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1b P Erest Eirr Qnew = 0 (S/t 0 because water balance components refer to long-time
averages)
Express all water balance components in volumes (m3/a):
0.2 x 800x106 - 790x106x0.1803 - Eirrx10x106 - 0.175x86400x365 = 0
Eirr = 1.2 m/a = 1200 mm/a
2a
P E Q S S
Jan 250 5 150 95 95
Feb 205 25 110 70 165
Mar 165 30 80 55 220
Apr 50 50 5 -5 215
May 5 80 0 -75 140
Jun 0 100 0 -100 40
Jul 0 150 0 -150 -110
Aug 5 70 0 -65 -175
Sep 10 60 0 -50 -225
Oct 55 20 10 25 -200
Nov 65 10 15 40 -160
Dec 190 5 120 65 -95
2b Arid climate has P < 300 mm/a and humid tropical climate shows high evaporation in wet
period, hence this is a humid temperate climate (low evaporation is winter season).
1
100 40 - Qb = 0, hence Qb = 60 mm/a
4a Water balance polder (neglecting change in storage, because long-time average values):
P Eo Eg Qout + Qin + S = 0, where open water evaporation Eo, evapotranspiration grass Eg,
water pumped out Qout, water let in Qin and seepage S
Total area A = Ao + Ag = 10x106 m2, where open water area Ao = 2x106 m2 and grass area Ag
= 8 x 106 m2
Components of water balance are written in volumes:
0.8x10x106 - 0.6x2x106 - 0.75x0.6x8x106 - 5x106 + 0.7x106 + S = 0, hence
S = 1.1x106 m3/a = 0.11 m/a = 110 mm/a
2
5
Hyetograph
Day Rain (%) Rain (mm/d) 160
Precipitation (mm/day)
1 10 24
120
2 10 24
3 10 24 80
4 60 144 40
5 10 24 0
Total 100 240 1 2 3 4 5
Days
6
1000
0 0 0 800
1971 90 100 100 90 100 100 700
1972 60 100 80 150 200 180
600
1973 70 80 70 220 280 250 A-B
1974 80 120 100 300 400 350 500
B- C
1975 50 50 50 350 450 400 400 A-C
Station A is not reliable, because it does not give a linear relation with B, nor with C.
weighted
Weight (-) Rainfall (mm) rainfall (mm)
A 8x8/2/120 = 0.27 75 20
B (8x8/2+8x2)/120 = 0.4 40 16
C 4x10/120 = 0.33 30 10
Thiessen mean areal rainfall = 46
3
9a
9b
10
Year Rank Depth (mm) p=m/(N+1) T=1/p LogT
1986 1 110 0.09 11.0 1.041
1991 2 99 0.18 5.5 0.740
1992 3 93 0.27 3.7 0.564
1987 4 89 0.36 2.8 0.439
1990 5 86 0.45 2.2 0.342
1984 6 82 0.55 1.8 0.263
1989 7 80 0.64 1.6 0.196
1985 8 78 0.73 1.4 0.138
1993 9 76 0.82 1.2 0.087
1988 10 74 0.91 1.1 0.041
120
Daily rainfall depth (mm)
110
100
90
80
70
60
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
Log return period
4
LogT for T = 20 years equals 1.3. Interpolation in the above figure yields an extreme value for
the daily rainfall depth of about 119 mm/d.
12a 80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Jan Feb Mrt Apr Mei Jun Jul Aug Sep Okt Nov Dec
Precipitation Evaporation
Only during April, May and June the rainfall is less than the potential evapotranspiration. This
is the dry period. Reduction occurs at the end of the dry period, hence in the month June.
12b Total potential evapotranspiration equals 630 mm, the actual evapotranspiration is given as 610,
hence there is a reduction of 20 mm, which occurs in June, so the actual evapotranspiration in
that month is 50 mm.
13a Eo is generally (slightly) larger than Epot and Epot > Eact, moreover the actual evapotranspiration
Eact is in a natural catchment always less than the precipitation P, This results in the following
P = 100 mm/a
Eo = 3000 mm/a
Epot = 2500 mm/a
Eact = 40 mm/a
13b With an annual rainfall of less than 300 mm this is an arid climate.
5
14a Curve A is the deep lake, it heats up slowly in spring, the shallow lake (curve B) heats up faster
and reaches peak evaporation earlier in the year. Curve C is pan evaporation, which is generally
higher that the evaporation of a nearby lake (see lecture notes for arguments).
