1.

0 AIM
The aim of this set of experiment is the determination of physical and transport
properties such as density, viscosity, diffusion coefficient and rotation angle. In addition to
the properties mentioned above, partial molar volumes of solution components and molecular
weight of the solute will also be predicted using the measured densities and viscosities of
solution.

1
2.0 RESULTS

Table A.1. Density and Partial Molar Volumes

Weights (g)
No Alcohol Empty With With
(mL) in 100mL Pycnometer Water Solution
sol.
1 3 33.1 84.18 84.88
2 6 30.03 87.29 86.26
3 9 28.09 83.73 82.41
4 12 28.06 83.8 82.06

Table A.2. Weight percentage, specific gravity of solutions

W2
1/
No W' (g) W (g) (g/100g
(g/cm3) (ml/g)
solution)
1 51.780 51.080 1.010738 0.989 5.60
2 56.230 57.260 0.979198 1.021 9.31
3 54.320 55.640 0.97349 1.027 13.60
4 54.000 55.740 0.966034 1.035 17.22

Partial Molar Volumes

1.35 1.35
1.3 1.3
1.25 1.25
1.2 1.2
1/ (ml/g)

1.15 1.15
1.1 1.1
1.05 1.05
1 1
0.95 0.95
0.9 0.9
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

W2 %

Figure A.1. W2 vs 1/

2
Table B.1 Viscosity Measurements
Pure 4/25 8/25 12/25 16/25 Solution
Solution
Water ml ml ml ml 10 ml C6H7NaO6
7.83 9.16 12.45 17.03 26.41 53.49
Elapsed Time (s) 8.24 9.00 12.80 17.75 26.65 54.87
8.05 8.86 12.53 17.73 26.47 55.60
Average time (s) 8.04 9.00 12.60 17.50 26.51 54.65

Table B.2. Solution Concentration and Viscosities

Volume(ml) C(g/dL) r sp R (lnr) /C

Pure Water 0.000 1 1 0.000 0.000
4.00 0.625 1.20 1.20 0.2 0.32 0.29
8.00 0.3125 1.67 1.67 0.67 2.14 1.64
12.00 0.21 2.31 2.31 1.31 6.24 3.987
16.00 0.156 3.506 3.506 2.506 16.04 8.04

Table B.3 values from ostward viscometer

Viscosity from
Polymer K a M
Ostward viscometer

Na
Alginate 1.228*10-4 0.963 8.9 111410.975
Polymer
s= o=1 cp. for water

18
16
14
12
10
nR

8
6
4
2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
C

Figure B.1. Concentration vs Viscosity number

3
Table C.1 Diffusion Coefficient Data

pH H mH mT mt/m t0.5
2,97 0,001072 0,000216 0 0 0
2,91 0,00123 0,000248 3,20039E-05 1,904993587 7,745966692
2,79 0,001622 0,000327 0,000110939 6,603489505 10,95445115
2,69 0,002042 0,000412 0,000195596 11,64262367 13,41640786
2,61 0,002455 0,000495 0,000278851 16,59827533 15,49193338
2,47 0,003388 0,000683 0,000467092 27,80306707 18,97366596
2,37 0,004266 0,00086 0,000643966 38,33131059 21,9089023
2,27 0,00537 0,001083 0,000866638 51,5855839 24,49489743
2,18 0,006607 0,001332 0,00111594 66,4249821 26,83281573
2,11 0,007762 0,001565 0,001348896 80,29142233 28,98275349
1,97 0,010715 0,00216 0,001944165 115,724085 33,76388603
1,87 0,01349 0,00272 0,002503491 149,0173142 37,94733192
1,8 0,015849 0,003195 0,002979126 177,3289514 41,71330723
1,74 0,018197 0,003669 0,003452499 205,5058714 45,16635916
1,69 0,020417 0,004116 0,003900125 232,1503217 48,37354649
1,65 0,022387 0,004513 0,004297244 255,788305 51,38093031
1,62 0,023988 0,004836 0,004620029 275,0017186 54,22176685
1,59 0,025704 0,005182 0,0049659 295,5892623 56,92099788
1,57 0,026915 0,005426 0,005210116 310,1259448 59,49789912
1,55 0,028184 0,005682 0,005465842 325,3477201 61,96773354
1,53 0,029512 0,00595 0,00573362 341,2868755 64,34283177
1,52 0,0302 0,006088 0,005872204 349,5359748 66,633325

340
320
300 y = 4.6778x
280 R = 0.8919
260
240
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

Figure C.1. t0.5 vs mt/m

4
Table D.1 Rotation Angle Measurements for Calibration Curve

Concentration Concentration Rotation

(g/100mL) (g/mL) angle,
Standard 1 1 0.01 1.4
Standard 2 5 0.05 7.2
Standard 3 10 0.10 13.6
Standard 4 15 0.15 21.2
Standard 5 20 0.20 26.8
Temprature, (C) 25
Lenght of test tube ,(dm) 2
[]T of saccharose
solution 66.5
(literature data)

Table D.2 Rotation Angle Measurements for Sample Solution

Concentration,
Rotation angle,
g/100 mL
Run 1 4.02 5.5
Run 2 5.85 8
Run 3 5.12 7
Average 4.99 6.83
Temperature, C 25
Length of Test Tube, (dm) 2
Specific optical rotation, [] , of
saccharose solution (experimental 63.15
data)

5
 30
y = 136.8x
R = 0.9978
25

20
Rotation Angle ()

15

10

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Concentration (g/mL)

