PDB 1023 Introduction to Petroleum Geoscience

INTRODUCTION TO DRILLING AND

CORING
MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

2012 INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PETRONAS SDN BHD

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 PDB 1023

OUTLINE INTRODUCTION
TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

1. Introduction to Drilling and Coring

2. Coring and Core Analysis
3. Well Logging Tools
4. Log Analysis: Quick-Look Determination
Lithology
Porosity
Water Saturation
Fluid Types
5. Log Correlation
6. Subsurface Maps and Volumetric Calculation
MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN
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COURSE OUTCOMES INTRODUCTION

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At the end of the lecture, you should be able to:

1. Understand and discuss the basic functions of drilling mud

2. Analyze the importance of core analysis for formation evaluation

3. Differentiate cuttings, cores and plugs

4. Comprehend the different ways of well log data acquisition

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INTRODUCTION TO DRILLING AND CORING INTRODUCTION

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Why do we drill the well?

Exploration, Wildcat
Confirm the existence of hydrocarbons

Appraisal
Delineate reservoir extension, determine hydrocarbon contacts

Development, Production
Produce hydrocarbon, optimize production

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

INTRODUCTION TO DRILLING AND CORING INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
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TYPES OF RIGS DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS

Jacket Power System

Gravity Based Structure Hoisting System
Compliant Tower Rotary System
Jack-up Circulating System
Tension Leg Platform Well Control System
Semi-submersible
Spar
FPSO
Drill Ship

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INTRODUCTION TO DRILLING INTRODUCTION

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Drilling Process
Drilling Mud

WOB Weight on Bit

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INTRODUCTION TO DRILLING INTRODUCTION

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Drilling Process Power System

Drilling Mud large diesel engines - burn diesel-fuel oil to provide the main
source of power
electrical generators - powered by the diesel engines to
provide electrical power

Hoisting System
Used for lifting heavy loads; consists of a mechanical winch
(drawworks) with a large steel cable spool, a block-and-tackle
pulley and a receiving storage reel for the cable
turntable - part of the drilling apparatus

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INTRODUCTION TO DRILLING INTRODUCTION

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Drilling Process Rotary System

Drilling Mud swivel - large handle that holds the weight of the drill string;
allows the string to rotate and makes a pressure-tight seal on
the hole
kelly - four- or six-sided pipe that transfers rotary motion to
the turntable and drill string
turntable or rotary table - drives the rotating motion using
power from electric motors
drill string - consists of drill pipe (connected sections of about
30 feet (10 meters) and drill collars (larger diameter, heavier
pipe that fits around the drill pipe and places weight on the
drill bit)
drill bit(s) - end of the drill that actually cuts up the rock;
comes in many shapes and materials (tungsten carbide steel,
diamond) that are specialized for various drilling tasks and rock
formations

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INTRODUCTION TO DRILLING INTRODUCTION

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Drilling Process Circulating System

Drilling Mud pumps drilling mud (mixture of water, clay, weighting material
and chemicals, used to lift rock cuttings from the drill bit to the
surface) under pressure through the kelly, rotary table, drill
pipes and drill collars
pump - sucks mud from the mud pits and pumps it to the
drilling apparatus
pipes and hoses - connects pump to drilling apparatus
mud-return line - returns mud from the hole
shale shaker - shaker/sieve that separates rock cuttings from
the mud
desander - removes solid particles
desilter - removes fine particles
shale slide - conveys cuttings to the reserve pit
reserve pit - collects rock cuttings separated from the mud
mud pits - where drilling mud is mixed and recycled

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CORING AND CORE ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION

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Drilling Fluid Flow Path During Drilling Operations

http://petrowiki.org/

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Drilling Process The crew sets up the rig and starts the drilling operations. First,
Drilling Mud from the starter hole, the team drills a surface hole down to a
pre-set depth, which is somewhere above where they think
the oil trap is located. There are five basic steps to drilling the
surface hole:

1. Place the drill bit, collar and drill pipe in the hole.
2. Attach the kelly and turntable, and begin drilling.
3. As drilling progresses, circulate mud through the pipe
and out of the bit to float the rock cuttings out of the
hole.
4. Add new sections (joints) of drill pipes as the hole gets
deeper.
5. Remove (trip out) the drill pipe, collar and bit when the
pre-set depth (anywhere from a few hundred to a
couple-thousand feet) is reached.

