WASTE

MANAGEMENT
 WASTE MANAGEMENT

In any process the production of undesired by products or wastes is inevitable

thus a thorough investigation regarding these by products possible effect on the
environment must be done. Assessment, regulation and treatment of these wastes in line
with the national laws falls under the companys responsibilities. Production of STPP is
usually characterized as having the largest environmental impact due to the generation of
solid emissions because of the use of phosphoric acid from phosphate rocks, however this
is not the case for the PhosPH STPP plant, since we already use technical grade
phosphoric acid. The main concern of the corporation is its atmospheric emissions. The
PhosPH Corporation will be guided by the hierarchy of waste management in its actions
towards any waste control:

Source Reduction

Reuse

Recycle

Treatment

Disposal

The following waste management will be practiced by the PhosPH Corporation.

A. SOLID WASTE

Solid wastes are useless and unwanted products in the solid state derived from the
activities of and discarded by society. It is produced either by - product of production
processes or arise from the domestic or commercial sector when objects or materials are
discarded after use. The solid wastes generated by PhosPH plant is listed below:
 Table 1. Source and Types of Solid Waste Generated by PhosPH Corporation

SOURCE TYPE OF SOLID WASTE

Offices Papers, cardboards, staples
Canteen Garbage, bottles, containers, wrappers
Laboratory Laboratory disposable materials, broken
glassware, cloth, papers
Operations Sacks, discarded products

TREATMENT

The company aims to minimize and properly dispose the solid wastes generated by
the plant in its day to day operation in accordance with Presidential Decree No. 856 -
Sanitation Code of the Philippines and the Republic Act No. 9003 Ecological Solid
Waste Management Act. In order to do so, the following methods are incorporated and
strictly implemented:

1. Reduce, Reuse and Recycle (Three Rs)

The Three Rs known as the waste hierarchy is the suggested priority of actions to
be taken to reduce the amount of waste generated, and to improve overall waste
management processes and programs. Reduction of waste source means less waste to
recycle and reuse. Examples of waste reduction that will be practiced in the company:

1. Print on both sides of the paper to reduce paper wastage.

2. Use electronic mail to reach out to people instead of sending paper mail.
3. Use cloth napkins instead of paper napkins.
4. Avoid using disposable plates, spoons, glass, cups and napkins. They add
to the problem and result in large amount of waste.

The plant will also endeavor to reuse waste for a different purpose then what they
are intended for and to recycle means waste into a raw material that can be shaped
into a new item.
2. 5S Program
To methodically organize the workplace and the
working practices as well as cultivating the overall
philosophy and way of working of each individual in the
company, 5S Program is implemented. It is split into 5
phases, each term beginning with the letter S; (Seiri,
Seiton, Seiso, Seiketsu, Shitsuke) hence the name 5 S.

B. WASTEWATER

Wastewater is liquid waste discharged by domestic residences, commercial

properties, industry, agriculture, which often contains some contaminants that result
from the mixing of wastewater from different sources (Haluzan, 2017). In the
PhosPH plant the wastewater can is a mixture of the water used in the canteen for
dish washing and cleaning, water used for toilet flashing and water used in the
process equipment like the rotary dryer. Waste water from different sources are
collected and aerated in a waste water pond. It is the aim of the PhosPH plant to
recycle their waste water by designing a treatment facility with an effluent that
complies with the republic Act 9275 The Clean Water Act of 2004 and DENR
Executive Order No. 34 35.
TREATMENT

One way of treating wastewater from industrial facilities is through water

aeration. Aeration is done by supplying air into the bottom of the lake, lagoon or pond
or by surface agitation by s spray or fountain to allow oxygen exchange at the surface
and expel carbon dioxide, methane and hydrogen sulfide gases. Aeration may be
natural or induced, for the purpose of achieving optimum process the PhosPH
Corporation shall be using fountains to promote subsurface aeration. Fountains
consist of a motor that powers a rotating impeller sucks a certain amount of water and
expels it to the air. The air-water contact allows capture of oxygen in the air by the
droplets of water sprayed, this droplets spread the collected oxygen across the body of
water as they return. Aside from its practical application, the use of fountain also adds
to the aesthetics of the plant.

