LESSON 1.................................................................................................................... 14
COMPUTER SOFTWARES PROGRAMS ...............................................................................................................................14
The Operating Systems (OS) (or System Software) .............................................................................................14
Desktop Programs (Native Programs or Local Program) ....................................................................................15
Mobile Application ..............................................................................................................................................15
A Web Based Applications ..................................................................................................................................15
Web Hosted Application................................................................................................................................................... 16
Cloud Computing Applications ......................................................................................................................................... 16
Desk-Top Application Comparison with Web Application ................................................................................................ 16
WEBSITE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRAM LANGUAGES .........................................................................................................18
Static Programming Language ...........................................................................................................................18
Dynamic Programming Language.......................................................................................................................18
THE DATABASE ............................................................................................................................................................19
Traditional Database Structure [Database Management System DBMS or RDBMS] ......................................19
Hypertext Database [Search Engine Database System]......................................................................................20
THE WEBSITE ON INTERNET............................................................................................................................................21
A Domain Name ..................................................................................................................................................21
Web Hosting Platform (ISP Services) ...................................................................................................................21
INTERNET CONNECTIONS, WEB BROWSERS AND SEARCH ENGINES LESSON 2 .................................................. 22
CONNECTING WITH INTERNET .........................................................................................................................................22
Web Pages and URL Links ...................................................................................................................................23
Domain Names Suffix ..........................................................................................................................................24
THE STRUCTURE OF WEB PAGES .....................................................................................................................................25
THE WEB PAGE LINKS (URL)..........................................................................................................................................27
WEB BROWSER AND SEARCH ENGINES DIFFERENTIATED ......................................................................................................28
THE WEB BROWSER .....................................................................................................................................................29
The Browser Engine Technology .........................................................................................................................29
Browser Software ............................................................................................................................................................. 29
The Working Components of a Browser .............................................................................................................31
THE SEARCH ENGINE.....................................................................................................................................................34
The Process of Web Search .................................................................................................................................34
Search Engine Autonomous Process ................................................................................................................................ 34
Query Response Process .................................................................................................................................................. 35
The URL Response Process ............................................................................................................................................... 35
WEB CRAWLERS (ROBOTS AND BOTS) ..............................................................................................................................36
The Web Crawlers and Indexing of Web Page ....................................................................................................36
The Crawling of Web Pages .............................................................................................................................................. 36
Indexing of Web Pages ..................................................................................................................................................... 37
SEARCH ALGORITHMS ...................................................................................................................................................38
The Content Freshness. ....................................................................................................................................38
The Content Quality. ........................................................................................................................................39
The Content Reliability. ....................................................................................................................................39
The Content Relevance. ...................................................................................................................................39
The Links Popularity. ........................................................................................................................................39
The Spam and Malware Protection.....................................................................................................................40
The Dead Links Filtering ...................................................................................................................................40
The Spell Checks and Synonyms Match...............................................................................................................40
Predictive Search .................................................................................................................................................40
Localized Search (Geographic Location) .............................................................................................................40

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 UNIT

STUDY NOTES
12017
2nd Edition
English V.2

Research Methods &

Applied Research
Methodology
RESEARCH METHODS AND ONLINE RESEARCH CIRS02-0717-1
BY: NAVEED MANZOOR
 RESEARCH METHODS & APPLIED RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

TABLE OF CONTENT
RESEARCH INTRODUCTION LESSON 1 ................................................................................................................ 42
RESEARCH DEFINITIONS .................................................................................................................................................42
PURPOSE OF RESEARCH .................................................................................................................................................43
THE PROFESSION OF RESEARCH .......................................................................................................................................43
RESEARCH METHODS AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................43
RESEARCH MARKET SEGMENTATION ................................................................................................................................44
RESEARCH AS A SERVICES BUSINESS .................................................................................................................................45
Professional Research Industry ...........................................................................................................................46
A Global Research Work Outsourcing Industry ...................................................................................................46
TYPICAL RESEARCH SECTORS...........................................................................................................................................46
The Corporate Enterprise & Small, Medium Size Businesses (SMBs) .................................................................46
Academic Research .............................................................................................................................................47
Scientific Research ..............................................................................................................................................48
POPULAR RESEARCH AREAS BY SUBJECT OR PROFESSION .....................................................................................................48
Business Competitive Intelligence .......................................................................................................................48
Company Research..............................................................................................................................................49
Accounting and Financial Research ....................................................................................................................49
Market and Industry Research ............................................................................................................................49
Investigative Research ........................................................................................................................................50
Legal Research ....................................................................................................................................................50
Technology Research ..........................................................................................................................................50
RESEARCH AND BUSINESS REPORTS .................................................................................................................................50
Business Feasibility..............................................................................................................................................51
Investment Feasibility (Financial Feasibility) .......................................................................................................51
Product & Price Analysis .....................................................................................................................................51
SWOT Analysis [Pronounced SWAT Analysis] ..................................................................................................52
RESEARCH TYPES, METHODS AND PHILOSOPHIES LESSON 2 ............................................................................. 54
TYPES OF RESEARCH .....................................................................................................................................................54
Exploratory Research ..........................................................................................................................................54
Descriptive Research ...........................................................................................................................................55
Explanatory or Analytical Research ....................................................................................................................55
Predictive research ..............................................................................................................................................56
Approaching Research as Qualitative or Quantitative Types .............................................................................56
Quantitative Approach ..................................................................................................................................................... 57
Qualitative Approach ....................................................................................................................................................... 57
Mixed Methods ................................................................................................................................................................ 57
The Qualitative and Quantitative Inquiry Attributes ..........................................................................................57
Correlation/Regression Analysis....................................................................................................................................... 60
Meta-Analysis ................................................................................................................................................................... 60
Collaborative Research ..................................................................................................................................................... 61
Practitioner Research ....................................................................................................................................................... 61
Basic Research Approach ................................................................................................................................................. 61
Applied Research Approach ............................................................................................................................................. 62
Deductive and Inductive Approach .................................................................................................................................. 62
RESEARCH PHILOSOPHIES...............................................................................................................................................62
Positivism ............................................................................................................................................................63
Interpretivism (Phenomenological) .....................................................................................................................63
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES ..........................................................................................................................................63

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 RESEARCH METHODS & APPLIED RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Methodologies Associated with Positivism .........................................................................................................64
Surveys ............................................................................................................................................................................. 64
Experimental Studies ........................................................................................................................................................ 64
Longitudinal Studies ......................................................................................................................................................... 65
Cross-sectional Studies ..................................................................................................................................................... 65
Methodologies Associated with Interpretivism ..................................................................................................65
Case Studies ..................................................................................................................................................................... 65
Action Research ................................................................................................................................................................ 65
Ethnography (participant observation) ............................................................................................................................ 65
Participative Enquiry ........................................................................................................................................................ 66
Feminist Perspectives ....................................................................................................................................................... 66
Grounded Theory ............................................................................................................................................................. 66

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 UNIT

STUDY NOTES
22017
2nd Edition
English V.2

Research Planning &

Approach to Research
RESEARCH METHODS AND ONLINE RESEARCH CIRS02-0717-2
BY: NAVEED MANZOOR
 RESEARCH PLANNING & APPROACH TO RESEARCH