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Drilling Process Once they reach the pre-set depth, they must run and cement
Drilling Mud the casing -- place casing-pipe sections into the hole to prevent
it from collapsing in on itself. The casing pipe has spacers
around the outside to keep it centered in the hole.
The casing crew puts the casing pipe in the hole. The cement
crew pumps cement down the casing pipe using a bottom
plug, a cement slurry, a top plug and drill mud.
The pressure from the drill mud causes the cement slurry to
move through the casing and fill the space between the
outside of the casing and the hole.
Finally, the cement is allowed to harden and then tested for
such properties as hardness, alignment and a proper seal.
Drilling continues in stages: The crew drills, then runs and
cements new casings, then drills again. When the rock cuttings
from the mud reveal the oil sand from the reservoir rock, the
crew may have reached the well's final depth. At this point,
crew members remove the drilling apparatus from the hole
and perform several tests to confirm this finding.

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Drilling Process During drilling operations, the mud is continuously circulated

Drilling Mud down from the inside of the drill pipe, through the bottom of
the bit, and back up the annular space.
The functions of drilling mud are as follow:

Control formation pressures

Transport cuttings to the surface
Cooling and lubricating the bit
Transmitting hydraulic energy to
the bit and downhole tools
Maintaining wellbore stability

http://science.howstuffworks.com/
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CORING AND CORE ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION

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Mud Logging

Mud logging is one of the first evaluation methods available during the drilling of an
exploration well.
Mud log - Plots of wellsite activities and cuttings analysis versus depth.
It is useful for:
Identification of the lithology and formation type being drilled
Identification of porous/permeable zones
Confirmation of hydrocarbons being encountered and whether they are oil or gas

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CORING AND CORE ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION

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Mud Logging
http://geotechloggingservices.com/

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Mud Logging

Actions perform during mud logging:

1. Collecting drill cuttings.

2. Describing the cuttings (type of minerals present).
3. Interpreting the described cuttings (lithology).
4. Estimating properties such as porosity and permeability of the drilled formation.
5. Maintaining and monitoring drilling-related and safety-related sensing equipment.
6. Estimating the pore pressure of the drilled formation.
7. Collecting, monitoring, and evaluating hydrocarbons released from the drilled formations.
8. Assessing the producibility of hydrocarbon-bearing formations.
9. Maintaining a record of drilling parameters.

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CORING AND CORE ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION

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Coring is the technique whereby sample of reservoir materials (cores) are removed
from subsurface and brought to the surface for physical examination
A core is a solid cylinder of rock about 4 5 inches in diameter and a single core will
usually be about 30 ft long.
The sample can be obtained either using drilling string coring or via wireline.
Cores are basically cut where specific lithologic and rock parameter data are required.

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CORING AND CORE ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION

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Coring assembly on bottom of drill string and coring bit

https://www.spec2000.net/09-corepore.htm

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Information obtained from core inspection:

The homogeneity of the reservoir and any variations that are likely to be below the
resolution of logging tools.
The type of cementation and distribution of porosity and permeability.
The presence of hydrocarbons from smell and appearance under ultraviolet (UV) light.
Sometimes, oil-water contact (OWC) can be established as well.
The types of minerals and fossils present.
Presence of fractures (either cemented, natural, or drilling induced) and their
orientation.
Sedimentology and depositional environment.
Fluids characteristics such as saturation, viscosity, density etc.
Rocks characteristics such as porosity, permeability etc.

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CORING AND CORE ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION

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Three types of rotary coring equipment:

1. Conventional coring
Large diameter core, as much as five inches or more, can be obtained in one
operation
Drilling operations cannot be resumed without removing the drill pipe from the hole

2. Wireline retrievable coring

Bring cores to the surface and proceeding with normal drilling operations, without
removing the drilling tools from the hole

3. Diamond coring
Advantageous in coring hard, dense formations where the cost of the coring with
roller cutter bits is high
Increase both core recovery and penetration rate

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CORING AND CORE ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION

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Side-Wall Coring

Side-wall cores are small samples of rock obtained by shooting a hollow bullet from a
gun into the walls of a drill hole.
The cores can be taken from several levels and at different locations.
There are as many as thirty bullets per gun (60 core/run, 2 gun).
Spontaneous Potential and Gamma Ray is used to determine gun position.
This method is a supplementary coring method used in zones where core recovery by
conventional methods was less than expected, or where cores were not obtained as
drilling progressed.

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CORING AND CORE ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION

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Sidewall core gun with steel bullets

https://www.spec2000.net/09-corepore.htm

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CORING AND CORE ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION

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A wireline rotary coring tool drill

samples out of the borehole wall,
using an electronically driven
retractable rotary coring bit. The
rotary action does not impact the
formation and thus samples can be
used for the analysis of
petrophysical parameters.
Sidewall coring tool works well in
hard formations and is ineffective in
unconsolidated formations and in
wash-outs.

