Professional Documents
Culture Documents
$//23+21,&9$5,$1762)(1*/,6+92:(/6
6RPHSUHOLPLQDU\GHILQLWLRQV
877(5$1&($SLHFHRIVSHHFKSURGXFHGE\DVLQJOHVSHDNHUZLWK
VLOHQFHQRPDWWHUKRZEULHIEHIRUHDQGDIWHU
,1,7,$/ 326,7,21 7KLV UHIHUV WR WKH ILUVW SODFH LQ D V\OODEOH
([DPSOH LQ WKH ZRUG VXSSRVH U=R7\ WKH SKRQHPH R LV LQ
LQLWLDOSRVLWLRQVLQFHWKLVZRUGLVIRUPHGE\WZRV\OODEOHV
U-- R7\
5HPHPEHUWKHGHILQLWLRQRI$//23+21(,QWKLVVHFWLRQZHDUHJRLQJ
WRORRNDWWKHDOORSKRQHVRI(QJOLVKYRZHOV
1HXWUDOL]DWLRQ
1HXWUDOL]DWLRQRIORQJ KDQGVKRUW+ORQJWDQGVKRUW7
+
:H KDYH DOUHDG\ VHHQ WKDW WKH FRQWUDVW EHWZHHQ VKRUW RU D ORQJ
K LV QHXWUDOL]HG DW WKH HQG RI ZRUGV LQ XQVWUHVVHG V\OODEOHV
YHU< KDSS< VK( 7KLV QHXWUDOL]HG L LV UHSUHVHQWHG ZLWK WKH
K
SKRQHWLF V\PERO > @ WKDW LV D YRZHO WKDW LV QHLWKHU VKRUW QRU ORQJ
UHPHPEHU WKDW H[DFWO\ WKH VDPH KDSSHQV ZLWK WKH FRQWUDVW EHWZHHQ
7
DQG W LQ XQVWUHVVHG V\OODEOHV \RX WR LQWR DUH DOO
WUDQVFULEHGZLWKDQHXWUDOL]HG> @ W
/HQJWKHQHGDQG6KRUWHQHGYRZHOV
,Q VWUHVVHG V\OODEOHV ORQJ YRZHOV DQG GLSKWKRQJV DUH IXOO\ ORQJ
OHQJWKHQHG ZKHQ WKH\ DUH LQ DQ RSHQ V\OODEOH RU FORVHG E\ D
YRLFHG FRQVRQDQW EXW WKH\ DUH FRQVLGHUDEO\ VKRUWHQHG ZKHQ WKH\
RFFXULQDV\OODEOHFORVHGE\DYRLFHOHVVFRQVRQDQW
9(5<,03257$17127(WRDIIHFWDSUHFHGLQJYRZHOWKHFRQVRQDQW
KDVWRIROORZWKHYRZHOLQWKHVDPHV\OODEOHWKDWLVZKDWFORVHGE\
PHDQV
([DPSOHV
OHQJWKHQHGYRZHOOHQJWKHQHGYRZHOVKRUWHQHGYRZHO
6KRUW YRZHOV DUH DOVR DIIHFWHG E\ WKLV SURFHVV EXW WKH GLIIHUHQFH LV
HVSHFLDOO\QRWLFHDEOHLQORQJYRZHOVDQGGLSKWKRQJV
$OO WKLV PHDQV WKDW ORQJ YRZHOV DQG GLSKWKRQJV KDYH WZR
$//23+21(6
D DIXOO\ORQJDOORSKRQHZKLFKLQWUDQVFULSWLRQZHUHSUHVHQWZLWK
> @
E DVKRUWHQHGDOORSKRQHZKLFKLQWUDQVFULSWLRQZHUHSUHVHQWZLWK
> @
([DPSOHV
#
C+ 7
ELUGKXUWFDUPDUNULVHULFHJRVRDS
9RZHOVFRORUHGE\FRQVRQDQWV
(QJOLVKYRZHOVDUHDIIHFWHGZKHQFHUWDLQFRQVRQDQWVIROORZWKHP:H
KDYH VHHQ WKDW YRLFHOHVV FRQVRQDQWV KDYH WKH HIIHFW RI VKRUWHQLQJ
ORQJ YRZHOV DQG GLSKWKRQJV DOVR VKRUW YRZHOV 7KHUH DUH RWKHU
WKUHHW\SHVRIFRQVRQDQWVWKDWDIIHFWYRZHOV:HZLOOORRNDWWKHVH LQ
WKLVVHFWLRQ
127( 1DVDOL]HG YRZHOV DUH FKDUDFWHULVWLF RI DOO DFFHQWV RI (QJOLVK
T N
KRZHYHU FRORULQJ DQG FRORULQJ PD\ EH PRUH W\SLFDO RI
$PHULFDQ(QJOLVK
1DVDOL]HGYRZHOV
$Q\ (QJOLVK YRZHO ZLOO EH QDVDOL]HG ZKHQ IROORZHG E\ D QDVDO
FRQVRQDQW([DPSOHV
1DVDOL]HGYRZHOVDUHUHSUHVHQWHGE\SODFLQJD>@RYHUWKHYRZHO,WLV
UFRORULQJ
T
7KLVRQO\KDSSHQVLQDFFHQWVZKHUH DIWHUYRZHOVLVSURQRXQFHG,W
T
LV W\SLFDO RI $PHULFDQ (QJOLVK :KHQ WKH FRQVRQDQW IROORZV D
YRZHO DQG WKH\ RFFXU LQ WKH VDPH V\OODEOH WKH YRZHO WDNHV RQ WKH
T
TXDOLW\RI &RPSDUH
OFRORULQJ
:KHQ KRUDGLSKWKRQJHQGLQJLQWKHIURQWYRZHO+LVIROORZHGE\
L
> @DOLQNLQJ LVLQVHUWHG&RPSDUH