TABLE OF CONTENT
RESEARCH PLANNING INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 67
RESEARCH WORK ASSESSMENT AND APPROACH [LESSON 1]............................................................................ 68
BUILDING UNDERSTANDING OF CLIENTS PERSPECTIVE .........................................................................................................68
SCOPING OF RESEARCH PROJECT .....................................................................................................................................68
DEFINING A RESEARCH TOPIC .........................................................................................................................................70
IDENTIFY RESEARCH PROBLEM ........................................................................................................................................71
IDENTIFYING PRIMARY AUDIENCE ....................................................................................................................................71
INFORMATION SOURCING [LESSON 2] .............................................................................................................. 73
INFORMATION RESOURCE CLASSIFICATIONS .......................................................................................................................73
Background Information .....................................................................................................................................73
In-depth information ...........................................................................................................................................73
Quick Facts Reviews ............................................................................................................................................73
A Scholarly Information ......................................................................................................................................73
Primary Information Source ................................................................................................................................74
Secondary Information Source ............................................................................................................................74
Tertiary Information Source ................................................................................................................................75
RESEARCH INFORMATION SOURCES IDENTIFIED ..................................................................................................................75
Print Medium and Digitized Information ............................................................................................................75
List of Printed Information Resources .............................................................................................................................. 76
Books ...................................................................................................................................................................... 76
Periodicals .............................................................................................................................................................. 76
Scholarly journals.................................................................................................................................................... 76
Peer-Reviews .......................................................................................................................................................... 77
Newspapers ............................................................................................................................................................ 77
Internet Web-pages and Digitized Information Databases ......................................................................................... 77

DATA COLLECTION, DATA TYPES AND DATA SAMPLING METHODS [LESSON 3] ................................................ 78
DATA COLLECTION........................................................................................................................................................78
Basis or Approach in Data Collection ..................................................................................................................78
Qualitative Data ............................................................................................................................................................... 78
Quantitative Data ............................................................................................................................................................. 78
Mixed Method Approach ................................................................................................................................................. 79
Data Collections [within Qualitative, Quantitative or Mixed Approach] ............................................................79
Observations .................................................................................................................................................................... 79
Surveys and Polls .............................................................................................................................................................. 79
Interviews ......................................................................................................................................................................... 80
Focus Groups .................................................................................................................................................................... 80
Document Studies ............................................................................................................................................................ 80
Case Studies ..................................................................................................................................................................... 81
DATA TYPES ................................................................................................................................................................83
Quantitative Data Types .....................................................................................................................................83
Continuous Data ............................................................................................................................................................... 83
Discrete Data .................................................................................................................................................................... 83
Qualitative Data Types........................................................................................................................................83
Binary Data ....................................................................................................................................................................... 84
Nominal Data or Unordered Data .................................................................................................................................... 84
Ordinal Data ..................................................................................................................................................................... 84
Interval Data ..................................................................................................................................................................... 84
Ratio Data ......................................................................................................................................................................... 84
DATA SAMPLING METHODS ...........................................................................................................................................85
Probability Sampling Techniques ........................................................................................................................85

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 RESEARCH PLANNING & APPROACH TO RESEARCH

Simple Random Sampling ................................................................................................................................................. 85

Stratified Sampling ........................................................................................................................................................... 85
Systematic Sampling......................................................................................................................................................... 86
Cluster Sampling ............................................................................................................................................................... 86
Multi-Stage Sampling ....................................................................................................................................................... 86
Multi-Phase Sampling....................................................................................................................................................... 87
Non-Probability Sampling Techniques ................................................................................................................87
Convenience Oriented Sampling ...................................................................................................................................... 87
Purposive Sampling .......................................................................................................................................................... 87
Quota Based Sampling ..................................................................................................................................................... 87
Snowballing Sampling ...................................................................................................................................................... 88
Volunteered Sampling ...................................................................................................................................................... 88

DATA ANALYSIS, METHODS AND TECHNIQUES [LESSON 4] ............................................................................... 89

DATA ANALYSIS - INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................89
DATA ANALYSIS PLANNING BRIEF VIEW .........................................................................................................................89
QUANTITATIVE & QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................90
Analyzing Qualitative Data .................................................................................................................................90
Analytic induction............................................................................................................................................................. 90
Grounded Theory ............................................................................................................................................................. 90
Coding.......................................................................................................................................................................... 91
Memoing ..................................................................................................................................................................... 91
Integrative Diagrams and Sessions .............................................................................................................................. 91
Analyzing Quantitative Data ...............................................................................................................................91
Statistical Methods in Quantitative Data Analysis............................................................................................................ 92
Measures of Central Tendency - Mean, Mode, Median .............................................................................................. 92
Mean (Arithmetic) .................................................................................................................................................. 92
Median.................................................................................................................................................................... 92
Mode ...................................................................................................................................................................... 93
Measures of Variability/Deviation ............................................................................................................................... 93
The Range ............................................................................................................................................................... 94
The Standard Deviation .......................................................................................................................................... 94
Relative Changes or Proportionate Percentages Measurement ................................................................................. 95
Events and Data Frequency Measurement ................................................................................................................. 95
Univariate, Bivariate and Multivariate Analysis........................................................................................................... 95

INFORMATION RELIABILITY, QUALITY EVALUATIONS & RISKS [LESSON 5] ........................................................ 96

INFORMATION RELIABILITY & QUALITY .............................................................................................................................96
Credentials of the Author ....................................................................................................................................96
Footnotes and Bibliography ................................................................................................................................96
Observing the Objectivity and Accuracy of a Website ........................................................................................96
Check for the Logical Consistency in the Material/Content ................................................................................97
Information Ready Access & Availability ............................................................................................................97
Relevance of Information ....................................................................................................................................97
Cost of Information Vs Benefits...........................................................................................................................97
Time Sensitive Information .................................................................................................................................98
INFORMATION HANDLING RISKS ......................................................................................................................................98
The Frequency of Information Changes ..............................................................................................................98
The Security of Information.................................................................................................................................98
The Information Involves a Human Subject ........................................................................................................98
The Information use that is an Intellectual Property ..........................................................................................99
RESEARCH RESULTS INTERPRETATIONS & REPORTING [LESSON 6].................................................................. 100
DERIVING INFERENCES AND INTERPRETING RESEARCH RESULTS ...........................................................................................100
DRAWING CONCLUSIONS AND PROJECT FINAL DELIVERABLES..............................................................................................100

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 UNIT

STUDY NOTES
32017
2nd Edition
English V.2

Internet Research
Challenges
RESEARCH METHODS AND ONLINE RESEARCH CIRS02-0717-3
BY: NAVEED MANZOOR
 INTERNET RESEARCH CHALLENGES