Rotary core drill on wireline

https://www.spec2000.net/09-corepore.htm

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

WELL LOGGING TOOLS INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Introduction Well logging

Gamma Ray Log
Spontaneous Potential A well log is a record of certain formation data versus depth.
Log The appropriate downhole logging tools instrument called
Density Log sonde, about 3.5 inches in diameter is lowered into mud-filled
Neutron Log hole on logging cable or wireline.
Sonic Log This tools will measure the electrical, acoustic, and radioactive
Resistivity Log properties of the formation.
Induction Log The result will be analyzed to determine which of the layers
Caliper Log are porous and permeable, and likely to contain hidrocarbon.
A depth calibration wheel records the length of cable in the
hole.
Survey is normally done from the bottom up. As the sonde is
pulled up the hole, a continuous measurement signal is sent to
the surface where the data is processed and recorded as a
curve.

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WELL LOGGING TOOLS INTRODUCTION

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Introduction Open-hole Logging

Gamma Ray Log
Spontaneous Potential Open-hole logging, also known as well logging is the practice
Log of making a detailed record (a well log) of the geologic
Density Log formations penetrated by a borehole.
Neutron Log Open hole logs are run before the oil or gas well is lined with
Sonic Log pipe or cased. In other words, the well logs run inside a well
Resistivity Log while the formation is still exposed or open.
Induction Log
Caliper Log Cased-hole Logging

Well logs run inside a casing or tubing, mainly for

production/injection profiling and reservoir monitoring
purposes.
Casing and cement evaluation logs, corrosion monitoring logs.
Crucial for understanding water contact movement.

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WELL LOGGING TOOLS INTRODUCTION

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Introduction Logging While Drilling (LWD)

Gamma Ray Log
Spontaneous Potential One of the major drawbacks of wireline information is that it is
Log received several hours to several weeks after the borehole is
Density Log drilled.
Neutron Log During this time period, the formation can undergo significant
Sonic Log alteration, especially in its fluid saturation, effective porosity,
Resistivity Log and relative permeability.
Induction Log LWD allow wireline-type information to be available as near as
Caliper Log real-time as possible.
Logging While Drilling (LWD) is a technique of conveying well
logging tools into the well borehole downhole as part of the
drill string or bottom hole assembly (BHA).

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WELL LOGGING TOOLS INTRODUCTION

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Introduction
Gamma Ray Log
Spontaneous Potential
Log
Density Log
Neutron Log
Sonic Log
Resistivity Log
Induction Log
Caliper Log

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WELL LOGGING TOOLS INTRODUCTION

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Introduction
Gamma Ray Log Mud Invasion Profile
Spontaneous Potential
Log Mud invasion happens due to the effect of drilling fluid (mud).
Density Log The hydrostatic pressure of the mud column is always kept
Neutron Log higher than the formation pressure.
Sonic Log This creates invasion of the mud filtrate into the formation
Resistivity Log around borehole.
Induction Log Depth of invasion mainly depends on the permeability of the
Caliper Log formation.

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WELL LOGGING TOOLS INTRODUCTION

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Introduction Types of Logs

Gamma Ray Log
Spontaneous Potential Lithologic Logs Porosity Logs net
Log reservoir / non-reservoir reservoir rock
Density Log
Neutron Log Spontaneous Potential Density
Sonic Log Gamma Ray Neutron
Resistivity Log Sonic
Induction Log
Caliper Log
Resistivity Logs fluid Other Logs
saturation

Resistivity Dipmeter
Induction Caliper

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WELL LOGGING TOOLS INTRODUCTION

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Introduction Gamma Ray Logs

Gamma Ray Log
Spontaneous Potential Gamma Ray (GR) tool measures the natural gamma rays
Log emitted from a formation.
Density Log The gamma ray radiation arises from three elements present
Neutron Log in the rocks: isotopes of potassium, uranium and thorium.
Sonic Log Useful for defining shale beds because K, U and Th are largely
Resistivity Log concentrated in association with clay minerals.
Induction Log Applications:
Caliper Log 1. Differentiate between reservoir and non-reservoir rocks.
2. Computation of clay content in reservoir rocks.
3. Well to well correlation.
4. Quantitative shaliness evaluation of the reservoir rock.
5. Determination of depositional environment.
Sometimes sands themselves contain radioactive elements.
Using the GR log such radioactive sands will be
misinterpreted as a shaly sand. Thus, a corrected Gamma Ray
(CGR) curve, which is SGR (total formation GR) with the effect
of uranium removed is used.
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Introduction Example of GR Log

Gamma Ray Log
Spontaneous Potential
Log
Density Log
Neutron Log
Sonic Log
Resistivity Log
Induction Log
Caliper Log

