FUNDAMENTAL ANALYSIS OF CIRCUITS

PRACTICE No. 1: USE OF THE OHMMETER, VOLTMETER

INDEX

Objetive 3

Material . 3

Equipment . 3

Theoretical Introduction.. 4

Experimental development 5

Calculations 8

Simulations of circuits . 10

Comparative analysis of calculated values, measured and simulated 11

Questionnaire 12

Conclusions 13

Bibliography 14

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Attachments 15

OBJETIVES:

Test the theoretical analysis of series-parallel circuits through direct measurements.

Measure properly the voltages and currents of series-parallel circuits with help of the
volmeter , the ammeter and the ohmmeter .

MATERIAL:

1 Breadbord.

1 Resistor of 1k to of watt.

1 Resistor of 560 to of watt.

1 Resistor of 680 to of watt.

1 Resistor of 330 to of watt.

2
Wires for connections.

EQUIPMENT:

1 Digital multimeter.

1 Variable voltage source.

4 Tips banana-caiman.

2 Tips caiman-caiman.

THEORETICAL INTRODUCTION:

Voltage and current are measured in practice using instruments called voltmeters
and ammeters. While voltmeters and ammeters are available as individual
instruments, they are more commonly combined into a multipurpose instrument
called a multimeter or VOM (volt-ohm-milliammeter). Analog instruments use a
needle pointer to indicate measured values, while digital instruments use a numeric
readout. Digital instruments are more popular than analog types because they are
easier to use.

How to Measure Voltage

Since voltage is the potential difference between two points, you measure voltage by
placing the voltmeter leads across the component whose voltage you wish to
determine. Connect the leads as shown. If the meter is not auto scale and you have

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no idea how large the voltage is, set the meter to its highest range, then work your
way down to avoid damage to the instrument.

Be sure to note the sign of the measured quantity. (Most digital instruments have an
autopolarity feature that automatically determines the sign for you.) If the meter is +
lead connected to the + terminal of the battery, the display will show 47.2 as
indicated, while if the leads are reversed, the display will show -47.2.

How to Measure Current

the current that you wish to measure must pass through the meter. To measure this
current, open the circuit and insert the ammeter. The sign of the reading will be
positive if current enter the A or (+) terminal or negative if it enters the COM (or -) .

EXPERIMENTAL DEVELOPMENT

USE THE OHMMETER.

Not energized no circuit element, measure the resistance value of each resistor, as
shown in figure 3 and fill in the table 1.

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 Resistor Ohmmeter digital Value with the
measurement colors code
R1 325 330
R2 0.988 1k
R3 3.25k 3.3k
R4 98.3k 100k

USE OF THE VOLTIMETRE:

The figure 4 shows how the voltage must be measured on an element. With voltage
source off, assemble the circuit of the figure 5. When the circuit is already
assembled, turn on the voltage source and complete the table.

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 DIGITAL MULTIMETRE CALCULATED VALUES

Voltage Voltage Voltage Voltage Voltage Voltage Voltage

Source on R1 on R1 on R2 on R1 on R1 on R2
and R2 and R2
E=1V 1.03V 0.713V 244mV 1V 0.75V 0.2475V
E=2v 2.018V 1.518V 0.467V 2V 1.5V 0.495V
E=3V 3.00V 2.26V 0.743V 3V 2.28V 0.7425V
E=4V 4.052V 3.044V 0.999V 4V 3V 1V
E=5V 5.08V 3.82V 1.25V 5V 3.75V 1.2375V
E=6V 6.08V 4.53V 1.48V 6V 4.51V 1.488V
E=7V 7.03V 5.29V 1.72V 7V 5.26V 1.7358V
E=8V 8.02 6.04V 1.98V 8V 6.15V 1.984V
E=9V 9.05 6.81V 2.37V 9V 6.76V 2.23V
USE OF THE
E=10V 10.04 7.56V 2.48V 10V 7.518V 2.48V AMMETER:
E=11V 11.08 8.33V 2.73V 11V 8.27V 2.72V
The figure 6
E=12V 12.08 9.08V 2.98V 12V 9.022V 2.97V
shows how to
connect the ammeter for the measuring of the current on an element.