TABLE OF CONTENT
INTERNET RESEARCH - INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 102
FORMS OF INTERNET RESEARCH [LESSON 1] ................................................................................................... 103
ONLINE RESEARCH APPROACH ......................................................................................................................................103
Free Form Internet Research .............................................................................................................................103
Target Data Access ...........................................................................................................................................103
Online Data Collection ......................................................................................................................................104
Social Media Research of the Internet ..............................................................................................................104
Internet based Collaboration Research .............................................................................................................104
Consumer Insights, Trends and Behaviour via Browsing Data Collections .......................................................104
INTERNET RESEARCH AND CHALLENGES [LESSON 2] ....................................................................................... 106
ADVANTAGE OF USING INTERNET FOR RESEARCH .............................................................................................................106
Large Data Samples Available...........................................................................................................................106
Facilitates Social Science Research ...................................................................................................................106
Ease of Automated Testing & Experimentation ................................................................................................106
High Availability to Information Resource ........................................................................................................106
Dynamic Updates ..............................................................................................................................................106
Fills-in the Gap of Library Information Source ..................................................................................................107
Easy to Obtain Larger Sample/Polls ..................................................................................................................107
INTERNET RESEARCH CHALLENGES .................................................................................................................................107
Easy and Fast Communication (Haste Makes Waste) ...................................................................................107
Information Time Lines .....................................................................................................................................107
Information Context ..........................................................................................................................................108
Predictive Technology in Search Engines ..........................................................................................................108
Multicultural and Language Barriers ................................................................................................................109
Region Specific Default Browsing......................................................................................................................109
The Net Neutrality.............................................................................................................................................109
Complex Legal Issues.........................................................................................................................................110
Cyber Vandalism and Online Information Sabotage .........................................................................................111
Corporate Advertisements ................................................................................................................................111
Tabloids and Magazine Sites.............................................................................................................................111
Religious Beliefs ................................................................................................................................................112
Political Material ...............................................................................................................................................112
News Media ......................................................................................................................................................112
Propaganda Groups ..........................................................................................................................................112
Technology Misuse ............................................................................................................................................112
False Reviews ....................................................................................................................................................112
Raves and Rants ................................................................................................................................................113
False Surveys and Polls......................................................................................................................................113
Self-entitlement of opinions ..............................................................................................................................113
Consequence of Rapid Internet Spread .............................................................................................................113
Social Media and Information Sabotage...........................................................................................................114
Ghost Writers on Internet Forums ....................................................................................................................114
Data generalizability with Internet research ....................................................................................................115
Legal Implications in Internet Research ............................................................................................................115
Protection of Human Subjects ........................................................................................................................................ 115
Potential Risk for Participants in Internet Research ....................................................................................................... 115
Question of Informed Consent ....................................................................................................................................... 116

DATA COLLECTION METHODS - [LESSON 3] ........................................................................................................ 117

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 INTERNET RESEARCH CHALLENGES

ONLINE SURVEYS, INTERVIEWS, FOCUS GROUPS, ETHNOGRAPHY, CLINICAL TRIALS AND EXPERIMENTS .......................................117
Surveys (or Polls) ...............................................................................................................................................117
Difference between Surveys and Polls ........................................................................................................................... 117
Surveys According to Instrumentation ........................................................................................................................... 119
Questionnaires - Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 119
Preparing an Effective Questionnaire for Survey Short Guide ........................................................................... 119
Survey Question Types..................................................................................................................................... 119
Closed-ended Questions ............................................................................................................................. 119
Types of Closed-Ended Questions ............................................................................................................... 120
Dichotomous Questions ......................................................................................................................... 120
Multiple Choice Questions ..................................................................................................................... 120
Rating Questions .................................................................................................................................... 120
Likert Scale ............................................................................................................................................. 120
Semantic Differential Scale .................................................................................................................... 121
Ranking Questions.................................................................................................................................. 121
Checklist Types ....................................................................................................................................... 121
Fill-in-the-Blank ...................................................................................................................................... 121
Advantages and Disadvantages of Questionnaires ............................................................................................... 122
Open-ended questions................................................................................................................................ 122
Interviews - Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 122
Online Interviews .................................................................................................................................................. 122
Surveys According to the Span of Time Involved ........................................................................................................... 123
Cross-Sectional Surveys ............................................................................................................................................. 123
Longitudinal Surveys.................................................................................................................................................. 123
PREPARING THE SURVEY ..............................................................................................................................................124
Selecting a Sample ............................................................................................................................................124
Methods of Administration ...............................................................................................................................124
Paper Surveys ................................................................................................................................................................. 124
Mobile Surveys ............................................................................................................................................................... 124
Web Surveys ................................................................................................................................................................... 125
Guide for Improving Response Quality and Audience Participation .................................................................125
Online (virtual) Focus Group Discussions (FGDs)...............................................................................................126
Online (virtual) ethnography .............................................................................................................................126
Online clinical trials ...........................................................................................................................................126
Web-based experiments (Internet experiments) ..............................................................................................126
INTERNET SURVEYS - ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES .................................................................................................126
Internet Surveys Advantages ............................................................................................................................127
Cost Effectiveness .......................................................................................................................................................... 127
Automation and Real-Time Access ................................................................................................................................. 127
Conserves Time and Effort ............................................................................................................................................. 127
Convenience for Respondents........................................................................................................................................ 127
Design Flexibility............................................................................................................................................................. 127
No Interviewer ............................................................................................................................................................... 127
Internet Survey Disadvantages .........................................................................................................................127
Limited Sampling and Respondent Availability .............................................................................................................. 127
Possible Cooperation Problems...................................................................................................................................... 128
No Live Interviewer Required ......................................................................................................................................... 128

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 UNIT

STUDY NOTES
42017
2nd Edition
English V.2

Internet Information
Sourcing
RESEARCH METHODS AND ONLINE RESEARCH CIRS02-0717-4
BY: NAVEED MANZOOR
 INTERNET INFORMATION SOURCING

TABLE OF CONTENT
INTERNET INFORMATION INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 129
INFORMATION SOURCING APPROACH [LESSON 1].......................................................................................... 131
WHO NEEDS RESEARCH & WHO PRODUCES RESEARCH INFORMATION & DATA? ..................................................................131
Research Industry, Market, Audience and Research Subject ............................................................................131
Academic Research ........................................................................................................................................................ 131
Non-Academic Research ................................................................................................................................................ 131
Corporate, Business & Industry ...................................................................................................................................... 131
Information Businesses .................................................................................................................................................. 132
Professional Associations ............................................................................................................................................... 132
Scientific Research.......................................................................................................................................................... 133
Government Sponsored Research .................................................................................................................................. 133
International Agencies ................................................................................................................................................... 134
Information Distinction based on Proximity to its Source .................................................................................136
Primary Information Source ........................................................................................................................................... 136
Secondary Information Source ....................................................................................................................................... 137
Tertiary Information Source ........................................................................................................................................... 137

INFORMATION TYPES, SOURCE AND OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS LESSON 2 ....................................................... 138