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Introduction
It is very important to know and
Gamma Ray Log Gamma Ray differentiate sands from shale.
Spontaneous Potential
Once it is done, then we can
Log
know the reservoir and non-
Density Log Shale reservoir zones for hydrocarbon

Shale
Neutron Log Baseline in place calculation.
Sonic Log
A cut-off or shale baseline must
Resistivity Log
be determined so that the shale
Induction Log
volume can be calculated.
Caliper Log
Since shale gives high reading of
gamma ray, it always on the right
side and is considered as the

Sd
non-reservoir part.
Sand

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WELL LOGGING TOOLS INTRODUCTION

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Introduction
Gamma Ray Log
Spontaneous Potential
Log
Density Log
Neutron Log
Sonic Log
Resistivity Log
Induction Log
Caliper Log

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Introduction Spontaneous Potential Logs

Gamma Ray Log
Spontaneous Potential The SP curve reflects a difference in the electrical potential
Log (voltage) between a movable electrode in the borehole and a
Density Log fixed reference electrode at the surface.
Neutron Log This potential exists because of the electrochemical
Sonic Log differences between the water in the formation and the
Resistivity Log drilling mud.
Induction Log SP Log record weak electrical currents that flow naturally in
Caliper Log the rock next to the wellbore (natural electricity).
The log shows the boundaries and thickness of each layer of
rock, especially permeable (sandstone) and impermeable
(shale).
Because the SP Log is so simple to obtain and provide such
basic information, it is the most common log.

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

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WELL LOGGING TOOLS INTRODUCTION

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GEOSCIENCE

Introduction Spontaneous Potential Logs

Gamma Ray Log
Spontaneous Potential The SP log can be used for:
Log 1. Detecting permeable beds and it thickness.
Density Log 2. Locating their boundaries and permitting correlation of
Neutron Log such beds.
Sonic Log 3. Determining formation water resistivity.
Resistivity Log 4. Qualitative indication of bed shaliness.
Induction Log An SP curve cannot be recorded in boreholes filled with
Caliper Log nonconductive muds for instance oil muds. This is because
such muds do not provide electrical continuity between the
SP electrode and the formation.

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

WELL LOGGING TOOLS INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Introduction Example of SP Log

Gamma Ray Log
Spontaneous Potential
Log
Density Log
Neutron Log
Sonic Log
Resistivity Log
Induction Log
Caliper Log

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WELL LOGGING TOOLS INTRODUCTION

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Introduction Density Logs

Gamma Ray Log
Spontaneous Potential The formation density log is a porosity log that measures the
Log bulk electron density of a formation.
Density Log A tool with a chemical gamma-ray source and gamma-ray
Neutron Log detectors is placed in front of the formation. The gamma-rays
Sonic Log emitted from the source interact with the formation and are
Resistivity Log scattered back to detectors in amounts proportional to the
Induction Log electron density of the formation. The higher the gamma-ray
Caliper Log reflected, the greater the porosity of the rock.
Dense formation absorb many gamma rays, while low density
formations absorb fewer. Therefore, scattered gamma rays
reaching the detector is an indication of formation density.

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

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WELL LOGGING TOOLS INTRODUCTION

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Introduction Density Logs

Gamma Ray Log
Spontaneous Potential Application:
Log 1. Calculate porosity from measured bulk density.
Density Log 2. Lithology identification.
Neutron Log 3. Gas detection in reservoirs when used in combination
Sonic Log with the neutron log.
Resistivity Log 4. When combined with sonic travel times, the density
Induction Log data gives the acoustic impedance, which is important
Caliper Log for calibration of the seismic data.

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

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WELL LOGGING TOOLS INTRODUCTION

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Introduction
Gamma Ray Log
Spontaneous Potential
Log
Density Log
Neutron Log
Sonic Log
Resistivity Log
Induction Log
Caliper Log

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WELL LOGGING TOOLS INTRODUCTION

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GEOSCIENCE

Introduction Density Logs

Gamma Ray Log
Spontaneous Potential Porosity Calculation
Log
Density Log
Neutron Log
Sonic Log
Resistivity Log
Induction Log
Caliper Log

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WELL LOGGING TOOLS INTRODUCTION