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With voltage source off, assemble the circuit of the figure 7. When the circuit is
already assembled, turn on the voltage source and complete the table 3.

Voltage source Current between Current on R1 Current on R2

R1 and R2
E=1V 3.39mA 1.90mA 1.54mA
E=2V 6.76mA 3.66mA 3.09mA
E=3V 10.19mA 5.54mA 4.64mA
E=4V 13.59mA 7.41mA 6.19mA
E=5V 16.99mA 9.22mA 7.73mA
E=6V 20.39mA 11.09mA 9.28mA
E=7V 23.79mA 12.93mA 10.83mA
E=8V 27.19mA 14.87mA 12.38mA
E=9V 30.59mA 16.75 mA 13.93mA
E=10V 33.99mA 18.58mA 15.47mA
E=11V 37.39mA 20.44mA 17.02mA
E=12V 40.79mA 22.28mA 18.57mA

CALCULATIONS

In equation formula, Ohms law states

I
V
amps, A
R

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 Calculate the voltage in R1 and R2 as
2.- Calculate the voltage that circulates in each
resistor as:

VR 2 ( I RT )( R2) VR1 ( I RT )( R1)

1.- Calculate the current in the

equivalent parallel circuit , with
the different 1
voltages:
v
I RT I RT .75mA
1.33k
2v
I RT I RT 1.50 mA
1.33k
3v
I RT I RT 2.25mA
1.33k
4v
I RT I RT 3.00 mA
1.33k
5v
I RT I RT 3.75mA
1.33k
6v
I RT I RT 4.51mA
1.33k
7v
I RT I RT 5.26 mA
1.33k .
8v
I RT I RT 6.01mA
1.33k
9v
I RT I RT 6.70 mA
1.33k
10v
I RT I RT 7.51mA
1.33k
11v
I RT I RT 8.27 mA
1.33k
12v
I RT I RT 9.02 mA
1.33k

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VR 2 (.75mA)(330)VR 2 0.247V
VR 2 (1.50mA)(330)VR 2 0.495V
VR 2 (2.25mA)(330)VR 2 0.742V
VR 2 (3.00mA)(330)VR 2 1.00V
VR 2 (3.75mA)(330)VR 2 1.23V
VR 2 (4.51mA)(330)VR 2 1.48V
VR 2 (5.26mA)(330)VR 2 1.73V
VR 2 (6.01mA)(330)VR 2 1.98V
VR 2 (6.71mA)(330)VR 2 2.23V
VR 2 (7.51mA)(330)VR 2 2.48V
VR 2 (8.27 mA)(330)VR 2 2.72V
VR 2 (9.02mA)(330)VR 2 2.97V
VR1 (.75mA)(1k)VR1 .75V
VR1 (1.50mA)(1k)VR1 1.5V
VR1 (2.25mA)(1k)VR1 2.25V
VR1 (3.00mA)(1k)VR1 3.00V
VR1 (3.75mA)(1k)VR1 3.75V
VR1 (4.51mA)(1k)VR1 4.51V
VR1 (5.26mA)(1k)VR1 5.26V
VR1 (6.01mA)(1k)VR1 6.01V
VR1 (6.71mA)(1k)VR1 6.71V
VR1 (7.518mA)(1k)VR1 7.51V
VR1 (8.27mA)(1k)VR1 8.27V
VR1 (9.02mA)(1k)VR1 9.02V
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SIMULATIONS OF CIRCUITS
Circuit No. 1

Circuit No. 2

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Circuit No. 3

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QUESTIONARY:

Which is the characteristic of a serie circuit ?

The current, in series is the same in all elements of the circuit, the sum of all
voltages of each element is equal to the total voltage applied and the equivalent
resistance of the circuit is the sum of the resistances that compose it.