Figure D.1 concentration vs rotation angle

6
3.0 DISCUSSION

7
4.0 NOMENCLATURE

D : Density of Water [g/cm3]

d : Mean density of Air [g/cm3]
W : Apparent weight of solution [g]
W : Apparent weight of water [g]
m : Mass [g]
: Density [g/cm3]
W2 : Weight percentage [g/100g sol.]
M : Molecular weight [g/mol]
V : Volume [cm3] , [ mL]
V1 : Partial molar volume of Water (H2O) [mL/mol]
V2 : Partial molar volume of Ethyl Alcohol (C2H5OH)
[mL/mol]
t : Efflux Ttime [min,s]
C : Concentration [mol/mL]
D : Diffusion Coefficient [m2/s]
D0 : Effective Diffusion Coefficient [m2/s]
H+ : Hydrogen ion Concentration [mol/L]
K : Constant for Na-Alg
L : Thickness of the sheet [m]
: Density [g/ml]
: Viscosity [Ns/m2]

8
5.0 REFERENCES
[1] http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=10035
[2] http://www.thoughtco.com/density-and-specific-gravity-differences-606114
[3] Chemical Engineering Labrotary I Handbook
[4] http://www.convertunits.com/molarmass/Water
[5] http://www.kimyaborsasi.com.tr/m/metil-alkol--187.html

9
6.0 APPENDIX
A: Determination of Density and Partial Molar Volumes
Calculation of the specific gravity of first solution with 3ml
alcohol /50ml solution :

= 0.001199 3 (@ 770 , 25 ) [3]


= 0.001184 3 (@ 750 , 25 ) [3]

Mean density of air, d=0.001915g/cm3 at 25C and 760 mmHg

Density of water, D=0.9971 g/cm3 at 25C and 760 mmHg
W= (weight of pycnometer with solution) - (weight of empty pycnometer)
= (84.88) (33.10) = 51.78
W= (weight of pycnometer with water) (weight of empty pycnometer)
= (84.18) (33.10) = 51.08

=


0.9971 51.78 51.08
= 51.78 (0.001915) = 1.01 3
51.08 51.08
1/ = 1/1.01 = 0.989 ml/g

2 = 100
+
1.01 3
2 = 100 = 5.60%
1.01 3 + 51.08
Other calculated values are shown in Table A.2

Calculation of Partial Molar and Pure Molar Volumes of Alcohol and Water:
1/ vs W2 was drown on Figure A.1. On the curve from tangent line partial mass volumes
were obtained and by extrapolation pure volumes of water and alcohol were read. (Physical
properties from Chang, R., 2008)

10
 3 3
W2=0 1 = 0.95 18.02 = 17.12

3 3
1 = 0.9766 18.02 = 17.60

3 3
W2=100 2 = 1.3119 32.04[5] = 42.03

3
3
2 = 1.3200 32.04 = 42.30

11
 B. Determination of Molecular Weight by Viscosity Measurements
o (for water) = 0,9971 g/ml [3]

o (for water) = 1 cp at 25 C [3]

Mw water (H2O) = 18.02 g/mol [4]

Viscosity:

= 0
0 0

Assume the solution as dilute =1
0

9.07
= 1 1 = 1.20
7.56
Relative Viscosity:

= = 1.00

1.20
= = 1.20
1.00

Specific Viscosity:
= 1

= 1.20 1 = 0.2

Stock solution:
1 1 = 2 2
Stock solution:25 mL (C=1 g/L)
25 1
= = 0.625
4 10
Reduced Viscosity:

=

0.2
= = 0.32
0.625

12
Inherent Viscosity:
ln( ) ln(1.20)
= = = 0.29
0.625
Other calculated values for all sets were tabulated on Table B.2..
Extrapolation of line to zero concentration to find the limiting viscosity number
( )
[] = lim = lim ( ) = lim
0 0 0

Intrinsic Viscosity:
From Figure B.2 by using equation of the curve;
[] = 8.90
Calculation of Molecular Weight:
[] =
a =0.963 K =1.228x10-4 at 25C (Vauchel, P.; et al, 2008)
ln(8.90) ln(1.228 104 )
= exp [ ] = 111410.975
0.963

13
 C. Diffusion Coefficient
Calculation of the amount of H+ diffused into water for each time interval (mt)
= log[ + ]
= 5.2 = 0
[ + ] = 105,2 = 6.31106
Other [H+] values are tabulated in results part.

V=200 mL distilled water

+ = [ + ]
6
= 0 =0 = + = 0.2 1.008 6.3110 = 1.272106

= + =0

= 1.272106 1.272106 = 0

= 2 + = 0.2 1.008 2.138105 = 4.31106

= 4.31106 1.272106 = 3.038106

m = 1.68x105 [3] = constant (at t = 36min)

3.038106
= = 0.180 = 2
1.68105

Other values are tabulated in results part on Table C.1

Calculation of The Effective Diffusion Coefficient Do:

= 2

4 0 0.5
= [ ]

L = 3.5 cm = 0.035m
Slope of the mt/ m vs t0.5 line is 4.6778
4 1 0.5
4.6778 = ( ) 0.5
0.035
2
4.6778 0.035
0 = ( () ) = 9.23 103 2
0.5
4
+ = 9.3 109 (al Baldawi, N. , , 1992)

14
 D. Rotation angle

According to standard solution, specific rotation calculation such as:

= [] . .
100
Plotting rotational angle vs. concentration [] was determined. The slope of the

graph was [] . 100 = 136.8

100 5.5
= = = 0.0402 100 = 4.02 100
[] 136.8

Calculation for sample solution (by using average value for sets):

6.83
= 100 = 5 100
136.8

Specific Gravity:

=
2

Specific gravity = Density of a substance / Density of water at 4 C

10001
5 100 1 3 3
= 10 = 0.05
1000 13
1000 3 6 3
1 10

( ) ( ) (66.5 63.15)
% = 100 = 100 = 5.04%
( ) 66.5

15