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Introduction Neutron Logs

Gamma Ray Log
Spontaneous Potential Measure the amounts of hydrogen present in the water
Log atoms of a rock, and can be used to measure porosity. This is
Density Log done by bombarding the formations with neutrons, and
Neutron Log determining how many became captured by the hydrogen
Sonic Log nuclei (when the neutrons collide with hydrogen, the
Resistivity Log hydrogen slows them down).
Induction Log When the detector records slow neutrons, it means a lot of
Caliper Log hydrogen is present main component of water and
hydrocarbon, but not of rocks.
Since the shale contains water, the neutron log will read high
porosity, thus it must be used in conjunction with GR logs.
However, porosity record in shale-free section is a good
estimate.
Overlay of neutron and density log enable better estimates of
porosity.
- When natural gas is present, there becomes a big spread
(or crossing) of the two logs, known as the gas effect.
MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN
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WELL LOGGING TOOLS INTRODUCTION

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Introduction Neutron Logs

Gamma Ray Log
Spontaneous Potential Application:
Log 1. Porosity, usually in combination with the density tool.
Density Log 2. Shale volume determination, in combination with the
Neutron Log density tool.
Sonic Log 3. Gas detection, usually in combination with the density
Resistivity Log tool, but also with a sonic tool.
Induction Log 4. Lithology identification, again in combination with the
Caliper Log density log and/or sonic log.

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WELL LOGGING TOOLS INTRODUCTION

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Introduction Neutron Logs

Gamma Ray Log
Spontaneous Potential The hydrocarbons have density and hydrogen index less than
Log that of water.
Density Log The presence of hydrocarbons in the formation results in a
Neutron Log decrease of density and neutron log responses, which result
Sonic Log in the log separation.
Resistivity Log Gas has very low density and hydrogen index compared to
Induction Log water or oil, resulting in a large separation when combined
Caliper Log with density log.

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Density Porosity
Introduction
Gamma Ray Log Neutron Porosity Example of Density Neutron Log
Spontaneous Potential Interpretation
Log
Density Log
Deflections to the left = more porous
Neutron Log
Deflections to the right = less porous

Shale
Sonic Log
Resistivity Log Dashed red left of Solid black
Induction Log black = Shale
Caliper Log Dashed red right of Solid
black = Gas Sand
Dashed red over Solid black =
Wet Sand or Oil Sand
Gas

Gas

Oil
or
H2O

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WELL LOGGING TOOLS INTRODUCTION

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Introduction
Example of Density
Gamma Ray Log
Neutron Log
Spontaneous Potential
Interpretation with
Log
Gamma Ray Log
Density Log
Neutron Log
Sonic Log Gas in formation causes
Resistivity Log the apparent from
Induction Log Density log to increase and
Caliper Log from Neutron log to
decrease, causing a high
density-neutron
separation. Oil in the
formation does cause an
increase in separation
but this is usually very
small.

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WELL LOGGING TOOLS INTRODUCTION

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Introduction Sonic Logs

Gamma Ray Log
Spontaneous Potential Sonic tool consists of a transmitter, which emits a sound
Log pulse, and a receiver and measure the speed of sound waves
Density Log in subsurface formation.
Neutron Log Velocity of sound through a given formation is a function of
Sonic Log its lithological and porosity.
Resistivity Log In sedimentary formations the speed of sound waves
Induction Log primarily depends on the rock matrix material and the
Caliper Log distributed porosity.
Dense, low porosity rocks are categorized by high velocity of
sound wave and vice-versa for porous and less dense
formation.

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WELL LOGGING TOOLS INTRODUCTION

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Introduction Sonic Logs

Gamma Ray Log
Spontaneous Potential Application:
Log 1. Evaluate porosity from travel time.
Density Log 2. Indicating lithology (using the ratio of compressional
Neutron Log velocity over shear velocity).
Sonic Log 3. Determining integrated travel time (An important tool
Resistivity Log for seismic/wellbore correlation).
Induction Log 4. Correlation with other wells.
Caliper Log 5. Detecting fractures and evaluating secondary porosity.
6. Evaluating cement bonds between casing and
formation.
7. Detecting over-pressure.
8. Determining mechanical properties (in combination with
density log).
9. Determining acoustic impedance (in combination with
the density log).

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WELL LOGGING TOOLS INTRODUCTION

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Introduction Resistivity Logs

Gamma Ray Log
Spontaneous Potential Resistivity is one of the most useful physical properties
Log measured in the borehole.
Density Log Resistivity means that a substance resists or impedes the flow
Neutron Log of electrical current.
Sonic Log The unit of the resistivity measurement is ohm-meter.
Resistivity Log This log is used in conjunction with lithology logs to identify
Induction Log hydrocarbon bearing intervals and also to estimate the net
Caliper Log pay thickness.
The resistivity logs are used to differentiate hydrocarbon
bearing zones from the water bearing intervals.
There are three logs to measure resistivity:
1. Electric logs
2. Laterologs
3. Induction logs

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WELL LOGGING TOOLS INTRODUCTION

