Populasi dan Komunitas

Population Characteristics
Density- # of individuals per
unit of area
Determined by
counts
sample size estimate
indirect indicators
mark-recapture
Dispersion- pattern of spacing
Types:
Random- unpredictable,
patternless spacing (c)
Clumped- patchy aggregation
(a)
Uniform- even spacing (b)
 Immigration vs. Emigration
Immigration
Movement into an
area
Emigration
Movement out of
an area
 Demography: factors that affect growth &
decline of populations
Birthrate (natality, fecundity)- # of offspring produced
Death rate (mortality)
Age structure- relative number of individuals of each age
Survivorship curve- plot of numbers still alive at each age
 Types of Survivorship Curves
Type I
Relatively low death rates
until later in life
Ex: humans
Type II
Constant death rate
throughout lifespan
Ex: lizards
Type III
More death of young
individuals
Ex: Sea turtles
 Population Growth Models
Exponential model (blue)
idealized population in
an unlimited
environment (J-curve)
r-selected species (r=per
capita growth rate)
Logistic model (red)
carrying capacity (K):
maximum population
size that a particular
environment can support
(S-curve)
K-selected species
 Life History Strategies
r-selected K-selected
(opportunistic) (equilibrial)
Short maturation & Long maturation &
lifespan lifespan
Many (small) Few (large) offspring;
offspring; usually 1 usually several (late)
(early) reproduction; reproductions;
no parental care extensive parental care
High death rate Low death rate
 Population Limiting Factors
Density-dependent factors
competition
predation
stress/crowding
waste accumulation
Density-independent factors
weather/climate
periodic disturbances
 Community Ecology
Community
an assemblage of
populations living
close enough
together for
potential
interaction
 Community Structure
Richness (number of species) &
abundance
Species diversity
Hypotheses:
Individualistic- chance assemblage
with similar abiotic requirements
Interactive- assemblage locked into
association by mandatory biotic
interactions
 Interactions
Interspecific-
interactions between
populations of
different species
within a community:
Predation
Includes herbivory and
parasitism
Competition
Commensalism
Mutualism
 Predation Defense
Cryptic (camouflage) coloration
Aposematic (warning) coloration
Mimicry- superficial resemblance
to another species
Batesian- palatable/ harmless
species mimics an unpalatable/
harmful model
Mullerian- 2 or more unpalatable,
aposematically colored species
resemble each other
 Competition: a closer look
Interference- actual fighting
over resources
Exploitative- consumption
or use of similar resources
Competitive Exclusion
Principle- 2 species with
similar needs for the same
limiting resources cannot
coexist in the same place
Gause experiment
 The Niche
Ecological niche- the sum total
of an organisms use of biotic
and abiotic resources in its
environment; its ecological
role
Fundamental- the set of resources a
population is theoretically capable
of using under ideal conditions
Realized- the resources a population
actually uses
2 species cannot coexist in a
community if their niches are
identical
 Competition Evidence
Resource partitioning-
sympatric species
consume slightly
different foods or use
other resources in
slightly different ways
Character
displacement-
Allopatric species are
similar
Sympatric species show
morphological
differences
 Species Richness and Diversity
Richness
Total number of
different species
Relative
Abundance
Proportion each
species represents
of the total
individuals
 Trophic Structure
Transfer of food
energy through a
community
About 10% of the
energy can be
transferred from one
level to the next
Food Chain- linear
feeding relationship
Food Web- shows all
the possible feeding
relationships
Arctic Food Web
 Special Species
Dominant Species
Most abundant
Keystone Species
Strong control on
community structure
Not necessarily most
abundant
Foundation Species
Cause physiological
changes to
community
 Succession
Ecological succession-
transition in species
composition over ecological
time
Primary
begun in lifeless area; no soil,
perhaps volcanic activity or
retreating glacier
Secondary
an existing community has been
cleared by some disturbance that
leaves the soil intact