INFORMATION TYPES ..................................................................................................................................................138
Background Information ...................................................................................................................................138
In-depth information .........................................................................................................................................138
Quick Facts Reviews ..........................................................................................................................................138
Real-time Information [Information Traps] ......................................................................................................139
Information Discovery (or Investigative Information) .......................................................................................139
Knowledge Discovery (in Trends & Predictions) ................................................................................................139
Big Data Information Type ................................................................................................................................140
Analytical or Statistical Data [Polls, Census, Surveys, Statistics] ......................................................................140
Groups or Communities, Blogs, Articles and Opinions ......................................................................................140
INFORMATION SOURCING ............................................................................................................................................141
Books [Ref, Facts, Fic, Tech] ..............................................................................................................................141
Periodicals: Scholarly Journals, Trade Magazines, Peer Reviews & Newspapers..............................................142
Periodicals ...................................................................................................................................................................... 142
Scholarly journals ........................................................................................................................................................... 142
Peer-Reviews .................................................................................................................................................................. 143
Newspapers .................................................................................................................................................................... 143
Seminars, Webinars and Lectures .....................................................................................................................143
Print Medium ....................................................................................................................................................143
Digital Media [Localized and Non-Internet] ......................................................................................................144
Networks and Online Information Database [Includes Internet] ......................................................................144
THE INFORMATION OF THE INTERNET LESSON 3 ............................................................................................. 147
THE VISIBLE WEB .......................................................................................................................................................147
The Common Web .........................................................................................................................................147
The Surface Web ............................................................................................................................................147
THE DEEP WEB ..........................................................................................................................................................148
The Dark Web ...................................................................................................................................................150
Virtual Private Networks (VPN) .........................................................................................................................151
SOURCING OF FREE INFORMATION.................................................................................................................................153
Drivers of Free Information ...............................................................................................................................153
A Search Engine Revenue ............................................................................................................................................... 153
Web Advertisers and Sponsored Ads ............................................................................................................................. 154

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 INTERNET INFORMATION SOURCING

Illusions of Sponsored Ads by Search Engine ............................................................................................................ 155

Illegible Sponsored Ad Notations ...................................................................................................................... 155
Misleading Headlines and Captions of Sponsored Ads .................................................................................. 157
Layout Blending Tactics ........................................................................................................................................ 158
Advertorials, Contextual Links and Leading Ads ................................................................................................... 160
Advertorials ..................................................................................................................................................... 160
Contextual Links ............................................................................................................................................... 161
Leading Ads ...................................................................................................................................................... 161
Free Information and Copyrights ......................................................................................................................162
Authored Content of the Web........................................................................................................................................ 162
Creative Commons ............................................................................................................................................... 162
Software Use (Open Source Software) ........................................................................................................................... 162
GNU and GPL (General Public License) ................................................................................................................. 163
LGPL (Lesser General Public License) .................................................................................................................... 163
BSD License ........................................................................................................................................................... 163
Evaluation of Internets Free Information .........................................................................................................163
Author Verification ............................................................................................................................................... 163
Purpose of Information in Review ........................................................................................................................ 164
Information Objectivity Evaluation ....................................................................................................................... 164
Accuracy of Information ....................................................................................................................................... 164
Reliability and Credibility of Information Presented............................................................................................. 165
Currency of Time .................................................................................................................................................. 165
Verification of Links .............................................................................................................................................. 165
In Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................................ 165

APPROACH TO INFORMATION SOURCING LESSON 4 ....................................................................................... 167

FREE FORM INTERNET RESEARCH ..................................................................................................................................167
TARGET DATA ACCESS .................................................................................................................................................167
SOCIAL MEDIA RESEARCH OF THE INTERNET ....................................................................................................................168
VIRTUAL COLLABORATION (FORUMS, GROUPS, COMMUNITIES) ..........................................................................................168
STRUCTURED ONLINE DATA COLLECTION (SURVEYS AND POLLS) .........................................................................................169
SEARCH ENGINES AND INFORMATION ACCESS ..................................................................................................................170
Attributes of a True Search Engine: ..................................................................................................................170
Main Search Engines .........................................................................................................................................170
Search Results Aggregator (Meta-crawlers) .....................................................................................................171
The Specialized Search Engines .........................................................................................................................171
Customized Meta-Search Engine.................................................................................................................................... 172
Specialized Content Search Engines ............................................................................................................................... 172
Based on Information Contribution ............................................................................................................................... 172
Public Contributions .................................................................................................................................................. 172
Private Contributions................................................................................................................................................. 173
Performance of Specialized Functions ........................................................................................................................... 173
Identified Information Sourcing ..................................................................................................................................... 173
Searchable Directories ......................................................................................................................................174
Public Directories ........................................................................................................................................................... 174
General Public Directories ......................................................................................................................................... 174
Subject Based or Domain Specific Public Directories ................................................................................................ 174
The Search Engines for Deep Web ....................................................................................................................175
Guest Registration .......................................................................................................................................................... 176
Subscriptions (Paid or Free) Websites ............................................................................................................................ 176
Membership Websites (Paid, Honorary or Free) ............................................................................................................ 177
Highlights........................................................................................................................................................................ 179
Resource Scoring based on: ........................................................................................................................................... 179
Scoring you will find in the IIR is listed as, 1 = Poor, 2 = Not the Best, 3 = Acceptable, 4 = Good, 5 = Very Good, 5+ = Best
....................................................................................................................................................................................... 179

CATEGORIZED INFORMATION RESOURCES OF THE INTERNET LESSON 5 ......................................................... 180

[ii]
 INTERNET INFORMATION SOURCING

STATISTICS AND OPINIONS WEBSITES .............................................................................................................................180

Examples of Statistical Data Web Sites .............................................................................................................180
International Organizations ............................................................................................................................................ 180
Inter-Governmental Organizations (IGO) ....................................................................................................................... 180
Government Gateways or Government Resources ........................................................................................................ 181
Regional Data Collection Divide and Hierarchy of Government Collaborations ................................................... 181
Regional Cooperation [North America USA, Canada and Mexico] ................................................................ 182
Government Departments ............................................................................................................................... 183
Third World Countries Census Reliability Issues [Case Illustrated] ............................................................. 183
NON-PROFIT AGENCIES ...............................................................................................................................................184
Sectors Covered by NGOs .................................................................................................................................185
NGOS TYPICAL DATA.................................................................................................................................................185
NGOs Information Data Types Collected [Regional and Global Levels]: ..........................................................185
MARKET RESEARCH AGENCIES ......................................................................................................................................186
ONLINE AUTOMATED DATA COLLECTORS (BOTS SOFTWARE.) .........................................................................................186
INFORMATION FROM PUBLIC RECORDS ...........................................................................................................................187
RESTRICTED INFORMATION FROM PUBLIC RECORDS ..........................................................................................................187
PEOPLE SEARCH .........................................................................................................................................................188
INFORMATION ARCHIVES ONLINE ..................................................................................................................................189
PUBLIC REVIEWS WEB SITES.........................................................................................................................................189
Business to Consumer (B2C) & Business to Business Reviews (B2B) .............................................................................. 189
Product Reviews by Specialists ..........................................................................................................................190
Computational Portals and Mathematical Knowledge .....................................................................................190
Top Virtual E-Markets for E-Commerce & Product Price Determination ..........................................................190
Web Directories.................................................................................................................................................191
Flavors of Wiki...................................................................................................................................................191
Biographies (Other Than Wiki) ..........................................................................................................................191
Online Libraries (Books, Journals, Magazines, Research Papers)......................................................................192
News Aggregators.............................................................................................................................................192
Top Meta Crawlers [Processed News via News Aggregator Search Engines] ................................................................. 192
Top International News Agencies Web Portals (Source of Direct News) ....................................................................... 192
Journals & Articles Information.........................................................................................................................193
Online Open Library Search ...............................................................................................................................193
Internal Search Engines (Library system softwares) ...................................................................................................... 193
General Blogs Search Engines ...........................................................................................................................193
Subject Blog Search ...........................................................................................................................................194
Top Technology Blogs..................................................................................................................................................... 194
Top Medical Related Blogs ............................................................................................................................................. 194
Top Legal/Law Blogs ....................................................................................................................................................... 194
Top Science Blogs ........................................................................................................................................................... 194
Social Media Search ..........................................................................................................................................195
Document Format Specific Search ....................................................................................................................195
The Image Search ........................................................................................................................................................... 195
Types of Image Search - Search Engines .................................................................................................................... 195
Keyword Searchable Images ................................................................................................................................. 195
Reverse Image Search ........................................................................................................................................... 196
Hybrid of Keywords and Reverse Image Search ................................................................................................... 196
Videos Search - Search Engines .........................................................................................................................196
Most Popular Video Search (High Ranking Based on Alexa Rankings) ........................................................................... 196
Informative Video Search Engines ....................................................................................................................197
Document Format Search Engines for PDF, DOCX, XLS, PPT .............................................................................197
PDF File Format Advantages........................................................................................................................................... 198
Information Aggregator (Meta-Crawlers).........................................................................................................198
Natural Language Query Search .......................................................................................................................199
Built-in Algorithmic Intelligence ........................................................................................................................199