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Introduction
Gamma Ray Log Resistivity of All the open hole logs are affected
Spontaneous Potential Water by the invasion process.
Log The lithology and porosity do not
Density Log change significantly in the invaded

Increasing Resistivity
Neutron Log Resistivity of zone and these measurements
Sonic Log Water and can be taken as representative of
Resistivity Log Formation the virgin zone parameters.
Induction Log The invasion process changes the
Caliper Log fluid saturation in the invaded
Resistivity of zone and resistivity tools are used
Water, to determine hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon saturation.
and Formation

Resistivity of
Tight Formation

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

WELL LOGGING TOOLS INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Introduction Resistivity Logs Electric Logs

Gamma Ray Log
Spontaneous Potential The electric log was the basic and most frequently used log
Log until the mid 1950s.
Density Log The normal curve is produced by two effective electrodes
Neutron Log downhole, a current electrode and a pickup electrode.
Sonic Log The lateral curve is produced by three effective electrodes,
Resistivity Log one current and two pickup electrodes.
Induction Log Spacing of electrodes determines penetration.
Caliper Log Normal curves have a radius of investigation of approximately
twice the electrode spacing.
Resistivity values are measured by recording the voltage drop
across these electrodes.
In lateral curves, radius of investigation is approximately equal
to the electrode spacing, which is the distance from the
current electrode to the midpoint between the two pickup
electrodes.

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

WELL LOGGING TOOLS INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Introduction Resistivity Logs Dual Laterolog

Gamma Ray Log
Spontaneous Potential One of the tools used to measure formation resistivity.
Log The tool is designed to function in conductive drilling mud
Density Log environments.
Neutron Log The tool sends focused current into the formation to measure
Sonic Log the voltage in a specific volume of the formation. This voltage
Resistivity Log is related to the resistivity of the formation.
Induction Log Provides a shallow (LLS) and a deep (LLD) resistivity
Caliper Log measurement.

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

WELL LOGGING TOOLS INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Introduction Resistivity Logs Microresistivity Logs

Gamma Ray Log
Spontaneous Potential Microresistivity tools are designed to measure the resistivity of
Log the flushed zone.
Density Log Depths of investigation approximately 1 to 4 inches, as flushed
Neutron Log zone could only be only 3 or 4 inches deep.
Sonic Log Collectively, these logs can be used to estimate:
Resistivity Log 1. Depth of invasion.
Induction Log 2. Flushed zone water saturation.
Caliper Log 3. Corrections for deep induction and laterologs.
4. Permeability, etc.

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

WELL LOGGING TOOLS INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Introduction ILD (deep)

MSFL
Gamma Ray Log
SFL
Spontaneous Potential
Log
Density Log
Neutron Log
Sonic Log
Resistivity Log
Induction Log Formation Fluid
Caliper Log different from
Drilling Fluid

Formation Fluid
similar to
Drilling Fluid

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

WELL LOGGING TOOLS INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Introduction Induction Log

Gamma Ray Log
Spontaneous Potential Induction Log is designed to function in non-conductive mud
Log environment.
Density Log It induces an electromagnetic current loop in the formation
Neutron Log which is detected by the receiver coils.
Sonic Log The strength of the induced current is related to the
Resistivity Log conductivity of the formation.
Induction Log Provides two volumes of investigation representing the
Caliper Log induction medium(ILM) and induction deep (ILD) resistivity.

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

WELL LOGGING TOOLS INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Introduction Caliper Log

Gamma Ray Log
Spontaneous Potential Caliper log is very useful for measuring the diameter and
Log shape of a borehole.
Density Log It uses a tool which has 2, 4 or more extendable arms. The
Neutron Log movement of the arms is converted into an electrical signal by
Sonic Log a potentiometer.
Resistivity Log This log provides information for lithological assessment.
Induction Log Indicator of good permeability and porosity zones (reservoir
Caliper Log rock), due to development of mudcake, in association with
gamma ray log.

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023
LOG ANALYSIS: QUICK-LOOK DETERMINATION INTRODUCTION
TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023
LOG ANALYSIS: QUICK-LOOK DETERMINATION INTRODUCTION
TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

LOG CORRELATION INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

LOG CORRELATION INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Why we do correlation?