Which is the characteristic of a parallel circuit ?

The voltage is the same at all points of the circuit, the sum of the currents of each
branch is the total current of the circuit and the equivalent resistance is less than the
lowest resistance in the circuit.

Which is the main difference of an analogous and digital multimeter?

The main difference between analog and digital multimeter is that the analog
multimeter consists of a continuous scale over which a deflecting needle indicates
the value to be measured, where as, in digital multimeters, a digital display directly
shows the value.
Why an ammeter cant be connected in parallel?

When you connect an ammeter in parallel, what happens is that the measurement
being made, it is not going to be

correct, since the intensity to measure is not going to go completely by the ammeter,
depending on the internal resistance of the ammeter the value can be very wrong.
On the other hand if you connect in parallel, between two points on the circuit where
the difference of potential is high, you can burn the ammeter.

Why should you deenergize the circuit when measuring the resistance of an
electric circuit?

Because Ohmmeters always contain a battery or some other internal source of

electrical power so that the component under test may be supplied with a small
amount of current, in order to measure how hard it is for current to go through.

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CONCLUSIONS:

Alexis Lara Delgado:

In this practice we learned the behavior of parallel and series circuits. With the help
of the multimeter, we measure the voltage, current and resistance in the circuit, and
we check the measurements with calculations thanks to the ohm's law.

Diego Herrera Tirado:

In this practice we could learn how to use the multimeter for measure the voltage and
current of some circuits, also we assemble circuits connected on parallel and series
form following the kirchoffs law to get the measures.

Edel Perez Cruz:

It is concluded that in practice they learned the correct use of the multimeter and their
different roles some of them: meter, voltmeter and ammeter; as well as the use of
series and parallel circuit and how it interacts the voltage and the current in each one
of them.

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ATTACHMENTS:
Features

Automatically insertable

High quality performance

Non-Flame type available

Cost effective and commonly used

Too low or too high values can be supplied on case to case basis

Performance Specification

Temperature Coefficient: 10: 350PPM/C

11 to 99k: 0 to -450PPM/C

100k to 1M: 0 to -700PPM/C

1.1M to 10M: 0 to -1500PPM/C

Short Time Overload: (1% +0.05)Max. with no evidence of mechanical damage.

Insulation Resistance: Min. 1,000M.

Dielectric Withstanding Voltage: No evidence of flashover, mechanical damage,

arcing or insulation breakdown.

Terminal Strength: No evidence of mechanical damage.

Resistance to Soldering Heat: (1% +0.05)Max. with no evidence of mechanical

damage. Solderability: Min. 95% coverage

Resistance to Solvent: No deterioration of protective coating and markings

Temperature Cycling: (1% +0.05) Max. with no evidence of mechanical damage
Load Life in Humidity : Normal Type : <100k : (3% +0.05)Max.

100k : (5% +0.05)Max.

Non-Flame Type : <100k : (5% +0.05)Max.

100k : (10% +0.05)Max.

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 Load Life : Normal Type : <56k : (2% +0.05)Max.

56k : (3% +0.05)Max.

Non-Flame Type : <100k : (5% +0.05)Max.

100k : (10% +0.05)Max.

Dimensions

Power Dimension (mm) Resistance Max. Max. Dielectric

Rating D Max. L Max. H 3 d PT Range Working Overload Withstandi
at 70C 0.05 Voltage Voltage ng Voltage
1/8W 1.85 3.5 0.45 52 1 to 1M 200 400 400
(0.125W)
1/4W 2.5 6.8 0.54 52 250 500 500
(0.25W)
1/2W 3.5 10 28 0.54 52 350 700 700
(0.5W) 1 to 10M
1W 5.5 16 0.7 64 500 1,000 1,000
2W 6.5 17.5 0.75 64 500 1,000 1,000

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Bibliography

Robbins, A. and Miller, W. (1994). Circuit analysis. 1st ed. Albany: Delmar
Publishers.

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