14b Pan coefficients : fdeep = 18.7/23.4 = 0.8 and fshallow = 19.3/23.4 = 0.825
15a Dividing radiation given in J/d/m2 by the latent heat (L = 2.45x106 J/kg) yields the radiation in
terms of evaporation (mm/d) as follows:
Rs (august 15) = 20482000/(2.45x106) = 8.36 mm/d
Rs (august 16) = 16758000/(2.45x106) = 6.84 mm/d
The extraterrestrial radiation RA is read from table 3.3 for latitude 15oN as (440+429)/2 = 434.5
W/m2 or expressed in terms of mm/d the value for RA = (434.5 x 86400)/(2.45x106) = 15.3
mm/d
The equation Rs = RA(a + b n/N) could be written for both dates as:
8.36 = 15.3 (a + b 6.3/12.6) = 15.3 (a + 0.5b)
6.84 = 15.3 (a + b 4.2/12.6) = 15.3 (a + b/3)
The coefficients from these equations can now be solved as follows: a = 0.25 and b = 0.60
15b
Sunshine duration n 10.4 hr
6
16a,b Time Time step Vol added Vol per dt fp fp 7.00
fp in cm/hr
3 0.033 162 102 3060 5.10 4.00
17b Rainfall intensity i = 20 mm/hr, which is larger than infiltration capacity, so infiltration equal to
fp from t = 0 to t = hr.
Hence for t = 0 fp = 20, for t = = hr fp = 16, so average fp = 18 mm/hr during hr, which
means * 18 = 6 mm
Rainfall intensity i = 12 mm/hr, which is smaller than infiltration capacity, so infiltration equal
to rainfall intensity, hence * 12 = 4 mm
18 First quarter of an hour: fp = 10 mm and rainfall = 10 mm, but only 8 mm reaches the ground,
because 2 mm is intercepted by the vegetation, hence 8 mm will infiltrate.
Second quarter: 10 mm of rain reaches the ground but infiltration capacity fp = 8 mm, hence 8
mm will infiltrate.
Total infiltration over 30 minutes = 8 + 8 = 16 mm
19a Surface runoff is 0.05 l/s = 0.05 * 10-3 m3/s = 3600*0.05 * 10-3 m3/s = 0.18 m3/hr
Runoff from plot of 25 m2 = 0.18/25 = 0.0072 m/hr = 7.2 mm/hr
Rainfall intensity is 20 mm/hr, hence fc = 20 - 7.2 = 12.8 mm/hr
19
19b The initial infiltration capacity of a wet soil will be
18
smaller than a dry soil. 17
fp in cm/hr
16
Few hours later
15
14
13
12
0 2 4 6 8 10
time in hours
7
20a Available Moisture AM, Moisture Content Field Capacity MCFC and
Moisture Content Wilting point MCWP, Depth root zone Dr
Equation: AM = Dr (MCFC - MCWP)
21 With infiltration F, percolation D and storage S, the water balance of the root zone reads:
F - D = S = 500*(0.28 - 0.12) = 80 mm
D = F - S = 110 - 80 = 30 mm
22a,b Apply Eq. 4.11: Q6 = Q0 exp(-6/K) = 1.8 = 10 exp(-6/K), hence K = 3.5 weeks. Use the equation
to compute Q at the end of each week (see table below).
Water released from the dam site Qout = 5 m3/s = 5*86400*7/20,000 = 151.2 mm/week
Water balance reservoir: Q + P - E - Qout = S/t
23a The total runoff from the catchment is the area under curve A: (15+60+65+30+12.5+2.5)*3600
= 666,000 m3 or 666000/33300000*1000 = 20 mm
Hence the runoff coefficient is 20/100 = 0.2 or 20%
50
23b Total losses are 100 - 20 = 80 mm. A first estimate of the loss
40
rate is 80/3 = 27 mm/hr.
P (mm/hour)
30
This is more than the rainfall in the last hour (20 mm). The 20
losses in the first two hours are therefore 80 - 20 = 60 mm, 10
8
23c Volume of flood hydrograph in point B = (0+10+40+45+20+5)*3600 = 432000 m3.
Total infiltration between A and B = 666000-432000 = 234000 m3 over an area of 50*20000 =
1000000 m2, which means an average depth of 234 mm. It takes 5 to 6 hours for the flood wave
to pass, hence the average infiltration rate is 234/5.5 = 42.5 mm/hr
Log Q
6 6 0.78
7 10 1.00
0.40
8 6 0.78
9 4 0.60
0.20
10 3 0.48
11 2.62 0.42 0.00
12 2.29 0.36 0 5 10 15
13 2 0.30
14 1.75 0.24
Day
12
From a plot of Log Q against
10
time it is shown that the depletion
curve starts on day number 10. 8
Q (mm/d)
Direct
4
Runoff
2
Base flow
0
0 5 10 15
Day
10
1 2.5
2 7
rea Q (mm) 8
3 7
Q (mm/d)
1 2.5 2 3
6
2 7 4 4
3 7 Direct 4
4 4
4
1 Runoff
5 2.5
5
5 2.5 2
6 -5
6
6 -5 Base flow Direct runoff (mm)= 18
noff (mm)= 18 0
0 5 10 15
Day
9
Total runoff under depletion curve
t t0
CT = Q0 e K
d t kQ0
t0
10