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62 ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS

and the lines above 80 km and below 160 km length are termed as medium length lines. For
medium length lines the shunt capacitance can be assumed to be lumped at the middle of the
line or half of the shunt capacitance may be considered to be lumped at each end of the line.
The two representations of medium length lines are termed as nominal-T and nominal-
respectively. For line lengths more than 160 km the parameters are distributed and rigorous
calculations are required to be made except in certain cases where lines up to 250 km can be
analysed using nominal- representation.
A typical 3-phase system is shown in Fig. 4.2. A 3-phase star load is connected to the
generator through a 3-phase transmission system. The 3-phase system is normally balanced
system irrespective of the fact that the conductors are not transposed, as the untransposed
conductors introduce slight dissymmetry which can be Zl
ignored for all practical purposes.
It is known that the sum of all the currents in a
Zs
balanced polyphase network is zero and, therefore, the
current through the wire connected between the star
point of the load and neutral of the system is zero. This ZL

means that the star point of the load and neutral of the
system are at the same potential.
E
A 3-phase balanced system can, therefore, be
analysed on single-phase basis in which the neutral wire
is of zero impedance. The equivalent single-phase Fig. 4.3 Single phase representation
representation of Fig. 4.2. is shown in Fig. 4.3. of 3-phase balanced system.

4.2 SHORT TRANSMISSION LINE

The equivalent circuit and vector diagram for a short transmission line are shown in Fig. 4.4(a)
and (b) respectively.
The vector diagram is drawn taking Ir, the receiving end current, as the reference.
From the vector diagram,
Vs cos s = Vr cos r + Ir R (4.2a)
Vs sin s = Vr sin r + Ir X (4.2b)
Squaring and adding equations (4.2a) and (4.2b),

Vs2 = Vr2 + 2 I r RVr cos r + 2 I r XVr sin r + I r2 ( R 2 + X 2 ) (4.3)

2 I r R cos r 2 I r X sin r I 2
Vs = Vr 1+ + + r 2 (R2 + X 2 )
Vr Vr Vr
In practice the last term under the square root sign is generally negligible; therefore,

R|S F 2I R cos 2 Ir X IJ U|V 1/ 2

|T GH V
r
Vs = Vr 1 +
r
r +
Vr
sin r
K |W (4.4)

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