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 INTERNET INFORMATION SOURCING

Human Assisted Search Results ...................................................................................................................................... 199

Human Contributed Directories ..................................................................................................................................... 199
A Non-Paid Directory ............................................................................................................................................ 199
Paid Directories..................................................................................................................................................... 200
Data Collector Search Engines .............................................................................................................................. 200

[iv]
 UNIT

STUDY NOTES 52017

2nd Edition
English V.2

Reading Search Engine Result

Pages [SERP] & Web-page Links
RESEARCH METHODS AND ONLINE RESEARCH CIRS02-0717-5
BY: NAVEED MANZOOR
 READING SEARCH ENGINE RESULT PAGES [SERP] & WEB-PAGE LINKS

TABLE OF CONTENT

READING INTERNET SEARCH RESULTS [SERPS] LESSON 1 ............................................................................... 201

STRUCTURE OF SEARCH ENGINE RESULT PAGES [SERP] .....................................................................................................201
COMMON ELEMENTS OF SERPS STRUCTURE ..................................................................................................................202
A Snippet ...........................................................................................................................................................204
Components of a typical Snippet ................................................................................................................................... 204
Title and Title Tags ..................................................................................................................................................... 204
Description or Meta Name ........................................................................................................................................ 205
Site Links .................................................................................................................................................................... 205
Site Link Tags ............................................................................................................................................................. 205
Types of Site Links .......................................................................................................................................................... 206
Breadcrumbs Schema Site Links ................................................................................................................................ 206
Advantage of Breadcrumbs for Online Research .................................................................................................. 208
Destination Page Hyperlinks or Final URL ...................................................................................................................... 208
Classification of Destination Page URL ........................................................................................................................... 208
URLs Identified by Path Structure of the Destination Folders ............................................................................. 209
Absolute URL (or Final URL) ............................................................................................................................. 209
A Relative URL .................................................................................................................................................. 209
URL Generated Based on Website Technology .................................................................................................... 209
Static Website Links (URL) ............................................................................................................................... 209
Dynamic Weblinks (URL) .................................................................................................................................. 210
DESTINATION URL COMPONENTS .................................................................................................................................210
The Protocol ......................................................................................................................................................210
A Hostname or Domains and Sub-domains ......................................................................................................211
Construction of Main Domain Names ............................................................................................................................ 211
Top Level Domains (TLD) ................................................................................................................................................ 211
Organizational Top Level Domain Names (TLD) ........................................................................................................ 211
Location Based Top Level Domains [Geographic Hierarchy] ..................................................................................... 212
Second Level Domains (SLD or 2LD) ............................................................................................................................... 213
Third Level Domains ....................................................................................................................................................... 214
LINKS (URL) PATH OR STEM EXPLAINED .........................................................................................................................214
DYNAMIC VS STATIC LINK (URLS) ................................................................................................................................214
Port Numbers ....................................................................................................................................................215
Port 21: File Transfer Protocol (FTP) .............................................................................................................................. 216
Parameter .........................................................................................................................................................217
IMPORTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING URLS FOR RESEARCH...................................................................................................218
READING AND INTERPRETING WEB PAGE LINKS LESSON 2 .............................................................................. 219
IDENTIFYING SNIPPET DESTINATION LINKS [FORMAT AND SOURCE ID]..................................................................................219
MS Excel Sheets.................................................................................................................................................219
MS Word (Doc Files) ..........................................................................................................................................220
MS Power Point (PPT) .......................................................................................................................................221
PDF Files ............................................................................................................................................................222
TXT Files ............................................................................................................................................................222
News & Articles .................................................................................................................................................223
Blogs..................................................................................................................................................................228
Social Media Links .............................................................................................................................................229
Online Community and Forums.........................................................................................................................231
Videos and Video Files.......................................................................................................................................232
Research Work (Scholarly Articles) ...................................................................................................................233
Educational Institutions ....................................................................................................................................235
Associations and Organizations ........................................................................................................................236

[i]
 READING SEARCH ENGINE RESULT PAGES [SERP] & WEB-PAGE LINKS

ORGANIC VS SPONSORED SEARCH RESULTS .....................................................................................................................237

PREDICTIVE RESPONSE AND SEARCH RESULTS ..................................................................................................................237
THE PEOPLE ALSO ASK (PAA) SEARCH RESULTS ............................................................................................................238
GOOGLE SEARCHES RELATED TO .................................................................................................................................239
THE CACHED AND SIMILAR SEARCH PAGES ...............................................................................................................240

[ii]
 UNIT

STUDY NOTES
6
2017
2nd Edition
English V.2

Advance Online Search

Techniques & Methods
RESEARCH METHODS AND ONLINE RESEARCH CIRS02-0717-6
BY: NAVEED MANZOOR
 ADVANCE ONLINE SEARCH TECHNIQUES & METHODS