To understand the lateral continuity and variation of the reservoir sands in the field so
that the field can be developed optimally.
To develop depositional model of the reservoir sands and bounding shales in order to
understand the facies distribution within the reservoir interval.
Correlation tools:
Electric Logs :
GR (Gamma Ray)
Resistivity Log (ILD or MSFL)
SP (Spontaneous Potential)
Sonic
Density Log
Neutron Porosity, etc.
Others:
Microfossils data
Core description data
Seismic picks (Converted from TWT to Depths) MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN
 PDB 1023

LOG CORRELATION INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Correlation Methods

Common rule:
Identify a common surface to be used as datum (i.e coal).
Positions and 'hangs' all wells on this surface according to its sequence from the
map.
Identify 'sand unit' and try to correlate them laterally.
Correlate 'minor' events to complete the correlation for detail facies interpretation.
Two types of correlation:
Stratigraphic Correlation
Structural Correlation

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

LOG CORRELATION INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Stratigraphic Correlation

Datum :
Surface that represent the same 'time-line' during deposition

Faults :
If correlation is 'lost' or similar event do not exist between wells - A break in the
sedimentary layers
Missing layer - Normal fault
Created duplicate layer - Reverse fault

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

LOG CORRELATION INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Stratigraphic Correlation

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

LOG CORRELATION INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Stratigraphic Correlation

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

LOG CORRELATION INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Structural Correlation

Datum :
on the same depths (usually TVD) for all wells
To represent the GOC/GWC or OWC contacts on its true structural position

For field development, the correlation is to display other applicable well information
that needs true structural positions.

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

LOG CORRELATION INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Structural Correlation

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

LOG CORRELATION INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Structural Correlation

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

SUBSURFACE MAPS INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Contours

The map graphically illustrates the subsurface situation similar to a topographic map that
depicts the surface of the earth. This type of map is called Contour map

One had to visualise the contour map in 3-Dimensional form to understand its true
subsurface structure

Contour map is also used to illustrate spatial distribution of other geological information
in the subsurface within the map area (Facies, Porosity etcs.)

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

SUBSURFACE MAPS INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Contours

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

SUBSURFACE MAPS INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Contours

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

SUBSURFACE MAPS INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Contours

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

SUBSURFACE MAPS INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Contours

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

SUBSURFACE MAPS INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Contours

A contour line is a line that joins points of equal value (Elevation, depth, thickness, etc).
And any map that uses the contour lines as means of illustration is called contour map.

Contour lines are the intersection of a surface and a horizontal plane parallel to the
Reference Elevation, usually sea level. The projection of these contour lines onto a flat
surface creates a contour map.

Flat ground is indicated where the contours are widely separated and steep-slope where
they run close together.

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

SUBSURFACE MAPS INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Contours

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

SUBSURFACE MAPS INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Contours

400
527

200

300

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

SUBSURFACE MAPS INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Methods of Contouring

Mechanical (triangulation) purely mechanical exercise (no interpretation)

Manual by hand and making an interpretation most maps are manual
Computer mapping needs guidance from interpreter to be good

Rules of Contouring (Manual)

A contour line cannot cross itself or any other contour.

A contour cannot merge with contours of same or different values.
A contour must pass between points whose values are lower and higher than its own
value.
A contour line of a given value repeated to indicate the reversal of slope direction.
A contour line on a continuous surface must close within mapped area or end at edge of
map.

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

SUBSURFACE MAPS INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Methods of Contouring

Mechanical (triangulation) purely

mechanical exercise (no interpretation)

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

SUBSURFACE MAPS INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Methods of Contouring

Manual by hand and making an

interpretation

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

SUBSURFACE MAPS INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Exercise of Contouring

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

SUBSURFACE MAPS INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Exercise of Contouring

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

SUBSURFACE MAPS INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Isopach and Isochore Contour Map

Two different types of thickness maps.

It is common practice that isochore maps are informally referred to as isopach maps.
Produced from seismic or well data, but the contours represent thickness of a specific
mapping unit.
Mapping the variations in thickness of a given stratigraphic interval can be used to
recognize:
Shape of a basin
The position of the shoreline
Areas of uplift

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

SUBSURFACE MAPS INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Isopach and Isochore Contour Map

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

SUBSURFACE MAPS INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Isochore Contour Map

A contour map of equal values of true vertical thickness of a unit.

The contours represent lines of thickness between two datum planes, usually the oil
water contact (OWC) and the cap rock.
A net pay isopach map is a special isochore map that delineates the thickness of
reservoir quality sand which contains hydrocarbons.

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

SUBSURFACE MAPS INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Isopach Contour Map

A contour map of equal values of true stratigraphic thickness of a unit.

An isopached unit may be as small as an individual sand only a few thick or as large as
several thousand feet thick.
Except for vertical wells in horizontal beds, corrections for wellbore deviation and
formation dip are needed to make isopach maps.

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

LEARNING OUTCOMES INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Students should be able to:

Understand the parameters used in volumetric calculation.