Figure 1. PhosPH Aerated Pond

Clean water from the aerated pond is recycled back to the process.

C. CHEMICAL WASTE

Chemical waste includes nonradioactive chemical solids, liquids, or other waste types
contaminated with hazardous chemicals .Generally, the chemical waste that are generated
by the PhosPH Corporation comes from the laboratory, most are chemical used for
 laboratory tests. Some chemical wastes comes from spilled or rejected raw materials
and products. Calamba Premiere Industrial Park, where the PhosPH plant is located
has a waste treatment facility that collects and treats the chemical wastes generated by
the facilities inside the park. The company in charge of the chemical waste treatment
is ELMS Industrial (Philippines) Co., Inc. located inside the park.

AIR EMISSIONS

CO2 Emission

Green House Gases are gas emissions that contributes to global warming. Along
with other GHGs such as N2O, CH4 and fluorinated gases, CO2 traps heat in the
atmosphere from the sun and the earth and reflects it back to the earth creating a
greenhouse effect.

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is an emission that generally originates from the complete
combustion of fuels. Globally, carbon dioxide emission is regulated by the Kyoto
Protocol, which states that the signatories of the treaty must lessen their emission by 5
percent until the year 2008 2012. CO2 from power plants are regulated by the
Environmental Protection Agency in the United States, however the Kyoto Protocol was
not ratified in the US. It is set that power plants that uses natural gas fuel is limited to
1000 pounds of CO2 per megawatt-hour of power generated while power plants that uses
coal as fuel can emit no more than 1400 pounds of CO2 per megawatt-hour of power
generated as dictated by the Carbon Pollution Standards for New Power Plants.

In the Philippines, the Clean Air Act of 1999 through DENR Administrative
Order 2000-81 provides the National Ambient Air Quality Guidelines necessary to
protect the public health:

Table 2. DAO 2000-81 Emission Limits

Gas Emissions Gas Emission Limit (tons/year)
Carbon Monoxide 100
Nitrogen Oxides 40
Sulfur Dioxide 40
 TSP 25
PM10 15
Volatile Organic Compounds 40
Hydrogen Sulfide 10

For the Spray Kiln Process, CO2 is produced from the neutralization of
phosphoric acid by sodium carbonate to produce orthophosphates. CO2 produced by
industries are not covered by the Clean Air Act or any law in the Philippines. The
American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)
has a standard of 1000 ppm CO2 for indoor spaces cited in AHRAE 62-1989 Ventilation
for Acceptable indoor Air Quality.

Table 3. Carbon Dioxide Levels and Effects

Carbon Dioxide Levels Effects
(ppm)
350 - 450 Normal outdoor level
Less than 600 Acceptable level
1000 ASHRAE and OSHA standards
1000 2500 General drowsiness
2500 -5000 Expected adverse health effects
5000 10 000 Maximum allowed concentration within 8 hour working
period
30 000 Maximum allowed concentration within 15 minute working
period
30 000 40 000 Slightly intoxicating
50 000 Headaches and sight impairment
100 000 Lost consciousness and death
 CALCULATION OF DISCHARGE LEVELS

From the Material Balance, the amount of CO2 produced in the reactor is
401.5295 kg for one hour of operation.

1 106
401.5295 2 1
2 =
3 3
401.5295 2 ( ) (1 10 1 3 )
1.98

Based on the acceptable standard provide by ASHRAE of 1000 ppm CO2

concentration, the PhosPH Corporation emission of 1980 ppm is still considered
tolerable. Therefore, the emissions of the company will be released to the atmosphere but
continuous monitoring and testing will be done in order to assure compliance to the set
standards.

However, in order to maximize the plants profit and to lessen the contribution of
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere the CO2 of the plant is compressed to liquid and sold
in bulks to manufacturers of fire extinguishers and dry ice. Since the off gas contains
minimal to almost negligible amount of water the CO2 emitted from the reactor is
considered to be of concentration greater than 99.8% thus it is compressed without any
pre-treatment, the liquefied CO2 is stored in a liquid storage tank for 14 days. The
compressor to be used is purchased while the design for the storage tank is shown below.
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