TABLE OF CONTENT
A TECHNICAL EVOLUTION OF SEARCH ENGINE INTRODUCTION ...................................................................... 241
INTERNET INFORMATION RETRIEVAL TECHNIQUES [IIRT] LESSON 1 ............................................................... 243
SEARCH WITH KEYWORDS ............................................................................................................................................243
A PRIMARY AND SECONDARY KEYWORDS ........................................................................................................................245
BUILDING KEYWORDS & PHRASE FOR SEARCH LESSON 2 ................................................................................ 249
KEYWORDS PHRASE BASIC STRUCTURE ...........................................................................................................................249
The Head ...........................................................................................................................................................249
The Modifier ......................................................................................................................................................249
The Tail ..............................................................................................................................................................250
Types of Keyword Search Phrase.......................................................................................................................250
Short Tail Keywords or Broad Keywords Query.............................................................................................................. 250
Long Tail Keywords or Long Keywords Query ................................................................................................................ 251
The Advantage and Disadvantage of Long and Short Tails for Internet Search ............................................................. 252
Keywords Named by their Function ..................................................................................................................253
The Negative Keywords .................................................................................................................................................. 253
The Niche Keywords ....................................................................................................................................................... 253
The User-Friendly Keywords .......................................................................................................................................... 254
The Exact Keywords Phrase ............................................................................................................................................ 254
A Descriptive Keyword ................................................................................................................................................... 254
SEARCH ENGINE IGNORED SEARCH TERMS AND NOTATIONS ...............................................................................................254
The Stop Words in Keyword Search are Ignored ...............................................................................................254
The Upper and Lower Case Keywords Are Ignored ...........................................................................................255
Don't worry About Punctuation ........................................................................................................................255
Try Search the Web in Different Languages......................................................................................................255
Certain Search Terms Google Query Ignores ....................................................................................................255
Searching with Singulars or Plurals ...................................................................................................................255
Words Misspelled in Search Terms ...................................................................................................................256
UNDERSTANDING SEARCH QUERY INTENT AND CONTEXT LESSON 3 .............................................................. 257
SEARCH QUERY INTENT (SEMANTICS) INTERPRETATIONS ....................................................................................................257
Search Engine Semantics and Predictive Search ...............................................................................................257
Intent Based Search Queries .............................................................................................................................260
Navigational Search Query ............................................................................................................................................. 260
Informational Search Query ........................................................................................................................................... 261
Transactional Search Queries ......................................................................................................................................... 261
BUILDING SEARCH QUERIES CONCEPTS EXPLAINED.........................................................................................................262
The Proximity Search Query ...........................................................................................................................262
An Exact Phrase Search Query .......................................................................................................................264
The Many Uses of Search Phrase Queries with Quotations Examples to Remember ................................................. 266
Quotations force Inclusion of Stop Words otherwise ignored by search engines .................................................. 266
Searching for a person or when looking for a specific name. .................................................................................... 266
Searching for famous words, names and phrase by inserting contextual terms ....................................................... 267
Building Search Keywords and Phrase, You Dont Quite Remember Very Well! ....................................................... 268
The Truncation and Wildcards in Search Query....................................................................................................... 268
The Stemming and Lemmatization Concept in Phrase Search [Synonyms] ........................................................ 268
A Natural Language Recognition Queries ............................................................................................................... 269
A Keywords, Phrase Search and Natural Language Search Compared ................................................................. 269

QUERIES CONSTRUCTED WITH BOOLEAN OPERATORS AND SYMBOLS (NOTATION) LESSON 4 ....................... 271
BOOLEAN SEARCH OPERATOR.......................................................................................................................................271
Nesting in Boolean Operators ...........................................................................................................................273

I
 ADVANCE ONLINE SEARCH TECHNIQUES & METHODS

SEARCH OPERATORS AND NOTATIONS ............................................................................................................................275

Proximity Search, Related Search and Unknown Search Terms ........................................................................275
File Format, Text, Title, URL and Site Domains Search Query ...........................................................................276
Querying, Web-pages Links, Domains (Site), Web-page Text and Titles ..........................................................280
Numeric Range Operators.................................................................................................................................289
Blogs, Posts and Groups ....................................................................................................................................291
Source, Info, Define, Cache and Author ............................................................................................................293
Location, Location Time, IP and Language .......................................................................................................296
Social Media Search ..........................................................................................................................................301
Mathematical Computation and Conversion Operators ...................................................................................302
BING OPERATORS SUMMARY CHEAT SHEET .................................................................................................................304

II
 UNIT

STUDY NOTES
72017
2nd Edition
English V.2

Browser Adjustments &

Personalization for
Research
RESEARCH METHODS AND ONLINE RESEARCH CIRS02-0717-7
BY: NAVEED MANZOOR
 BROWSER ADJUSTMENTS & PERSONALIZATION FOR RESEARCH

TABLE OF CONTENT
WEB BROWSER PERSONALIZATION LESSON 1 ................................................................................................. 305
BROWSER INFORMATION TRACKING COOKIES AND CACHE..................................................................................................305
PERSONALIZED SEARCH ...............................................................................................................................................306
Personalization vs. Contextual Search Results ..................................................................................................306
The Internet Filter Bubble ..............................................................................................................................307
BREAKING OF INTERNET FILTER BUBBLE & BROWSER ADJUSTMENTS LESSON 2 ............................................. 309
Get Rid of Your Search History .................................................................................................................................. 310
Delete your browsing data ........................................................................................................................................ 310
Types of data collection & how to delete them .................................................................................................... 310
Browsing history .............................................................................................................................................. 310
Download history ............................................................................................................................................. 310
Cookies and other site and plugin data ........................................................................................................... 310
Delete other info ....................................................................................................................................................... 311
Content settings ................................................................................................................................................... 311
Clear, enable, and manage cookies in Chrome ..................................................................................................... 313
Sharing your location ............................................................................................................................................ 315
Search engines & history ...................................................................................................................................... 315
Delete searches & other activity from your account ............................................................................................ 315
Extensions (computer only) .................................................................................................................................. 319
Google activity ...................................................................................................................................................... 320
Web & App Activity setting .............................................................................................................................. 320
What deleting does ................................................................................................................................................... 321
Opt out of seeing personalized ads ...................................................................................................................... 322
Links to Browser Adjustments, IE, BING, Firefox ...............................................................................................324
Browser Adjustments for Targeted Advertisements ...................................................................................................... 324
Go Incognito, Or better yet, Anonymous ....................................................................................................................... 325
Search and browse privately in Chrome .................................................................................................................... 325

[i]
 UNIT

STUDY NOTES
1
2017
2nd Edition
English V.2

Business of Research for

Independent Research
Practitioner
BUSINESS OF RESEARCH CIRS03-0717-1
BY: NAVEED MANZOOR
 BUSINESS OF RESEARCH FOR INDEPENDENT RESEARCH PRACTITIONER

TABLE OF CONTENT
INDEPENDENT CONSULTANT AND CONSULTING BUSINESS LESSON 1 ............................................................. 327
INTRODUCTION - INDEPENDENT CONSULTING ..................................................................................................................327
What does Independent Research Specialists do? ............................................................................................327
Consideration in Starting Own Business ...........................................................................................................328
Entrepreneurship Skills ......................................................................................................................................328
Research Work and Collaboration (Partnering in Collaborative Research) ......................................................329
People Skills and Client Relationship .................................................................................................................330
First Meeting with the Client (Building Client Relationships) ......................................................................................... 330
Project Delivery Commitments ..........................................................................................................................331
Project Cost Determination ...............................................................................................................................331
Factors to Consider for Price Determination .................................................................................................................. 331
Size of Clients Business .................................................................................................................................................. 331
Size of the Research Project ........................................................................................................................................... 332
Complexity of Research Project ..................................................................................................................................... 332
Volume of Data and Information ................................................................................................................................... 333
Hiring of Outside Contractors......................................................................................................................................... 333
Project Pricing ................................................................................................................................................................ 334
Fixed Price............................................................................................................................................................. 334
Time and Material (Cost Plus) ............................................................................................................................... 334
Risk-Reward. ......................................................................................................................................................... 335
Retainer Based Pricing .......................................................................................................................................... 335
Contract Negotiation Skills................................................................................................................................336
Marketing Strategy ...........................................................................................................................................337
Financial Projections and Budgets ....................................................................................................................338
Independent Contractor Hourly Rates ..............................................................................................................338
Basic Calculations of Applicable Hourly Rates to a Project............................................................................................. 338
Worth Per Hour of Independent Researcher Factors to Consider .......................................................................... 339
Sample Calculations Minimum Hourly Rates to Charge Clients................................................................................. 340
Project Estimates and Budgeted Rates Per Hour....................................................................................................... 342