Calculate volumetric calculation.

Understand the concept of Resources and Reserves.

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

VOLUMETRIC INTRODUCTION
TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Volumetric estimation is also known as the geologists method as it is based on cores,

analysis of wireline logs, and geological maps.
Basic equation for the determination of hydrocarbon in-place (HIP):

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

VOLUMETRIC INTRODUCTION
TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Basic equation for the determination of hydrocarbon in-place (HIP):

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

VOLUMETRIC INTRODUCTION
TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Terminology

Gross Rock Volume total volume between the mapped surface that defines the top of a reservoir
and the expected hydrocarbon contact.
Gross Interval interval from top to base of reservoir flow unit.
Net Interval or Gross Sand interval satisfying shale cut-off criteria.
Net Sand interval satisfying shale and porosity cut-off criteria.
Net Pay - interval satisfying shale, porosity and saturation cut-off criteria
MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN
 PDB 1023

VOLUMETRIC INTRODUCTION
TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Who provides the data?

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

RESOURCES INTRODUCTION
TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Resources are defined as the total estimated quantities of petroleum at a specific date to
be contained in, or that have been produced from known accumulations, plus those
estimated quantities in accumulations yet to be discovered.

Undiscovered Resources
Undiscovered resources are the total estimated in-place quantities of petroleum at a
specific date to be contained in accumulations yet to be discovered.
Speculative Recovery:
To be contained in unproven traps, undrilled provinces, structures or deeper
reservoirs underlying productive fields where geological conditions are believed
to be favorable for the accumulation of petroleum, which if present, may
eventually be recovered.

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

RESOURCES INTRODUCTION
TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Discovered Resources
The total estimated in-place quantities of petroleum at a specific date to be contained in
known accumulations that have been penetrated by a wellbore.
They comprise those quantities that are commercial and non-commercial accumulation
based on known technology under specified economic conditions that are generally
accepted as being a reasonable outlook for the future.

Ultimate Recovery:
Is defined as the discovered resources anticipated to be commercially
recoverable from known accumulations at a specific date, under existing
economic condition, by established operating practices and under current
government regulations.
Is the sum of cumulative production and reserves.

Cumulative Production:
Is defined as the total quantities of petroleum that have been produced at a
specific date.

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

RESERVES INTRODUCTION
TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Reserves are defined as the estimated remaining quantities of petroleum anticipated to

be commercially recoverable from known accumulations at a specific date, under existing
economic condition, by established operating practices and under current government
regulations.
All reserve estimates involve some degree of uncertainty.
The relative degree of uncertainty may be conveyed by placing reserves in one of two
classifications, either proved or unproved. The unproved reserves are further classified
into Probable or Possible.

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN


RESERVES
Category Definition
Proved Proved Reserves are those quantities of
Reserves petroleum, which by analysis of
geoscience and engineering data, can
be estimated with reasonable certainty
to be commercially recoverable, from a
given date forward, from known
reservoirs and under defined economic
conditions, operating methods, and
government regulations.
Probable Probable Reserves are those additional
Reserves Reserves which analysis of geoscience
and engineering data indicate are less
likely to be recovered than Proved
Reserves but more certain to be
recovered than Possible Reserves
PDB 1023
INTRODUCTION
TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE
Guidelines
The area of the reservoir
considered as Proved includes (1)
the area delineated by drilling and
defined by fluid contacts, if any, and
(2) adjacent undrilled portions of
the reservoir that can reasonably
be judged as continuous with it and
commercially productive on the
basis of available geoscience and
engineering data.
Probable Reserves may be assigned
to areas of a reservoir adjacent to
Proved where data control or
interpretations of available data are
less certain. The interpreted
reservoir continuity may not meet
the reasonable certainty criteria.
MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN
 PDB 1023

RESERVES INTRODUCTION
TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

Category Definition Guidelines

Possible Possible Reserves are those additional
Reserves reserves which analysis of geoscience
and engineering data indicate are less
likely to be recoverable than Probable
Reserves.
Possible Reserves may be assigned
to areas of a reservoir adjacent to
Probable where data control and
interpretations of available data are
progressively less certain.
Frequently, this may be in areas
where geoscience and engineering
data are unable to clearly define
the area and vertical reservoir
limits of commercial production
from the reservoir by a defined
project.

In conclusion, STOOIP (Stock Tank Oil Originally In Place) is the total volume of oil in the
reservoir, while Reserves are those quantities that can be extracted from STOOIP.

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN

 PDB 1023

THANK YOU INTRODUCTION

TO PETROLEUM
GEOSCIENCE

QUESTIONS?

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN HASAN