STRUCTURING RESEARCH BUSINESS LESSON 2 ................................................................................................ 343

IMPACT OF BUSINESS STRUCTURE ..................................................................................................................................343
CONSIDERATIONS FOR MAKING BUSINESS STRUCTURE CHOICES ..........................................................................................343
TYPES OF BUSINESS STRUCTURES IN NORTH AMERICA .......................................................................................................344
Sole proprietorship ............................................................................................................................................344
PARTNERSHIP ............................................................................................................................................................344
A General Partnership .......................................................................................................................................344
Limited Partnership ...........................................................................................................................................345
CORPORATION ...........................................................................................................................................................345
Responsibility for your corporation's debts .......................................................................................................345
Limited Liability Corporation .............................................................................................................................346
FINANCING RESEARCH BUSINESS (CASH FLOW) LESSON 3 .............................................................................. 347
BUSINESS FORMATION CASH FLOW REQUIREMENTS .........................................................................................................347
PRE-MONEY CASH REQUIRED.......................................................................................................................................347
POST-MONEY CASH FLOW ...........................................................................................................................................348
BUILDING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SIMPLE OUTLINE LESSON 4 .................................................................... 349
INTRODUCTION CONSIDERATION WHEN PREPARING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL ......................................................................349
Reviewers Criteria ............................................................................................................................................349
Project identification and rationale ..................................................................................................................350
Project personnel and collaborators .................................................................................................................350

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 BUSINESS OF RESEARCH FOR INDEPENDENT RESEARCH PRACTITIONER

Research Protocol .............................................................................................................................................351

Literature review ............................................................................................................................................................ 351
Methodology .................................................................................................................................................................. 351
Participants .................................................................................................................................................................... 352
Data Storage and Protection .......................................................................................................................................... 352
Project Timetable ........................................................................................................................................................... 353
Research Benefits ..............................................................................................................................................353
Limiting Research Risks .....................................................................................................................................354
Project Management ........................................................................................................................................355
Budget Details ...................................................................................................................................................356
Ethical Concerns ................................................................................................................................................356

[ii]
 UNIT

STUDY NOTES
2
2017
2nd Edition
English V.2

List - Recommended
Software for Research
Business
BUSINESS OF RESEARCH CIRS03-0717-2
BY: NAVEED MANZOOR
 LIST - RECOMMENDED SOFTWARE FOR RESEARCH BUSINESS

TABLE OF CONTENT
RECOMMENDED SOFTWARE FOR RESEARCH BUSINESS LESSON 1 .................................................................. 358
ESSENTIAL BUSINESS SOFTWARE ...................................................................................................................................358
RESEARCH BUSINESS ASSISTIVE BUSINESS SOFTWARE .....................................................................................................358
Note-Taking and Documents Management ......................................................................................................358
Bookmarking Software and Apps ......................................................................................................................359
Mind Mapping ..................................................................................................................................................360
Personal Wikis ...................................................................................................................................................361
Highlighters and Sticky Notes ...........................................................................................................................361
To-Do Lists .........................................................................................................................................................362
Collaboration ....................................................................................................................................................363
Calendars ..........................................................................................................................................................363
Time Trackers ....................................................................................................................................................364
General Organizers and Task Managers ...........................................................................................................364

[i]
 UNIT

STUDY NOTES
1
2017
2nd Edition
English V.2

Internet Law and Legal

Issues - Introduction
INTERNET LAW AND ETHICS CIRS04-0717-1
BY: NAVEED MANZOOR
 INTERNET LAW AND LEGAL ISSUES - INTRODUCTION

TABLE OF CONTENT
INTRODUCTION TO CYBER LAW AND EMERGING LEGAL ISSUES LESSON 1 .................................................................. 366

CYBER LAW: DEFINITION .............................................................................................................................................366

KEY AREAS WITHIN CYBER LAW.....................................................................................................................................366
NEED FOR CYBER LAW.................................................................................................................................................366
Legal Issues of Cyber Security ...........................................................................................................................367
Cloud Computing Law .......................................................................................................................................368
Social Media and Internets Legal Issues ..........................................................................................................368
Internet Spamming Issues .................................................................................................................................368
ESTABLISHING CYBER LAW JURISDICTION LESSON 2....................................................................................................... 369

JURISDICTION: MEANING .............................................................................................................................................369

TYPES OF JURISDICTION ...............................................................................................................................................369
Personal Jurisdiction....................................................................................................................................................... 369
General Jurisdiction ........................................................................................................................................................ 369
Specific/limited Jurisdiction ....................................................................................................................................... 369
Subject Matter Jurisdiction........................................................................................................................................ 370
Territorial Jurisdiction .................................................................................................................................................... 370
COURTS AUTHORITY TO DETERMINE JURISDICTION ..........................................................................................................370
PERSONAL JURISDICTION ON THE INTERNET .....................................................................................................................370
Jurisdiction Over Activities on the Internet (Borderless Jurisdiction) ................................................................370
A States Long-Arm Statute ............................................................................................................................................ 371
The Minimum Contact Test ....................................................................................................................................... 371
Personal Jurisdiction and Website Classification (Jurisdiction Sliding Scale) ............................................................. 371
Commercial Websites ........................................................................................................................................... 371
Passive Websites .................................................................................................................................................. 371
Active Websites .................................................................................................................................................... 371
Interactive Websites ............................................................................................................................................. 372
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAWS OF THE INTERNET LESSON 3 ...................................................................................... 373

COPYRIGHT: MEANING................................................................................................................................................373
COPYRIGHT SOME STRAIGHT FACTS TO NOTE................................................................................................................373
THE COPYRIGHT LAW ..................................................................................................................................................374
The Main Federal Statute Reference - THE COPYRIGHT ACT OF 1976 ..............................................................374
COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT ..........................................................................................................................................374
Copyrights and Owners Rights Short Points ..................................................................................................374
Forms of Copyright Infringement ......................................................................................................................374
Direct Infringement ........................................................................................................................................................ 374
Contributory Infringement ............................................................................................................................................. 375
Vicarious Liability............................................................................................................................................................ 375
Some Examples of Copyright Infringements .....................................................................................................375
COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT ON THE INTERNET..................................................................................................................375
Piracy of Content ...............................................................................................................................................375
Caching of Web Pages ......................................................................................................................................376
Linking to Other Web pages..............................................................................................................................376
Types of Links ................................................................................................................................................................. 376
Deep Linking .............................................................................................................................................................. 376
Inline linking .............................................................................................................................................................. 376
Framing...................................................................................................................................................................... 377
Linking to Infringing Works ........................................................................................................................................ 377
FAIR USE AND COPYRIGHT ...........................................................................................................................................378
Test for Fair Use ................................................................................................................................................378
TRADEMARKS LAWS FOR THE INTERNET ..........................................................................................................................378
Definition: Trademark .......................................................................................................................................378

[i]
 INTERNET LAW AND LEGAL ISSUES - INTRODUCTION

Trademark Law .................................................................................................................................................379

Main Federal Statutes of Trademark Law in USA ..............................................................................................379
Trademark Infringement ...................................................................................................................................379
Factors that determine Trademark Infringement .............................................................................................379
TRADEMARK INFRINGEMENT ON THE INTERNET ................................................................................................................379
Types of Trademark Infringement on the Internet ............................................................................................379
Domain Names ............................................................................................................................................................... 379
Domain Name and Trademark Infringements ........................................................................................................... 380
Typo squatting ...................................................................................................................................................... 380
Cybersquatting ..................................................................................................................................................... 380
Pagejacking ........................................................................................................................................................... 380
Linking................................................................................................................................................................... 380
Framing ................................................................................................................................................................. 380
Meta-Tags and Hidden Text ..............................................................................................................................380
Trademark Dilution ...........................................................................................................................................381
Factors that determine Trademark Dilution ................................................................................................................... 381
Blurring ...................................................................................................................................................................... 381
Tarnishing .................................................................................................................................................................. 381
PATENTS LAWS APPLIED FOR THE INTERNET.....................................................................................................................381
Definition: Patent ..............................................................................................................................................381
REQUIREMENT FOR PATENTABILITY ................................................................................................................................382
PATENT INFRINGEMENT ...............................................................................................................................................382
MAIN FEDERAL STATUTE .............................................................................................................................................383
ONLINE PRIVACY, DEFAMATION AND SPAMMING LESSON 4............................................................................................. 384

INTERNET PRIVACY DEFINITION .....................................................................................................................................384

METHODS OF PRIVACY INVASION ON THE INTERNET ..........................................................................................................384
Private Information Types .................................................................................................................................384
ONLINE PRIVACY PROTECTION TOOLS ............................................................................................................................384
Encryption Technology ......................................................................................................................................384
Anonymous Server ............................................................................................................................................385
Use of Software .................................................................................................................................................385
ONLINE PRIVACY PROTECTION LEGISLATIONS ...................................................................................................................385
FEDERAL STATUTES ON PRIVACY IS USA .........................................................................................................................385
THE ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS PRIVACY ACT OF 1986 (ECPA) .................................................................. 385
LAWS OF DEFAMATION AND ELECTRONIC MEDIA LESSON 5............................................................................................ 386

DEFINITION: DEFAMATION ...........................................................................................................................................386

TYPES OF DEFAMATION ...............................................................................................................................................386
Libel ...................................................................................................................................................................386
Slander ..............................................................................................................................................................386
ONLINE DEFAMATION .................................................................................................................................................387
DEFAMATION MAIN LEGAL STATUTES IN USA .................................................................................................................387
ELECTRONIC SPAM OVER THE INTERNET .........................................................................................................................388
Definition: Spam (Spamming) ...........................................................................................................................388
Types of Spams (Spamming) Types ...................................................................................................................388
Main Federal Statute ........................................................................................................................................388
LAWS GOVERNING CYBERCRIMES LESSON 6 ..................................................................................................................... 389

CYBERCRIME: DEFINITION ............................................................................................................................................389

TYPES OF CYBERCRIME ................................................................................................................................................389
Active Type ..................................................................................................................................................................... 389
Passive Type ................................................................................................................................................................... 389
Types of Cybercrimes ........................................................................................................................................389
Hacking ........................................................................................................................................................................... 389

[ii]
 INTERNET LAW AND LEGAL ISSUES - INTRODUCTION

Internet Piracy ................................................................................................................................................................ 389

Cyber Terrorism .............................................................................................................................................................. 390
Identity Theft .................................................................................................................................................................. 390
Online Stalking, Bullying, and Sex Crimes ....................................................................................................................... 390
FEDERAL STATUTES ON CYBER CRIME IN USA ..................................................................................................................390
INTERNET ACTIVITY OF E-COMMERCE (E-BUSINESS) LESSON 7 ...................................................................................... 391

DEFINITION: ECOMMERCE............................................................................................................................................391
TYPES OF E-COMMERCE ACTIVITIES................................................................................................................................391
Business to Business (B2B) ................................................................................................................................391
Business to Customer (B2C) ..............................................................................................................................391
Customer to Customer (C2C) .............................................................................................................................391
Customer to Business (C2B) ..............................................................................................................................391
THE ELECTRONIC CONTRACTS .......................................................................................................................................391
DEFINITION: ELECTRONIC CONTRACTS ............................................................................................................................391
KEY ELEMENTS OF AN ELECTRONIC CONTRACT .................................................................................................................392
COMMON TYPES OF E-COMMERCE CONTRACTS ...............................................................................................................392
Click Wrap Agreement ......................................................................................................................................392
Browse Wrap Agreement ..................................................................................................................................392
E-mail ................................................................................................................................................................392
LEGALITY OF ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES VS. DIGITAL SIGNATURES .........................................................................................392
Electronic Signature ....................................................................................................................................................... 392
Digital Signature ............................................................................................................................................................. 392
Main Federal Statutes in USA ......................................................................................................................................... 393
ELECTRONIC CONTRACTS AND SIGNATURES: ARE THEY ENFORCEABLE? .................................................................................393

[iii]
 UNIT

STUDY NOTES
2
2017
2nd Edition
English V.2

Internet Ethics and

Ethical Issues of Internet
an Introduction
INTERNET LAW AND ETHICS CIRS04-0717-2
BY: NAVEED MANZOOR
 INTERNET ETHICS AND ETHICAL ISSUES OF INTERNET AN INTRODUCTION

TABLE OF CONTENT
INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET ETHICS LESSON 1................................................................................................................ 394

DEFINITION: ETHICS ....................................................................................................................................................394

APPROACHES TO ETHICS ..............................................................................................................................................395
Meta-ethics. ......................................................................................................................................................395
Normative ethics. ..............................................................................................................................................395
Applied ethics. ...................................................................................................................................................395
Definition: Internet Research Ethics ..................................................................................................................395
KEY GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR INTERNET ETHICS ...............................................................................................................396
DIVISIONS IN ETHICS OF INTERNET RESEARCH ..................................................................................................................397
Internet - Research Tool vs. Research Venue ....................................................................................................397
Research Tool ................................................................................................................................................................. 397
Research Venue .............................................................................................................................................................. 397
Engaged vs. Non-intrusive web-based research ...............................................................................................397
Engaged .......................................................................................................................................................................... 397
Non-Intrusive Observation ............................................................................................................................................. 397
KEY ETHICAL ISSUES IN INTERNET RESEARCH .....................................................................................................................397
Understanding Human Subject Research ..........................................................................................................398
PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INFORMATION/SPACES ...................................................................................................................398
INFORMED CONSENT AND ETHICS LESSON 2 ..................................................................................................................... 400

Some Practical Challenges ................................................................................................................................400

Obtaining consent in a web-based environment ........................................................................................................... 400
Consent and Minors ....................................................................................................................................................... 401
PRIVACY, ANONYMITY, CONFIDENTIALITY AND REVEALING IDENTITIES LESSON 3 ...................................................... 402

TIPS FOR ENSURING PRIVACY AND CONFIDENTIALITY ON THE INTERNET ..................................................................................402

ETHICAL ISSUES IN RECRUITMENT LESSON 4..................................................................................................................... 404

Point to consider when recruiting participants; ................................................................................................404

Content for Recruitment Materials ...................................................................................................................404
COPYRIGHT/EBOOKS/CONTRACTS/DISCLAIMERS..............................................................................................................405
INDEX

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